NASA

TECHNICAL

NOTE

NASA TN D-4499
GPO CSFTI PRICE PRICE(S) $ $

"!|

Z k-,,, , Z
ff 653

Hard

copy

(HC)

Microfiche
Jul,_ 65

(MF)_

_ - 20
(_CCESSlON

NUMBER)

3 _ 4
-

(T ,HRU)

/
(PA (C_OE) )

CRYOGENIC MEASUREMENT RESISTANCE

TEMPERATURE USING PLATINUM THERMOMETERS

Howard G. Terbeek,

by DonaM

H. Sinclair,

and Jerry H. Malone

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland,

Ohio

NATIONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACEADMINISTRATION

WASHINGTON, D. C.

APRIL 1968

NASA

TN

D-4499

CRYOGENIC

TEMPERATURE RE SISTANC

MEASUREMENT E THE RMOME TE RS

USING

PLATINUM

By

Donald

H.

Sinclair,

Howard Lewis

G.

Terbeek, Center Ohio

and

Jerry

H.

Malone

Research Cleveland,

NATIONAL
For sale by the

AERONAUTICS
Clearinghouse Springfield, for Virginia

AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Federal "22151 Scientific CFSTI and price Technical $3.00 Information

,, ,--,_,,,-" P_EC_.D.I--, _ PAGE

BLANK

NOT

FILMLC;.

CONTENTS

Page SUMMARY INTRODUC SYMBOLS APPARATUS Calibration Multipoint Bath Calibration INSTRUMENTATION Transducer Signal ........................................ TION ..................................... 1 1 4 ............................ 6 6 6 7 ...................... .................. 8 10 10 12 ...................... 14 17 17 17 17 19 19 ..................... ................. ................ ................. 19 19 20 21 21 22 24

......................................... AND PROCEDURES Facility calibrations resistance FOR FIELD

................................. ............................. ................................ measurement

calibrations

INSTALLATIONS

..................................... ................................... Measurement Accuracy

Conditioner Field

Predicting RESULTS Sensors

......................................... Evaluated .................................. .................................... .................................... ................................... .................................. - Z Temperature T 1 = 20.20 K, Functions

Reliability Sensitivity Self-heating Repeatability Matching ZI ZII ZII I CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES FIGURES PRT

Matching, Matching, Matching,

T 2 = 77.40 K T 2 = 273. 15 K

T 1 = 77.40 K, T 1 = 4.20 K,

T 2 = 20.20 K

...................................... ......................................

.........................................

111

CRYOGENIC TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT USING PLATINUM RESISTANCETHERMOMETERS by Donald H. Sinclair, Howard G. Terbeek, and Jerry H. Malone

Lewis Research Center SUMMARY

Results are reported. at 273. ratios of evaluation Three proved tests on commercial types of compact rugged, called in the platinum resistance thermometers PRT (1000 Resistance closely difference with those of the (PRT)

selective

high-resistance and sensitive. conform range.

to 5000 ohms

15 K) have as a function standard point

to be stable,

of temperature, PRT even

Z functions, cryogenic , less cryostat, and and

high-quality Fixed points Also

nonlinear 77.40

calibrations yield are

at 273.

15 ,

20.20 K plus +0.05

interpolation

between

by Z ratios described and

probable

uncertainties facility,

than

K from

20 to 300 K. in liquidinstallations.

a calibration baths

procedures instrumentation

for calibrating for field

hydrogen

liquid-nitrogen

to 0.02 K,

INTRODUCTION
Evaluation Research perature of their Center sensor commercial tests of platinum resistance the thermometers increasing temperatures. stability for PRT demand PRT (PRT) for were initiated at Lewis tembecause

in order to measure

to satisfy cryogenic

a reliable, selected (ref. the

accurate mainly 1). Bureau

were

availability, are well

reported established for primary

and sensitivity which satisfy

Characteristics Standards as a function between quality decade bration points (NBS)

National

of

qualifications

reference

standard points, little have these as for been and has

thermometers. methods been

Accuracy

of temperature, is well

number (ref.

of calibration 2). However, PRT that For

of interpolation reported during on the the past caliin a

documented

of the commercial for applications acceptable

high-resistance outside the laboratory. are

developed

field-type the standard experiments

thermometers, PRT. conducted

accuracy

requirements

not as stringent with

One-tenth

OK is generally laboratory.

as compared

0.01 K for

The tion as

calibration

of PRT

involves

relating to define

the this

resistance temperature PRT have

of the

transducer with as

as

a funcfew and

of temperature. convenient calibration function,

It is desirable points the job as

function the same

possible. is for - Van

If all simplified. pure, Dusen

temperature-

resistance The expressed

of calibration function Callendar

resistance-temperature by the well known

strain-free equation

platinum

above

90 K is

-l+a

- 6

(1)

Ro

where

R T

is the resistance fl are constants above 90 K

of PRT

at

T, R 0

is the resistance

at 0 C

(273. 15 K), and For

a, 6, and temperatures Below much

obtained from

measurements

at specified temperatures.

0 C (273.15 K), fl is zero

(refs. 2 and 3). (R-T) relations becomes is related to

the nonlinearity

in the resistance-temperature And residual

greater

than at higher

temperatures.

resistance

(which

impurities, decreases

lattice defects, (refs. 4 and 5). comparable

and strain) is increasingly Therefore, attempts

more

significant as temperature of equation (I) below in the 20

to extend

the range

90 K or to derive lower ranges have

expressions

for relating resistance However, accurate

and temperature calibrations from

been unsuccessful

(ref. 2).

to 273 K number

can be accomplished

for PRT

of proven

quality with measurements for primary reference

at a minimum standard PRT by

of temperatures. (ref. 3), who

This was used R-T

demonstrated relations

Corruccini

in terms

of ratios of resistance

differences, between

Z T (Cragoe's

function), which

basically involve two measurements. from the relation

Interpolation

the two base points is obtained

R T ZT = RT, - RT, 2 - RT, 1 1 (2)

where The which cent RT,

RT, ZT is

and

RT, simply

are

resistance the T1 to which

values fraction T. It,

at

base

point resistance

temperatures span to linearly RT,

T 1 1 to

and RT, the RT, 1

T 2. 2 perto

function realized

expresses from of a bridge

of the therefore,

in going output

relates

temperature from

of full-scale 2" Then,

measures

resistance

eT RT efs (RT, 2 - RT, I) + RT, I (3)

where Hence,

eT

and

efs

are

bridge-signal

outputs

at temperature

T and

at full

scale.

eT efs

RT-

RT,

1 =ZT (4)

RT, 2 - RT, 1

Standard

ZT

functions primary

can be established reference standard PRT,

from PRT.

