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11/27/2011
Vectors...
There are two common ways of indicating that something is a vector quantity:
Boldface notation: A
A= A
Arrow notation:
A = Ax 2 + Ay 2
q = tan -1 Ay / Ax
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Vector subtraction
Unit Vectors:
A Unit Vector is a vector having length 1 and no units. It is used to specify a direction. Unit vector u points in the direction of U. Often denoted with a hat: u =
l
Useful examples are the cartesian unit vectors [ i, j, k ] point in the direction of the x, y and z axes. R = rxi + ryj + rzk
j k z i x
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(b) {4,-2,5}
(c) {5,-2,4}
D = (AXi + AYj + AZk) + (BXi + BYj + BZk) + (CXi + CYj + CZk) = (AX + BX + CX)i + (AY + BY+ CY)j + (AZ + BZ + CZ)k = (0 + 3 + 1)i + (2 + 0 - 4)j + (1 + 2 + 2)k = {4,-2,5}
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Multiplying Vectors
Given two vectors:
r + Ay A = Axi j + Az k r + By B = Bx i j + Bz k
r r A B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = A B Cos q AB
AB is the magnitude of B times the projection of A on B (or vice versa). Note that AB = BA
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Instantaneous Velocity in 3D
V = lim (r / t) as t 0 = dr / dt 3 Components : Vx = dx / dt, etc Magnitude, |V| = SQRT( Vx2 + Vy 2 + Vz2)
Average Velocity in 3-D Vavg = (r2 r1)/(t2-t1) = r / t t is scalar so, V vector parallel to vector
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Properties of Vectors
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We can resolve vector into perpendicular components using two-dimensional coordinate systems:
Polar Coordinates Cartesian Coordinates
rx = r cos 25.0 = (1.50 m)(0.906) = 1.36 m ry = r sin 25.0 = (1.50 m)(0.423) = 0.634 m r = rx 2 + ry 2 = (1.36 m) 2 + (0.634 m) 2 = 2.25 m 2 = 1.50 m
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