Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Almeria, Chris. "Roof of the Palatine Chapel." CJA Imagining. N.p., n.d. Web.

6 Feb. 2013. <http://cjaimaging.photoshelter.com/image/I0000WsP2EW98le8>. This photograph of the artwork on the roof of the Palatine Chapel was used on my reforms page to represent religion. It is a primary source because the art was created under the supervision of Charlemagne. "Book of Kells, Chi-Rho." Haverford History Archive. Haverford College, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.haverford.edu/engl/faculty/Sherman/Irish/ChiRho.htm>. I used this manuscript from Charlemagne's time on my page about Carolingian art. It is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Carolingian Minuscule." Britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/96555/Carolingian-minuscule>. I used this piece of Carolingian writing on my education page to show the writing that Charlemagne taught to Europe. It is a primary source because it is connected by time to Charlemagne. "Carolingians. Charlemagne. Denarius." Medieval & Modern Coin Search Engine. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.mcsearch.info/record.html?id=892346>. I used this image to depict a denarius from Charlemagne's time on my economy page. This denarius is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Carolingian Warfare (from the Utrecht Psalter)." Maxwell School of Public Affairs Archives. Syracuse U, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/hst310/Nov13/Default.htm>. I used this picture as my main website photograph because it depicts religion in Jesus, warfare, and the

coronation of Charlemagne, three essential parts of Charlemagne's life. This is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. Geneology of Charlemagne. N.d. Google Sites- Carolus Chess. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://salsbiz.com/sitebuilder/images/Geneology-of-Charlemagne-9L-539x600.jpg>. I used this script showing the genealogy of Charlemagne on my Reign of Charlemagne page. It is a primary source because it is connected by time. "Charlemagne Aachen." Europa en Bicicleta. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://europaenbicicleta.com/tag/aquisgran/>. I used this picture of a reliquary for Charlemagne as a depiction of tributes to Charlemagne on my Aftermath page. The photograph is a primary source because some of Charlemagne's remains exist in the reliquary. "Charlemagne Coin." Rodavid. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Image:Charlemagne_coin.jpg>. This image was used on my reforms page to represent the economy. The image is a primary source because it is a picture of an actual coin from Charlemagne's time. Charlemagne crowning his son. History Notes Info. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.historynotes.info/frankish-king-louis-i-the-pious-1063/>. I used this image of Charlemagne crowning his son co-emperor of his empire on my Aftermath: Franks page. This image is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time and was created by one of his close servants, Einhard. "Charlemagne (800-814). Portrait denarius." Coins Weekly Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.coinsweekly.com/en/Archive/8?&id=158&type=a>. I used this image to

depict a denarius from Charlemagne's time on my economy page. This denarius is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. Charlemagne Statue. Legends of Medieval France and Italy. Blogspot, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://lcmccabe.blogspot.com/>. I used this image of a Charlemagne tribute on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a primary source because it is connected by time to Charlemagne and was created in his realm. "Charlemagne Writing Reforms." Trees in the Woods. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.treesinthewoods.com/images/Charlemagne/Writing_reforms-L.jpg>. I used this primary source showing Charlemagne's writing reforms on my education page. This is connected by time and is a primary source. "Coins of Charlemagne." UPenn Language Log. U of Pennsylvania, 22 Apr. 2007. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004434.html>. I used this image to depict a denarius from Charlemagne's time on my economy page. This denarius is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. Coins of the Carolingian Period. Medieval & Modern Coin Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.mcsearch.info/record.html?id=260677>. This image of a carolingian coin was used on the economy page of my website. This denarius is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Coronation Gospels (Gospel book of Charlemagne), Saint Matthew." University Libraries. U of Louisville, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/vrc/id/729/rec/1>. I used this image on my page about the arts to depict artwork from Charlemagne's kingdom. It is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time.