the

resistance-temperature Assuming can that these

relation standard from known ZT

of a NBS calibrated functions apply

equally

to an unknown

R T values The this

be determined

values of RT, 1' RT, 2 and the Z T functions. was to determine what errors would result from objective, types ZT functions were from multipoint with function the

main objective assumption. of statistical functions. ranges

of this investigation To accomplish this samples of selected types base of

calibrations standard ZT

of PRT

compared for Z

These with

different temperature

PRT were compared points as follows:

agreement

in three

Resistance differenc ratio e

Temperature,

T1 20.20

T2 77.40

ZI ZII ZIII

77. 40 : 273. 15 4.2O 20.20

Base range They points cations,

point

temperatures Those the ice average point. based for (2)

can

be selected above values Z

at or near were chosen

the ends because

of any particular they were and needs. readily nitrogen For from

temperature attainable. boiling other accurate appli-

of interest. represent and Z the

listed local These on other

of the helium, satisfy can our

hydrogen, present

functions

tables data

end points

be readily PRT.

established

calibration The

a primary Z

reference

standard function PRT.

equation

temperature when resistance resistances

provides First,

a means

of conveniently PRT

solving in

two problems terms ture

encountered

matching ratios.

it normalizes

calibrations to manufacwhich taken. is are

of nondimensional sensors whose of temperature

Therefore, are equal. Also, because

it is not necessary residual resistance differences

absolute

not a function

is canceled, ZT errors

resistance

When Corruccini compared resulting average of maximum exceed 0.005 K. The investigation reported

values based on for 35 primary

T 1 = 20 K and T2 = 90 K, the reference standard PRT did not

herein

is a continuation

of Corruccini's

work.

It extends

the application of two-point rugged, high-resistance,

calibration commercial

with PRT.

function interpolation to include some it proves ZT that adequate accuracies can

And

be obtained

for three selected Altogether

types of PRT were

if standard evaluated

functions are applied from 16 types and six nmnusensitivity, relative re-

20 to 300 K. facturers.

361 PRT

representing

Sensor

characteristics and self-heating

of reliability, repeatability, were determined for each

sidual resistance, To implement

type of PRT. accurate obtained Tem-

the investigation, from

a test facility was

set up for performing calibrations

calibrations

at temperatures

4 to 500 K.

Single-point

were

in freely vented peratures from

boiling cryogenic

baths of liquid hydrogen, obtained using Lewis

nitrogen,

and helium.

between

fixed points were obtained

built cryostats. All calibrations Resistances

Temperatures were were made measby

230 to 500 K were

in a controlled were

oil bath.

comparison ured

with thermometers

which

calibrated

by NBS.

by potential ratio comparison PRT instrumentation are included was

with stable, accurate

reference

resistors. The features of

designed

suitable for field applications.

its design

in this report.

SYMBOLS
A E E e Ae efs eH e L e mon mon area excitation voltage monitor excitation voltage

signal voltage signal voltage signal voltage signal voltage signal voltage monitor reference reference error at full scale at at TH TL

signal voltage signal voltage PRT signal voltage T

er es eT eTC ex I K

signal voltage at thermal

signal voltage unknown

signal voltage, current thermal

conductivity

KCu KLHC Kss LHC R RA, RB, RC, RD Rcal

thermal thermal thermal low heat

conductivity conductivity conductivity conducting

of copper of LHC alloy steel

of stainless

resistance PRT bridge PRT leads resistance resistance at TH input at 0 C TL resistance

calibration resistance instrument resistance at

Ri RL Ro Rr Rs RT RT, I RT, 2 Rx Rzero R1, R 2 ,R 5, R 6

S

readout PRT

resistance reference reference resistance resistance resistance unknown bridge bridge reference temperature error maximum minimum temperature temperature PRT, resistance Z Z at at TH TL Test or

resistance PRT at at at PRT Zero ends T Z Z base base point point T1 T2 resistance

resistance resistance resistance

PRT

T AT

deviation measured measured at at Z Z

in temperature temperature temperature lower upper base base point point

TH
TL T I T 2
X

Z ZH Z L

difference

ratio

(Cragoe's

function)

ZT ZI ZII ZII I _, 5, fl

Z Z

at with

T T 1 = 20.20 K T 1 = 77.40 K T 1 = 4.20 K (Callendar-Van and and and T 2 = 77.40 K T 2 = 273. 15 K T 2 = 20.20 K Dusen Equation)

Z with Z with constants

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES Calibration

Tests facility brate involved in this investigation diagram are were in figure

Facility
performed 1. All major with the temperature required board switch. calibration to caliIn are

shown temperature for

in the block sensors

components

permanently

connected

to a program all circuit

preparation patchboard a variety ators. Tests tilated area

the calibration into

of the temperature circuit. and with

sensors, This

components for

connected of calibration

the desired efficiently

arrangement accuracies

allows

conducting oper-

tests

adequate

by semiskilled

involving just

the

use

of liquid

hydrogen

as a coolant

were

conducted were limit taken

in a well to keep

venthe the

outside volume

the instrument ratio and below venting the

laboratory. 4-percent

Precautions flammability Similar manner hydrogen for

hydrogen-to-air boil-off ment mishap. Multipoint given tion type rate laboratory

by minimizing at this

of hydrogen has been

the area. in a routine

testing

instruwithout

conducted

the past

10 years

calibrations.

Multipoint to determine

calibration two-point calibrations in figure 2.

of a statistical calibration (from These

sample with

of PRT Z

of a func-

is necessary

whether Multipoint

standard

interpolation Lewis heat cryostat

is acceptable. built cryostats

4 to 300 K) are cryostats employ for

conducted principles

in small, of controlled PRT. block Sensors clearance The

as shown

transfer consists

to provide

a desired

isothermal

environment

calibrating heater cylinder. mounted in

of two sealed temperature one or more

concentric block working block. are

cylinders. located

A permanent within the inner are

and a removable to be calibrated holes

uniform and

standard

thermometers

in the uniform

temperature

Before operation, the inner and outer cylinders are vacuum purged and filled with helium gas. During operation the assembly is immersed in a cryogenic coolant to a level well above the top of the outer cylinder. Coolants used are liquid nitrogen, hydrogen, or helium. The rate of heat transfer out of the inner cylinder is determined by setting the helium gas pressure in the conductionspace betweenthe cylinders. The rate of heat transfer into the inner cylinder is determined by the amount of electrical power supplied to a heater wrappedaround the heater block. When the rate of heat removal to the coolant is balanced by a minimum of heat supplied by the control heater a stable calibration temperature exists within the inner cylinder. Control sensors are placed in the heater block to enableautomatic temperature control. A PRT is used for control from 20 to
300 K and The a germanium leak down resistance the support thermometer tube from 4 to 20 K. lead wires wires and to the thin-wall are inner cylinder heat and instrument (LHC) permanent alloy

is minimized tubing. permanent path heat from sunk Within

by using the

low-heat-conducting cylinder before these being

stainless-steel heat sunk to the heat and

inner block

interconnect Also,

leads

heater the heater

terminated. sensor, sensor all

to decrease are made

the conductive of LHC alloy

block

to each temperature

sensor mounting

leads block.

to the uniform the

To improve than 1 psia

thermal

equilibrium within the

between

sensors, cylinder.

