Page 21 Etanolsa S.A.

is an Ecuadorian corporation exclusively engaged in developing agro-industrial projects to convert carbohydrates into the conversion of ethanol and biodiesel in Ecuador using sugarcane, cassava roots and Jatropha Curcas as feedstock. The production and use of fuels using vegetable oils has been with man since the days of Rudolph Diesel when he first demonstrated biodiesel derived from peanut oil. Today's world of Global Warming and Climate Change, high fuel prices, at this moment the barrel of oil is over US$150.00 dollars, and uncertain political realities has created a new and intensified interest in Biofuels. Etanolsa S.A. is actively working in gathering fertile lands to develop the cultivation of jatropha curcas under the best geographically conditions, mainly in the Peninsula of Santa Elena, and also in the near future operating and maintaining jatropha nurseries and jatropha plantations throughout the Peninsula of Santa Elena. Upon maturity of the Jatropha seedlings and a successful harvest of the oil bearing seeds we will process and refine the oil to produce biodiesel that can be used pure or mixed to create a biodiesel blend. The Jatropha oil and Jatropha biodiesel can be used in a number of applications ranging from automotive fuel to electric generation using a diesel generator. Auto manufacturers like Mercedes and Daimler-Chrysler are already trial running cars on Jatropha biodiesel with great results. Aside from our large scale activities Etanolsa S.A. is actively involved in a number of local community based micro generation projects in the intercrop plantation. By enabling small local communities to get involved in various stages of the biodiesel process we are assisting them in growing towards economical independence and bringing the freedom and safety of a reliable power supply to areas that previously had none. ABSTRACT : Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose, drought-resistant, biofuel tree originating from Central and South America, but now growing pantropic. The tree produces seeds containing 27-40% inedible oil, which is easily convertible into biodiesel. Our qualitative sustainability assessment, focusing on environmental impacts and strengthened by some socio-economic issues, is highly favorable into Jatropha curcas cultivation. Preliminary lifecycle energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances are positive, but the GHG balance is expected to be much dependent on the type of land use which is converted to J. curcas. The cultivation intensity and the distance to markets are expected and considered in our project to have a significant impact on the GHG balance as well. Similar reasoning applies for the impact on soil, water, vegetation structure and biodiversity, although the latter will always depend on local circumstances. Next to biodiesel production and wasteland reclamation, J. Curcas also hosts socio-economic development potential. The multipurpose character of the plant and the labor-intensive production chain are thought to be the main drivers for rural development, but are uncertain. In order to achieve best results with respect to both environmental and socio-economic issues, decisions have to be based on local environmental, economical, cultural and social characteristics. Biodiesel could be an important renewable and the best alternative to substitute for fossil fuels. And, in certain parts of the world, as in Ecuador, governments and some corporations consider

the jatropha plant, common in hot climates, one of the most promising sources of biodiesel. The plants are going to be located in the lands of the rural communities of Santa Elena, and their yield more than four times as much fuel per hectare as soybean, and more than ten times that of corn. But the commercial-scale cultivation of jatropha, which has not previously been grown as a crop, raises several significant challenges. This year, Etanolsa S.A. is promoting to cultivate 50,000 hectares of lands in the Peninsula of Santa Elena, representing an investment of US$1,000.oo per hectare, including the whole cultivation process and system to produce over ----------- metric of jatropha seeds to generate 400 millions gallons of oil to mix wit ethanol and produce biodisel that means all related issues involved in taking jatropha from seed to fuel filling station. The Etanolsa S.A. project is working among the rural Communities of Santa Elena, collaborating with international financial institutions to develop loan guarantees to fund seed purchases; it's also collaborating with insurers to back the farmers against potential losses. In addition, we are also promoting to educate the farmers on how to cultivate the plant. So far, the project has gathered 50,000 hectares of land. The goal is to have 10,000 hectares under cultivation by May 2010 for the first plant, and there are a lot of enthusiasm among the farmers. By the end the end of 2011, we are planning to have a production facilities producing biodiesel from jatropha. Eventually, it aims to produce 100 million gallons of biodiesel annually per ach plant or biorefinery. Jatropha Biodiesel Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. It is one of the best alternative cultivation to replace fossil fuels as the world's primary transport energy source, because it is a renewable fuel that can replace petrodiesel in current engines and can be transported and sold using the same today's infrastructure which represent a huge investment of millions of dollars. The oil plant Jatropha curcas is physic nut is a multipurpose and drought resistant large shrub or small tree. It is a native of tropical America, and this has been thriving around with more that 150 species it thrives in sub-tropical regions of the world and can be grown in areas of low rainfall and problematical sites. Jatropha is easy to establish, grows relatively quickly and is hardy. Being drought tolerant, it can be used to reclaim eroded areas, be grown as a boundary fence or live hedge in the arid/semi-arid areas. The wood and fruit of Jatropha can be used for numerous purposes including fuel. The seeds of Jatropha contains (50% by weight) viscous oil, which can be used for manufacture of candles and soap, in the cosmetics industry, for cooking and lighting by itself or as a diesel/paraffin substitute or extender. Ecuador has tremendous potential as a producer of jatropha biodiesel, and our Central Government should include in Ecuadors national biofuels program emphasizing jatropha production. Our project is to employ and implement more than 50,000 hectares of marginalized land, representing a high percent of the total national area, lay barren or under-utilized. Such lands have been for many years without financial supports to develop these lands which account with one of the biggest investment in the constructions of Daule-Peripa system of damps, including 4 four supplementary damps located and affecting more than 150,000 hectares in the Peninsula of Santa Elena. This investment has provided a substantial added cost to these lands, and increased the potential agricultural value at this present. We are considering to cover more than 50,000 hectares of this area and bringing fresh private and international resources of

US$100 Million dollars per plant, including the developing of 10.000 hectares that would be suitable for growing jatropha. * The first refinery should be producing biodiesel in the Rural Communities of Santa Elena Province, by the end of 2010. *This project can gainfully use more than 50,000 hectares for energy crops across the entire Peninsula of Santa Elena and help alleviate rural poverty by generating 20,000 of rural jobs and offering farmers an additional source of income. The 80,000 hectares we are planning to plant in Ecuador this year could generate up to 20,000 jobs among the rural communities. * Etanolsa S.A. is introducing a US$200 million investment/program to encourage biofuels development and production, and is also in the process of mandating the blending of biodiesel with vegetable diesel. A 5% blend is expected to be introduced shortly, rising to 20% by 2010. * we are considering to promote the cultivation of jatropha and the oil extracted from its seeds is often used for soap, paint, cosmetics, and fuel for traditional oil lamps. Jatropha is also planted as fencing to prevent animals from grazing crops. Some advantages of Jatropha: 1. Environmental friendly biodiesel to combat the petroleum shortage 2 . Can cure the Environment Damages done due to petroleum. 3. jatropha cakes( residues ) can be used to produce grease, candel, fertilizer, medicines. 4 . needs only one ton of organic fertilizers per hectare per year, Refining crude jatropha oil into biodiesel produces glycerine. 5.which is in high demand as a raw material for a very wide range of cosmetic, medical and food products. Glycerine byproducts from biodiesel production offer a valuable additional income stream to refiners. once fully grown, it needs no additional maintenance. one crop can yield seeds for up to 20 years. * We are promoting the small farmers to come back to their fields and produce jatropha and depend again on agriculture under secure working and financial conditions, backed by an international agriculture trust where the farmers will place the land and the financiers will also place the funds to develop all their lands to produce biodiesel to export. * Rural poverty and unemployment are widespread; the need for sustainable agricultural development remains great. * In Ecuador conditions can produce 2500 kg of seeds per hectare, and 825 Liters of biodisel can to extracted from it. Jatropha trees

Jatropha seeds

THE PLANT- PROFILE : INTRODUCTION Jatropha curcas is the plant to be used to produce oil, it is a droughtresistant perennial, growing well in marginal/poor soil. It is easy to establish, grows relatively quickly and lives, producing seeds for 50 years. Jatropha the wonder plant produces seeds with an oil content of 45%. The oil can be combusted as fuel without being refined. It burns with clear smoke-free flame, tested successfully as fuel for simple diesel engine. The by-products are press cake a good organic fertilizer, oil contains also insecticide. It is found to be growing in many parts of the country, rugged in nature and can survive with minimum inputs and easy to propagate. Medically it is used for diseases like cancer, piles, snakebite, paralysis, dropsy etc. Jatropha grows wild in many areas of Ecuador and even thrives on infertile soil. A good crop can be obtained with little effort. Depending on soil quality and rainfall, oil can be extracted from the jatropha nuts after two to five years. The annual nut yield ranges from 0.5 to 12 tons. The kernels consist of oil to about 60 percent; this can be transformed into biodiesel fuel through esterification. Family: Euphorbiaceae Synonyms: Curcas purgans Medic. Vernacular/common names: Englishphysic nut, purging nut; Hindi - Ratanjyot Jangli erandi; Malayalam - Katamanak; Tamil Kattamanakku; Telugu - Pepalam; Kannada - Kadaharalu; Gujarathi - Jepal; Sanskrit - Kanana randa. Distribution and habitat

It is still uncertain where the center of origin is, but it is believed to be Mexico and Central America. It has been introduced to Africa and Asia and is now cultivated world-wide. This highly drought-resistant species is adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions. The current distribution shows that introduction has been most successful in the drier regions of the tropics with annual rainfall of 300-1000 mm. It occurs mainly at lower altitudes (0-500 m) in areas with average annual temperatures well above 20C but can grow at higher altitudes and tolerates slight frost. It grows on well-drained soils with good aeration and is well adapted to marginal soils with low nutrient content. Botanical Features It is a small tree or shrub with smooth gray bark, which exudes a whitish colored, watery, latex when cut. Normally, it grows between three and five meters in height, but can attain a height of up to eight or ten meters under favorable conditions.

Leaves It has large green to pale-green leaves, alternate to sub-opposite, three-to five-lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis. Flowers The petiole length ranges between 6-23 mm. The inflorescence is formed in the leaf axil. Flowers are formed terminally, individually, with female flowers usually slightly larger and occurs in the hot seasons. In conditions where continuous growth occurs, an unbalance of pistillate or staminate flower production results in a higher nmber of female flowers. Fruits Fruits will be produced in winter when the shrub is leafless, and it may produce several crops during the year because the soil moisture will be good and temperatures are sufficiently high in the Peninsula of Santa Elena. Each inflorescence yields a bunch of approximately 10 or more ovoid fruits. A three, bi-valved cocci is formed after the seeds mature and the fleshy exocarp dries. Seeds The seeds become mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow, after two to four months. Flowering and fruiting habit

The Jatropha trees are deciduous, shedding the leaves in the dry season. Flowering occurs during the wet season and two flowering peaks are often seen. In permanently humid regions, flowering occurs throughout the year. The seeds mature about three months after flowering. Early growth is fast and with good rainfall conditions nursery plants may bear fruits after the first rainy season, direct sown plants after the second rainy season. The flowers are pollinated by insects especially honey bees. Ecological Requirements Jatropha curcas grows almost anywhere, even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive on the poorest stony soil. It can grow even in the crevices of rocks. The leaves shed during the winter months form mulch around the base of the plant. The organic matter from shed leaves enhance earth-worm activity in the soil around the root-zone of the plants, which improves the fertility of the soil. Regarding climate, Jatropha curcas is found in the tropics and subtropics and likes heat, the land of the Peninsula of Santa Elena in Ecuador, it an ideal place to growth them. But, although it does well even in lower temperatures and can withstand a light frost. Its water requirement is extremely low and it can stand long periods of drought by shedding most of its leaves to reduce transpiration loss. Jatropha is also suitable for preventing soil erosion and shifting of sand dunes. If we plant jatropha through: 1. Directly planting through seed. 2. Planting through Cutting. 3. Planting through Sapling. The best result is saplings from seeds (raised in a nursery in polybags, (about 3 - 4 months). These should be planted just before the rainy season. Plants from cuttings are not so resistant to drought, because they dont develop a taproot, which reaches far into the depth of the soil. If we put the seeds directly into the soil, they might be attacked by cattle (they step on them, they eat them, because the repellant is not yet developed. Plants should be in one plant to other in respect of better yield as follows: Distance between the plants of a row should be 2,5 meters, and the distance between the rows should be 3 meters. All 3 to 5 rows you may enlarge the distance of the rows to allow tractors to pass. If we first develop the cutting in poly-bag like saplings and after certain time translate it, is its result are as good as plants pre-cultivated from seeds, more or les. The plants from these saplings (cuttings) will develop faster and get seeds right away, but the plant itself will not develop a taproot. Under normal circumstances, this is not important, but in a situation of extended drought, plants with taproot (elevated from seeds) are more resistant. Irrigation Even Jatropha can handles dryness very well and it is possible to live almost entirely of humidity in the air. Peninsula of Santa Elena has rainfall as low as 350 mm a year. Differences are expressed in what is optimum rainfall as some readings say 600 mm and some say 800 mm while some areas in the Peninsula of Santa Elena report good crops with rainfall of 1380 mm. Under irrigation 1 500 mm will be given by using the distribution water channels from the DaulePeripa Water Dumps System. Although, 500 - 600 mm of rainfall is the limit. Below it the production depends on the local water condition in the ground. It will also stand for long periods without water - up to 2 years and then grow again when rains occur again.

If Rainfall is 500-600 MM and Temperature is Avg. 32-35 c, Highest 44 c, Lowest 3 c. with sandy soil. The yield results will be achieve according if we are going to be getting If it is with Irrigation or If it is without Irrigation. 500 - 600 mm of rainfall is the limit. Below 600 mm there is more or less no more production, but this depends on the local water condition in the ground. The Santa Elena lands are cover by a good vegetable lay of nutrients, so the JC is not limited by this reason. Additional, we will have proper irrigation, that will not limit of the yield to fertilize the soil. So, we may get the full production of about 5-kg per plant, which will be between 10 and 12.5 tons of seed per hectare. As alternative it is Interesting is the irrigation with wastewater, because of the nutrients. In the Egyptian desert they have a plantation with waste water irrigation Normally, the JC seeds are stored for 6 months in normal conditions. The Jatropha seeds are oily and do not store for long. Up dated research on viability of Jatropha seeds shows a decrease due to term of storage. Seeds older than 15 months show viability below 50 % (Kobilke 1989). Thus, Six months storage will not effect the oil content. Quality of the soil Best in sandy well-drained soils. Can withstand very poor soils and grow in saline conditions All the actors in the Jatropha sector suggest, anyway, using organic fertilizer in order to obtain higher yield. Biophysical limits The Peninsula of Santa Elena has an altitude: 0-500 m, Mean annual temperature: 20-28 deg. C, Mean annual rainfall: 300-1000 mm or more. These areas are affected by the best irrigation water damps system with an investment made by Central Government totaling up to today US$2.3 Billions dollars to provide water for cultivations during the whole year. Soil type: The Peninsula of Santa Elena lands will be well-drained soils with good aeration, but the Jatropha is well adapted to marginal soils with low nutrient content. On heavy soils, root formation is reduced. Jatropha is a highly adaptable species, but its strength as a crop comes from its ability to grow on even very poor and dry sites. We expect one of the highest yield crop in our areas of virgin fertile lands covering more than 50,000 hectares in the Peninsula of Santa Elena. The JC germination needs between 5 and 7 days, depending on the ambient temperature. And There are no chemicals, which might accelerate this process. It is not necessary. In our project we are going to pre-planting the JC in tree nurseries though can accelerate the development of trees substantially. CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY: THE PRODUCTIVE PLANTATION OF JATROPHA CURCAS The practices that will be undertaken by the Jatropha growers to be scientifically managed for better growth and production. The growth and yield of Jatropha is going to be improved through effective management practices during the whole life of this project. The keyfactors that can influence the oil yield of Jatropha Curcas in the lands of the Peninsula of Santa Elena are: 1. Climate 2. Quality of the soil 3. Irrigation

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Weeding Use of fertilizer Crop density Genotype Use of pesticide Inter-cropping

PROPAGATION METHODS- GENERATIVE PROPAGATION-EFFECTING FACTORS

Direct seeding-Quality of seeds Seeding depth Date of sowing

Transplantation of precultivated plants Seeds beds(bare roots)

Poly bags-Type of pre-cultivation Length of pre-cultivation Age of pre-cultivation

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION(cuttings)

Direct planting-Right time Transplanting of pre-cultivated plants Seeds beds(bare

roots) Poly bags-Right size Right age Right strain Right source

SUCCESSFULL PRECULTIVATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY-High germination rates of seeds

High sprouting rates of cuttings High survival rates

Basing the propagation method on rainfall conditions plays a decisive role in the survival and properties of the plant in field.

