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Renaissance: Means Rebirth of classical culture A period of learning and creativity A period of flourishing artistic intellectual development that place between 1300- 1600 century Geographical Background: Venice Republic ruled by oligarchy, Byzantine Origin Milan Visconti and Sforza families Florence Republic ruled by Medici Family Papal Republic ruled by Pope Kingdom of Naples King of Aragon

Objective of Renaissance: Early Renaissance (during Middle Ages) Find God Prove pre conceive ideas Causes of Renaissance: Later Renaissance Find Man Promote learning

1. Lessening of Feudalism Church disrespect Nobility in Chaos Growth of Middle class through trade 2. Fall of Constantinople ( Byzantine Empire) Greek scholars fled to Italy 3. Education 4. Patrons of Italians to recapture the glory of Roman and Greek culture and arts. Characteristics of Renaissance: 1. Revival of Classical culture 2. Objectivity 3. Individualism Other Characteristics: Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society Renaissance was an age of recovery from disaster of the 14th Century A new view of Human beings emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance began to emphasized Individual ability.

Famous Patrons in Renaissance Period:

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Florence a city states in Italy in which Renaissance was most prominent and ruled by Medici Family.

1. Cosimo de Medici - Political tactician and brilliant businessman who financed art project in Florence 2. Lorenzo de Medici - known as the Magnificent 3. Giovanni de Medici - or Pope Leo X Humanism: 1. Major focus of teaching in Renaissance period 2. Pursuit of Individualism - Focus on what humans could do. 3. Advocate Reason and Evidence of senses over Christian values 4. Going directly to primary source 5. Concentrate on the traditional liberal arts Francisco Petrarch Pioneer of Humanism Studied roman literature and philosophy A collector of ancient manuscript and rediscover a number of roman author whose work had been forgotten Features of Roman Arts: 1. 2. 3. 4. Individualism human being first began to think of themselves as individual Balance and Proportion achieving same qualities on their own work to look more realistic Use of perspective impression of depth and distance on the flat surface New Materials tempera, Oil painting and fresco

3 Geniuses of Renaissance Arts: 1. Raphael Master of paintings, combined religious arts with Renaissance spirits School of Athens 2. Michelangelo Master of sculpture and paintings Pieta, David, Creation of Man 3. Leonardo da Vinci Many splendid person of talents, focus on human side of Christ Mona Lisa, concept of Helicopter and Human anatomy and many more. Artist in Northern Renaissance: o Desiderius Erasmus Praise of Folly o Sir Thomas More Utopia o NiccoloMachiavelli the Prince Literature: o Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote
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o Rebelais o Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet etc. Movable Printing Press: o Johannes Guttenburg Architecture: o Filippo Brunelleschi Duomo In Florence Science: o Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentric Model of Universe o Paracelsus kinds of Humor (fluids) o William Harvey Human Circulatory System Reference: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Glencoe World History (National Geographic) History of the World: The Modern Era (Marvin Perry) SAT U.S and World History ( Princeton Review Book) AP European History ( Barrons) World History: A new perspective (Diaz)

Exploration is the act of searching or traveling around a terrain (including space, see space exploration) for the purpose of discovery of resources or information Causes of exploration: 1. Religion (God) 2. Economic (Gold) 3. Politics (Glory) The Different Explorer Prince Henry (13941460) Prince Henry "the Navigator" financially supported various voyages. He created a school for the advancement of navigation, laying the groundwork for Portugal to become a leader in the Age of Exploration.