a helium Also,

gas

pressure

greater

(7 kN/m

2) is maintained added around

the inner

aluminum-foil impedance the that signal its from from the an

packing sensor individual is stable dients error

is carefully to the test within between in our uniform sensor +0.01

sensors

to reduce Before data

the thermal are recorded, to ensure

temperature is monitored K. Despite

block.

for at least this extreme

10 minutes care

temperature graof

to minimize

the

temperature source

sensors, experiment

gradients and

do exist. amounts

This

is considered 0.03 K.

the largest

at times baths PRT in well

to about hydrogen,

Bath lium These that the are

calibrations. used

- Boiling

of liquid at 20. 20 ,

nitrogen,

and,

sometimes,

he-

to point-calibrate are contained

77.40 , Dewars.

and 4.20 K, The Dewars

respectively. are vented (+0.254 the system calibrated is not of saturFor such cm) to

liquids ullage

insulated

metal

pressure loading

equals

the local with with

barometric liquid,

pressure 1 hour taken.

within

+0. 1 inch for been

of water. come perature by NBS. used. ation The

After

the Dewar before

at least data are

is allowed When which has

to thermal

equilibrium

calibration a standard corresponding interface

necessary,

the tem-

of the bath The

is measured temperature at the 6 and

thermometer to the agrees

saturation

barometric with published

pressure values

temperature (refs.

liquid-gas 7); however,

temperature

the bulk

of the bath

is superheated.

liquid nitrogen, the main bath temperature is uniform to within

by 0. 1 to 0.5 K. 0.01 to 0.05 K. The amount flux, bubbles bath dient tation, tends and bath of superheating agitation are of the depends coolant. on the physical Because greater than of the Liquid-hydrogen uniformity is within +0.002

+0.01

K but superheated superheated by

K and

properties, surface tension

magnitude of the This does With

of heat fluid, the the

in the bath

at a pressure than For

the fluid temperature

pressure. which a sharp surface.

causes exist

temperature of the fluid exists the farther The within amount

to be higher (ref. 2.5 8).

the saturation a nonagitated below decreases, the

at the graagiex-

surface

boiling liquid-to-gas and the

bath,

temperature increased gradient

millimeters

of superheating bath. of bath

surface

temperature

into the

advantages

calibrations

as opposed

to cryostat

calibrations

are

as fol-

lows: (1) Time for cryostat (2) Better ture gradients Calibration a potential reference ratio for preparation and Also, are sensors taking more obtainable: in a bath data sensors This is measured in hours compared at one time due those to the are lower with days

calibrations. accuracties between resistance circuit

can be calibrated is principally with

in a bath. temperausing a known

as compared - Resistance PRT

in a cryostat. calibrated with

measurement. where the unknown circuit.

thermometers Rx

resistance

is compared

resistance

Rr

in a series

Rx = _xx Rr er

(5)

where features switching

ex Figure

and

er

are

the measured circuit power output. Sensors comparison

voltage connected supply As and many

drops for

across production

Rx

and

R r. of PRT. potential the uniform have reference been prestandIt

3 shows

a typical current printed

calibration of automatic placed

a constant with digital

up to 20 channels as 18 PRT are

within

temperature viously ard PRT. At any

environment. by careful

s 1 and with

s 2 are

reference

PRTwhich primary

calibrated

an NBS calibrated

stable

temperature

close

to the desired

calibration

temperature, its voltage

the calibradrop ex n

tion resistance of a test sensor to that of the reference PRT, e

Rx, n is determined s,l"

by comparing

_ ex,n Rx, n - -Rs, 1 es, 1

where exact at the This Rs, same method The uniformity by 1 is the known of the uniform resistance environment of and have achieves s 1 at the desired as long the efficient is used approximately accurate and and calibration as all same temperature. sensors sensitivity (s and _R/(R

(6)

The x) are _T).

temperature

is not critical

temperature PRT PRT

of comparing reference calibration

production to check the

calibration. temperature PRT s1

second of the

s 2 is redundant

environment

and calibration

stability

of reference

Rs,

1 _ es,

(7)

Rs, 2

es, 2

They

Also, resistors Rr, 1 and Rr, 2 are accurately are used to check the resistance measurement

known accuracy

stable reference of the calibration

resistors. by

Rr,

1 _ er,

(8)

Rr, 2

er, 2

These are

checks acceptable.

must

be within

the required PRT sensitivity measurement error

calibration plot

accuracy

before

the

calibration when

data deter-

A typical

as shown for

in figure a desired

4 is helpful temperature

mining acy.

the required For example, measurement

resistance

accuracy is limited

accur-

if a calibration uncertainty

to +0.02 K (AT), not exceed

the necessary

resistance

at 20 K must

100

AR

_ 100 _R AT :

_14%_ (0.02 K)

: 0.28%

(9)

while

the

required

uncertainty

at 77 K would

have

to be better

than

i00 AR

_ 100 JR AT=_2"3%_

R77 R77ST
Resistance measurement

(0.02 K) = 0.046%

(10)

uncertainties as low as +0.01 percent are obtainable from uncertainties better than

the digitalvoltmeter readout circuit shown in figure 3. When

0.01 voltage

percent ratios.

are

required,

the precision

six-dial

potentiometer

is used

to measure

the

Some lows:

other

advantages

of a potential

ratio

resistance

measuring

circuit

are

as fol-

(1) Lead urement

wire

resistances

are

negligible,

and

a true

four-terminal

resistance

meas-

is made. thermals current are flowing easily canceled by either directions their values (a) averaging or (b) measuring from the signal voltage measwith voltage

(2) Circuit urements the current measure with

in opposite deducting

the thermals signal

off and algebraically ment. absolute signal

current-on

(3) Accurate ratios are taken. can

voltage

measurements

are

not required

because

voltage

(4) PRT and the same

be easily

matched

because for all

many like

PRT

can be simultaneously

calibrated,

instrumentation ranges

is used of resistance,

calibrations. voltage amplification, etc., are easily

(5) Versatile obtainable.

current,

INSTRUMENTATION

FOR FIELD INSTALLATIONS

Temperature sistance of accuracy PRT direct and of the and signal

measurement PRT to a suitable

using

PRT

involves signal

converting at a signal

temperature-related conditioner. Lewis has In the

reinterest a a

electrical

reliable conditioner

performance which effort. will

of these

measurements, This

standardized has been

be discussed.

standardization

result

of this

reported

Instrumentation (1) Predictable (2) Uniform (3) Uniform (4) Uniform (5) Decrease data

standardization accuracy reduction. and

has reliable

many

advantages,

such

as

performance.

specifications, installation in cost. and

acceptance operation.

testing,

calibration.

Transducer

The calibrated installed with 10

varied sensors directly

requirements which into the can test

for cryogenic be quickly rig. The

thermometry assembled assembly meets

at Lewis

are probe must

best

met

by storing

into a desired and these installation requirements

shape

or else

be accomplished in figure 5.

no change

in calibration.