Method of cultivation should be chosen on the basis of Maximum survival rates

Intended utilization of the plantation

1. For quick establishment of hedges and plantation for erosion control, directly planted cuttings are best. 2. For long-lived plantations for vegetative oil production, plants propagated by seeds are better. 3. With better rainfall conditions, the plantations could also be established by direct seeding. Direct seeding, pre-cultivation of seedlings, easily propagates the Jatropha transplanting of spontaneous wild plants and direct planting of cuttings. Seed should be collected when capsules split open. Use of fresh seeds improves germination. Intervals of presoaking and drying, or partial removal of the testa, are more successful than presoaking alone. With good moisture conditions, germination takes 10 days. The seed shell splits, the radicula emerges and 4 small peripheral roots are formed. Soon after development of the 1st leaves, the cotyledons wither and fall off. Further growth is sympodial Climate Can withstand severe heat. Likes heating and doing well in warmer areas. When cold will drop its leaves. It can withstand light frost but not for prolonged periods. The older the tree the better it will withstand. Weeding Standard cultural practices are timely weeding (4 times a year), proper fertilization, surface ploughing and pruning. With these management practices a yield around 15-20 kg of fruit per tree can be obtained even if the plants did not reach full maturity. Use of fertilizer Although Jatropha is adapted to low fertility sites and alkaline soils, better yields seem to be obtained on poor quality soils if fertilizers containing small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and Sulfur are used. Past experienced among grain associations have been observed with Jatropha and are known to aid the plants growth under conditions where phosphate is limiting It is recommended that 1 kg of farmyard manure/ plus 100 g of Neem waste for every seedling, with a recommendation of 2500 plants per ha. this comes up to 2.5 t organic fertilizer per ha. Besides it after transplantation and the establishment of the plant fertilizer such as N, P and K should be applied. Twenty gram urea + 120 g SSP and 16 g MoP should be applied annually The possibility to return the press-cake (or part of it) to Jatropha fields should be carefully considered. Crop density References recommend spacing for hedgerows or soil conservation is 15cm - 25cm x 15cm25cm in one or two rows respectively and 2m x 1.5m to 3m x 3mm for plantations. Thus there will be between 4,000 to 6,700 plants per km for a single hedgerow and double that when two rows are planted. Satisfactory planting widths are 2 x 2 m, 2.5 x 2.5 m, and 3 x 3 m. This is equivalent to crop densities of 2500, 1600 and 1111 plants/ha, respectively. Distance OF 2MX2M BE KEPT FOR COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION Wider spacing is reported to give larger yields of fruit. Genotype

Little genetic research seems to be performed, as Information related to the project seems to be rather restricted. Pruning Pruning 1st prune The plants need to produce side shoots for maximum sprouting and maximum flowers and seed. Between 90 and 120 Days top of all plants at 25 Cm. Cut the top off cleanly and cut top to produce 8 12 side branches. It is considered good practice. In order to facilitate the harvesting, it is suggested to keep the tree less than 2 meters. Inter-cropping Specific intolerance with other crops was not detected. On the contrary the shade can be exploited by shade-loving herbal plants; vegetables such red and green peppers, tomatoes, etc. (SEE INTERCROPPING PAGE) Picking We have developed the harvest methodology between wet and dry seed crush costing applicable has been compared. CROP YIELD It appears very difficult to estimate unequivocally the yield of a plant that is able to grow in very different conditions. Yield is a function of water, nutrients, heat and the age of the plant and other. Many different methods of establishment, farming and harvesting are possible. Yield can be enhanced with right balance of cost, yield, labor and finally cost per Mt Seed production ranges from about 2 tons per hectare per year to over 12.5t/ha/year, after five years of growth. Although not clearly specified, this range in production may be attributable to low and high rainfall areas. Without irrigation MT/HA DRY LOW NORMAL Year 1 0.10 0.25 Year 2 0.50 1.00 Year 3 0.75 1.25 Year 4 0.90 1.75 Year 5 1.10 2.00 With irrigation MT/HA IRRIGATED LOW NORMAL Year 1 0.75 1.25

HIGH 0.40 1.50 1.75 2.25 2.75

HIGH 2.50

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Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

1.00 4.25 5.25 5.25

1.50 5.00 6.25 8.00

3.00 5.00 8.00 12.50

Germplasm management Seeds are oily and do not store for long. Seeds older than 15 months show viability below 50%. High levels of viability and low levels of germination shortly after harvest indicate innate (primary) dormancy. Processing and handling After collection the fruits are transported in open bags to the processing site. Here they are dried until all the fruits have opened. It has been reported that direct sun has a negative effect on seed viability and that seeds should be dried in the shade. When the seeds are dry they are separated from the fruits and cleaned. Storage and viability The seeds are orthodox and should be dried to low moisture content (5-7%) and stored in airtight containers. At room temperature the seeds can retain high viability for at least one year. However, because of the high oil content the seeds cannot be expected to store for as long as most orthodox species. Dormancy and pretreatment Freshly harvested seeds show dormancy and after-ripening is necessary before the seeds can germinate. Dry seed will normally germinate readily without pre-treatment. If this is the case, it is not recommended to remove the seed coat before sowing. Although it speeds up germination there is a risk of getting abnormal seed-lings. Uses of Jatropha curcas : A petrocrop, W hole plant-Roots-Leaves-Latex-SeedsBark-Twig *Planted to prevent water erosion and for conservation-* Used as ethno medicine-* Used as ethno medicine-*Resembles shellac-*Source of oil (30-40%) suitable as fuel for diesel engine*Yields tannins (37%)-*Used as medicine *Promising live fence- -*Yield a dye used to give tan & brown-*Used for making ink-*Useful as illumitant, lubricant, in soap and candle making- -*Used as Dataun (Herbal tooth brush) *useful as green manure- -*Useful as botanical-*Used as ethno medicine-*Used as medicine both internally and externally- -*Young one cooked and eaten *useful in controlling sand drift- - - - - *possess Allelopathic properties- - - - - Can we extract the Jatropha oil from seeds and directly used in the vehicle? It depends on the engine. If we have a diesel engine with a pre-combustion chamber, we can use the oil directly (after good filtering). If we have a modern diesel engine with direct injection, we have to modify the engine. The best is, to start the engine with diesel, then switch to plant oil (when the engine is hot), and to stop the engine by using diesel again for some few minutes. Is It Can Be Use Direct As Fuel? With Mobile, Car, Or Other Diesel Engine Without Modify? Yes, Jatropha oil can be used as fuel directly in stationary diesel engines and in mobile ones (cars, trucks, busses), but you have to modify the diesel engine. You can also use Jatropha oil in

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some diesel engines with a pre-combustion chamber without modification (Field marshal from India). Which Diesel Engine Is Suitable For Bio Diesel ? Pre-combustion Chamber Or Direct Injection. Bio-diesel is a chemically modified plant oil. It behaves like diesel and can be used in any diesel engine (DI or pre-combustion chamber) directly. Since bio-diesel is a strong organic solvent, it attacks joints and tubes from organic material (plastic, rubber). So you have to make sure, that your engine has bio-diesel proof joints and plastic parts. The JC is going to be plant into a macro scale to achieve the following benefits: 1.increase an added value cost to the land price 2.To obtain a lower harvest cost, and processing 3.A higher-yield compare with other oil plant. 4.To reduce the biodeisel plant investing. 5.Obtain a much lower price than the fossil crude oil price. Which seems to be going to reach US$200 per barrel of oil in the near future.. The above factors indicates the excellent chances of obtaining biodiesel from JC about t his future of green energy. Our project will assure the success without any obstacles in plantation of Jatropha Curcas (JC). The crucial key economic factor is the harvesting of the seeds that it takes about 1 hour to pick 8 kg seeds under normal conditions or better. In our project we cover the whole scope field or model and that is: where farmers are growing Jatropha, harvesting the seeds and extracting the oil. In other hand or project a company is buying the oil and eventually processing it to finally produce biodiesel. our project contemplates the use of jatropha inter cropping technology to obtain the best results from the land and soil conditions for the rural communities without diminishing the production of food among them. When two or more crops are growing simultaneously in the same field, this is called intercropping. Which is according to our topography, soil profile and prevailing agroclimatic conditions in our area in the Peninsula of Santa Elena, Jatropha can be combined with other suitable species comprising the agricultural, horticultural, herbs, pastoral and/or silvicultural components to result in an ecologically viable, economically profitable and socially acceptable agroforestry system. By evolving, promoting and adopting Jatropha based intercropping systems it is possible to improve the socioeconomic conditions in rural areas and to transform the national energy scenario and the ecological landscape. These are the social & economic advantages of multiple cropping systems:

Dependence on only crop is avoided. Less needs to import energy. Reduction in the outlay for fertilizers. There is much greater flexibility of the distribution of labor. Possible to recover investments in much less time. Availability of harvest over a much longer period of time. Can occupy much more labor. The farmer of little economic resources can produce a large variety of useful products. Promote a return to the land. Components can constitute a type of "savings" for the future.

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In our Historical project we ill be try, applied and developed Some inter cropping systems for both wastelands and cultivable lands as outlined below:

FOR WASTELANDS:

Model (i) Hedgerows of Jatropha with tropical fruits such as passion fruits, melon, watermelons and mongoes Model (ii) Jatropha intercropped with grasses, tubers and vegetables Model (iii) Jatropha mixed with fruit trees Model (iv) Jatropha in mixed plantation with Teak and Subabul FOR CULTIVABLE LANDS On irrigated farmlands

Model (i) mixed with one or more of the following species, grown at the spacing indicated against each species:Tectona grandis (Teak) 4m X 4m and Eucalyptus camaldulensis 3.5m X 2m Model (ii) intercropping vegetables such as red and green peppers, tomatoes water melon etc. that would provide additional income for the farmers. Model (iii) intercropping with important medicinal plants For this purpose Jatropha curcus is the ideal plant to give shade to shade loving plants and provide a base for the climbers Selection of the climber is done according to the climatic condition of the regions. Mainly, the following climbers are common for every/region: Model (iv) Jatropha can be intercropped with medicinal plants like Asparagus racemosus (Shatawar) and Commiphora mukul (Gugul) Model (v) Shankhpushpi are effective in promoting the growth of Jatropha curca Intercropping Model (vi) Patchouli and coleus are suitable and successful intercrop On drier farmlands Interplanting of Jatropha can done with Mulberry. Combined with the petroplant - Jatropha, Ber and Lac constitute a profitable planting model, and selected trees for For Biofencing. Economics:

JATROPHA BIODIESEL: OVERVIEW

Although, the Biodiesel industry is still young and relatively small, so as it grows to a larger scale and when an infrastructure is being well-developed and to be carried out in this project, the costs of producing is declining against the demand and marketing biodiesel is increasing, mainly based in the low cost of production of JC oil in Ecuador. As well as, in the new future new cost-saving technologies will likely be developed to help producers use energy more efficiently, increase conversion yields and convert cheaper feedstocks into high-quality biodiesel. However, in the

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longer term, the biggest challenge may be the ability of the feedstock supply to keep up with growing demand. As such the key to the future of Biodiesel is finding inexpensive feed stocks that can be grown by farmers on marginal agricultural land, and Jatropha is one of many plants that hold a great deal of promise. Jatropha proves to be a promising Bio Fuel plantation and could emerge as a major alternative to Diesel thus reducing our dependence on Oil imports and saving the precious Foreign Exchange besides providing the much needed Energy Security. Jatropha oil displacing conventional fossil fuel makes the project fully eligible as a CDM project, i.e. recipient of CO2 credits. Jatropha stacks up nicely compared with other feedstocks, as soybeans and rapeseed have a relatively low oil yield compared with Jatropha 375 kilograms per hectare for soybeans in the United States (280 gallons per acre) and 1,000 kilograms per hectare of rapeseed in Europe (740 gallons per acre) to 3,000 kilograms per hectare of Jatropha (2,226 gallons per acre) in Ecuador. In our project using our soil and land for good planning, quality planting material, standardized agronomy practices and good crop management could increase yields, because JC is an endemic plantation in Ecuador COST BENEFITS SCENARIO Cost benefits scenario will depend on various factors such as seed yield, area of Production, its gestation period, and raw oil yield during various stages of bio-diesel production-plantation, extraction, and transesterification. An integrated Jatropha Biodiesel Project has three stages: 1. The first stage of the production process of bio-diesel from the seeds of Jatropha is the plantation stage. 2. Extraction stage of bio-diesel production 3. The final stage of bio-diesel production is the transesterification stage in which raw oil is transesterified to bio-diesel.

The combination of three stages of bio-diesel production and the role of each player in these stages have to be objectively defined as they can affect the economics of bio-diesel production Therefore, we have carried out Economic analysis considering all above three stages as separate entities.

ECONOMICS: FARMING ECONOMICS: EXTRACTION ECONOMICS: BIODIESEL

This presentation is divided in 5 points: 1.- Introductory remarks 2.- Description of the plant, distribution, ecology 3.- Description of the Jatropha System 4.- Economic Aspects 5.- Strategies to disseminate the know how of the Jatropha System1. Introductory remarks

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The project is well concerned in "the Jatropha System", to help mainly its potential to contribute to rural development by its utilization. The economic evaluation of the Jatropha activities in this project in the Coastal Region of Ecuador are based on real data. In other countries the Jatropha activities also show positive economic results, as far as soap making is concerned. The economic use of Jatropha oil as fuel (direct or as biodiesel) depends very much on the level of rural labor costs, as well as on the price of diesel fuel domestic and international. In our real case, please see our Cash Flow of rural labor cost, but the cost of biodiesel gallon will given by the International Stock Market Exchange, because we focusing the international market worldwide. 2. Description of the plant, distribution, ecology Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) is a tall bush or small tree (up to 5 m hight) and belongs to the euphorbia family. The genus Jatropha contains approximately 170 known species. The genus name Jatropha derives from the Greek jatrs (doctor), troph (food), which implies medicinal uses. The plant is planted as a hedge (living fence) by farmers all over the world around homesteads, gardens and fields, because it is not browsed by animals. 2.1 Botanical description Jatropha curcas L., or physic nut, has thick glabrous branchets. The tree has a straight trunk and gray or reddish bark, masked by large white patches. It has green leaves with a length and width of 6 to 15 cm, with 5 to 7 shallow lobes. The leaves are arranged alternately. 2.2 Distribution Jatropha curcas originates from Cental America. From the Caribbean, Jatropha curcas was probably distributed by Portuguese seafarers via the Cape Verde Islands and former Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea Bissau) to other countries in Africa and Asia. Today it is cultivated in almost all tropical and subtropical countries as protection hedges around homesteads, gardens and fields, since it is not browsed by animals. 2.3 Ecology Jatropha curcas is not a weed. It is not self propagating. It has to be planted. It grows well on marginal land with more than 250 mm of rainfall per year, and it withstands long drought periods. With less than 600 mm it cannot grow except in special conditions like Dormancy is induced by fluctuations in rainfall and temperature/light. But not all trees respond simultaneously. In a hedge you may have branches without leaves and besides ones full of green leaves. The branches contain a whitish latex, which causes brown stains, which are very difficult to remove. Normally, five roots are formed from seeds: one tap root and 4 lateral roots. Plants from cuttings develop only lateral roots. Inflorescences are formed terminally on branches. The plant is monoecious and flowers are unisexual. Pollination is by insects. After pollination, a trilocular ellipsoidal fruit is formed. The exocarp remains fleshy until the seeds are mature. The seeds are black and in the average 18 mm long (11 ? 30) and 10 mm wide (7 ? 11). The seed weight (per 1000) is about 727 g, this are 1375 seeds per kg in the average. The life-span of the Jatropha curcas plant is more than 50 years. Varieties There are 3 varieties. Nicaragua variety is the one which is spread all over the world. It has fewer, but larger fruits. The yield per ha seems to be the same. A non-toxic variety exists in Mexico which is used for human consumption after roasting. It does not contain Phorbol esters. ("This non-toxic variety of Jatropha could be a potential source of oil for human consumption, and