Depiction of King Louis III. The Hair in the Middle Ages. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://thehistoryofthehairsworld.com/middle_ages_renaissance.html>. I used this primary source to depict King Louie III. This image is a primary source because it is connected by time with Charlemagne. Depiction of Pepin III. MAAT. N.p., 10 Feb. 2007. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://www.maat.it/livello2/Stato%20della%20Chiesa.html>. I used this painting of Pepin III on my Rise to Power page to depict what Charlemagne looked like. The image is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. Drer, Albrecht. "The Imperial Crown." Order of the Crown of Charlemagne. N.p., 9 June 2011. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.charlemagne.org/p1.html>. I used this watercolor pen drawing from c. 1510 AD of Charlemagne's crown in my website. It is a primary source because it was drawn at the time of Charlemagne. chelle. " avnementde Charles Martel." Ramparts of Civilization. WordPress, 7 May 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <http://www.rampartsofcivilization.com/?p=2357>. I used this image to show the geographical situation in Europe before Charlemagne's reign. It is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Ebbo Gospels of St. Matthew." History of Painters. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.historyofpainters.com/ebbo_gospels.htm>. I used this image of the Ebbo Gospels of St. Matthew done in the Shivering Style on the page about Carolingian art. It is a primary source because it was created c. 824 and is connected with Charlemagne by time. Einard. "Coronation of Charlemagne." University of North Florida Website. University of North Florida, n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.unf.edu/classes/freshmancore/core1images/coronation-charlemagne-MS800.jpg>. This picture is of Charlemagne being crowned the Pope. It is a primary source because it was created during the time of Charlemagne and was created by one of his closest servants. Einhard. "Chapters 22-28." Life of Charlemagne. 10th ed. New York: Fordham University Medieval Sourcebook, 1996. N. pag. Print. History of the Modern World. I used excerpts from the biography of Charlemagne written by his most trusted servant. This is a primary source because the author knew Charlemagne. - - -. Depiction of Charlemagne. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106546/Charlemagne>. I used this depiction of Charlemagne on the Rise to Power page of my website to give the viewer a visual representation of the man who conquered Europe. This image is a primary source because it is connected by time. - - -. "The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne." History Today. History Today, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://www.historytoday.com/peter-munz/imperial-coronationcharlemagne>. I used this primary source on my Reign of Charlemagne page to show the coronation of Charlemagne by the Pope. This illustration is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time and was created by his servant Einhard. - - -. The Life of Charlemagne. Trans. Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880. Fordham University Medieval Sourcebook. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp#The Merovingian Family>. This book, written by a servant of Charlemagne, provides an unparalleled insight on Charlemagne's life. I took information from numerous chapters in the book about how

Charlemagne lived, rose to power, and exercised his power. The biography is a primary source because it was written by Charlemagne's most trusted servant. Enthroning of Charlemagne. Carolingian Art. Oneonta U, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth109/arth109_sl18.html>. I used this piece of Carolingian art on the page about Carolingian art. It is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "The Evangelist composing his gospel." The Carolingian Revival. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/02_The-West-to-1900/06_Islam+theWest/06e_Carolingian-Revival.htm>. I used this painting to depict Carolingian art on my page about the arts. This is a primary source because it is connected by time with Charlemagne. Fouquet, Jean. "Coronation of Charlemagne." About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-PictureGallery/>. This image was used on my reforms page to represent the arts. It is a primary source because it was created at the time of Charlemagne by one of his artists. "The Four Evangelicals." The Carolingian Revival. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/02_The-West-to-1900/06_Islam+theWest/06e_Carolingian-Revival.htm>. I used this piece of Carolingian art from the Aachen Gospels on the page about the arts. This image is a primary source because it was created c. 820, around the time of Charlemagne. "Frankish Empire, Charlemagne Denarius." Money Museum. Sunflower Foundation, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.moneymuseum.com/moneymuseum/library/coins/tour.jsp?lang=en&aid=3

&ix=1>. I used this image to depict a denarius from Charlemagne's time on my economy page. This denarius is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Frederick II's Gold and Silver Casket for Charlemagne." Hoocher. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://hoocher.com/Charlamagne/Charlemagne.html>. I used this picture on my Aftermath: Franks page. It shows the casket Charlemagne rests permanently in. It is a primary source because Charlemagne's body is in it. "Genealogie De Charlemagne Ou De La Seconde Race." Trees in the Woods. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.treesinthewoods.com/images/Charlemagne/GeneologyCharlemagne-11L.jpg>. I used this primary source that was connected by time with Charlemagne to show his family genealogy. "Germigny-des-Pres Church." Sacred Destination. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/germigny-des-pres-photos/>. I used this picture on my Aftermath page to depict Europe. It is a primary source because the picture is of a church created in 806 AD and is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Gospel of Ebbo." Ultimate Paintings. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://nikhelbig.com/artblog/2002/07/13/illuminated-manuscripts/>. I used this picture of the Gospel of Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims on my page about Carolingian art. It is a primary source because it was created around the time of Charlemagne. "Grandes Chroniques de France." Expositions. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://expositions.bnf.fr/carolingiens/grand/fr_6465_078v.htm>. I used this picture on my Reign page to represent Charlemagne's rise to power. This is a primary source because it is linked to Charlemagne by time.