A PRT

that

is shown

Its dimensions are such that it can be assembledby sweating the sensor 0. 145-inch (3.68-mm) outside diameter shoulder into a standard 3/16-inch (4.8-mm) outside diameter by 0.02-inch (0. 5-mm) wall tube, of any desired length, to form a probe. Probe construction including electrical connector and pressure fittings normally takes less than 2 hours to complete. In other installations the sensor can be sweateddirectly into a clearance hole in the rig. For corrosive applications where a sealed probe is required, a suitable split pin can be fitted into the 0. 10-inch (2.54-mm) inside diameter of the sensor to enhancethermal conductionbetweensensing element and probe. A similar split pin will allow the sensor to be wall mounted. This PRT also has the following desirable qualities: (1) 1000-ohmresistance at the ice point andan appreciable _R/_T sensitivity at low temperatures. (2) Stability better than +0.02 K.
(3) Ruggedness. (a) 50 g's or 0.5-inch hertz (12.7 for mm) double amplitude (whichever is smaller) from

20 to 2000 (b) Impact (c) Velocity (d) 2000 meter (4) Time 3 feet rate response per of flow. psi shock (1.4

15 minutes. for than 10 milliseconds 30 feet per differential rate. changes in liquid in water flowing same at triangular second with less wave. of water 10 -7 cubic flow. centithan

of 100 g's greater MN/m per

loading

(9 m/sec)

2) pressure second leak for

helium

of 0. 1 second (0.9 m/sec)

10 K temperature 0.03 second

second

and

hydrogen

at the

(5) Conformance (6) High its platinum sensitivity

to standard purity

ZT

functions stress 14 percent nitrogen than

to within free per less line its K. than

+0.05 K from For resistance

20 to 300 K. example, point at and

and virtually is less than liquid

construction.

20 K the resistance

0. 005 times

at the ice

is greater in quiescent attached

(7) Self-heating, Four potential conduction dients carry ductivity table leads also exist leads ratio are or

0.03 K per

milliwatt. by heat grathey thermal will conThe copper

to the sensor bridge LHC measuring alloy leads. than leads

to allow circuitry. are used leads leads.

resistance To decrease

to be minimized the lead temperature because the wire

multiple

to the sensor, along the

where should Table three

cryogenic be avoided I compares

sensors heat

Copper LHC alloy

considerably of copper demonstrates

more KCu

to LHC that than

alloy

KLH C for

temperature product outside given

conditions. of four diameter 28-gage

the area-thermal that tube of a 3/16-inch (AK)s s.

conductivity (4.8-mm) values

(AK)c u

is greater

by 0.02-inch assume no

(0.5-ram) wall stainless-steel radial heat loss.

The

in the table

11

TABLE

I. - TYPICAL Copper

HEAT

CONDUCTION End temperatures, 20 to 90 65

COMPARISON T, OK 20 to 300! 25

leads to -

20 to 35 LHC alloy leads, 195

Kcu/KLHc Stainless-steel tube, (AK)cu/(AK)ss 36 I0 3

Signal Conditioner
A potential brating sensors sistance making IBRATION measuring every sensor PRT ratio in that circuit it affords circuit. as described a convenient Uncertainties of the above means are and shown in figure 3 is useful for caliof of rein CALfor of The signal calibracan

of measuring on the order used system same and are type

resistances

of a number

in a series depending measurements.

of 0. 005 to 0. 1 percent the techniques in the can that employed section be used the

on the quality The

instruments of this The

advantages

elaborated of system however, own individual a separate circuit

RESISTANCE temperatures (PRT) of this circuit range

MEASUREMENT. in field applications. to temperature

It requires, from its

resistance

be converted method for each

calibration. bridge type

inconvenience conditioning tion for

can be overcome PRT. By matching

by providing the bridge

to the

sensor

a given

of temperature, Z functions.

the signal

output

as a function

of temperature

be normalized

by applying

eT efs

ZT - ZL ZH - ZL

(11)

where equal

ZL to Z

is equal at the of T then

to

at the for

minimum all sensors

temperature to be measured of proven circuit

to be measured T H. quality having signal is being which the

TL same voltage

and

ZH (e/efs)

is as

maximum applies

temperature

One calibration

a function ture limited petitively channel range.

temperae is com-

An additional bridge type

advantage in the signal range

of the bridge of interest. conditioner

is that for PRT

only to resistance to Lewis case

A versatile

suitable

procured plugs

specifications. in a relay supply on a circuit with

It is in the form rack cabinet. adjustable mounting The

of a module module from resistors

into an eightregulated of ternetwork.

mounted power

features

an isolated, An array a bridge

direct-current minals

output for

10 to 30 volts. composing

is provided

board

12

Selection of resistors desired range

is dictated by the PRT signal e.

calibration,

range

of temperature,

and

of output voltage is shown

A circuit diagram

in figure 6.

Resistor

Rzero

, opposite

the PRT,

estabe value.

lishes a potential to which then becomes Bridge range a measure

the PRT

potential is referred. of the PRT

The bridge from

output signal the reference

of the departure E is adjustable

resistance

excitation voltage of resistance

to obtain a desired

span

of output signal for the

(temperature)

to be measured. end resistors RI, at R2, R 6 R5, and R 6 which are gen-

The bridge erally from small

proper

also includes

25 to 200 kilohms. change

A large resistance by the PRT the PRT.

compared

with a relatively results in

resistance

experienced through

in the range The

of measurement in current RH

a virtually constant of (RH at T HIt can be shown lead resistance lead resistances will influence exceeds 3 ohms - RL)/R 6

current RL

total change at TL and

is a function resistance

where

is the PRT

resistance

is the PRT

from

circuit analysis Output R B

that large end resistances of 0.02 percent as 10 ohms. RD/R 6.

minimize

effects of

(ref. 9). RA and

signal errors unbalanced

or less are realized with Lead resistance RD RD seldom

as much

the current

through

the sensor

by a factor When RD

However,

and, hence,

is negligible.

is large, RC

its effect can be compenin series

sated during bridge setup. Effects of lead resistance with a high-impedance readout instrument. Relays operated at the module or by remote

are negligible when

control provide

the following functions: electromotive to a nominal force eTC load to hold

(I) Zero - De-energizes can be measured.

the bridge circuit so that thermal Power supply output is transferred standby condition.

the circuit in an operating (2) Calibrate - Substitutes e

a fixed resistor verifies zero

Rca I into the circuit in place of the PRT; and span settings. Emo n and bridge signal

the resulting output (3) Monitor

e

- Allows

measurement

of excitation voltage

mon" setup procedure is to first select a calibrated installation. are calculated From PRT and have it assembled RT, I and

Normal into a probe RT, 2

suitable for the required RL and RH

the PRT

calibration, Z

are established.

using standard

functions.

RL

= RT,

I + ZL

(RT, 2 - RT,

1)

(12)

RH Approximate sensor current I

= RT,

1 + ZH

(RT, 2 - RT, 1 ) from the relation

(13)

is determined

13

I -

eH - e L RH - R L

(14)

where usually and what signal the

e L and e H are the bridge equal to zero. Consideration rate of heat can transfer for from negligible the

output signals of thermal measurement

at T L and TH, respectively; e L is resistance characteristics of the sensor application (Joule will provide effect). value an estimate Normally for the of

errors can

be expected with

electrical

self-heating

ample

be obtained

self-heating. equal to terminals

A resistance

end resisfour Re-

tors R1, R2, R 5, and R 6 approximately end resistors are installed at appropriate sistor perature R 1 should match R2, and coefficients of all resistors OK. field Before making zero

E/2I is then selected. on the module circuit

These board.