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the seed cake can be a good protein source for humans as well as for livestock.", Becker et al, 1999). 3. Description of the Jatropha System 3.1 The Jatropha System The Jatropha System is an integrated rural development approach. By planting Jatropha hedges to protect gardens and fields against roaming animals, the oil from the seeds can be used for soap production, for lighting and cooking and as fuel in special diesel engines. In this way the Jatropha System covers 4 main aspects of rural development: promotion of women (local soap production); poverty reduction (protecting crops and selling seeds, oil and soap); erosion control (planting hedges); energy supply for the household and stationary engines in rural areas. The obvious advantage of this "Jatropha System" is that all the processing procedure, and thus all added value, can be kept within the rural area or even within one village. No centralized processing (like in the cotton industry) is necessary. 3.2 Possible Uses of the Jatropha Plant The Jatropha plant is used as a medicinal plant: The seeds against constipation; The latex / sap for wound healing; The leaves as tea against malaria; etc. Jatropha is planted in the form of hedges around gardens or fields to protect the crops against roaming animals like cattle or goats; Jatropha hedges are planted to reduce erosion caused by water and/or wind; Jatropha is planted to demarcate the boundaries of fields and homesteads; Jatropha plants are used as a source of shade for coffee plants (on Cuba); In Comore islands, in Papua New Guinea and in Uganda Jatropha plants are used as a support plant for vanilla; 4. Economic Aspects This will be an example of a successful project in Ecuador. The Jatropha plant is already known by the population since a long time, but its utilization was limited to the use of the plant as protection hedge around homesteads and gardens. The seeds were not used. The SEA-Santa Elena Agreement and the Task Force Team of Etanolsa S.A., the promoters project have convinced men and women living in The Peninsula of Santa Elena and outside people looking for sources of jobs of the interesting economic potential of this plant as biodiesel. As well as especially the medicinal property of the soap makes it interesting for the rural population. Collection of seeds Collection of seeds: 2 kg in 1 hour Sale of seeds: _________ per kg Value added for 1 hour work 0,29 USD per hour Oil extraction 1,0 hours of work to extract 1 liter of oil 0,5 filtering of the oil input: Purchase of 5 kg of seed US$0,71 per liter Depreciation/maintenance of ram press US$0,04 / kg for 5 kg: US$ 0,20 per liter Output: Sale of 1 liter of oil US$1,90 Total of revenues US$0,99 Value added for 1 hour work US$ 0,66 USD per hour

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Soap making 16 hours work for 252 bars of soap 10 hours for miscellaneous work (organizing purchase of oil, wrapping the soap, etc) 1 bar sold for _______ Purchase of 20 liters of oil at__________ = Purchase of 3 kg of Caustic Soda at ________ = Plastic for wrapping soap = __________ Input: 20 liters oil at US$ 38,10 Plastic US$ 2,86 Caustic Soda US$ 14,29 Total input US$ 55,24 output: 252 bars at US$120,00 Total of revenues for 26 hours work US$ 64,76 USD Value added for 1 hour of work US$ 2,49 per hour The added value by 1 hour of work of the utilization of the Jatropha plant can be summarized as follows: Collection / harvesting of seeds US$0,29 Extraction of Jatropha oil with hand press US$0,66 Soap making US$2,49 4.2 Economy of Small Scale Production of Jatropha Oil as Fuel in Ecuador Production and utilization of Jatropha oil as fuel (price for Diesel in the International Stock Exchange in January 2009: US$1,60) has a high positive result in the economic analysis, but only, if the raw material (Jatropha seeds) are not bought, but collected. If the revenues of the whole process are calculated in respect of the necessary working hours, an economic benefice is visible: Extraction with hand press (Bielenberg ram press): Labor costs: In reality a rural worker gets about US$500 per month (technical assistant in a flower mill), but he will get some extras like housing, medicine, etc., which is difficult to calculate. Working 6 days a week and 8 hours a day, these are 190 hours a month. This gives a calculated salary on hour basis of US$500 plus additional befits according to the Ecuadorian Labor Law . Usually it is too much to calculate with 8 hours of work daily, so we take 6 and get a payment per hour of US$_____________. Officially the costs of labor is US$_______ per day of 8 hours. So 1 hour is worth US$_______. To be on the secure side, we calculate also with 6 hours work per day and get US$________ per hour. Depreciation of the hand press: Price of the press: US$150, capacity: 5 kg seeds/h, lifespan: 5 years; Throughput in 5 years: 5 years x 10 hrs/day x 6 days/week x 50 weeks = 15.000 kg Depreciation: 150 USD / 15.000 kg = 1 cent / kg Costs of the hand press: Depreciation + maintenance = 1 + 1 = US$0,02 per kg = 20TZS/kg; Collection / harvest of seeds: 3 kg of seeds can be harvested per hour (measured in Ecuador), 5 kgs are needed for 1 liter of oil; i. e. the labor to collect/harvest 1 kg of seeds is:1,7 hours. Extraction of the oil: Per working hour 1 liter of oil can be extracted by one person with a hand press. Additionally ? hour is needed for purifying the raw oil (sedimentation, filtration);. i. e. 1,5 working hours for the extraction of 1 liter of oil. Cost factors of oil production: Harvesting/collecting seeds = 1,7 hours/liter Extraction of the oil = 1,5 hours/liter Depreciation/maintenance = US$0,10 /liter Summary of costs:

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Low cost calculation: (US$500/month, 144 hrs.)3,2 hrs. at US$______/hr = US$________ costs of extraction (costs hand press): = US$____________ Total costs: = US$_________ High cost calculation: (US$_______/day, 6 hrs.) 3,2 hrs. at US$________/hr = US$_________ costs of extraction (costs hand press): = US$__________ Total costs: = US$_______________ Profit of oil production: High cost calculation: = US$________ ? US$_________ = no feasibility Low cost calculation = US$________ ? US$_____ = US$_______/liter Profit per working hour of oil production: Structure of the costs: Sale of 1 liter of oil: US$________ ./. costs of extraction (costs hand press): US$________ Profit of the sale of 1 liter of oil at the price of diesel fuel US$________ Profit: US$_______ for 3,2 working hours, this is US$_______ per hour This is almost 2.5-times the real salary of a rural worker or almost the official minimum salary of US$_______ a day (which is about US$_______/hr (6 hours work per day). Extraction with Sayari oil expeller: Cost factors of oil production: Harvesting/collecting seeds = 1,7 hours Extraction of the oil (Sayari) = US$_______/liter High cost calculation: (US$________/day, 6 hrs.), 1,7 hrs. at US$_________/hr Extraction US$___________ Total costs: = US$_____________ Low cost calculation: (US$500 /month, 144 hrs.) 1,7 hrs. at US$_________/hr Extraction US$___________ Total costs: = US$__________ Profit of oil production:?? High cost calculation: = US$_______ ? US$_____ per liter Low cost calculation: = US$_________ ? US$________ per liter Profit per working hour of oil production: Structure of the costs: Sale of 1 liter of oil: US$040/. costs of extraction (Sayari expeller): US$____________ Profit of the sale of 1 liter of oil at the price of diesel fuel US$_________Profit: US$___________ for 1,7 working hours, this is US$ 0,28 per 6 hours ??High cost calculation: (US$_______/day, 6 hrs.) 3,2 hrs. at US$__________/hr , costs of extraction (costs hand press): = US$_________ Total costs: = US$___________

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Profit of oil production: High cost calculation: = US$_____________ = no feasibility Low cost calculation = US$_________/liter Profit per working hour of oil production: Structure of the costs: Sale of 1 liter of oil: US$040 % costs of extraction (costs hand press): US$_________ Profit of the sale of 1 liter of oil at the price of diesel fuel US$_________ Profit: US$________ for 3,2 working hours, this is US$ 0.17 per hour This is almost 2.5-times the real salary of a rural worker or almost the official minimum salary of US$________ a day (which is about US$_______/hr (6 hours work per day). Conclusion: The estimation (transport costs, storage etc. are not considered) shows, that the production and sale of Jatropha oil as diesel substitute is economically feasible. Using the hand press at our labor costs of US$500 per month is too high to produce the oil at a price below the diesel price at the pump. But if somebody declares himself an entrepreneur, who collects/harvests Jatropha seeds and extracts them with a ram press, she/he will get a payment of US$_________per working hour. Using a Sayari expeller, the profit will be higher. Even a high cost calculation shows some profit of US$________ per liter of oil, but if the calculation is done for a one person company, a payment of US$______________ per working hour is calculated. This really seems to be a promising business. 4.3 Central Hypothesis This above presented calculation might be different in other countries with lower wages for rural work. But it also shows clearly, that the added value of Jatropha oil utilization for soap making is very high and that this is a real possibility of creating rural income without big initial investments. Therefore a central hypothesis of the Jatropha System can be formulated: The Jatropha System creates a positive reciprocity between raw material/energy production and environment/food production. i. e. the more seeds/oil Jatropha hedges produce, the more food crops are protected from animals and erosion. Also additional income is created, mainly for women.5. Strategies to disseminate the know how of the Jatropha System A strategy to disseminate the know how of the Jatropha system should formulate different activities on 3 different levels: A local level, i. e. farmers who plant Jatropha hedges to protect their crops, women groups who look for income, NGOs which look for possible actions to support rural development. These local activities should be supported by know how centers on a national level.

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These centers are supported by a promotion centre which acts on an international level. 5.1 Local level: On a local level "Jatropha Project Modules" should be developed, which can be realized by development groups and/or small NGOs. The centre of such a module is an active women group, which is engaged to utilize the economic potential of the Jatropha System. If Jatropha is not yet available, the project needs a preparatory time of 4 to 5 years to plant Jatropha and wait for the production.5.2 National level: On a national level "Centers of Excellence" should be created in each country. They should play the role of a "know how centre" and support the implementation of Jatropha activities by groups and organizations of rural development. Such a "Centre of Excellence" is a number of persons who are familiar with all the aspects of Jatropha production, oil extraction, soap production and marketing. These persons have to be up to date with regional development in extraction technology and marketing techniques ("eco-label"). These persons can easily be invited by some organizations to start Jatropha projects in their region: Support of the supply of material & chemicals to projects; list of suppliers; Organization of the exchange of information; Creation of a national JCL network; Support of the marketing of products; Facilitation of credits. Organization of national workshops; Looking for wholesale buyers for Jatropha soap and / or oil in national markets; ?? Presentation of Jatropha products on agricultural & bio-product exhibitions (national /international); Approach of national / international trading companies of natural products.5.3 International level: On an international level a "Jatropha Promotion Centre" should be created, which supports the different "Centers of Excellence" by various activities: Publication of available and useful information concerning the application of the Jatropha know how into the internet. This internet presence will supply up to date information to all members of the "Center of Excellence" and will facilitate the exchange of information between the "Centers of Excellence" in different countries. Organization of a Q & A service; Creation of a Jatropha network for mutual support and exchange of know how, including workshops, seminars and visits of different projects with different approaches and in a different socio-economic environment (capacity building);Publication of Jatropha information To keep the Jatropha network alive, regular workshops on regional level should be held, accompanied by some central seminars (capacity building); Supply of tools & blueprints & contacts with experts; The "Jatropha Promotion Center" can also identify research topics and coordinate the work on these topics by different organizations / universities and distribute the results. Such topics could be: Selection of high yield Jatropha plants (seeds, cuttings);

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Selection of high oil yield Jatropha plants; Selection of a pure line of the non toxic variety from Mexico (edible oil, press cake as animal feed); Establishment of a seed bank to provide Jatropha projects / initiatives with high yield and / or non toxic seeds; Conception of small scale projects, which can be financed by small donor agencies (modular project system) and executed even by small NGOs. Looking for export / import possibilities on international markets; Presentation of Jatropha products on agricultural & bio-product exhibitions (national / international); Approach of national / international trading companies of natural product

IN THE SANTA ELENA AGREEMENT

BEST PRACTICES FOR LONG-TERM JATROPHA DEVELOPMENT All rights reserved. No part of this PROJECT may be republished in any form whatsoever, electronic, or mechanical without expressed written consent from the promoter. Disclaimer And/Or Legal Notices The information presented herein represents valuable and proprietary for developing biofuel projects in Ecuador only.

Jatropha: in need of sustainability STANDARDS In the SEA-Santa Elena Agreement there are growing concerns about climate change, energy security and rural development are key drivers pushing innovative solutions to an equitable socio economic model in developing economies such Ecuador. Needless to say that biofuels are an inherent part of these processes. Our nation, Ecuador, as other Nations that have embarked on a biofuel driven model for economic development need to evolve the right protocols and systems to plan and implement such initiatives in a sustainable manner to be used in our project. This would mean factoring the impact of competition for other land uses, such as production of food or other crops at the concept stage itself. Feedstocks for biofuel remain at the core of any biofuels venture. Among all the oil bearing crops, Jatropha has emerged as the focal point for the biofuel industry with rapid R&D investments flowing into its cultivation, processing and conversion into biodiesel. With growing emphasis on the sustainability of the biofuels value chain from feedstocks to consumer, there have been pressures on regulators and governments to set in place sustainable models for Jatropha cultivation and use as a biofuel feedstock.

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There are three key issues concerning Jatropha in this project: Plant agronomy demands, production complexities and ways to resolve them Business models suitable for small land holders to become as part of this project Environmental and social benefits inside our territory The project ensure sustainability standards for Jatropha projects to be develop in the Peninsula of Santa Elena, particularly in developing our economy involve a detailed assessment of economic, ecological and social dimensions at the planning and pre-project stages. Though heralded as the most preferred non food crop, Jatropha is yet to deliver on its promises. This project considers the initiatives in developing a sustainable position in Jatropha production and the need for sustainability criteria to be developed for all large Jatropha biorefineries to be located in the Coastal region of Ecuador. Jatropha production and its use need comprehensive sustainability criteria just as other food crops.

We also consider Economies of scale as all changes the economics of any crop based project and also bring about environmental impacts. It is essential to modify traditional approach of cost benefit analysis to develop better models for judging project profitability and sustainability. Besides, land resource management, water management and cultivation practices need better understanding in light of reported variations in Jatropha practices in the Peninsula of Santa Elena. Leveraging Jatrophas other beneficial qualities for improving rural economy is a facet which needs closer scrutiny with mega ventures being planned by Etanolsa S.A. in developing our economies. Primary issues favoring Jatropha over other crops are its non food nature, reported ability to grow on marginal lands and the need for limited rainfall. There are also claims of Jatropha assisting in preventing deforestation and desertification, and improving soil fertility. However, experiences across the developing world have been quite varied reflecting complexities in local practices, soil, water and climatic factors. Our Jatropha projects is characterized by new agronomical and technological challenges posed by new production and conversion processes employed. But not only Jatropha but emergence of new rural business models and novel environmental and social models are related issues impacting the long term sustainability such as the use of a new currency of money of barter-bond and our own credit card system, in order to obtain all what we need for a good living, including food, wearing apparels, educational materials, medicines, etc. Our large Jatropha projects and their potential impact on land, water, soil, and GHG balance have been raised by leading multilateral agencies, corporations as also social organizations. Though amenable to growing on marginal land, commercial pressure to maximize yields are likely to result in best lands being appropriated for Jatropha. Similarly pressure for irrigation to be intensified as also the accompanying impacts of indiscriminate extraction of ground water in fragile zones will have to be dealt with.