Bartolomeu Dias (1450-1500) Bartolomeu Dias, the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope, also found that India was reachable by sailing around the coast of the continent. As a result, trade with Asia and India was made considerably easier because travellers would no longer have to travel through the Middle East. Thus, there was a rise in Atlantic trading countries and a decline in Middle East and Mediterranean countries. Vasco da Gama (14601524) Vasco da Gama was the first to successfully sail directly from Europe to India in 1498. This was an important step for Europe because it created a sea route from Europe that would allow trade with the Far East instead of using the Silk Road Caravan route. Pedro lvares Cabral (14671520) On April 21, 1500, Pedro lvares Cabral accidentally discovered Brazil while seeking a western route to the Indies. He first landed in modern-day Bahia. Ferdinand Magellan (14801521) Magellan was a Portuguese explorer sailing in a Spanish expedition, and was the first person to sail the Pacific Ocean and around South America. He attempted to circumnavigate the globe but died in the Philippines, although his crew successfully completed the voyage. One of his ships led by Juan Sebastian Elcano, who took over after Magellan died, made all the way around the globe! Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Columbus, an explorer thought to be of Genoa (Italy), who after many unsuccessful attempts at finding patronship, explored the possibility of a western passage to the East Indies for the Spanish crown. Due to
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miscalculations on the circumference of the world Columbus did not account for the possibility of another series of continents between Europe and Asia, Columbus discovered the Caribbean in 1492. He introduced Spanish trade with the Americas which allowed for an exchange of cultures, diseases and trade goods, known as The Grand Exchange, whose consequences, good and bad, are still being experienced today. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (1475-1519) Balboa was a Spanish conquistador who founded the colony of Darin in Panama. He was the first to see the Pacific Ocean from America, and he settled much of the island of Hispaniola. Juan Ponce de Len (1474-1521) Juan Ponce de Len was a Spanish conquistador hailing from Valladolid, Spain. He had served as the Governor of Puerto Rico when he started his own expedition in 1513, discovering Florida on March 27 of the same year and reaching its eastern coast on April 2. He called the land Florida (Spanish for flowery), either because of the vegetation he saw there, or it was Easter (Spanish: Pascua Florida) that time. De Leon then organized subsequent voyages to Florida; the last one occurring in 1521 when he died. The Reformation Christian Humanists Northern writers gave a Christian slant to Humanism Best known were Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Sir Thomas More of England Desiderius Erasmus Born in Holland, Erasmus received awards from both secular and spiritual people He believed in Christianity of the heart not rules and regulations He also thought to improve society you have to read the bible Sir Thomas More In 1516 More wrote Utopia, a book about the perfect place
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 In Utopia greed, corruption, war and crime had been eliminated He wrote it to show how society can be improved Causes of Reformation Reformation is a movement for religious reform Reformation occurs for many reasons Renaissance emphasis on secularism Corruption within the Church Rulers resent the popes power Merchants resented paying church taxes People longed for salvation Problems in the Catholic Church Popes spent lavishly on personal belongings Church leaders were too busy pursuing worldly affairs Lower clergy were poorly educated and broke priestly vows Early Calls for Reform John Wycliffe and Jan Hus denied the Popes right to worldly power Girolamo Savonarola preached against the worldly extravagances of the Medici Luther Challenges the Church Martin Luther became a monk in 1505 He taught scripture in Germany He was focused on being a good Christian, not a revolutionary Indulgences Johann Tetzel was raising money for rebuilding St Peters Cathedral He did this by selling indulgences This gave people the impression they could buy their way into heaven Martin Luther decided to take a public stand against it 95 Theses
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 Luther wrote 95 statements attacking Tetzel and others A religious argument took place that became public Luthers ideas centered on three main issues People could gain faith only through Gods forgiveness All Church teachings should be based on the Bible All people with faith were equal The Response to Luther Luthers ideas spread rapidly The Church began to criticize and censure Martin Luther In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther Emperors Opposition Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opposed Luthers Ideas He tried Luther and convicted him of heresy and made him an outlaw by the Edict of Worms However the local leader protected him Eventually people who followed Luthers teachings became known as Lutherans Peasants Revolt In 1524, German peasants demanded an end to serfdom (all are equal) Luther opposed the revolt led by Thomas Munzer but the peasants went ahead Soldiers put down the revolt violently Germany at War Other Princes supported Lutheranism They saw his teachings as a way to gain church property and power Their protestations against the Pope earned them the name Protestants This term eventually belonged to all non- Catholic churches Peace of Augsburg Charles V went to war against the protestant princes He was victorious but most would not submit to the Popes authority
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 He finally made the Peace of Augsburg German princes were able to choose the religion of their state The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response The Zwinglian Reformation In Switzerland Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zrich He began to push for changes in the way Christians worshipped He was unable to breach differences with the Lutherans His followers were defeated by Catholic followers and he was executed Calvin and His Teachings In 1536, Calvin published a work about his thoughts on religion He taught that people are sinful by nature He also said that salvation occurred through predestination The religion based on these writings is called Calvinism People were attracted to its strict ethics Calvin Runs Geneva Calvin believed in a Theocracy as the best form of government In 1541, Geneva asked Calvin to run their government Rules Attend religious class No bright colored clothing or card games Imprisonment, excommunication and banishment Heretics were to be burned Calvinism Spreads John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland Converts to Knoxs form were called Presbyterians In France Huguenots (French Calvinists) led to massacres between Catholics and Protestants England Becomes Protestant
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 Henry VIII was King of England He and his wife had only one daughter, Mary He wanted a son to carry on succession of the throne Henry Wants a New Wife By 1527, Henry was convinced Catherine could not have more children He wanted an annulment from the Pope The Pope would not grant him one because Catherine was the cousin of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. Reformation Parliament In 1529 Henry VIII called on Parliament to end the Popes authority in England 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn and Parliament gave him a divorce from Catherine 1534 Parliament made the King the head of the Church in England He had Sir Thomas More and others who opposed his actions eliminated Consequences of Henry VIIIs Changes Henry closed all monasteries and seized all church land Anne Boleyn gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth He divorced and killed Boleyn and re-married four more times His third wife gave birth to a male heir, Edward Successors to Henry VIII Each child of Henry eventually ruled Edward VI became king at age nine but died after only 6 years Mary ruled next but was killed after she tried to change England back to Catholicism Elizabeth I then became one of Englands greatest rulers Anabaptists Threatened by Protestants and Catholics Only baptized people when they were old enough Taught state and religion should be separate
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 Pacifists Forerunners of the Amish and Mennonites Influenced the Quakers and Baptists Catholic Reformation While Protestantism spread, Catholics began to reform the Church Ignatius of Loyola Noble who was injured in a war He began to focus on Christs life Laid out a daily meditation guide 1540 created The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Jesuits Focused on three things Schools and education Convert non-Christians Stop Protestantism from spreading more New Popes Two Popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church (Paul III and Paul IV) Paul III Investigated indulgence selling Approved the Jesuit Order Used the Inquisition against heretics Called the Council of Trent Council of Trent Bible interpretation was done by the Church Christians need faith AND good works to gain salvation Bible and Church Tradition were equal authorities Indulgences were valid expressions of faith but false selling of indulgences was banned
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Paul IV Carried out the Council of Trents decrees Decreed Mary was a virgin mother Banned books that were considered dangerous to the Catholic faith Legacy of the Reformation Protestant church began growing Religion no longer united Europe Popes power declined, Monarchs rose Nation-States began to grow Industrial Revolution The mechanization of agriculture and industry The use of power (electricity, steam, oil) in industry The development of the factory system A sensational development of transportation and communication An increase in big business control of the economy