R 5 should match R 6 to within 1 percent. except the 50 kilohms load resistor are and of span adjustments, RD resistances are inserted

The temless than

25 ppm per equal to the circuit. For in lieu The zero of the

approximately in the bridge setup

installation

values

R A,

R B, and

adjustment, PRT. The

a resistance Rzero bridge then e H.

equal resistor

to

RL

is connected

to the

bridge

terminals e L.

is trimmed to the RH

as required value, and

to obtain E, the

PRT

substitute is adjusted

resistance to obtain

is increased Then

excitation is slightly

voltage,

the calibration

resistor

Rca 1 which output respond bridge

less than RH, and recorded. Finally, and the

is substituted Thereafter, adjustments output PRT made and

for the PRT, and the calibration the signal conditioner output will are the verified PRT by connecting the known excellent

signal is measured as in equation (11). and PRT together

setup the the are

measuring Because

with

at a convenient have

temperature. stability, all necessary is required by the

its signal

conditioner environment. and capability

adjustments in the field. zero, a high monitor, degree

in a laboratory faulty installation checkout reliability

And no further failures signal can

adjustment be detected

However,

component of the

and calibrate of measurement

conditioner.

Therefore,

is obtained.

Predicting
A practical by considering are errors acceptable experimental most error analysis

Field Measurement Accuracy

temperature and then measurement concentrating A critical system on those analysis can errors be made which

for a PRT of error

all possible relative a knowledge of magnitude along

sources

significant

to required of the theory

accuracy.

of many

of these an

demands order data

and principles errors

of thermophysics.

However,

of individual educated

can be determined and simplified

by extrapolating theory (refs. 8 and 10).

with

assumptions

14

Sources helpful hints.

of error

to be considered

in field

measurement

are

listed

together

with

some

(1) Readout usually Although linear constant plots with the e

measurement its

- The

error

involved

in measuring of the

the bridge readout the figs.

output

is

largest, is directly respect

magnitude proportional

depending to change especially result

on the quality in PRT below

instrument. resistance is nonHence, a

resistance, 70 K (see temperature of 0. 1 percent

to temperature, Ae will

7 and error.

8).

error

in signal errors

in a nonlinear to an error

Figure

9 shows

of temperature

corresponding

of the full-scale AT can

signal efs for five typical temperature spans. Equivalent temperature errors be determined for other measured signal errors Ae/efs and temperature spans
using the data from figures 7 and 8.

TH - TL

(15) Ae__ZHZL1

Notice than ture

that 70 K, span

temperature because decrease the readout error

readout 8Z/_T

errors

will

be about constant. error. PRT whose of like limit for

constant Also,

for

temperatures the

greater temperalimit is

is approximately readout than the

decreasing a practical error.

will when

the temperature error - For is less PRT

However, calibration quality has the the

reached

(2) Calibration multipoint +0.05 brated with calibration

of a type sample error points, by Z

been error sensor

proven is less has and

adequate than cali-

by

of a statistical This

sensors, when

K from correctly intermediate (3) Thermal

20 to 300 K. (+0.02 values

applies example,

been

K) at three interpolated force

20.20 ,

77.40

273. 15 K,

functions. are like 20 microvolts metals are (leads) or less are when exposed the cir-

electromotive

- Thermals that is, when junctions efs

cuit same error

is thermoelectrically thermal gradients when

balanced, and the

to the This

corresponding signal output

at equal

temperatures. wires eTC leads, with and proper

is minimized

is increased

and alloy

low algeshielding

thermoelectric power are used. It can be compensated braically deducting it from the measured signal e. (4) Electrical and when that grounding; hum 60-hertz - Hum hum is 20 microvolts is usually most or less troublesome.

by measuring with twisted The

error

can be reduced

impedance is kept (5) Line resistances outlined and in figure the field - Signal

low and signal - Errors are 6 is used installation conditioner And stability with

output efs is increased. negligible provided instrumentation Line A matching of Line voltage be checked Line B in resistance to within resistors with

equivalent to within 3 ohms. are stable

to

10 ohms,

resistance supply can

D is known E and bridge

(6) Stability better than

to

0. 1 percent.

in the field

the calibration 15

signal. Signal conditioner set-up will compensatefor any changein sensor current caused by the PRT resistance changefrom RL to RH. (7) Circuit loading - A signal readout instrument with a low (less than 1 megohm) input impedance Ri will decrease the calibrated output of the signal conditioner by less than (RH/Ri)e. However, this would result in a low calibration signal for which a proportional data correction could be applied. Or else the low calibration signal could be compensatedby an increase in the E adjustment. (8) Stem conduction- Error from heat conductedalong the probe dependson many variable factors including the heat transfer to the medium to be measured, the length of leads and probe, and the gradient betweenthe probe support andthe sensor. Use of thinwall stainless-steel probe and LHC alloy leads (rather than copper) through the gradient reduces thermal conductionerror (see table I). For figure 5 probes (not sealed) whose
immersion 0.05 K for lengths are greater than 3 inches (75 mm), conduction errors are less than liquid-hydrogen size - Size The sensing inch PRT applications. can introduce tends to sense The long, size an error if the temperature to be measured over the surfaces (3.5 mm) is

(9) Sensor highly adjacent diameter However, in quality localized. to the by 0.5 any and

an average of the figure

temperature 5 PR sensor, The less sensor

element. (13 mm)

0. 14 inch could

is a disadvantage. in size may require

be made

smaller.

significant reliability. time

reduction

resistance

or a compromise

(10) Response step change

- The

time

constant

for of 0.1

the

specified

PRT

(fig.

5) with

a small at low prediction best the method rate

in temperature where the

is on the order specific heats

second

or less,

particularly zero. (ref. Accurate 11). The

temperatures of the transient

of most is difficult time

media

approach

performance approximate PRT with - This the

of a PRT response that

to determine application installed

of determining of change of the

in a given thermocouple than other

is by comparing close to it. in quiescent either

of a small less

(11) Self nitrogen. multiply tally.

heating

is usually error factor

0. 1 K per conditions, or else less that

milliwatt

liquid to

To establish by the Because ratio most sources and

for

it is necessary to determine than only

of the heat-transfer applications of error, are rough require experience

coefficients power has levels shown

it experimenthis readout are of error

0. 1 milliwatt, the first two,

is usually Of all measurement little

negligible. the calibration, and of primary calculations importance. are adequate Generally, to prove the others this.

or no consequence,

16

RESULTS Sensors Evaluated

Table types II lists some of the characteristics to various of the PRT evaluated. Initially, PRT quality of

1 to 12 were PRT

subjected at cryogenic

tests, mainly These

to establish the general tests determined

commercial

temperatures.

the reliability, in liquid nitrogen

repeatability, for each

sensitivity, relative residual Other PRT factors such from

resistance, as size, ease

and self-heating

type of PRT.

of installation, and cost were were tested. requirements PRT, and the

considered.