Joubert. "Charlemagne receives the Surrender of Witikind sic at Paderborn in 785." My Studios. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.mystudios.com/artgallery/A/AryScheffer/Charlemagne-receives-the-Surrender-of-Witikind-sic-at-Paderborn-in-785%2Cengraved-by-Joubert-.html>. This oil painting was used on my reforms page and is a primary source because it is connected by time with Charlemagne. "Karl der Grosse errichtung der kaiserpfalz in Aachen." Chromato. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://chroma.to/photos/1154908>. I used this image of Charlemagne erecting an imperial palace in Aachen on my Aftermath: Europe page. It is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Karolinger Pfennig, Mailand (781-793)." Coin Archives. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?results=100&search=carus>. I used this image to depict a denarius from Charlemagne's time on my economy page. This denarius is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Louis Le Pieux Sesquisolidus." Zeably. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.zeably.com/Louis_le_Pieux>. I used this picture of a sesquisolidus from Louis the Pious on my Aftermath: Franks page. It is a primary source because it is connected with Charlemagne by time. Nationale, Bibliothque, de France. "Charles le Grand." MyFrance.ru. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. <http://www.mafrance.ru/page/2/?s=Charles+I&x=49&y=11>. I put this primary source picture in my website to add historical perspective from another point of viewFrance. The creator of this artwork was from Charlemagne's time and interprets him in a lighter, more gental way.

Notker the Stammerer. Two Lives of Charlemagne. Trans. David Ganz. London: Penguin Classics, 2008. Print. I used the unique information provided in this book to get exclusive insight from the first-hand account of someone close to Charlemagne. Details not provided in other scholarly analyses of Charlemagne were revealed through the viewpoint of one of his close friends and author, Notker the Stammerer. Plaque with St. John the Evangelist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/70009824>. I used this plaque on my page about carolingian art. It is a primary source because it was created in the ninth century and is connected with Charlemagne by time. Plaque with the Virgin Mary as a Personification of the Church. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 21 Jan. 2012. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/17.190.49>. I used this ivory piece of Carolingian art on my page about the arts. It is a primary source because it was created during the time of Charlemagne. Profile of Louis the Pious in the denarius. Lech. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/226/zelenina.htm>. I used this denarius of Louis the Pious on my Aftermath: Franks page. It is a primary source because it is an imperially distributed coin from Louis the Pious' empire and is connected to Charlemagne by time. "Reliquary of Blessed Charles Augustus." Hoocher. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://hoocher.com/Charlamagne/Charlemagne.html>. I used this picture on the Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a primary source because Charlemagne's remains are kept in it.

Shroud of Charlemagne manufactured in Constantinople: 814. Hoocher. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://hoocher.com/Charlamagne/Charlemagne.html>. I used this picture of a shroud of Charlemagne in my Aftermath: Franks page. It is a primary source because it was made in 814 and is connected with Charlemagne by time. Situla (Bucket for Holy Water). Metropolitan Museum of Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/hi_carolingian.htm>. I used this image to show the type of ceramics used in the Carolingian era. It is a primary source because it was created in the ninth century and is connected with Charlemagne by time. "Sta Cecilia in Trastevere." Flickr. Yahoo, 15 Apr. 2008. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/michaeltinkler/2419476786/in/photostream>. I used this photograph on my Aftermath page to depict the Franks. It is a primary source because the picture is of a 9th century church Charlemagne had built in Francia. "Stitula (Holy Water Holder)." The Medieval Millennium. Columbia U, 2000. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.learn.columbia.edu/medmil/pages/non-mma-pages/syllabus/lecture07.html>. I used this image of a stitula on my page about Carolingian art. It is a primary source because it is connected by time with Charlemagne. Throne of Charlemagne. Legends of Medieval France and Italy. Blogspot, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://lcmccabe.blogspot.com/>. I used this photograph to depict the throne of Charlemagne on the Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a primary source because the picture is of Charlemagne's actual throne.