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It is evident that the choice of the crop and the technology pathways affects the carbon dioxide balance of crops grown for biofuels. Nett balance of carbon dioxide savings from Jatropha projects will depend on the amount of energy used for cultivating, harvesting, transporting and converting the plants. To assess this a detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for different pathways needs to be carried out. It is equally critical to determine the suitability of each Jatropha type for the Coastal region of Ecuador covering more than 50,000 hectares of fertile and virgin lands. By end 2014, the early stage Jatropha projects would have attained maturity of 5-6 years. In Ecuador our Jatropha projects is being planned there are a variety of types of Jatropha plants, with different oil content, yields, maturity periods, resistance to drought and pests, and rainfall requirements. The data collected from these projects will prove useful to assess the overall sustainability of Jatropha projects for the SEA-Santa Elena Agreement, our legal frame to carrfy out these energy projects. Other developing sustainability criteria for Jatropha There are other key factors to be evaluated in our Jatropha project. These are: a.- Integrating socio economic perspectives into large projects b.- Creating local value chains c.- Finance services for community initiatives d.- Leveraging carbon finance potential e.-Application and agronomy research on Jatropha Despite the potential qualities of Jatropha as a sustainable feed stock for biofuel there are specific issues pertaining to translating it into commercial and social benefits. Jatropha projects are very location specific and it has been noted that experiences are not transferable across our own borders outside the Peninsula of Santa Elena. Critical sustainability components for Jatropha: Key issues determine the sustainability of such projects are: Adopting best practices in production systems Planting, harvesting and processing Socially and environmentally sound protocols Policies synergizing with the needs of local area Carrying capacity of the land Optimizing jatropha value chain processes Yields, conversion efficiencies, value added products Key factors driving sustainability criteria : Sustainability of biofuel feedstock production is not a given, and critical focus on the following factor form key criteria and need to be addressed. Land use patterns Water usage Soil impacts GHG balance Biodiversity loss Social dimensions

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Land use patterns: a neglected domain and resource management and usage pattern is, perhaps, the most critical parameter in Jatropha production in developing economies, including Ecuador. Though Jatropha is reported to grow on marginal lands it is noted that it does need good quality land to give the level of yields which can make the project viable in the long term. Experiences in India, South East Asia and Africa have been varied leading to much debate on its viability. Increasing pressure from commerce to optimize yield per hectare have also tended to force food production off the best land to make way for Jatropha. Our lands for jatropha cultivation has been evaluated against food or other productive uses of land in the peninsula of Santa Elena. Water usage : the critical component Jatropha can grow well in low rainfall regions as the lands in the Peninsula of Santa Elena and will be reverted with optimum yields on Jatropha with a higher level of water usage from the Water Damps System named Daule-Peripa. We are going to develop intercrop system to higher yields that will drive the use of large scale irrigation which will enable multiple harvests such watermelon, melons, citrus, papaya, passion fruits, among the fruits and vegetable such as tomatoes, peppers, anions, garlic, etc.. We are contemplating, evaluating and taking good care on near and long term impacts of depletion of ground water resources from the water damps system of the Peninsula of Santa Elena; all of them being planned in ecologically fragile zones. Thus rising level of shortage of water and projections for further reduction will prove to be a major limiting factor in Jatropha production. Soil quality We are sure that our Jatropha Cultivation in the Peninsula of Santa Elena will enable the quality improvement of the soil and acting as a binding agent to be substantiated in different Jatropha growing regions in the Coastal region of Ecuador. We are also considering in mega derivative biofuel project a large scale clearances the impact on soil quality to be long term mainly. GHG balance We are also ware in terms of best GHG balance the choice of the crop and the technology pathways play a key role as the one for Jatropha cultivation JC. Additional, net balance of carbon dioxide savings depends on the amount of energy used for cultivating, harvesting, transporting and converting Jatropha into the plants. It is also noted that production of Jatropha pressed into Straight Vegetable Oil allows for maximum carbon dioxide savings as compared to conversion into biodiesel which involves some chemical inputs. In our project It is essential to carry out a detailed LCA of all the pathways at planning stage itself to ensure sustainability. Biodiversity loss It is a reality that decrease in biodiversity is a natural fall out of biofuel crop production as is exemplified by experiences with Palm oil and Soy, where large forested areas have been cleared for energy crops. Besides, large energy crop farms resort to monoculture cropping thus replacing valuable biodiversity. Resolutions to these issues are being sought through crop mixing, rotation schemes, and scaling down the magnitude of cultivation. Inter-cropping is the best choice to specific intolerance with other

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crops was not detected. On the contrary the shade can be exploited by shade-loving herbal plants; vegetables such red and green peppers, tomatoes, etc. Some shade loving crops like Rouvolfia serpentina, Asparagus racemosus, Kaempferia galanga, Homalomena aromatica, Tulsi and Smilax china etc and also short duration pulses like blackgram and vegetables like tomato, bitter gourd, pumpkin, ash gourd, cucumber can be profitably grown under Jatropha for the first two years. Patchouli a shade loving aromatic herb could be a suitable intercrop for Jatropha plantation that gives first harvest of leaves after 4 months of planting. Vanilla can also be cultivated under it successfully. Social dimensions Perhaps, the most significant factor in ensuring sustainability lies in developing a correct model of socio economic systems related to rural employment and economy. Options to funnel fuel revenues back into the community, inequities in land tenure and poorly implemented resettlement plans pose further challenges for sustainable Jatropha production. Yet another aspect determining sustainability is to ensure the rights of indigenous people facing displacement from their habitats. It is imperative to set in place properly designed value sharing models in the initial stage itself. Emergence of 2nd generation biofuels will impact the 1st generation fuel feed stocks and long term viability of Jatropha based projects will also need to be evaluated from a socio economic angle. Developing sustainable economic models Jatropha cultivation as is practiced the world over comprises a variety of business models ranging from ranging from large scale with involvement of smallholders, smaller and small-scale production to mega ventures by big corporations. Optimizing economies of scale will alter the environmental impacts. In the case of Jatropha, yields will be higher on good quality soil and with sufficient watering than on marginal arid lands and low water usage. As discussed earlier economic viability will demand better quality land and higher water usage when based on traditional cost benefit analysis. Once other benefits are integrated there is more likelihood of small scale projects on marginal lands being more economical. Apparently traditional approach of cost benefit analysis needs a reassessment to evolve a comprehensive tool for determining project profitability and sustainability. Environmental benefits need to be considered in this new means of evaluation, including increased productivity from intercropping and the creation of a better more humid microclimate, reduced soil erosion, protection against desertification, and availability of press cake which is also a good quality organic fertilizer.

In countries where Jatropha based biofuel could be produced, there is often a lack of appropriate policy support to small-scale Jatropha development at the local level. Future challenges in mega Jatropha projects Developing sustainable Jatropha projects do pose challenges of varied nature and some critical ones are discussed below.

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Agronomic challenges Plant agronomy poses key challenges to the viability of Jatropha projects and key among them is the diversity in Jatropha types in each region. In most Jatropha driven regions there exists a wide variety of Jatropha plants. Each of these is defined by differences in oil content, yields, maturity periods, resistance to drought and pests, and rainfall requirements. It is critical to make the right choice of Jatropha type for any given region and assess its overall suitability to ensure long term sustainability. Technological challenges Existing technological utilities for Jatropha needs closer attention. Most technologies for biofuel have been based on rape seed or palm. However, very few of these technologies have been extended for Jatropha. There is a need for further research on process technologies and design of equipment to scale up the Jatropha projects. Finance barriers A major challenge for Jatropha projects is related to financing options available. Today, there is widespread reluctance on the part of financial institutions of all hues and shapes to approve projects related to crops and it is necessary to sensitize regional and international financial institutions on the economics of Jatropha. Jatropha start up have a 3 year gestation period before the first significant harvest making it a risky investment. Policy barriers In countries where Jatropha based biofuel could be produced, there is often a lack of appropriate policy support to small-scale Jatropha development at the local level. Policies are needed to ensure that local households, businesses, and communities receive the benefits of energy services from Jatropha based biodiesel development, as well as associated income and job opportunities. It is essential to engage small farmers and producers in the policy formulation discussions. Policy support will need to consider a range of issues. These are: Feedstock production methods, transformation Jatropha biofuel quality standards and testing Ensuring quality product Evolve guidelines for suitable available technology, logistics, etc Pricing mechanism Incentives biofuels usage Favorable tax regimes Capacity building in executive bodies Guidelines for sustainable Jatropha projects A set of guidelines are suggested by GEXSI for Jatropha projects for ensuring sustainability. Some key ones are discussed below. 1. Setting minimum standards Early start up Jatropha projects did not take into account the ecological and sociological complexities involved in large ventures. At present there are several large scale investments in jatropha based biofuel plants. Since Jatropha grows mostly in developing economies ensuring their rights becomes a key component. It is important to decide on minimum standards for large

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scale investments in Jatropha that are shared and agreed upon by all stakeholders. These minimum standards are expected to protect local population and their environment. 2. Developing local value chains A large variety of technologies makes use of Jatropha oil such as local diesel electricity generators that run on jatropha oil, jatropha stoves and lamps. However, no systematic approaches to link these technologies to jatropha production have been negligible. Linking the production of these goods to the local production of Jatropha allows generation of regional value chains that expand employment opportunities. 3. Community based initiatives Social enterprises require some initial support during start-up, but become financially sustainable after this phase. Social enterprises at the community level offer income opportunities for those in desperate need. This income is spent locally creating positive feed-backs for the local economy. It is important to make existing decentralized Jatropha activities and grassroots enterprises fit for the market to allow their up-scaling.

The regulatory framework in different parts of the world (taxation, subsidies, quality standards) determine the profitability of specific Jatropha uses. 4. Leveraging Jatropha Carbon Finance It is important to identify conditions afforestation and fossil fuel substitution with Jatropha oil may be included in carbon finance schemes. It is also essential to develop Jatropha projects by identifying carbon co-financing opportunities. 5. Agronomy research on Jatropha (andits by-products) In comparison to other cash crops Jatropha has a huge untapped potential. Potential for Jatroha cake as organic fertilizer, as pellet to burn, as fodder for animals is equally high. It is critical to increase the profitability of Jatropha projects through improved, high-yielding Jatropha crops and through the sales of by-products based on Jatropha press Cake. 6. Regulatory framework and Jatropha ventures The regulatory framework in different parts of the world (taxation, subsidies, quality standards) determine the profitability of specific Jatropha uses. These frameworks will determine whether it is more profitable to export Jatropha or to sell it on the home market or whether to refine Jatropha oil into biodiesel or whether it is more profitable to use the oil to run diesel engines for off-grid energy services. It is essential to understand how national policies impact on the profitability of Jatropha investments. Based on this understanding, it is imperative to derive recommendations regarding best policy practices for specific Jatropha related development objectives. Currently, countries adopt a large variety of policies that provide a sound basis for future policy development. F. Sustainability assurance system for growing Biofuel feedstocks Etanolsa S.A., in close cooperation with partners in governments, industry and civil society, is in the process of defining sustainability criteria and recommendations for decision-makers in industry and governments that should help reduce the risks while the bioenergy market continues

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to develop. These criteria need take into account and build on criteria used in existing national and commodity-based systems. Etanolsa S.A. is working with the Roundtable of Sustainable Biofuels (RSB), an initiative set up by the Univerisad Agraria del Ecuador of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The RSB process brings together a large variety of stakeholders to develop the criteria of sustainable biofuels production. Etanolsa S.A. will provide the link between the technical findings of the RSB and the Rural Communities, Private owners, and other intergovernmental processes. Take into account the lifecycle benefits and costs of biofuel production as well as the global production potential, particularly in developing countries such Ecuadors case. Jatropha oil and Jatropha biodiesel can bring many benefits for developing countries by providing access to clean energy services. In this context, many developing countries are attempting to maximize their biofuel potential. To ensure sustained use of natural resources, the development of biofuel needs to be carefully planned and managed. Issues such as agricultural land competition, scarce water resources, soil erosion, biodiversity concerns, food versus fuel competition issues, equity concerns of large versus small-scale biofuel development, and biofuel trade issues need closer attention. Coherent and responsible policies and legislation, capacity building, technology transfer and technological development are needed to ensure that a part of developing countries` growing energy needs can be met through sustainable production of Jatropha biofuels. Biofuel projects, which are driven by local ownership, in which small farmers produce fuel for their own use or for community use, appear likely to produce and sustained benefits for a rural community. However, these would need new policy initiatives and policy corrections to fructify. Some key issues which have to be resolved are as follows: Blending requirements, tax incentives, R&D support for biofuel-compatible infrastructure and technologies. The economics of bioenergy production are site- and situation-specific, and each country and even location will need appropriate policies. Take into account the lifecycle benefits and costs of biofuel production as well as the global production potential, particularly in developing countries. Integration with agricultural, land use and energy planning policies. Development of International set of standards to facilitate international trade. Establishing a biomass trade market can benefit both importing and exporting countries. Participation of stakeholders is key to sustainable development and should be taken into account in policy formulation and development of policy instruments. Sustainability standards have to be developed tailored to Jatropha, based on general sustainability principles for bioenergy. Different business models -small scale and large scale production. Ensuring participation of small farmers into large scale production through participatory concepts. Involvement of the local population to reduce social or environmental risks related to feedstock production. CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY : THE PRODUCTIVE PLANTATION OF JATROPHA CURCAS The practices being undertaken by the Jatropha growers currently need to be scientifically managed for better growth and production. The growth and yield of Jatropha could be improved through effective management practices. The keyfactors that can influence the oil yield of Jatropha Curcas are:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Climate Quality of the soil Irrigation Weeding Use of fertilizer Crop density Genotype Use of pesticide Inter-cropping

PROPAGATION METHODSGENERATIVE PROPAGATION-EFFECTING FACTORS Direct seeding-Quality of seeds Seding depth Date of sowing Transplantation of precultivated plants Seeds beds(bare roots)

Poly bags-Type of precultivation Length of precultivation Age of precultivation

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION(cuttings)

Direct planting-Right time

Transplanting of precultivated plants Seeds beds(bare roots)

Poly bags-Right size Right age Right strain Right source SUCCESSFULL PRECULTIVATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY-High germination rates of seeds High sprouting rates of cuttings High survival rates

Basing the propagation method on rainfall conditions plays a decisive role in the survival and properties of the plant in field.

Method of cultivation should be chosen on the basis of Maximum survival rates

Intended utilization of the plantation 1. For quick establishment of hedges and plantation for erosion control, directly planted cuttings are best.

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2. For long-lived plantations for vegetative oil production, plants propagated by seeds are better. 3. With better rainfall conditions, the plantations could also be established by direct seeding. Direct seeding, precultivation of seedlings, easily propagates the Jatropha transplanting of spontaneous wild plants and direct planting of cuttings. Seed should be collected when capsules split open. Use of fresh seeds improves germination. Intervals of presoaking and drying, or partial removal of the testa, are more successful than presoaking alone. With good moisture conditions, germination takes 10 days. The seed shell splits, the radicula emerges and 4 small peripheral roots are formed. Soon after development of the 1st leaves, the cotyledons wither and fall off. Further growth is sympodial Climate Can withstand severe heat. Likes heating and doing well in warmer areas. When cold will drop its leaves. It can withstand light frost but not for prolonged periods. The older the tree the better it will withstand. Black frost will almost certainly kill young plants and severely damage older plants Quality of the soil Best in sandy well-drained soils. Can withstand very poor soils and grow in saline conditions All the actors in the Jatropha sector suggest, anyway, using organic fertilizer in order to obtain higher yield. Irrigation It handles dryness very well and it is possible to live almost entirely of humidity in the air. - See Cape Verde where rainfall is as low as 250 mm a year. Differences are expressed in what is optimum rainfall as some readings say 600 mm and some say 800 mm whilst some areas in India report good crops with rainfall of 1380 mm. Under irrigation 1 500 mm is given. 500 - 600 mm of rainfall is the limit. Below it the production depends on the local water condition in the ground It will also stand for long periods without water - up to 2 years and then grow again when rains occur again. Weeding Standard cultural practices are timely weeding (4 times a year), proper fertilization, surface ploughing and pruning. With these management practices a yield around 15-20 kg of fruit per tree can be obtained even if the plants did not reach full maturity. Use of fertilizer Although Jatropha is adapted to low fertility sites and alkaline soils, better yields seem to be obtained on poor quality soils if fertilizers containing small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and Sulfur are used. Mycorrhizal associations have been observed with Jatropha and are known to aid the plants growth under conditions where phosphate is limiting It is recommended that 1 kg of farmyard manure/ plus 100 g of Neem waste for every seedling, with a recommendation of 2500 plants per ha this comes up to 2.5 t organic fertilizer per ha.Besides it after transplantation and the establishment of the plant fertilizer such as N, P and K should be applied. Twenty gram urea + 120 g SSP and 16 g MoP should be applied annually