Thirty-eight were

five manufacturers between optimum Lewis

Compromises manufacturing

then made

measurement

state-of-the-art. Fifty-one of each

This

enabled

to obtain two similar These apparent. being procured PRT

types

A- 13 and A- 14. formance ment

type PRT

were

procured.

satisfied perFurther improve-

requirements,

but installation difficulties became (see fig. 5) which most is presently

led to PRT

type A-15

competitively

to Lewis Table

specifications

and meets

requirements.

Its main

limitation is its size. PRT which F-16 was meets NBS

II also lists the nominal

characteristics standard

for a type P-S

qualifications for a primary to show the characteristics - Our

reference

thermometer.

Type

included

of a poor quality PRT. with PRT indicates that, in general, tested failed. the reliability of A PRT was con-

Reliability. commercial sidered Failures reasonable P-S, PRT

experience Twelve

is poor. failed when

of the initial 38 PRT

to have

it lost continuity or broke during thermal Notice shocking

and could not be repaired

externally.

usually occurred handling

and while preparing

for tests with type was

procedures.

that 3 out of the 7 standard were

thermometers, Failure

failed even

though

special precautions

taken with these PRT. PRT. However,

attributed

to the fragile lead seal on the type P-S rate was A-14,

Failure such as A-13,

not a function of cost or supplier. and A-15 demonstrated

certain types of PRT Only one failure out of these PRT. of high acfor types A-13, with less than as _R/(R required reference a figureNotice ther_T) is to to

excellent reliability.

of the 304 total has occurred Sensitivity. curacy. A-14, For

during

evaluation is ample

testing and field usage for temperature

- Sensitivity of PRT

measurements _R/_T

example,

at liquid-hydrogen

temperatures,

the high

and A-15

will allow output signals greater of power being when temperature this indicates A-13, P-S. sensitivity relative A-14, and supplied establishing accuracy. or to the the PRT.

than 1 millivolt per OK Sensitivity measurement previously such purity, the as and expressed

10 microwatts of particular achieve figure of-merit that PRT 4.

interest

resistance This was ratio

accuracy discussed with provides freedom. of the

a desired Also, which types type

a resistance quality, platinum closely

R20/R77 stress

A-15

approach

quality

standard

mometer

17

s-,

OO0

OO0

_00

O_O

000

00

8o

000

000

O0

000

000

O0

r._

[.-,

o t_

_,

_
_ e_ o

"_

m_

0 0 _

_ _ m

.,--4

[.

:>

18

Self-heating. However,

- PRT

self-heating of error

normally

causes

negligible measurement preferably under

error. con-

the magnitude

should

be checked,

heat-transfer

ditions encountered temperature above

during

operation.

Self-heating

is defined medium The

as that increase where

in sensor is caused error while

the temperature power

of the measured of the sensor. and the medium

the increase

by the electrical energizing depends on the PRT

magnitude the PRT

of self-heating is immersed

construction The

in which was

measurements in the same shows

are taken. medium. The

self-heating was

(K/mW)

determined

for all types of PRT Figure I0

medium results.

nonagitated

boiling liquid nitrogen. self-heating

typical experimental

Plotted is the maximum power levels. The

temperature is 0.03 K liquid hyto obtain

rise for five type A- 15 PRT per milliwatt. it would For

at various

slope of this curve change. For

different media

this self-heating

value would The

drogen,

increase

to about 0. 1 K per normal

milliwatt. levels.

power

levels used power

this self-heating exceed

data are beyond

operating temperatures.

Normally, PRT

levels do not 0.01 milliwatt

0. I milliwatt at liquid-nitrogen and would cause

For

type A-15, error

is usually adequate liquid nitrogen. Repeatability. And, in general,

0. 0003 K

negligible self-heating

in nonagitated

- If a PRT the PRT

is to hold its calibration

it must

have

good

repeatability. except types uncer-

tested had excellent repeatability. calibrations at 20. 20 K

All sensors

E- 12 and F- 16 had repeatable tainty of +0.01 K. from These

to within an instrumentation with thermal

data include at least five calibrations calibrations. Figure ii shows

cycling data for a

300 to 20 K between PRT

typical repeatability

standard

(type P-S) at the triple point of water (20.20 K).

(273. 16 K), in liquid nitrogen were referred to NBS caDcal-

(77.40 K) and in liquid hydrogen bration at time zero. ibration, were 0.01 K. obtained The

All calibrations data, taken

nitrogen

and hydrogen

16 months

after the NBS of

using our production

calibration

system

with an uncertainty

Other

data were

obtained with our precision

instrumentation

with an uncer-

tainty of 0.005 K. Figure of time. 12 shows that field type PRT are differences The can hold their calibrations over extended PRT periods referred The man-

Presented

in calibration

at 20.20 K of a type A-1 over a 2-year by +0.09 K. This error obtained was

to its initial calibration. ufacturer's calibration a lower

data include

12 calibrations

span. The

at 20.20 K was

found to be in error for 20.20 K. range were

manufac-

turer presented

value of resistance values in the hydrogen

attributed to interpo-

the fact that calibrated lation from calibrations

by incorrect

in helium

and nitrogen.

Matching
ZI seven Matching, T 1 = 20.20 quality type K, P-S

PRT - Z Temperature Functions

T 2 = 77.40 using K. Figure 13 shows data. The the matching of deviation 19

standard

PRT

N-BS calibration

maximum

for

all

seven This

PRT +0.005

from

their

average considered. serve

ZI

function Therefore,

was error

within when the data Z

0. 005 K from field for measurement any

18 to accuracy seven re-

92 K.

K deviation

is a negligible

requirements standard quirements. were ard (T2) established thermometer lists ZI type

of +0. 1 K are P-S PRT would

one of the our

to establish platinum data ZI with

a standard Z function P-S

table listing which

to satisfy exists, is used

Because from

no known

standard

two tables as a stand77.40 K points to with of the ZI is the PRT PRT reour

NBS calibration Table every

for a type base points

PRT

at Lewis. values for

at 20.20 K (T 1) and Table every0.1 ZII has

0.01 K from

10 to 92 K. ZII value functions. for

base

at 77.40 K(T1) 600 K. Figure Figure our types standard tested.

and 273. 15 K(T2) witha 7 shows a plot of these Z that PRT types

Kfrom70

14 shows ZI

A- 13, A- 14, and All data typical PRT resistance multipoint are single in our

A- 15 are within PRT

in close

agreement PRT the scatter cases

temperature shown the

functions. in figure scatter gradients error 15 are of our between in our error

+0.04 K for all deviations This from data

Also

functions attributed scatter had

to demonstrate to temperature exceeds

calibration. cryostat.