Secondary Sources

Adolf Hitler Wallpaper. Adolf Hitler. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://ahitler.greyfalcon.us/>. I used this picture to depict Adolf Hitler, a military leader influenced by Charlemagne on the Aftermath: Military Influence. This is a secondary source because it is not connected to Charlemagne by time. "Adolf Hitler World War 2." World War 2 Facts. Premium WordPress, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://worldwar2-facts.com/category/adolf-hitler>. I used this picture on my Aftermath: Military Influence page to depict Adolf Hitler. This is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. "Angela Merkel." Forbes. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.forbes.com/profile/angelamerkel/>. I used this picture of Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany, receiving the Charlemagne prize on my Aftermath: Tributes page. This photograph is a secondary source because it is not connected to Charlemagne by time. Barbero, Alessandro. Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. N.p.: Berkley: University of California Press, 2004. Print. I used this secondary source to gain insight on the agricultural changes Charlemagne implemented and the impacts Charlemagne had on modern Europe. The account is not connected by time and is a secondary source. Becher, Matthias. Charlemagne. Comp. Adam Freudenheim. London: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 2003. Print. This reliable secondary source elaborates on the topic of the Carolingian Renaissance and Charlemagne's role in it. It also explores the tensions created because of Charlemagne's changes toward modern thinking. This source is objective and recently written by a medieval professor at the University of Bonn, Germany.

Biel, Timothy Levi. The Importance of Charlemagne. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1997. Print. This book was my most important secondary source. I used this book to find information on a variety of topics about Charlemagne. It is a secondary source because it is not connected to Charlemagne by time. "Carlo Magno." About Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-PictureGallery/carlomagno.htm>. I used this ninth century image on my Aftermath: Europe page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected to Charlemagne by time. "Charlemagne in Zurich." About Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-PictureGallery/index.01.htm>. I used this picture of a Charlemagne tribute in Zurich, Switzerland on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected by time with Charlemagne. "Charlemagne Prize." Dig Planet. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.digplanet.com/>. I used this picture of the Charlemagne Prize on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected to Charlemagne by time. Charlemagne resting on a lily. Medievalist3. Blogspot, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://medievalist3.blogspot.com/2009/12/sceptre-od-charles-v.html>. I used this photograph of a tribute on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it was made in the twelfth century and is not connected by time to Charlemagne. "Charlemagne's Jihad." Medievalists.net. N.p., 3 Jan. 2013. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.medievalists.net/2013/01/03/charlemagnes-jihad/>. I used this photograph

of stained glass depicting Charlemagne on my Aftermath: Europe page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. Charlemagne Statue. Scoop Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.scoopweb.com/Charlesmagne>. I used this picture of a Charlemagne statue on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected to Charlemagne by time. "Charlemagne Statue." Zeably. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.zeably.com/Charlemagne>. I used this image of a tribute on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. "Charlemagne with Scholars." About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/christian/blxtn_crus_ill19.htm>. I used this secondary source on my reforms page to represent education. The picture is of Charlemagne with scholars and is a primary source because it is connected by time with Charlemagne. Cornacchini, Agostino. "Statue of Charlemagne." Scoop Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.scoopweb.com/Charlesmagne>. I used this photograph of a statue on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it was created in 1725 and therefore is not connected to Charlemagne by time. Dagenais, John. "The Historical Charlemagne." El Camino de Santiago. University of California, Los Angeles, 1995. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/santiago/iagohome.html>. I used this secondary source to see Charlemagne's reign from a Spanish point of view.

Drer, Albrecht. "Charlemagne." Order of the Crown of Charlemagne. N.p., 9 June 2011. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.charlemagne.org/p2.html>. I used this oil and tempera on wood panel art from the German artist Albrecht Drer (1471-1528) in my website. It is a secondary source because it was modeled after previous artwork of Charlemagne and was created after his time. "Emperor of France, Napoleon I." BBC History. British Broadcasting Company, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bonaparte_napoleon.shtml>. I used this picture of Napoleon Bonaparte on my Aftermath page to depict the military influence Charlemagne had. This picture is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time but is related to Charlemagne. Eversheim, Walter. "Charlemagne Prize." Aachen. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.aachen.de/en/sb/pr_az/karls_pr/charlemagne_prize/index.html>. I used this page to research the Charlemagne Prize, an award that has been a tribute to Charlemagne. This is a secondary source because it is not connected by time to Charlemagne and is a Professors take on the Charlemagne Prize. Ferro, Judy. "Vikings vs. Franks 9th Century." 1Zoom. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.1zoom.net/big2/441/242783-stranger.jpg>. I used this image on my reforms page to show Frankish soldiers in battle. This is a secondary source because it is not connected by time to Charlemagne. "Flag of Napoleon." Aristocratic Emblems. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://unextor.ru/flagnapoleona.html>. I used this flag of Napoleon Bonaparte on my Aftermath: Military Influence page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time.