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The possibility to return the press-cake (or part of it) to Jatropha fields should be carefully considered. Crop density References recommend spacing for hedgerows or soil conservation is 15cm - 25cm x 15cm25cm in one or two rows respectively and 2m x 1.5m to 3m x 3mm for plantations. Thus there will be between 4,000 to 6,700 plants per km for a single hedgerow and double that when two rows are planted. Satisfactory planting widths are 2 x 2 m, 2.5 x 2.5 m, and 3 x 3 m. This is equivalent to crop densities of 2500, 1600 and 1111 plants/ha, respectively. Distance OF 2MX2M BE KEPT FOR COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION Wider spacing is reported to give larger yields of fruit. Genotype Little genetic research seems to be performed, as Information related to the project seems to be rather restricted. Pruning Pruning 1st prune The plants need to produce side shoots for maximum sprouting and maximum flowers and seed. Between 90 and 120 Days top of all plants at 25 Cm. Cut the top off cleanly and cut top to produce 8 12 side branches. It is considered good practice. In order to facilitate the harvesting, it is suggested to keep the tree less than 2 meters. Germplasm management Seeds are oily and do not store for long. Seeds older than 15 months show viability below 50%. High levels of viability and low levels of germination shortly after harvest indicate innate (primary) dormancy. Processing and handling After collection the fruits are transported in open bags to the processing site. Here they are dried until all the fruits have opened. It has been reported that direct sun has a negative effect on seed viability and that seeds should be dried in the shade. When the seeds are dry they are separated from the fruits and cleaned. Storage and viability The seeds are orthodox and should be dried to low moisture content (5-7%) and stored in airtight containers. At room temperature the seeds can retain high viability for at least one year. However, because of the high oil content the seeds cannot be expected to store for as long as most orthodox species. Dormancy and pretreatment Freshly harvested seeds show dormancy and after-ripening is necessary before the seeds can germinate. Dry seed will normally germinate readily without pre-treatment. If this is the case, it is

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not recommended to remove the seedcoat before sowing. Although it speeds up germination there is a risk of getting abnormal seed-lings. Uses of Jatropha curcas : A petrocrop Whole plant *Planted to prevent water erosion and for conservation *Promising live fence *useful as green manure *useful in controlling sand drift *possess Allelopathic properties Roots Used as ethnomedicine Leaves * Used as ethnomedicine *Yield a dye used to give tan & brown *Useful as botanical Latex *Resembles shellac *Used for making ink *Used as ethnomedicine Seeds *Source of oil (30-40%) suitable as fuel for diesel engine *Useful as illumitant, lubricant, in soap and candle making *Used as medicine both internally and externally Bark *Yields tannins (37%) Twig *Used as medicine *Used as Dataun (Herbal tooth brush) *Young one cooked and eaten For successful plantation we have developed Jatropha Production Technology for which our TOTAL CULTIVATION PACKAGE can be had. Cultivation of Jatropha curcas L (Family: Euphorbiaceae) Introduction In the recent past, bio-diesel derived from plant species has been a major renewable source of energy. Among various plants Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata have been chosen as most potential species for varying situations. Between these two species Jatropha curcas is considered most potential not only to the growers but also to the processors and end users. To the rural society, the crop can create regular employment opportunities, as it provides never ending marketing potential. Due to potential demand and better marketing opportunities, cultivation of Jatropha appears viable. Jatropha may not replace other important food crops since it is meant for flood free wastelands and unutilized fallow lands / less productive lands and in turn will not have a major impact on cropping pattern. Among the many species, which yield oil as a source of energy in the form of biodiesel, Jatropha curcas L. has been identified as most suitable oil seed bearing plant due to its various favourable attributes like hardy nature, short gestation period, adaptability in a wide range agro-climatic

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conditions, high oil recovery and quality of oil etc. It can be planted on degraded lands through Joint Forest Management (JFM), farmers field boundaries, road sides, both sides railway track, fallow lands and as agro forestry crop. It grows up to a height of 5 m. and can be maintained to a desired height and shape by trimming and pruning. Planning Commission, Govt. of India has identified two species for mass production of seeds for biodiesel viz., Jatropha and Pongamia. Jatropha is suitable for upland while Pongamia found adaptive for both uplands as well as wetland conditions. Among these two species the following differences made Jatropha superior if otherwise the conditions are not unsuitable for it. Major Differences Jatropha curcas-Pongamia pinnata Minimum gestation only 1 year A bushy shrub and by pruning the growing height may be maintained to a practical limit for harvesting and other operations Processing is comparatively easier due to low-density oil, thus liked by processors. Even without transesterification the oil can be utilized for running static diesel engine High oil content-up to 40 %. Seed yield and oil yield is higher per ha of land -Gestation is more-about 6 years. A large tree-block plantation in agricultural lands is not preferred. Due to its height seed collection becomes difficult, not farmers friendly. Due to higher density processing is more cumbersome comparative to Jatropha oil. Esterification is necessary Low oil content 27 34 %, Seed yield is less comparative to Jatropha is preferred if the condition is free from water stagnation, and upland situation. For wet condition and river and streamsides where temporary flooding may pause problem Pongamia should be the choice. Because of the above advantages the Biodiesel programme has been assumed as Jatropha programme and ultimately has taken as Jatropha Mission. Jatropha as a plantation crop offers the following advantages: Easy to establish, grows quickly, hardy and require little care. It can grow in poor soils, in wastelands except flood prone and waterlogged areas. Reclamation of wasteland and degraded land is possible through its plantation. In fertile land it gives higher yields Plantation of Jatropha, oil extraction and nursery raising, can be rural based, hence promoter of rural economy besides ensuring energy security. It is suitable for preventing soil erosion including Jhum fallows. Jatropha is not a competitor of any crop rather it increases the yield. Due to mycorrhizal value in Jatropha roots it helps in getting phosphate from soil boon for acid soil. Improves the soil fertility throughout their life cycle. Possesses medicinal as well as other multiple uses. Generate net income for 30-35 years @ approx. Rs. 10,000 / ac/year from 4th year. Providing local jobs, lessening the need for local villagers to migrate to cities to find employment. In India, Jatropha curcas is found in almost all the state and is generally grown, as a live fence for protection of agricultural fields from damage by livestock as cattle or goat does not eat it. Cultivation scope Due to potential demand and better marketing opportunities, cultivation of Jatropha appears viable. The crop is suitable particularly for garden land situations yet less productive, no irrigation

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facilities. Besides the crop must not replace other important food crops and in turn will not have a major impact on cropping pattern. Jatropha adapts well to marginal lands as well as live fence, as farm animals do not browse it. All parts of the shrub are used in traditional medicine and as raw material for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The use of Jatropha oil in the production of soap in rural areas gives direct benefit, where as indirectly this will help to save edible vegetable oil. The large scale cultivation of Jatropha curcas on wastelands with poor soils and low rainfall in drought prone areas could provide regular employment and could improve their living conditions by providing additional income. Use of bio-diesel at the village level for operating oil engines for pumping water and operating small machinery are another good opportunity, which will be a boon to the farmers. Jatropha is not an alternative to agriculture or plantation but it is an addition to it. Scope of Jobs for all Jatropha is economically viable not only to the growers but also to the processors and end users. To the rural society, the crop can create regular employment opportunities, as it provides never ending marketing potential . The crop can easily be raised without any difficulty; the rural women can be engaged in all kinds of activities like raising seedlings, collection of seeds, de-shelling etc. This will be a great boon to the development and enhancement of the quality of life of the rural women. Botanical description of Jatropha curcas Jatropha derived from the Greek word JatrosmeansDoctor and trophe means Nutrition. Botanically this is known as Jatropha curcas L. and belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a multipurpose shrub and is found throughout the tropics and is known by nearly 200 different names, indicating its occurrence in various countries. Common vernacular names of Jatropha curcas in India are Ratanjyot, Safed arand, Physic nut, Purging nut, Chandrajyot etc. Jatropha is a deciduous large shrub or small tree 3-5 m in height with smooth gray bark, which exudes watery and sticky latex, when cut. The cut branches sprout readily and grow rapidly which makes it suitable for fencing. The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution except in the arctic region; they are distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical Himalayas, the mountains of Western and Eastern Ghats and plains of South India. The leaves simple, angular, deeply palmatelly 3-5 lobed with long petiole. Ciliate glands usually represent the stipules. The venation is palmate. The leaves are green to pale green broad and glabrous. Phyllotaxy is spiral. Flower and seed setting Flowers unisexual, monoeceious, greenish yellow in terminal long, peduncled paniculate cymes. The central flowers in the cyme or in its forks usually female. Male flowers- Calyx segments 5, nearly equal, elliptic or obvate; Corolla Campanulate, labes 5, connate, hairy inside, exceeding the calyx, each lobe bear inside a gland at the base, stamens 10 in two series, outer five filaments free, inner five filaments connate, anthers dithecous erect, opening by longitudinal slit. Female flowers- Calyx as in male, corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx lobes united, villous inside, carpets connate into a 3-celled ovary, styles 3 connate at base, stigma bifid, ovules solitary in each cell. Pollinationis by insect. After pollination fruit is usually a three chambered and schizocarpic capsule splitting into three one-seeded cocci. The exocarp remains fleshy until the seeds mature. It may produce more than one crop during a year, or produce continuous flowering and fruiting under irrigated conditions if

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soil moisture and temperatures are good. Each inflorescence yields a bunch of ovoid fruits. The seeds albumeneous, tesla crustaceous. It is a diploid species with 2n=22 chromosomes. Seeds resemble castor in seed shape, ovoid oblong and black in colour. The seeds become mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow, after two months of fruit setting. The nut is a violent purgative. Each fruit bears three seeds. The seeds contain 25-35 % oil. The oil can be used in soap manufacture. Soil and climate: It is a tropical species and grows well in subtropical conditions. It can tolerate extremes of temperature but not the frost and water stagnation.. It grows almost everywhere- even on gravely, sandy, acidic and alkaline soils having pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.5. It can thrive in poorest stony soils. It grows even in the cracks and crevices of rocks on all types of soil except one subjected to water inundation. If the rising water table engulf the major root system and continues for a considerable period plant will die. The plant is undemanding in soil type and even does not require tillage. Variety: There is no recommended variety for this region yet. However, the variety grown in NE region is also found productive. The female: male ratio of flower which indicative of productivity is observed to be 1:12 compared to 1:16 to 1: 20 found in other states. Fruit setting in NE region is nearly 90-95 %. The occurrence of fungal diseases due to high humidity and high soil moisture, the newly introduced materials from drier belts are difficult to establish. However, high yielding types developed elsewhere are also ideal for cultivation. The plantation can be started with locally available one. Propagation: Jatropha is usually propagated on mass scale both by seed as well as stem cuttings. For commercial cultivation normally it is propagated by seeds. Well-developed plumpy seeds are selected for sowing. Before sowing, seeds are soaked in cowdung solution for 12 hours and kept under the wet gunny bags for 12 hours. Hot and humid weather is preferred for good germination of seed. Germinated seeds are sown in poly bags of 15 x 25 cm size filled with soil, sand and farm yard manure in the ratio of 1:1:1 respectively. Seeds or cuttings can be directly planted in main field. But pre-rooted cuttings in poly bags and then transplanted in the main field give better results. Seed rate For one-hectare plantation about 5 -- 7.5 kg seeds are required. Fruiting starts from 2 nd year if propagated by stem cutting but it takes one year more while raised by seed. Planting in field The land should be ploughed once or twice depending upon the nature of soil. In direct planting system the seed/cuttings should be planted in the main field with onset of monsoon as a spacing of 3m x 2m. In hilly areas where ploughing is not possible, after clearing jungles, pits of size 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm is dug at required spacing, refilled with top soil and organic manures (500 g FYM + 100 g Neem cake or Jatropha oil cake + 100 g super phosphate) and then planted. Smaller spacing would be preferred if growing the plant as a hedgerow, for a fence, or for soil conserving purposes. Actual spacing will be determined based on end-use, soil quality / condition, humidity, rainfall, intercropping, etc. On the side slope of embankment 2m x 2m is advisable. Aftercare Two to three weeding are necessary; it does not require supplementary irrigation if planted in onset of rain. Jatropha is deciduous in nature and the fallen leaves during winter months form

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mulch around the base of the plant. The organic matter from fallen leaves enhances earthworm activity in the soil around the root zone of the plants, which improves the fertility of the soil. Light harrowing is beneficial during early growth stage. Pinching the terminal is essential at six months age to induce laterals. Application of GA @ 100-PPM spray induces early flowering and capsule development. Canopy management (Pruning and trimming) To give a bushy shape the plant should be trimmed during spring (Feb-March) up to 5 years including one pruning when the plants attains 1.5 m height. The terminal-growing twig is to be pinched to induce secondary branches. Likewise the secondary and tertiary branches are to be pinched or pruned at the end of first year to induce a minimum of 25 branches at the end of second year. Once in ten years, the plant may be cut leaving one foot height from ground level for rejuvenation. The growth is quick and the plant will start yielding in about a year period. This will be useful to induce new growth and yield stabilization there on. Manuring At the time of planting compost @ 2 kg /pit should be applied. Afterwards depending on soil type manuring @ 3-5 kg/plant along with and NPK should be applied near the crown following ring method before monsoon. In general application of super phosphate @ 150kg/ha and alternate with one dose of 20 : 120 : 60 kg NPK/year from second year improves yield. From 4rth year onwards 150 kg super phosphate should be added to the above dose. Diseases Collar rot may be the problem in the beginning that can be controlled with 0.2% COC or by application of 1 % Bordeaux Mixture drenching. Harvesting The flowering is induced in rainy season and bears fruits and matures in winter. Pods are collected when they are turned yellowish and after drying seeds are separated mechanically or manually. Flowering is less and delayed when grown in shady conditions. In sunny condition flowering is more and early (July September). Seedlings produce flowers 9 months after sowing. However, plants established through cuttings produce flowers from 6 months onwards. But economic yield starts from 3rd year-end. The dried pods are collected and seeds are separated either manually or mechanically. Seeds are dried for 4-5 days to reduce moisture level 10% before packing. Economic life The economic life of Jatropha is 35-40 years. The plant survives upto 50 years if root zone does not come in contact with rising water table and continues for longer time. Yield: There will be about 1675 plants /ha at 3m x 2m spacing. Grown up Jatropha from 6th year onwards yield 3-6 kg per plant under good management. The average productivity can be projected as follows: Year of planting 2nd. Year 3rd. Year 4th. Year to 6th. Year 7th. Year to 10th. Year Per plant yield 0.5-1.0 kgs. 1.0- 3.0 kgs. 3.0 5.0 kgs. 3.5 5.5 kgs Per hectare yield in kg 1500 kg. 2,500 kgs. 6,000 kgs. 6,500 kgs.

Economics of cultivation : Poly bag raised seedlings (10,00,000 seedlings/year)

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Assuming 10 % mortality, total number would be: 10 + 1 = 11 lakhs No. of seeds per kg : 1400 1800 Average: 1500 Percentage of seed germination: 40 % Seed requirement to raise 10 lakhs seedlings: 1 kg seeds gives : 1500 X 0.4 = 600 seedlings To get 11 lakh seedlings it will require = 11,00,000 = 18.3 q seeds say = 20 q say 600 X 100 (Per hectare seed requirement= 5- 7.50 =average 6 kg) Estimate: Cost of seeds = Rs. 65/kg X 20 = 1.30 lakhs Black poly bags per kg gives approx. 700 Nos For 11,00,000 =1571 kg or 15.70 q @ Rs. 7000/q=Rs. 1.099 1.10 lakhs Filling and arranging under shade @ per bag Rs. 0.50 = 5.50 lakhs Rent of land @ 2000 X1.5 = 0.03 lakh Fencing all around of 1.5 ha land with one wooden gate = 0.50 lakh Overhead sprinklers = 0.50 lakhs Development of water source and Construction of storage tank = 0.50 lakhs Construction of removal sheds over seedlings = 0.50 lakhs Construction of Labour sheds = 0.25 lakh 5 skilled labourers @ 2000/month for 12 months= 1.20 lakhs Decomposed cowdung 20 truck loads ( 100 MT) @ Rs. 1000 = 0.20 Silt & light textured topsoil 150 trucks (1000 MT) @ Rs. 500/truck = 0.75 lakh Tools and implements 0.25 lakh Miscellaneous expenses= 0.15 lakhs Total Rs. 12.73 Lakhs Cost of per seedlings = 12.730/10.00 = Rs.1.258 say 1.30/poly bag raised seedling. Cost of seedlings when raised directly in seedbeds Seeds sown in raised beds at 15 x 10 cm spacing Bed size 1.5 m X 50 m with a gap of 0.5 m between two beds There will be 300 beds or accommodating about 10 lakh seedlings In beds mortality will be very minimum about 5 % thus the total seedlings will be = 10.50 Lakhs and land requirement will be = about 1.5 ha Estimate Fencing of the area 1.5 ha = 1.5 ha Land preparation and bed formation= @ 5000 = 0.09 lakh Application of decomposed cowdung 30 MT 0.40 lakh Cost of seeds 20 q x 6500 = 1.30 lakhs Seeding including gap filling etc= 0..50 Watering through overhead sprinklers drawn from storage tank=1.00 lakh Weeding, plant protection etc =. 0.20 lakh Labor cost 5 laborers/ha x 1.5 x 2000/month x 12 months = 1.80 lakh Miscellaneous expenses 0.21 Total Rs. 5.50 lakhs Overhead expenses= 1.50 lakhs , Total cost=7.00 lakhs Cost of per seedlings =7.00/10.00 = Rs. 0.70 Establishment of Seed Orchard Quality seed production in sufficient quantity is most important for commercial program. Jatropha is cross-pollinated crop. Hence a seed orchard, which is a plantation of genetically superior trees, isolated to reduce cross-pollination and intensively managed to ensure supply of good quality seed should be established. The minimum size of the seed orchard should be 2 ha or more. The seed orchard may be established by clonal propagation (stem cutting or tissue culture plant lets) from