In some and matching all

the probable calibrations This measurement

measurement, out because the

of these uncertainty of these

repeatable

at 20.20 K and

77.40 K within

instrumentation

of 0.01 K.

is pointed

to our Z I function is undoubtedly finement to prove closer matching calibration accuracy requirements.

better than the data presented. However, further is unnecessary because the deviations are within

Figure 16 shows the maximum deviation to be as high as 0.84 K. Also, agreement tenths still of a degree. give unacceptable Therefore, accuracies. a modification Shown

from our Z I function for 11 type F-16 PRT between PRT of F-16 type was only within of our in figure ZI table for this PRT type would from

17 is a representative

deviation

Z I for a single F-16 port to point out that perature calibrated type high F-16 residual ZII very cal well type function.

PRT. These data for a poor quality PRT were not all PRT are of good enough quality to match A statistical quality. even sample However, before of each with type of PRT must to table

included in this rea standard Z tembe multipoint the poor repeatability quality and of

first II,

to determine was indicated resistance.

reference calibration

multipoint

by its poor

Matching, to standard P-S

T 1 = 77.40 K, ZII functions will maximum Temperature and, hence,

.

T 2 = 273. 15 K. based

- Selected and
O

types 273.15
.

of PRT

also
O

conform A typito

at 77.40 K (T1) than 10 type more errors +0.012 A-15 than (as for

K (T2). of 75

thermometer 18). The 19).

deviate

no more

K m the range from

500 K (fig. +0.035 poorer Even this

deviation excursions

PRT

77 to 273 K is T2 result in and at

K (fig. ZII order

20 K beyond much for For many better

agreement

in greater of

as 0.45 K at 500 K). applications accuracies

of accuracy with calibration

(0. 1 percent at only

T) is adequate

can be achieved 20

two temperatures.

temperatures above the ice point an additional Z table would be useful. It would be basedat 273.15 K and at some higher temperature such as 373. 15 or 505.00 K (freezing point of tin). For this range the Callendar equation(eq. (1)) is applicable if the constants are determined.
ZIH PRT are Matching, suitable by Scott A-13) for T 1 = 4.20 K, measuring 12). and 20.20 were The T 2 = 20.20 K. with - Certain limited with was a types accuracy ZII I - T developed standard calibrated maximum as high of high-resistance down curve from to 4.2 K as (fig. data 20) for five to

temperatures This

suggested based PRT (type

(ref. which

is accomplished The using curve

at 4.20 K (T1)

K (T2).

calibrated germanium scale.

two germanium were the

thermometers by NBS to their deviations of the

establish 1965

temperature.

thermometers Figure 21 shows

Provisional

temperature from their

five A- 13 PRT obtained.

average

ZII I

function.

Deviations

as 0. 15 K were

CONCLUSIONS
Selective able quality quality, tion. of PRT gen from the with high types of commercial Yet, primary are platinum these PRT resistance are compact, thermometers rugged, PRT. For and PRT (PRT) are availin

resistance. defined

comparable types

to the well fixed-point Quality must

reference adequate

standard to define

of proven relasample and nitro+0.05 extend K

calibrations first type. and

the resistance-temperature calibration of a statistical (liquid uncertainties (273.15 hydrogen within K) will

be established Fixed-point will yield

by multipoint temperature probable

of a given

calibrations calibration at the

or hydrogen

oxygen)

20 to 92 K. calibration Interpolation range

An additional

measurement equal points from functions, resistances PRT ratio reference Z

ice point

to 280 K with calibration taken Z

accuracy. is achieved by applying nondimensional standard dependent. text, we have and at +0.04 K. 273. tends 15 K. to simPRT. relations

between ratios referred

resistance-difference These for ratios, and three PRT For demonstrated also that cancel

NBS data which

for primary are

reference

to as

normalize

resistance-temperature not temperature in the foregoing based PRT standard based at 20.20 to within

residual

types

of commercial resistance to those

as described Z

difference of a primary holds in normalized for

functions

77.40 K conform Equally This plify accurate

conformance

functions

at 77.40 and relations

degree procedures In addition

of uniformity for

resistance-temperature data the reduction. three types indicative Also,

resistance-temperature conformance, desirable High

to the calibration also show other

of PRT

which

were

extenRepeatin terms 21

sively ability

tested

characteristics is realizable.

of good high

quality.

is within

+0.01 K.

sensitivity

sensitivity

of percentage change in resistance per OK at very low temperatures resistance and freedom

suggests low residual

from strain. Self-heating in liquidnitrogen is on the order of

0.03 K per milliwatt. One failure out of 304 sensors with ordinary caution both in testing and in field usage indicates good reliability. Temperatures discussed. germanium as low as 4.2 K can be measured with PRT of the type and quality standard

Calibrations of about five PRT thermometers

of a given type, using one or more

to establish temperature,

can be used to obtain a range of Z

functions based at 4.20 and 20.20 K.

Uncertainties are within 0.2 K.

Lewis

Research National

Center, Aeronautics Ohio, and Space Administration, 28, 1967,

Cleveland,

November

128-31-06-36-22.

REFERENCES
1. Weil, Louis; and Perroud, Paul, Press, ed. : I. J. : eds. : 1966. Its Measurements Publishing Measurement Adequate? and Corp., with Tech. Control 1962. Platinum Note Resist147, in Science Liquid Hydrogen. Vol. 5 of Pure and Applied

Cryogenics. 2. Herzfeld, and

Pergamon Charles M., Part Robert

Temperature, Three.

Industry.

Volume Cryogenic

Reinhold

3. Corruccini, ance

Temperature Calibration 30, State 1962.

Thermometers Bureau Charles: 1966, p.

- Is

Fixed-Point Apr. to Solid

National 4. Kittel, Inc., 5. Rosenberg, Oxford, 6. Strobridge,

of Standards, Introduction 218. M. : Low

Physics.

Third

ed.,

John

Wiley

and

Sons,

Harold 1963. Thomas

Temperature

Solid

State

Physics.

Clarendon

Press,

R. :

The 3000

Thermodynamic psia. Supplement Feb.

Properties A (British

of Nitrogen Units).

from Tech.

114 to Note

540 R between 129A, 7. Anon. : National Cryogenic Mar. E. Book R. Co., G.;

1.0 and Bureau

of Standards, and

1963. Rep. No. 7246, National Bureau of

Research 31, and 1962. Drake, 1959,

Development.

Standards, 8. Eckert, Hill

Robert p. 340.

M.,

Jr.:

Heat

and

Mass

Transfer.

McGraw-

Inc.,

22

9. Herr, Austin C. ; Terbeek, Howard G. ; and Tiefermann, Marvin W. : Suitability of Carbon Resistors for Field Measurementsof Temperatures in the Rangeof 35 to 100 R. NASA TN D-264, 1960. 10. Scadron, Marvin D.; andWarshawsky, Isidore: Experimental Determination of Time Constantsand Nusselt Numbers for Bare-Wire Thermocouples in High-Velocity Air Streams and Analytic Approximation of Conductionand Radiation Errors. NACA TN 2599, 1952. 11. Miller, C. E. ; and Flynn, T. M. : On the Problems of Measuring Transient Temperature in Cryogenic Fluids. ISA Trans., vol. 6, no. 2, Apr. 1967, pp. 133-138. 12. Scott, Russell B. : Cryogenic Engineering. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1959.