Fouquet, Jean. "Sacre de Charlemagne." About.com Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. <http://0.tqn.com/d/historymedren/1/0/r/B/fouquetcharles.jpg>. This image was drawn by a Frenchman to depict the crowning of Charlemagne as Pope. It is a secondary source because of the time it was created. Guerber, Helene A. "Charlemagne's Manner of Life." The Baldwin Project. Yesterday's Classics, 2012. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=guerber&book=oldfrance&story=man ner>. I used this site to find out more in depth information on how Charlemagne lived. The site analyzed his use of time, hobbies, favorite things to do, etc. It is a secondary source because it was created after the time of Charlemagne and its information is from primary sources. Hill, Caroline Miles, comp. World's Great Religious Poetry. N.p.: Macmillan Company, 1954. Print. I used a quote from this book on the Reforms page to show Charlemagne's dedication to his faith. This is a secondary source because the author of the book took the quote from Charlemagne's personal papers. The History Channel Website. "Charlemagne." History.com. Ed. The History Channel Website. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 6 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne>. I used this reliable secondary source to gather general information on Charlemagne before I went more in-depth. "Ink Feather Pen." Vector.us. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://vector.us/search/ink-featherpen>. I used this picture of an ink feather pen to represent my process paper on my Supplements page. This is a secondary source because it does not relate to Charlemagne directly.

"Karl der Gro." About Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-PictureGallery/karlfrankfurt.htm>. I used this picture of a nineteenth century statue of Charlemagne on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected by time. "The King with the Grizzly Beard." About Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/charlemagnestudyguide/p/sg_timeline.htm>. I used this sixteenth century engraving of Charlemagne on my Aftermath: Europe page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. Louis the Pious doing penance at Attigny in 822. Answers.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-the-pious>. I used this drawing of Louis the Pious in my Aftermath: Franks page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected by time with Charlemagne. Moczar, Diane. Ten Dates Every Catholic Should Know. Merrimack, NH: Sophia Institute, 2006. Print. I used this book to research the crowning of Charlemagne as emperor of Europe and its influence on his legacy. This book is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. "Napoleon Bonaparte." Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821. Solar Navagator, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/napoleon_bonaparte.htm>. I used this painting of Napoleon Bonaparte in my Aftermath: Military Influence page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. "Napoleon Bonaparte's portrait." Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821. Solar Navigator, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/napoleon_bonaparte.htm>. I used this

painting of Napoleon Bonaparte on my Aftermath: Military Influence page. This is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. Napoleon riding into battle. Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821. Solar Navigator, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/napoleon_bonaparte.htm>. I used this painting of Napoleon in my Aftermath: Military Influence page. The painting is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. "Nazi Swastika." Hidden History Humanity. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.hiddenhistoryhumanity.com/German/7%20NaziGermanyEsotericHistory.ht ml>. I used the Nazi Swastika on the Aftermath: Military Influence page to show Charlemagne's influence on Adolf Hitler. This is a secondary source because it is not from the time of Charlemagne. Orley, Bernaert Van. "Charlemagne Receiving the Relics of the Holy Cross from Constantine." Order of the Crown of Charlemagne. N.p., 9 June 2011. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.charlemagne.org/p1.html>. I used this oil on wood panel illustration created by Flemish artist Bernaert van Orley (1492-1541) in my website. It is a secondary source because of the time period it was created. Paul-Henri Spaak, the 1957 award ceremony. Finland Sanakirja. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://suomisanakirja.fi/karlspreis>. I used this picture of Paul-Henri Spaak, a Belgian Socialist politician and statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium, the first President of the United Nations General Assembly, as the first President of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, and as the second Secretary General of NATO, receiving the Charlemagne Prize on my Aftermath: Tributes page. This photograph is a secondary source because it is not related to Charlemagne by time.