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known source. Economics per hectare basis (Rs): Nos. of plants/ha 1670 at 2 M X 3 M spacing Heads of exp. Cost of seedlings including transport & gap filling @ Rs. 4.00 / seedlings 2000 Nos Site development-Jungle cuttings etc. Initial land preparation. Digging of pits and refilling (45 x 30 x 45 cm) @ Rs 3/-per pit Cost of FYM @ 2-3 kg/pit, Cost of composite fertilizers (NPK) @ 50-100 gm/pit Cost of planting & gap filling Protective catering Cost of planting & gap filling, Protective catering Immediately after planning Pruning & trimming Plant Protection Intercultural operations Harvesting & post harvest Contingencias Total Rs. Return: Dry seed yield Gross return (@ Rs. 8.00/kg) Net return 1st yr 8,000 2,000 3,000 3,500 2,000 3,500 500 1,500 500 2,000 500 32,000 32,000 1,000 500 2,000 1,000 250 9,250 1,000 500 2,000 1,500 250 10,750 1,000 500 1,500 2,000 250 12,750 1,000 500 1,500 3,500 250 13,750 6,000 48,000 34,250 2,500 2,000 3,500 2,000 3,500 3,500 3,500 3,500 2nd yr 3rd yr 4th yr 5th yr & above

1,500 2,500 5,000 12,000 20,000 40,000 2,750 9,250 27,250

Higher productivity and profitability can be achieved by Pruning main stem upon 1.5-m growth for profuse branching and higher seed yield. Foliar spraying with growth promoters for higher yield of seeds and oil. Ensuring maximum exposure to sunlight for enhancing seed yield. Jatropha plantation should not be taken as highly profitable cash crop if the value of byproducts and other advantages are not considered. Besides, raising of intercrops along with oil, other potentially high value products such as glycerin and seed cake to make it more attractive should be effectively marketed and the environmental and socioeconomic returns such as wasteland reclamation need to be adequately accounted for. Some immediate problems that may crop up to a farmers mind 1. Lack of confidence in farmers due to non-declaration of the biodiesel policy by the state government. 2. Low price of farmers produces (seed). The present price Rs.5 /kg of seed that is being offered by some of the buyers is certainly not attractive for grower. 3. Non-declaration of minimum support price by some competent authority. 4. Non-availability of selling agents or centres of seeds by the farmers. 5. Non-availability of certified seed materials. 6. Non-declaration of incentives / subsidy and other benefits proposed to be provided in promotional drive. 7. Lack of extension services.

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8. Non-availability of bankable schemes for plantation / processing. Suggested measures to be taken immediately It is to be taken only on cluster basis and not in isolation. Selection of high yielding and high oil content variety and make arrangement s of large-scale supply of planting materials. Development of location specific agro-techniques and providing agronomic support through contract farming. Pilot scale trials should be conducted at different locations to demonstrate economics of cultivation and updating of location specific production technologies. Commercialization of potential byproducts like glycerin, oil cake as organic fertilizer and pest repellant, blue dye from leaves twigs and barks and explore the possibilities of taking more inter crops. The minimum support price should not be below Rs. 8.00/kg and this should be till the demand picks up. Provide liberal financial support to NGO / Line departments / other organizations for massive awareness and training campaign. Government of India should encourage NGO / Progressive farmers to visit other countries / states for on the spot studies. Research need 1. Screening and development of strains / varieties high yielding yet tolerant to wet condition. 2. Standardization of spacing for different terrain. 3. Pruning practices for maximum yield 4. Manurial and fertilizer requirement 5. Use of flower enhancing hormones 6. Use Bee hives for higher yield as well as honey production as byproduct. Best Agronomic practices to increase seed yield 1. Generation of elite planting materials from clonal seed blocks 2. Ensuring high yielding population with optimum plant density 3. Building the plant architecture by pruning 4. Use of plant growth regulants 5. Practicing integrated Nutrient Management (Use of fertilizers, VAM, Biofertilizers includes Azospyrillum, phosphobacteria, Zn / K mobilizer) 6. Use of Biocontrol agents Viz. Trichoderma / Pseudomonas 7. Manipulation of flowering by irrigation practices 8. Keeping Bee hives 9. Intercropping with seasonal crops to get income during gestation period Jatropha growing feasibility Targeted Growing Areas Cultivable wastelands / vacant lands / colliery wastelands Rainfed lands (low rainfall zone / rainshadow areas) Water scarcity areas Replacing uneconomical crops Hedge plantation Railway track Roadsides Jhum fallows in Hilly areas Riverside that is not indundated To stabilize bunds (Embankments) Erosion prone watershed area Future Thrust Area for yield enhancement # Systematic varietal improvement & hybridization programme

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# Generation of technology for yield enhancement # Technologies related to value addition of byproducts (oil cake / glycerol) # Demonstration of technologies through Model Farms / Focused Extension programme # Mass multiplication of elite plant material through Tissue Culture. Commercial use of Jatropha plants As a live fence Jatropha curcas is a plant of Latin American origin, a drought resistant perennial, living up to 50 years and growing up to 3-4 m high on marginal soils. It is a close relative of castor plant; its oil has same medical properties. Jatropha seed contain about 35 % of non-edible oil. The production of seed is about 0.8 kg /m hedge per year with an oil yield of 0.171 kg. It is commonly grown as a live hedge around agricultural field as it can easily propagated by seeds or branch cuttings. It can be looped to any desired height and it is well adopted for edges around agricultural fields. It does not compete bunds. It can also be used as an edge around meadows and forestation areas as well as to prevent soil erosion. Jatropha for enrichment of soil The oil cake is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium finds very good organic fertilizers. The leaves provide plentiful organic matter and increase the microbial activity including earthworms, which is an indication of ecological improvement of site. As a non-conventional energy crop Jatropha oil is environmentally safe cost effective and renewable source of nonconventional energy as a promising substitute to hydel power, diesel, kerosene, LPG, coal and firewood. The protein content of Jatropha oil cake may be used as raw materials for plastic and synthetic fibers. This non-conventional source of energy will help in removing regional imbalance in energy use by making energy available in a decentralized manner. It is a crop with low capital investment, short gestation period, long productive period, unlimited employment potential in the rural areas. Potential for creation of productive assets boosting of village based industries. Potential of wastelands developments. Generation employment and capital formation to increase nations income and quick greening of the country. Jatropha Oil Extraction Cost Parameter Installation cost Power consumption Cost of power consumption Steam Cost of steam Man Power Cost of manpower Processing cost/ton Processing cost/ton Investment Depreciation Total cost of Processing/ton 1 t/day cap Rs. 70,000 45 KWH Rs 225 600 kg/ton Rs. 180 3 day Rs. 450/ton Rs. 885 Rs. 45 Rs. 900 1 t/hour cap Rs. 3,00,000 30 KWH Rs.125 150 kg/ton Rs. 45 3 day Rs. 20/ton Rs. 215 Rs. 7.5 Rs. 222.5 2 t/hour cap Rs. 5,00,000 24 KWH Rs. 120 125 kg Rs. 37.50 6 day Rs. 20/ton Rs. 177.5 Rs. 6.5 Rs. 184

BIO DIESEL FROM WASTELANDS JATROPHA CURCAS CULTIVATION Introduction: Jatropha belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae and it is thus closely related to other important cultivated plants like rubber, castor etc. It is found in almost all tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

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Botanical features: It is a small tree or shrub with smooth bark, which excludes a whitish latex when cut. Normally, it is three to five meters in height, but can attain a height up to eight or ten meters under favorable condition. Fruits: Fruits are produced in winter when the shrub is leafless or it may produce several crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperature is sufficiently high. A three , bi valved cocci is formed after the seed mature. Seed: The seed become mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow, after two to four months from fertilization. The blackish, thin shelled seed are resemble small castor seed. Cultivation Practice: It can be easily propagated on massive scale by direct seeding as well as planting stem cutting. Hot and humid weather is preferred for good germination of seed. Unit Cost: Rs 25,826/- per ha in un irrigated condition. Commercial use of plant: (i) Jatropha oil is a potential substitute for diesel providing the country cheap and renewable source of energy for transport and power and can effect sizable savings on foreign exchange. (ii) Jatropha is extensively used for soap making, lubricants and candles. (iii) It has high medicinal value. (iv) Jatropha oil cake is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and can be used as organic manure. (v) Re vegetation of barren and denuded hills with Jatropha plants combats environmental pollution. Yield and Economics: The plant starts giving yield from the year onwards and benefits increase over the year and stabilizes in the 8th. year. In the financial analysis with above parameters of the investment cost and yields, the BCR and IRR works out to 1.19 and 19.41 respectively. Repayment of loan: A moratorium of four years for repayment of principal and two years for payment of interest may be allowed. Beneficiaries Contribution/ Margin Money/ Down Payment: The beneficiaries may contribute towards down payment ranging from 5 to 25 percent depending upon their category , I. E. Small and marginal farmers in accordance with NABARDs norms. Beneficiarys own labor can also be taken as his contribution towards the margin money requirement. Refinance: The loans extended by individual farmers and / or groups of individuals such as cooperatives under Wasteland development projects are eligible for refinance from NABARD to the extent of 100% of bank loan. Rate of interest: The rate of interest of refinance from NABARD will be as per the circulars issued by NABARD from time to time.

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Assessment of the impact of the dissemination of the Jatropha System on the ecology of the rural area and the social and economic situation of the rural population (target group) in selected countries in Ecuador Energetic kwh/ha equivalent

Crop production MT/ha Elaeis guineensis Jatropha curcas Aleurites fordii Saccharum officinarum Ricinus communis Manihot eaculenta 1820 68 46 35 35 6

Fuel production/ha 3,6004,000 2,1002,800 1,8002,700 2,450 1,2002,000 1,020

33,90037,700 19,80026,400 17,00025,500 16,000 11,30018,900 6,600

Poverty reduction By promoting the integrated utilization of the Jatropha plant, the Jatropha System can provide direct financial benefits to the rural economy. To illustrate this with a rough calculation, assume the average village of the pilot area has 15 km of Jatropha hedges, which represents 12 tons of seeds. These 12 tons of seeds may generate 1.800 US$ of cash income when the oil is extracted and the products are sold: 9.000 kg of presscake for 0.03 = US$270 2.400 liters of oil for 0.60 = US$1.440 600 kg of sediment for 0.15 = US$90 Total US$1.800US$ If we take the real example of an entrepreneur in a small village near Bamako, who buys the seeds for soap production and hires people for the production process (extraction with Bielenberg ram press, soap production, see table above), the cash income for the village population, including the entrepreneur, amounts to 3.630 US$: 12.000 kg of seeds for 0.10 US$1.200 5.000 hours of labor for 0.20 US$1.000 profit of the entrepreneur US$1.430 Total US$3.630 If these figures are extrapolated to Jatropha plantations, a profit in the range of cotton farming is within reach. The Jatropha System also helps reduce poverty by: Reducing crop losses caused by wandering livestock or wind damage; Increasing rainfall infiltration, resulting in less work/irrigation water needed for local gardens; Increasing soil fertility by use of presscake as fertilizer; Increasing use of inexpensive local resources rather than expensive external resources; Reducing disputes between farmers and livestock owners regarding crop damage, as well as among farmers themselves regarding the boundaries of their fields;

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 Providing local jobs, lessening the need for local villagers to migrate to cities to find employment. Because of its economic value the rural people are planting new Jatropha hedges in a large extent. In Kita, one of the pilot regions of the Jatropha project, the average length of hedges went up from 5 km to 15 km in the last 8 years. Renewable energy In the rural areas in Mali, Lister-type engines are used to drive grainmills and waterpumps. These inexpensive precombustion chamber diesel engines of Indian origin require only the addition of a fuel filter to be able to run on pure Jatropha oil, thus eliminating the need for gazoil entirely. Furthermore, at maximal load conditions the Jatropha oil.gives even better results than gazoil because of its high oxygen content [5]. Based on tests conducted by the Jatropha Project, the oil can also be successfully used as a lubricant in these engines[6]. In equivalent terms, the energy needed to produce Jatropha oil in mechanical presses amounts to about 10% of the oil obtained. Because Jatropha oil can be produced inexpensively [7], it can also be sold at prices lower than gazoils official price at the petrol stations. Even more important than the price is the possibility of local energy production, because of the periodic unavailability of gazoil in the rural areas caused by lack of road access during rainy season. The technology for using natural pure Jatropha oil as substitute for paraffin oil for lamps and cookers is not yet available. Different research centers are working on it. Conclusions The results of the Jatropha Project to date show that the chances of this system being successfully implemented are high, provided that a cautious approach is taken. Above all, care must be taken to ensure that women retain their traditional responsibilities for harvesting and processing the seeds. Furthermore, Mali is a typical Sahelian country; its large geographic expanse and climatic variations mirror the ecological conditions found throughout the Sahel. Because of this, the efforts already being made in Mali to derive value from oil-bearing plants can be taken as representative and used to elaborate a concept for production and use of plant oils as fuel that is valid for the Sahel region as a whole, and even for other African countries. To summarize, the Jatropha system is characterized by the many positive ecological, energetic and economic aspects which are attached with the commercial exploitation of this plant. The more this plant is exploited, the better for the environment and for food production. FIGHTING THE DESERT & CREATING WEALTH by Keith Parsons August 21, 2005 Editor's Note: When this article was originally posted, in 2005, we were just becoming aware of the potential of biofuel. We had published Hope in Jatropha about a year earlier, a thrilling story that described how this tough perennial tree could survive in the desert, and could actually stablize soil and combat desertification, at the same time as its beans could be refined for diesel fuel.

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Then a few months later we posted the feature Europe Adopts Jatropha which described what seemed to be hopeful momentum towards increasing use of biofuels by the European Community. Since this time we've become concerned about the level of deforestation caused by biofuel. It's one thing for biofuel to exist because of a competitive market, but quite another to allow subsidies and credit offets finance deforestation for biofuel. If you farm biofuel, beware, these subsidies and offset credits will go away the moment the Europeans realize they are financing destruction of forests. The article to follow is valuable because it goes into some technical detail on Jatropha. But the yields claimed in this story have been challenged by many of our readers, and the author may have been optimistic. When you review the tables, insert your own assumptions regarding yield consider these ultra best cases, if that. Rather than remove this feature, we've left it up because there is a lot of practical information that can help aspiring Jatropha farmers to consider. But where do you wish to plant the fuel crop? Somewhere it can fight the desert, or in a former rainforest? Because Jatropha in the desert will not yield much fuel per acre, and Jatropha where rainforest was will produce much better, at least at first. Eventually loss of the forest reduces precipitation, and these Jatropha crops will require more and more expensive irrigation. Do you want to fight deserts or create them? We have removed the glowing enthusiasm of the ingenue that informed the first editor's note to this feature. We scrapped the whole thing and replaced it with this cautionary note. Carbon offset credits are fueling the rainforest burning. In our opinion, continuing to destroy the tropical rainforests is far more harmful than, say, extracting heavy oil from Orinoco and burning it clean. If you want a few jatropha plants to attain energy independence for your farm or village, or are advancing into the desert with life, grow jatropha. Jatropha may or may not be such a good idea if you are looking to make tons of profit; there are many remaining technical hurdles to lower refining costs, and the money from subsidies and credits may stop. - Ed "Redwood" Ring, August 2007 Jatropha in Africa - Fighting the Desert and Creating Wealth, by Keith Parsons, August 21st, 2005 Jatropha curcus is unusual among tree crops.