23

Baths

I i

Temperature

controllers I Oil bath l

I
I
I Electrical furnaces

"uml I hydro_enl I nitrogen I I I I I

Standards Voltage Resistance

Cryostats

I
--I Scanners

11II'I Six-dial poteniiometer voDigt _eter P _ter 1_ Figure ].. - Temperature calibration lacility.

Program board

Amplifiers

::p_lries

I
Chart recorders

24

/-Instrument cable 30 psia (210 kNtm2t helium Electrical connection _.,

Vent

Vacuum

pump

37 LHC alloy leads 30 gage -.

\ \ \

Liquid coolant

Heater _ Control sensors /-./Permanent heater block Aluminum foil packing uniform temperatu re block 14cm cylinder f-Inner cylinder

Standard thermometer

J7

leads

i--

7.5-cmo.d.

/-

Vacuum

CD-95]0 Figure2. - Cryostat. Coolant, liquid helium, hydrogen or nitrogen

25

i
Rr2

IZ-- I
le_ I

I
I Six-dial potentiometer I

I
Unilorm temperature environment Rx16 Rxl5 i Rs2

q
I

Io
! e_6
ex .5

Art dif ---o4

f

Digital voltmeter

Power supply constant (O.OOl to current 10 reAl (

i I < I ,x_:: I
i )

I:'

I
I l ex_
i l e;_
e_i

Printer

' i RxI:E i
RSl!

I
Rrl

' ;

I
t

o erl

Scanner

Figure 3. - Potential

ratio resistance

measuring

circuit.

IO0

i i

I t llll
] I I I I II1 IllI

I IIIIF I I[11]

I IIIII
c E

I I Ill]
I0

!
I

t11111
v

I,n

I J I _ I

i 1 I

i l I

J IIJl I IIII IIIII IIIII

ii11 I I I I I

\J IIII
.I 10 Temperature, 100 T, ';K IOOO

Figure 4. - Typical PRT sensitivity.

26

Four 28 gage LHC alloy wire Teflon insulated_

0.145 in. (368 mm) od i " '

0"5Oin"

O. 14 in. ] (3.6ram) i o.d.

I_(12.7

mm)_

Solder groove, 0.03 by 0.005 in. / (0.7 by0.] ram)--"

/I

I132-in. (0.8ram) \ Bleed holes j mandrel, O. 1 in. (2. 5 ram) i.d.

Sensor Stainless-steel tube, 3116-in. (4.8-ram) o.d. by O.02-in. (0.5-ram) wall

Exposed sensor

Protected sensor

O.IO in. (2.54 mm) Crimp tube to hold sensor-,, o.d. split_ pin I rCement pin I to probe i.d.

I
Sealed sensor /--Tungsten / / F Low-thermal solder inert gas weld

CD-g511 Probe assembly

Figure 5. - Platinum

resistance

thermometer

probes.

2?

\
\\

o_
c

\
\

\ \

\
\
o
i

.S ..3

\
E

c_E N

\
o o c)

,'T'

fO_'OZ_I _ O#'LLa) [Z 1 _ '_a - kai =

'aDue_.s!saJ wnu!_.eld paz!leLUJON

: 11Z (017LL_I _ I_) 'a3uels!saJ wnu!leld paz!leWJON

(017'LL_I _ _I L_j)

8
B 0

o_
E 0

,x,

"_,
i

28

24xi0-3
_

"T,

/
20

/
/

16

12

/
/
2O 40 60 80 T, _K sensitivity. lO0 120 Temperature, Figure 8. - Platinum resistance

\
\
\

\
.0_ .04

,\ \
\ \

\ \
\

02

\
10 20

\
40 60 80 100 Temperature, T, _'K 200 400

.Ol

Figure 9. - Temperature error for signal error O. ] percent of signal voltage at full scale for five typical temperature spans.

29

.3

.2

.l

I
2 4 6 8 10 Sensor power, PS, mW Figure ]0. - Self-heating in liquid nitrogen. Five type A-].5 platinum resistance thermometers.

.O2

- -.OZ Triple point of water at 273.16 K.

.o=-= z 1 =
z

o = -.02
.-

Liquid nitrogen at 77.40' K. .021 (

020

12

16

20

Time, mon Liquid hydrogen at 20.20 K. Figure it. - Repeatability of one standard quality type P-S platinum resistance thermometer.

30

O2

......._ --_ o=o =

-.02 0 .4 .8 Time, yr Figure 12. - Repeatabilityof one type A-1 platinum resistance thermometer at liquid-hydrogen temperature, i20. 20 KL 1.2 ].6 2.0

O2

<3

-.02

20

40 60 Temperature, T, K

80

100

Figure ]3. - Deviation of seventype P-S platinum resistance transducers from their average resistance difference function (ZI). Temperature at lower basepoint, 20.20 K; temperature at upper base point, 77.40 K.

31

 O2 --

I
02 --

I
-4

02' O2

I
0 0

la) Seven type A-I].

(a) Type A-13.

Y
! I 1 I I I
(bl Five type A-14.

_=

_-

-.o2

-.

02

E o =

-.041 .04

E
o

-.04 .04

(b) Type A-14.

0 .O2

.02 _

-.o2
20

I
60 T, K

I
80

I
20

1
60 T, K

I
80

40 Temperature,

40 Temperature,

(c) Type A-15. (c) Four type A-15 Figure 14. - Envelope of maximum deviation from resistance difference function (Z I) for different platinum resistance thermometers. Figu re 15. - Representative deviation from resistance difference function platinum eters. (Z I) for different single resistance thermom-

32

1.0
b ,._.-

<_

8
c: .8

%
.6

.4 E
o

.2

I
20 40 60 Temperature, T, _K 80 20 40 60 Temperature, T, K 80 Figure 16. - Envelope of maximum deviations from resistance difference function (Z I) for ]] type F-J6 platinum resistance thermometers.

Figure 17. - Representative deviation from resistance difference function platinum (Z I) for single type F-J6 resistance lhermometer.

33

.02

J
.0
c c

-.02 0 100 200 Temperature, Figure 18. - Representative deviation platinum resistance thermometer. .2 300 T, 'K from Zl] for single type P-S 400 5O0

%
E

j_

-_2
C

-.4

-.6 0 100 200 Temperature, Figure 19, - Envelope of maximum function (Z[I) 300 T, 'K from resistance difference 400 500

deviations

for 10 type A-15 platinum

resistance

thermometers.

34

1.0

/
g

/
/
tl

/i

./
.2

J
J
i ,r f f I

01 4

10

12 Temperature,

14 T, K function

16

18

20

22

Figure 20. - Resistance difference

against temperature.

16

08 'G
c

J
4 8 12 Temperature, T, K 16 difference function (Zi.II).

L
20 24

08

-. 16 0

Figure 21. - Envelope of maximum deviations for five type A-13 platinum resistance thermometers from their average resistance

NASA-L.,..,,,r. ,9.8 --

,4 E-4062

35