The Industrial Revolution Began in Britain (Middle of the 18 th century) The abundance of natural resources like coal, iron, and water in Britain Britain had many skilled artisans, including those who had fled France, Germany, and other European countries during the eras of religious persecution and wars Britain had a stable government dominated by a merchant and capitalist class Being a colonial power, Britain had plenty of raw materials and markets for manufactured products Britain had the best banking system in Europe at the time, thus it was able to raise the necessary capital of finance new business ventures Britain had a large merchant fleet to ship goods all over the world and the best navy to protect its ships.

The Textile Industry Leads the Industrial Revolution Thomas Savery (1698) - Develop a steam engine to pump water out of mines. Abraham Darby (1709) - discover smelting iron with coke John Kay (1733) - An English watchmaker - Patents the flying shuttle which doubled the speed of weaving
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1742 First cotton factories in England James Hardgreaves (1764) - He is a Carpenter - Invented the spinning jenny - Named after his wife Jenny - Spinning jenny Spin 80 treads at one time Richard Arkwright (1768) - Poor barber - Invents the water frame - Added water frame to double the speed of the spinning jenny

1779 The first iron bridge is built Edmund Cartwright (1785) - An Anglican clergyman - Invented the power loom - Power loom which quickened the process of weaving Eli Witney (1793) - invented the Cotton gin for separating cotton seeds from cloth fibers - The term gin is a shortened word for engine

New sources of Power - The need for more power was first met by James Watt James Watt - A Scottish engineer who, in 1769, improved the steam engine that had been invented by Thomas Newcomen. - perfects the modern steam engine

1799 Steam engines power mills making paper flow and textiles Alessandro Volta (1800) - invents chemical battery to provide electric current

1811 Start of Luddite protest against new machinery George Stephenson (1814) - adapts the steam engine to power a railroad locomotive Humphry Davy (1815) - invent a safety lamp that want Michael Faraday (1831) - invented the electric dynamo used to run machinery - uses electric power to operate a machine
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New Metal for Industries - Iron was used to build machines Henry Bessemer (1856) - Invented the so called Bessemer process - Bessemer process for removing impurities from iron and making it hard. Richard Gatling (1862) - Invents the machine gun

Revolution in Transportation - One effect the Industrial Revolution was the improvement of transportation John L. McAdam (1756- 1836) - A Scottish engineer - Used a new method in building roads called macadamization. - A macadamized road is one which is reinforced by a layer of clay and gravel. Robert Fulton (1807) - steamboat Gottlieb Daimler - Constructs the first successful automobile with an internal combustion engine. Wilbur Wright - Makes a successful airplane flight

Revolution in Communications - Better means of communication developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution Samuel F.B. Morse (1837) - American Invented the first telegraph. Alexandra Graham Bell (1876) - A Scottish American - Invented the telephone Guglielmo Marconi - Invents the wireless telegraph.

Machines Change Mans Way of life Economic Results of the Industrial Revolution Among its good economic results were the following: expansion of industries, increase of commerce and trade, growth of population, rise of cities, greater comforts and higher standard of living, division of labor and increase of wealth Reference: World History by Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide
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