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Rotational Dynamics I
Recall: Kinematics deals with the concepts/terminology needed to describe motion. Dynamics deals with the effect that forces have on motion. We have been discussing rotational kinematics. We now discuss rotational dynamics. Now we will discuss the forces that give rise to motion (and the resulting motion).
Start by considering pure rotational motion about a fixed axis i.e. an axis that does not 2 move.
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker -- 10.6: Kinetic Energy of Rotation]
K = m1v1 + m2 v2 + m3v3 + L
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
K = Recall: vi = ri 2 2 1 1 K = 2 mi vi = 2 mi ( ri ) =
1 2
mi vi
1 2
( m r )
2 i i
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker -- 10.6: Kinetic Energy of Rotation]
K = mi vi =
1 2 2
1 2
(mr )
2 i i
I = mi ri 2
2
I = r dm
For a body rotating about a fixed axis:
K = I
1 2
* This is shown for completeness; you will not be responsible for this.
Rotational Dynamics I
Example:
A rigid body consists of two particles of mass m connected by a rod of length L and negligible mass. (a) Determine the moment of inertia about an axis through the center of mass, perpendicular to the rod. (b) Determine the moment of inertia about an axis through the left end, perpendicular to the rod.
Rotational Dynamics I
Example:
Four masses (of mass m0) sit at the corners of a square (having sides of length L).
Determine the moment of inertia about an axis through the center of the square, perpendicular to its plane (i.e. an axis through point O in the figure).
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
The force can be resolved into two components (1) the radial component Fr=|F| cos (2) the tangential component Ft=|F| sin Ft gives rise to tangential acceleration; the tangential acceleration is related to the angular acceleration: at = r
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
Result: = I
Torque gives rise to angular acceleration.
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
where = r |F| sin and I=mr2 Note: (1) We identify counterclockwise torques as positive and clockwise torques as negative. (2) The unit of torque* is Newton x meter. (3) must be expressed in radians/s2.
*This is the same as the unit for energy, however the quantities are not related.
=I
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
= I where = r x F
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
=I = r x F and I = mr2
Now consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis: Break the body up into a collection of point masses. The internal forces and, hence, internal torques cancel due to Newtons 3rd law we need only consider the external torques.
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
Result: where
i = ri x Fi and I = i mi ri2
ii = I
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker 10.8, 9: Newtons Second Law for Rotation]
The angular acceleration is largest when the (net) torque = r x F is largest. Example: opening a door F || r = 0 F does nothing toward opening the door
| |= |r||F|sin The most effective way to open the door is to push perpendicular to the door and far from the hinge.
Rotational Dynamics I
Example:
Compute the torque (magnitude and direction) about point O due to the force F |F|=16.0N; the rod has length 4.00m (a)
(b)
(c)
Rotational Dynamics I
[Halliday, Resnick, Walker -- 10.6: Kinetic Energy of Rotation]
K = I
1 2
K = mv
1 2
F = ma
= I
Note the similarity between the rotational and linear equations. In particular, moment of inertia is analogous to mass mass = measure of translational inertia of an object moment of inertia = measure of rotational inertia of an object relative to some fixed axis of rotation