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Perhaps its most unusual feature is its modular construction. The dry fruits and seeds will remain on the tree for some time, before falling to the ground, especially under dry conditions. Benefits include but are not limited to: Oil as raw material: Oil has a very high Saponification value and is being extensively used for making soap in some countries. Also, the oil is used as an illuminant as it burns without emitting smoke. Medicinal plant: The latex of Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) contains an alkaloid known as "jatrophine" which is believed to have anti-cancerous properties. Raw material for dye: The bark of Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) yields a dark blue dye which is used for colouring cloth, fishing nets and lines. Soil enrichment: Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) oil cake is rich in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and can be used as organic manure. Feed: Jatropha leaves are used as food for the tusser silkworm. In addition to these benefits, scientists at Perdue University in the U.S. and elsewhere are working in the extraction of usable pharmaceutical derivatives from Jatropha Curcas while others are attempting to grow non-toxic plants (Mexico). Preliminary research indicates Jatropha may display certain Anti-Tumor properties, Anti Malarial properties and research is advancing related to HIV/AID s and immune system response enhancement. There are other levels of use that can be exploited. Direct fermentation of seed cake and pulp delivers an organic fertilizer that has a high potential for export to developed countries. It is in the field of Bio Diesel fuel, however, that Jatropha's properties are the most exciting. At same power output, Jatropha curcas oil specific consumption and efficiencies are higher than those of diesel fuel. Tests conducted show that out of these various vegetable oils including copra, palm, groundnut, cottonseed, rapeseed, soya and sunflower - the lowest exhaust gas emissions were obtained with copra and Jatropha Curcas crude oil. HOW MUCH REVENUE PER HECTARE CAN JATROPHA GENERATE PER YEAR?

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Referring to the table, the yield per hectare per year is up to 8.0 tons of Jatropha seed, which contain over 30% oil. At $320 (US$) per ton, this will translate into sales of Jatropha crude oil of $768 per hectare per year. Of potentially equal or greater value is the yield from Jatropha seeds of glycerin. Up to 7% of Jatropha seeds are made up of glycerin, which sells Over 50% of Africa's land has the right climate for growing Jatropha for up to $2,000 per ton. This translates into glycerin sales of up to $1,120 per year per hectare, or total sales of up to $1,888 per year per hectare. Editor's note: In subsequent investigations we have not been able to corroborate the author's claim of 8 tons per acre. Jatropha yields vary widely, but in no other example has such a high yield been reported. Imagine, if only 3% of the land in Africa that is considered viable land to grow Jatropha was actually planted with Jatropha, with a yield of 8 tons per hectare per year and an oil content of 30% some 119 Million tons of Jatropha crude oil would be produced per year. The glycerin content at 7% of the 119 M tons would produce an additional 8.366 M tons. Glycerin is indeed a valuable by product. In terms of annual revenues, if only 3% of the potential Jatropha growing regions in Africa were planted with Jatropha, based on a Jatropha crude oil price of $320 per ton and with glycerin selling at $2000 per ton a total sales value of $55 billion per year would be generated. Processing the crude oil into Bio Diesel would on average in Africa add a further 15% to the sales value. This sales value excludes other byproducts of Jatropha. Most African countries are oil dependent and foreign exchange expenditure would be reduced. Jatropha farming could be an incredible contribution to economic development in Africa. Feasibility however is problematic due to the difficulty sourcing suitable financing. The two main reasons for failures to source funding are: 1) Land in many countries in Africa is not owned but leased. This effectively eliminates land being used as collateral by funders. 2) Start up agriculture projects are generally among the most difficult projects for which to obtain funding.

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Moreover, financial models show that an assured supply of feed stock is required from a central area to ensure a viable project. Only when this is assured can out growers be considered to supplement the main supply chain. Projects where only marginal land is to be used will be very border line and unlikely to financially succeed. Good yields on marginal land are highly unlikely to be obtained. WHAT ARE CHALLENGES TO JATROPHA'S COMMERCIAL VIABILITY? There are still some inherent problems with Jatropha and research work is still required. We are learning more and more about the properties of Jatropha. These potential problems include: 1) Jatropha oil is hydroscopic - absorbs water and needs nitrogen blanketing on steel tanks. One issue that is quite clear is because Jatropha is high in acid, it has the tendency to degrade quickly, particularly if not handled properly through the supply chain. 2) Right from the time of expelling, the oil needs to be kept in storage conditions that prevent undue degradation. Exposure to air and moisture must be minimized - hence the need for nitrogen blanketing on the tanks. 3) The range of fatty acids present in the various seeds will differ but the oil and biodiesel that is produced must be acceptable. However, this assumes that that oil is fully degummed. The degumming may well be more of a problem than making biodiesel! 4) The phospholipid, protein and phorbol ester contents in edible Jatropha seem to be quite different compared to these contents in non-edible Jatropha. It needs to determined if this affects the degumming method. The degumming removes lecithin and other related compounds, so if these are high than a modified degumming method may be needed. If the oil is properly dried after degumming and kept under nitrogen blanketing this may suffice. Biodiesel companies are investigating storage requirements and the oxidative stability of Jatropha. 5) Seeds degrade as soon as they are picked and so careful storage and handling is required. In the warm humid atmosphere in countries such as Ghana the degradation of seeds can be rapid. Even in the U.K. seed storage is a problem. Recently a U.K. importer had samples of rapeseed that had been harvested and stored in wet weather. The analysis showed that they had 28% of free fatty acid! The free fatty acid must not increase above 2%. 6) There has never been a highly commercial group handling Jatropha Curcas harvest and derivatives. Alternative feedstock

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The emerging industry is facing a lack of feedstock supplies and rising crude palm oil /soya oil prices and also the debate of crops for food versus fuel and needs initiatives in crop cultivation technologies and competitive sourcing of appropriate feedstock - all of which can alter the biofuel economics. As such the greatest challenges to the widespread deployment and use of biofuels is developing a dedicated energy crops that are cost-effective, easy to sustain and can produce greater yields. Such energy crop that produces biofuels and holds particular promise for sustainable development and a sustainable environment is Jatropha and other non-food crops. Sustainability Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradation, desertification and deforestation, which can be used for bio-energy to replace petro-diesel, for soap production and climatic protection, and hence deserves specific attention Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes, self-sustainability and alleviate poverty for women, elderly, children and men, tribal communities, small farmers. It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries. There are various trees that are suitable for bio-diesel production. Out of all these trees, Jatropha must be regarded as a sure inclusion and the foundation around which a plan can be built if for nothing but its pure hardiness and stress handling ability. It is just a tree that has enough credentials. That is why the Planning Commission of India has nominated it as ideal plant for biodiesel. Carbon Savings Biodiesel produced from jatropha is one of the most promising solutions for tackling the growing carbon emissions from transport. Breaking the cycle of poverty onsider that 54 countries are poorer today than they were 15 years ago. And that almost half of the worlds people the vast majority of them working people live on less than two dollars per day. We have a responsibility to make renewable energy available and affordable to allto ensure that the poorest countries in the world are not forced to choose between feeding their people and fueling their economies. For example, crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa are projected to fall by 20 percent under global warming; As yields fall and demand rises, Africa will become more dependent on expensive food imports. Already the poor in sub-Saharan Africa spend 60 to 80 percent of their total income on food that compares to approximately 10 percent in the U.S.; Climate change induced famine may displace more than 250 million people worldwide by 2050 Consider that oil priced at >$90 per barrel has had a disproportionate impact on the poorest countries, 38 of which are net importers and 25 of which import all of their oil; Developing countries consume roughly twice as much oil per dollar of GDP as the United States All the while, the high cost and Inaccessibility of fossil fuels, leaves approximately 2 billion people worldwide without reliable energy sources, without refrigeration, basic communication, heat, or even light. For developing countries, then, climate change and worlds energy policies are a source of oppression, a source of sickness and a source of human suffering.

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Since the two-thirds of the people in the developing world who derive their incomes from agriculture and Jatropha based biodiesel has enormous potential to change their situation for the better and poverty can be broken by Jatropha Cultivation as this dedicated crop has a huge potential for replication world -wide, improving the livelihood of many more. At the community level, farmers that produce dedicated energy crops can grow their incomes and grow their own supply of affordable and reliable energy At the national level, producing more biofuels will generate new industries, new technologies, new jobs and new markets. At the same time, producing more biofuels will reduce energy expenditures and allow developing countries to put more of their resources into health, education and other services for their neediest citizens Can diesel be "cultivated"? India & other developing countries have the potential to be a leading world producer of diesel, but the rural farmers still need to get comfortable with the idea that diesel fuel can be "harvested," but they understand one thing very clearly that they can use Jatropha plants as a source of extra earnings . Farmers need to know that there is going to be a good market for what they produce. We are very keen to build that confidence and promote Jatropha cultivation by assisting planting, buying the seeds for refining and providing the refining technology to enable growers to make their own biodiesel." Weve been privileged to represent the Centre for Jatropha promotion & Biodiesel (CJP) , promoting sustainable farming for biodiesel production and our research findings and on-hand field experiences in respect of various technical, agronomical/silvicultural aspects of plantations of Jatropha have resulted in significant improvements in knowledge and technical background related to Productivity, profitability and sustainability of commercial production of Jatropha oil crop. Having specialized CJP in several fields of Jatropha Production related consultancy and services we see great opportunities for doing business with it... By cultivating these energy-producing plants, processing them and finally producing biodiesel, we are creating new sources of income for the rural farmers. CJP proudly presents its commitment to exploring, developing and establishing the correct process, procedures and systems for growing, crushing refining and use of Bio Diesel from seed oil, Jatropha curcas in particular. CJP is fully equipped with Technical knowledge and plant science expertise, process engineering and operational expertise to plan, design and Create Failsafe Fuel Farms; deploy and commission Non-food vegetable oil refining and design and construct biodiesel plants Jatropha plant - Biodiesel and so much more A small tree or shrub with a maximum height of 5 m, Jatropha curcas reportedly grows readily in areas of low rainfall (from 250 mm a year) and in poor soils, however, yield is strongly affected by growing conditions. The trees are easy to establish (from seeds or cuttings), grow relatively quickly (producing seed after their second year) and are hardy to drought, although they are relatively sensitive to frost.

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The seeds of the Jatropha contain high percentages (30%-35%) of oil, which can be extracted easily for further processing (transesterification) and refinement. This processed oil can then be used in diesel engines after minor modifications. To avoid engine modifications the bio-diesel can also be blended with convention-al diesel. On average, each mature tree produces about four kilograms of seed per year. The byproducts of the bio-diesel processing plant are nitrogen-rich press cake and glycerol, which are said to have good commercial value as fertilizer and as a base for soap and cosmetics respectively. The leaves, root and bark could also have potential for numerous other industrial and pharmaceutical uses Because of its growing requirements this tree could easily be growing in the south, especially the south west Planting of Jatropha is now being tried out on idle lands of military camps. Specific breed of jatropha is most suitable for deriving fuel and that the proper season for planting it should be observed. These plants grow well on sandy soil. It was learned that three kilos of jatropha seeds can produce one liter of bio-diesel fuel. It reportedly can also produce oil from which ethanol, a gasoline additive, can be derived. is seen by many to be the perfect biodiesel crop. It can be grown in very poor soils actually generating top soil as it goes, is drought and pest resilient, and it has seeds with up to 40% oil content. Here are some facts and figures about Jatropha relating to its growth as an oil product:Jatropha grows well on low fertility soils however increased yields can be obtained using a fertilizer containing small amounts of magnesium, sulphur, and calcium. - Jatropha can be intercropped with many cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables with the Jatropha offering both fertilizer and protection against livestock. - Jatropha needs at least 600mm of rain annually to thrive however it can survive three years of drought by dropping its leaves. - Jatropha is excellent at preventing soil erosion, and the leaves it drops act as a wonderful soil enriching mulch. - Jatropha prefers alkaline soils. - The cost of 1000 jatropha saplings (enough for one acre) in Pakistan is around 5000PKR (equiv to around 50 or just 5p each). - The cost of 1kg of jatropha seeds in India is 6 Rupees (equiv to around 0.07). - Each jatropha seedling should be given a 2m x 2m area to grow into. - 20% of seedlings planted will not survive. - Jatropha seedlings yield seeds in the first year after plantation. -After the first five years, the typical annual yield of a jatropha tree is 3.5kg of beans - Jatropha trees are productive for up to 30-40 years. - 2,200 trees can be planted per hectare (approx 1,000 per acre). - 1 hectare should yield around 7 tonnes of seeds per year. - The oil pressed from 4kg of seeds is needed to make 1 litre of biodiesel. - 91%+ of the oil can be extracted with cold pressing. - 1 hectare should yield around 2.2-2.7 tonnes of oil. - Press cake (seedcake) is left after the oil is pressed from the seeds. This can be composted and used as a high grade nitrogen rich organic fertilizer (green manure). The remaining oil can be used to make skin friendly soap. - One job is created for each 4 hectares of jatropha plantation. - The average Indian agricultural worker earns less than $40 per month. - Biodiesel costs around 16-20p per litre to grow and refine in India. - Glycerol, a biproduct of biodiesel refinement, can be sold in India for around 45-70p per

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kilogram. - One hectare of jatropha plantation yields 25,000 Rupees / year (around 300) in India. The following stats come from D1 Oils - the UKs biggest biodiesel company : - Crushing 1 tonne of Jatropha seeds costs around $40 (23). - 1 tonne of (the leftovers after pressing) can be sold for $100 (55). - The transport costs of shipping 1 tonne of jatropha from India to Northern Europe is $100 (55). - The landed cost of 1 tonne of jatropha oil to Northern Europe is between $348 and $500 for oil contents of 29% to 40% (180 to 260). - Refining jatropha oil into biodiesel costs less than $125 (65) per tonne. - Filtered jatropha oil can be used as is in many diesel vehicles (as SVO) with only small modifications required to the engine. - Jatropha oil can be used as a kerosene substitute for heating and lamps. - Jatropha oil burns with a clear smokeless flame About Jatropha Curcas Jatropha Curcas is a non edible oil crop predominately used to produce bio-diesel. In addition to bio-diesel production, the by-product of Jatropha Curcas' transesterification process can be used to make a wide range of products including high quality paper, energy pellets, soap, cosmetics, toothpaste, embalming fluid, pipe joint cement, cough medicine and as a moistening agent in tobacco. The Jatropha Curcas seed cake which is the waste by-product of the bio-diesel transesterification process can be used as a rich organic fertilizer.

Jatropha Curcas grows best on well drained soils with good aeration but is well adapted to marginal soils with low nutrient content. Jatropha Curcas grows well with more than 600mm rainfall per year and it can withstand long periods of drought. The plant sheds its leaves during a prolonged dry season. Jatropha Curcas prefers temperatures averaging 20-28 degrees Celsius (68-85 degrees Farenheit). It can, however, withstand a very light frost which causes it to lose all its leaves and may produce a sharp decline in seed yield. One tonne of Jatropha Curcas seeds will produce up to 600 litres of bio-diesel with proper management. Recommended planting rates of Jatropha Curcas are 2,000 / 2,500 plants per hectare (2.5 acres) One person can professionally plant, manage and harvest 5-8 hectares of Jatropha Curcas. 30kg of Jatropha Curcas fruit can be harvested per person, per hour. Jatropha Curcas oil volume produced depends on:

Production capacity (genetics) of the plants The moisture level of the soil

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The nutrient level of the soil Stage of ripening at harvest Quality of processing and refining equipment Quality of plantation management, particularly pruning methods

Jatropha Curcas Seeds & Seedlings Our Superior high yielding Jatropha Curcas seeds and seedlings will:

Reach first harvest within 7 months with full production in their 4th year Have a life-span of 50 years, while producing seed for up to 40 years Be freshly harvested and professionally packed & shipped Exceed guaranteed 90% germination rate Produce fruit with high oil content (60%) - far exceeding industry average Have selected genetics from plants that have produced over 10 Tonnes of Oil per Hectare, per Year. (10 - 15kgs per tree at maturity)

Projected growth rates of our high yielding Jatropha Curcas seeds With correct growing procedures, soil nutrient and adequate moisture our seeds will achieve the following yields planted at 2,000 plants/Ha :

Year 1 - 3kg/tree Year 2 - 6kg/tree Year 3 - 9kg/tree Year 4 - 10-12kg/tree Year 5 - 10-15kg/tree

Ordering Jatropha Curcas Seeds & Seedlings Jatropha Curcas Propogation and Cultivation The advantage of Jatropha Curcas seeds and seedlings over Jatropha curcas cuttings Jatropha Curcas grows readily from seeds or cuttings. However trees propagated from cuttings have a shorter productive lifespan and lower drought/disease resistance than plants propagated from seed. Also, Jatropha Curcas trees produced from cuttings do not produce true taproots. Instead, they produce pseudo-taproots (surface roots) that may penetrate much less than half the depth of soil as taproots produced on trees grown from seed. Note: This year's cold weather in China completely killed all Jatropha Curcas plants propogated from cuttings. Only those that were propogated from seeds with a true tap root survived the frost.