Pirenne, Henri. Mohammed and Charlemagne. N.p.: n.p., 1937. Print. I used this secondary source to better understand Charlemagne's opinion on Islam and the role of the religion on his reign. The book is not connected by time and is a secondary source. The Reign of Charlemagne. Prod. The History Channel Website. History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne/videos>. I used clips from this secondary source video for information in my website in multiple sections. Robert, Count of Mortain, his half brother William Duke of Normandy, and Robert's full brother Odo before William the Conqueror would fight at the Battle of Hastings. Hoocher. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://hoocher.com/William_the_Conqueror/William_the_Conqueror.htm>. I used this picture to show William the Great's royal family on the Aftermath: Military Influence page. This image is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. Rogers, Lawrence. "Charlemagne." Fifty Geniuses: Historical Persons Worth Knowing Better. St. Louis: St. Louis Bookstore, 2011. 13-14. Print. Using a chapter of this book I found out that Charlemagne was a founder and conqueror of nations as well as a visionary in a time of darkness. This book is a secondary source because of the time period it was written. "Royal Coat of Arms- Normandy." Hoocher. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://hoocher.com/William_the_Conqueror/William_the_Conqueror.htm>. I used this coat of arms on my Aftermath: Military influence page. This is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time.

Sahahan, Thomas, and Ewan Macpherson. "Charlemagne." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vers. 3. Robert Appleton Company, 1908. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03610c.htm>. I used this website to find general information about Charlemagne. Because it is published by a potentially biased source, I did not use this source solely for information and double checked all of the facts I used in my website. Snell, Melissa. "Timeline." About Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/charlemagnestudyguide/p/sg_timeline.htm>. I used this timeline to find important events in Charlemagne's life. This is a secondary source because it is just a listing of important events in Charlemagne's life. Stack of books. Story Treasury. Wordpress, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://storytreasury.wordpress.com/2011/10/12/reading-books-straight-through/>. I used this image of a stack of books on my Supplements page to represent my annotated bibliography. This is a secondary source because it does not relate to Charlemagne directly. "Statue of Charlemagne at Liege." About Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-PictureGallery/liegeclose.htm>. I used this picture of a nineteenth century statue of Charlemagne on my Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. "Statue of Charlemagne in Aachen." About Medieval History. About.com, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-PictureGallery/aachenkarl.htm>. I used this photograph of a Charlemagne tribute on my

Aftermath: Tributes page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. "The Top 100 Heroes of Western Culture." Western Culture Global. Western Culture Global, 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. <http://westerncultureglobal.org/charlemagne.html>. I used information from this site to understand how Charlemagne replaced ignorance with knowledge, savagery with civilization, disease with health, tyranny with liberty, poverty with abundance, and despair with happiness. This website provided a historical perspective on the advancements and changes Charlemagne made. It is a secondary source because it is analyzing his accomplishments stated in primary sources, and was written recently. "Tusk Wins Charlemagne Award." European Voice. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2010/05/tusk-wins-charlemagneaward/67978.aspx>. I used this picture of the Charlemagne award winner Donald Tusk, Poland's prime minister, on my Aftermath: Tributes page. This is a secondary source because it is not connected to Charlemagne by time. Whipps, Heather. "How Charlemagne Changed the World." LivfeScience.com. Tech Meida Network, 13 Apr. 2008. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.livescience.com/4892charlemagne-changed-world.html>. From this cite I found information regarding Charlemagne's economical agenda and religious adversary, the Byzantine Empire. "William the Conqueror." Hoocher. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://hoocher.com/William_the_Conqueror/William_the_Conqueror.htm>. I used this painting of William the Conqueror on the Aftermath: Military Influence page. It is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time.

"William the Conqueror at the battle of Hastings." Look and Learn. BAPLA, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/B802139/William-the-Conquerorat-the-battle-of-Hastings?img=6&search=English+throne>. I used this picture to show William the Conqueror in battle on my Aftermath: Military Influence page. This image is a secondary source because it is not connected with Charlemagne by time. Wilson, Derek. Charlemagne. New York: Random House Digital, 2006. Print. This book presented an interesting view on Charlemagne as an inspiration for Charles V, Napoleon, and Hitler, each of whom sought to make a unified Europe a reality in their own time. Charlemagne's personality and character are analyzed in the book, unique to the others I read. It is a secondary source because it was written in 2006 and is based on primary sources the author gathered information from. Zuccaro, Taddeo. "Charlemagne Returns the Ancient Patrimony to the Church." Order of the Crown of Charlemagne. N.p., 9 June 2011. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.charlemagne.org/p1.html>. I used this fresco art from the Italian artist Taddeo Zuccaro (1529-1566) of Charlemagne in my website. This piece of artwork is a secondary source because its creator did not live in the time of Charlemagne.