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Achieving Outstanding Jatropha Curcas production Jatropoha Curcas plants inoculated with MYCORRHIZAE will likely survive stressful conditions and give higher yields since the Funghi increases the volume of roots hence increasing drought tolerance of plants by facilitating the transport of moisture to and within the root system. The uptake of other nutrients essential for plant growth is also facilitated by mycorrhizae, and it has the ability to convert normally unavailable forms of Phosphorous to forms available for plant uptake. -Jatropha Biodiesel plant based biofuel from seeds. The Jatropha Curcas is a drought resistant oleaginous bushy shrub/tree belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae and its oily seeds can produce 510 times of oil that is got from the common vegetable oil sources like soyabean and corn. One hectare of Jatropha plantation can produce around 500 gallons of biodiesel per year from its physic nuts along with more than 3500 kilograms of waste biomass. Hectares Oil Gallons Waste Biomass Kilos CROP YIELD It appears very difficult to estimate unequivocally the yield of a plant that is able to grow in very different conditions. Yield is a function of water, nutrients, heat and the age of the plant and other. Many different methods of establishment, farming and harvesting are possible. Yield can be enhanced with right balance of cost, yield, labor and finally cost per Mt Seed production ranges from about 2 tons per hectare per year to over 12.5t/ha/year, after five years of growth. Although not clearly specified, this range in production may be attributable to low and high rainfall areas. Without irrigation: MT/HA. DRY Year -LOW -NORMAL -HIGH 1 0.10 0.25 0.40 2 0.50 1.00 1.50 3 0.75 1.25 1.75 4 0.90 1.75 2.25 5 1.10 2.00 2.75 With irrigation : MT/HA IRRIGATED YEAR LOW NORMAL HIGH 1 0.75 1.25 2.50 2 1.00 1.50 3.00 1 500 1.000 500.000 10.000 5,000,000

3.500 3,500,000 35,000,000

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3 4 5

4.25 5.25 5.25

5.00 6.25 8.00

5.00 8.00 12.50

Crop yield in kilos YEAR KILOS/HA. 1 2 3 4 5 500 2,500 5,000 10,000 10,000 HAS./KILOS 5,000,000 25,000,000 50,000,000 100,000,000

12,000-15,000 120,000,000-150,000,000

Harvesting can be done manually only. No. Men 1 Day 1 1,000 10,000 10-25 Kls. 10,000-25,000 Kls 30 Days/Kls. 30-75 Kls 30,000-75,000 Kls

100,000,000-250,000,000 300,000,000-750,000,000 Kls.

Rapid increase in the scarcity of fossil fuel has caused an eventual drive to find alternative and renewable sources of fuel from common vegetable oils like soybean, corn, etc., Recently, oil from the seeds of the jatropha fruit has been converted to JC biodiesel, which can be directly used in diesel engines. Jatropha Curcas has now arisen as a very good source of plant based biodiesel source, with more than 32 percentange of oil content in its dicot seed with white cotyledons inside the dark brown colored testa. Curcas is one among the 175 members of the Jatropha genus. The plant, seeds and oil of this biodiesel crop are non-edible and it is considered to be poisonous to some degree, which keeps of the cattle from it. In olden days, it is mostly used as live fencing crop due to the toxic nature of this plant. The oil which is obtained by crushing the Seeds of Jatropha Curcas, with the help of an expeller is then subjected to a process called as trans-esterification in which the triglycerides are converted into methyl esters to get the biodiesel and the by-products separately. Jatropha Curcas seeds available in bulk and small quantities or samples with small/large scale project report Just fill in our Sample Request Form now to get samples of our seeds. Jatropha Curcas tropical crop with minimal water source.

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The scientific name of Jatropha Curcas is Jatropha Curcas L and its origin is believed to be Central America, which currently found in huge densities in the Asian and African countries. Physically, Jatropha Curcas grows like a small tree or shrub with 2 8 meters high and has large green leaves with three to five lobes. Jatropha Curcas is a long term crop, which starts providing its effective harvest after 18 24 months depending upon the soil and the climatic conditions. The Jatropha Curcas plant grows like a small tree or shrub and has a long lifetime of 40-50 years. The plantation can be grown in waste lands and requires a minimum maintenance and when compared to other crops. The plant doesn't take much water to survive and requires minimal of water source equivalent to 250 mm of annual rainfall, which enables us to grow jatropha curcas plantations marginal land or even in arid regions, where other common plantation crops cannot be grown. Jatropha curcas is grows well in tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. Even when Jatropha adapts with lower temperatures it cannot withstand a frost and grows well at 20-32 deg mean annual temperature and its ideal altitude ranges from 0 to 500 m. Jatropha seeds available in bulk and small quantities or samples with small/large scale project report Jatropha Oil to Biodiesel by the process of transesterification. The following chart shows the process of converting the jatropha oil into the biodiesel:

Advantages of Jatropha as a promising biofuel crop.

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Jatropha Curcas needs very less amount of water for survival - only about 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall per year - thus can be grown in arid regions and will grow well on marginal lands. Once grown, it has a long life, about 40-50 years and needs very minimal maintenance when compared to other crops. It can stop land degradation and reverse deforestation. Intercropping can be done with various food crops and won't compete. Jatropha seeds available in bulk and small quantities or samples with small/large scale project report Biproducts of Jatropha additional products from the crop. The efficiency and profitability of the jatropha curcas bio-fuel industry, increases with the commercial usage of by-products like jatropha cakes and glycerol generated during the process of oil extraction. The Jatropha cake left after oil extraction is an excellent organic fertilizer and can also be burnt for power generation.. These cakes contain proteins and carbohydrates as major constituents and several bioactive compounds as minor constituents. There is a lot of potential to use these cakes for production of biogas, producer gas, briquettes and several products like surfactants and lubricants. The by-product glycerol can be used for production of Propylene Glycol, which can be used for making unsaturated polyster resins, poly ether polyols, functional fluids, cosmetics and toiletries flavour. Propanediol produced from glycerol has a number of applications in laminates, composites novel polysters solvents, and special polymers. Liquid phase hydrogenolysis of glycerol can result in the formation of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol for manufacture of polyster fibre and synthetic cloth. Jatropha seeds available in bulk and small quantities or samples with small/large scale project report Jatropha Plantation tomorrow's oil fields. Jatropha Curcas is hardy drought resistant and grows well in tropical and subtropical regions in a band around the earth between latitudes 30 degrees north and south of the Equator. Jatropha Curcas Trees have a lifespan of up to 30 -40 years. Jatropha Curcas grows on a wide range of land types, including non-arable, marginal and waste land, and need not compete with vital food crops for good agricultural land. Jatropha can be intercropped with various crops including vegetables, tubers, medicinal plants. We provide complete guidance in the form of a project report with complete information required for the initiation of Jatropha Curcas Plantation along with elite planting material after analyzing the soil and climatic conditions. We have been providing consultancy services for large scale plantations in various countries and jatropha plantations are being created in India, Africa, Malaysia, Philippines and Brazil. Jatropha seeds available in bulk and small quantities or samples with small/large scale project report Seeds and Saplings planting material of jatropha curcas.

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We supply high quality jatropha curcas seeds along with complete guidance for the establishment of the plantation. We supply both seeds and saplings of Jatropha Curcas in bulk quantity. Samples can be obtained online by mailing us samples@jatrophacurcasbiodiesel.com (or) filing our Sample Request Form now. Biodiesel Unit oil extraction and conversion machinery. The biodiesel unit consists of an expeller and a transesterifier. The oil is extracted from the jatropha curcas seeds with the help of an oil expeller and then converted into biodiesel with the help of a chemical process called trans-esterification, which can be then blended or directly used in diesel engines. Several automotive companies have found their vehicles successively running over the pure biodiesel. Biodiesel unit with the expeller and the transesterifier are available with various processing capacities. If you are in need of machineries for your biodiesel unit, you can contact us with your processing requirements in terms of liters/day Jatropha Oil Fields tomorrow's oil source. With apparent shortcomings of other renewable fuels sources, the enthusiasm for initiating todays jatropha curcas plantations which will be tomorrows oil fields has increased among the large and small scale oil and plantation companies which can also make use poor lands with minimal water sources. Analysis of the bioenergy market suggests that jatropha, which can be grown in variable conditions with little water or fertilizer, could be used to produce a barrel of fuel for around $43, less than the cost of sugar cane-based ethanol ($45 per barrel) or corn-based ethanol ($83 per barrel). Further, because jatropha isn't edible and grows on land unsuitable for foods crops, its expansion doesn't compete with traditional food production. Unlike soybeans, canola and many other agricultural sources of biodiesel, Jatropha can be cultivated on arid and semi arid non-agricultural land. This means growing Jatropha never has to compete with growing food. Also, on a per acre basis ,Jatropha can yield up to 10 times the amount of oil as other sources of biodiesel. Finally, Jatropha is a perennial, lasting up to 50 years without replanting. The byproducts like jatropha curcas cake (portion of the seed left over after extraction of the seeds oil) is full of nitrogen compounds making it an excellent organic fertilizer. After 4 or 5 years of treatment with this cake the soil of this originally non-agricultural land will be suitable for planting food crops or trees for reforestation Jatropha in Rural creating new opportunities. Jatropha curcas plantations have the ability to lift many people from poverty to financial independence, from despair to respect and unemployment to business owners. Economic development in India has led to increase in the energy demand by 5% every year compared to 2% in developed countries. Conventional energy sources are the major cause of climate change, leads to understanding that clean renewable energy technologies are to be widely introduced. Enables us to utilize the large tracts of cheap barren land, large and inexpensive rural workforce to develop alternative energy options. at

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A real alternative for transportation and energy production, which benefits four main aspects of development and secure a sustainable way of life Jatropha Curcas tropical crop with minimal water source. Jatropha is bush that grows in the warm regions of the world as it is sensitive to colder climates. Once it's planted it grows and produces nuts that contain oil within a few years, and produces these annually for up to 50 years. Jatropha has been grown in developing countries for many years. In fact, it was distributed by Portuguese sailors from Mexico and South America over a hundred years ago to places such as India, Africa, and South East Asia. It's been used locally for production of oil that was used in local village based industries for soap production. Since the plants are toxic they have also been used to plant hedges and to keep animals out of areas of land. Jatropha Machinery oil extraction and conversion. We offer most efficient, reliable and durable expeller available in the international markets. We manufacture expellers ranging from 1 TPD to 100 TPD. Our small oil expeller can be used to crush jatropha curcas seeds in single pressing operation whereas it is used as final press for other seeds/ nuts and our mid size expeller can be used to crush jatropha curcas seeds up to 3 tons in 8 hours with the help of the electrical motor. Large scale expellers are also available with various capacities. We also suppy transesterification machineries that is used convert Jatropha oil to biodiesel that is viable for industrial use Biodiesel from vegetable oils alternate to fossil fuels. Vegetable oils and their derivatives (especially methyl esters), commonly referred to as biodiesel are prominent candidates as alternative diesel fuels. They have advanced from being purely experimental fuels to initial stages of commercialization. They are technically competitive with or offer technical advantages compared to conventional diesel fuel. Besides being a renewable and domestic resource, biodiesel reduces most emissions while engine performance and fuel economy are nearly identical compared to conventional fuels. Several problems, however, remain, which include economics, combustion, some emissions, lube oil contamination, and low-temperature properties. Pure Biodiesel is a clean burning fuel which runs in any unmodified diesel engine. This fuel is an environmentally-friendly alternative to the higher emission petroleum diesel used in large transport vehicles and some cars and trucks. Biodiesel is currently being manufactured at an industrial scale by large companies but can also be made on a small scale with simple technology. Diesel engines can also be run on unmodified vegetable oil like jatropha curcas oil, if the oil is heated or mixed with other fuels. Using waste vegetable oil this can be an amazingly inexpensive and ecological alternative fuel. Jatropha Curcas tropical crop with minimal water source. The scientific name of Jatropha Curcas is Jatropha Curcas L and its origin is believed to be Central America, which currently found in huge densities in the Asian and African countries. Physically, Jatropha Curcas grows like a small tree or shrub with 2 8 meters high and has large green leaves with three to five lobes. Jatropha Curcas is a long term crop, which starts providing its effective harvest after 18 24 months depending upon the soil and the climatic conditions. The Jatropha Curcas plant grows like a small tree or shrub and has a long lifetime of 40-50 years. The plantation can be grown in waste lands and requires a minimum maintenance and when compared to other crops.

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The plant doesn't take much water to survive and requires minimal of water source equivalent to 250 mm of annual rainfall, which enables us to grow jatropha curcas plantations marginal land or even in arid regions, where other common plantation crops cannot be grown. Jatropha curcas is grows well in tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. Even when Jatropha adapts with lower temperatures it cannot withstand a frost and grows well at 20-32 deg mean annual temperature and its ideal altitude ranges from 0 to 500 m If Rainfall is 500-600 MM and Temperature is Avg. 32-35 c, Highest 44 c, Lowest 3 c. with sandy soil. What yield can be getting? If it is with Irrigation. If it is without Irrigation. 500 - 600 mm of rainfall is the limit. Below 600 mm there is more or less no more production, but this depends on the local water condition in the ground. Sandy soil is good. But if it is free of nutrients, even the growth of Jatropha is limited. If we have irrigation, the limit of the yield is the fertility of the soil. So we may get the full production of about 5-kg per plant, which will be between 5 and 12.5 tons of seed per hectare. Interesting is the irrigation with wastewater, because of the nutrients. In the Egyptian desert they have a plantation with waste water irrigation If seeds stored for 6 months in normal conditions. 1. Will oil content increase or decrease? 2. If yes, how much it will be? 3. Will any insect infect it? 4. If yes, please tell name of insects. 5. What is solution fot it? The Jatropha seeds are oily and do not store for long. Research on viability of Jatropha seeds shows a decrease due to term of storage. Seeds older than 15 months show viability below 50 % (Kobilke 1989) Six months storage will not effect the oil content. We observed small Beatles, which infected the seeds. The name of the beatles is unknown. Solution: Try to avoid long storage. If storage is necessary, store in a dry place and in small quantities for each place. If an infection took place, these charges should be treated (oil extraction) first Can we extract the Jatropha oil from seeds and directly used in the vehicle? It depends on the engine. If we have a diesel engine with a precombustion chamber, we can use the oil directly (after good filtering). If we have a modern diesel engine with direct injection, we have to modify the engine. The best is, to start the engine with diesel, then switch to plant oil (when the engine is hot), and to stop the engine by using diesel again for some few minutes. Is It Can Be Use Direct As Fuel? With Mobile, Car, Or Other Diesel Engine Without Modify? Yes, Jatropha oil can be used as fuel directly in stationary diesel engines and in mobile ones (cars, trucks, busses), but you have to modify the diesel engine. You can also use Jatropha oil in some diesel engines with a precombustion chamber without modification (Field marshal from India). Which Diesel Engine Is Suitable For Bio Diesel ? Precombustion Chamber Or Direct Injection. Bio-diesel is a chemically modified plant oil. It behaves like diesel and can be used in any diesel engine (DI or precombustion chamber) directly.

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Since bio-diesel is a strong organic solvent, it attacks joints and tubes from organic material (plastic, rubber). So you have to make sure, that your engine has bio-diesel proof joints and plastic parts. Then It is sure possible to plant and develop jatropha biodiesel plants in macro scale in the case of: 1. Good land price 2. Economic harvest cost, and processing 3. High-yield compare with other plant. 4. Availability of funds for biodiesel plant investing. 5. High Price for derivative fossil crude oil. Based on the above premises there are excellent chances for this future on green energy such as our biodiesel to be. We dont see any obstacles in plantation of Jatropha. You have to know that the harvest of the seeds is the crucial economic factor. It will take about 1 hour to pick 8 kg seeds. Think of a model, where farmers are growing Jatropha, harvesting the seeds and extracting the oil. Our own company is buying the oil and processing it to biodiesel.

Prepare by Wellington G. Gallardo, President of Etanolsa S.A., Guayaquil, Ecuador

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