Wireless Automation

Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges
2008-2009
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
We have come across various types of issues of library management system, when it comes to a bigger scale of operation. In the existing system, the library is provided with a software application, where the entry of each issued and returned book is recorded manually. The system is absolutely not effective because of couple of reasons. Firstly, it requires constant updating of the database, which is a very troublesome issue. Secondly, it requires to be operated by a skillful human resource, which is again a costly expenditure. Thirdly, there is not secure check for the issuer of the book as well as details about the returning of the book. The whole process is so manual and ineffective that it cost the business for such silly reasons.
1.2 Motivation
Adapting wireless technology has become a latest trend in any IT as well as Non IT industry, but important criteria to think about it is which is the most suitable and cost effective technology to be molded for our purpose. The second chapter will highlight the benefits of RF equipments and reality is that RF equipments and technology is still in its infancy stage, which means the project work that have been undertaken has got a great scope for the future development in more advance field. Deploying RF in the most troubleshooting library management system was basically one of the most challenging situation and circumstance which provoke and future engineer to carry out the research work in such area. This is basically the motivation to carry out the research and development in this area.
Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur
2008-2009
1.3 Preface
Towards the end of every semester, before the semester examinations, the students are required to visit their respective libraries, laboratories and departments and get no-dues slip. The no-dues form is issued by the administration block. The student then manually visits each department and verifies if he has any dues. If dues are pending as in an unreturned library book or breakage in laboratory- the student pays the dues and the concerned person signs and stamps the no-dues slip. The same process is then carried out in all the areas. This system occurs about a week before the examination. As a result there is a huge rush and also a lot of time has to be spent in the process which could be utilized by the students in preparing for the examinations. Furthermore, since the procedure involves stamping / signing in particular cells in the form- it leaves a lot of room for error. Also, this system doesnt have any feedback facility for the students so that they may be informed about the pending dues or any other errors. In this project we will try to implement a system that can automate the whole process of no-dues collection and make it easier and comfortable for both students and administration.
1.4 Objective of the project work

In this project we shall try to incorporate the following features: 1. A smart card based ID card: We propose the use of a smart card based ID card for every student. The card will have a memory of 1Kb to 4 Kb. The card should be rewritable so that through out the 4 years, the same card could be used. The same card could be used for the library, laboratory and for attendance. 2. Embedded controller with transmission system in library: The library database will be regularly updated as the student takes or returns books to the library. When no dues are to be calculated, the PC transfers to the embedded controller the details that have to be sent to the admin block.
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Embedded controller with reception system in Administration building: the data that is sent by the various blocks is received by this embedded system. This data is then transferred to the PC via serial port.
4. PC software with database: The PC will be windows based with Visual basic 6.0 software serving as the front-end. This will be very informative and user-friendly so that it can be used without much technical knowledge. The database will be designed in MS Access. In the database the student details, real time dues and contact numbers will be stored. 5. SMS sender Using GSM: Regularly the details of the students dues will be messaged automatically to the students prior to the examinations. This system also ensures that the students get real-time updates, when their payments are entered in the main system.
1.5 Features
The project module divided into two models e.g. one is library block and another is administrative block. The assumption is made for the viability of the project that each book available in the rack of library is embedded with a hidden RF tags permanently. The Customer who needs to take the book has to manually swap the book (with hidden RF Tag) to the RF-Reader which is in the administrative block. This operation will instantly update the library block about the information of the issuer, its payment issues, its returning and issuing information etc. Not only this, the information captured by the Library block can also be transferred to the administrative block with the help of the wireless standards. The cumulative block is equipped with both encoder and decoder to help in proper secure wireless transmission powered by Atmel AT89s52 microcontroller. Another important and noteworthy feature of this particular project work is that it can also be interfaced with the phone modem, and with the help of the user interface developed in Visual Basic, once can
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manually send a short notification to another individual. So, the system assures complete information transaction.
1.6 Scope of the project work

1. It will be an intra college system with no internet connectivity so no worries of viruses. 2. As the data will be transmitted wirelessly using a customized embedded platform, it will be difficult to hack and decode. 3. No expensive infrastructure will be required like lying of long cables across the departments. 4. Maintenance cost will be relatively lower.
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Chapter 2 System Overview

2.1 Microcontroller Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industrystandard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Powerdown mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
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Features
1. 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 2. 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range 3. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 4. Three-level Program Memory Lock 5. 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 6. 32 Programmable I/O Lines 7. Three 16-bit Timer/Counters 8. Eight Interrupt Sources 9. Full Duplex UART Serial Channel 10. Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes 11. Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode 12. Watchdog Timer 13. Dual Data Pointer 14. Power-off Flag 15. Fast Programming Time 16. Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
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2.2 IC MAX 232 Description

The MAX220MAX249 family of line drivers/receivers is intended for all EIA/TIA232E and V.28/V.24 communications interfaces, particularly applications where 12V is not available. These parts are especially useful in battery-powered systems, since their lowpower shutdown mode reduces power dissipation to less than 5W. The MAX225, MAX233, MAX235, and MAX245/MAX246/MAX247 use no external components and are recommended for applications where printed circuit board space is critical.
Fig 2.1: MAX232 pin Diagram
Application
1. Portable Computers 2. Low-Power Modems 3. Interface Translation 4. Battery-Powered RS-232 Systems 5. Multidrop RS-232 Networks
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2.3 ULN2003 Description

The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500mA. The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices. FEATURES 1. 500mA rated collector current(Single output) 2. High-voltage outputs: 50V 3. Inputs compatible with various types of logic 4. Relay driver application
2.4 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

This specially designed Power Supply generates two regulated voltages: +12 Volts & +5Volts. These voltages are needed by the system to function like it is intended. The power supply, unsung hero of every electronic circuit, plays very important role in smooth running of the connected circuit. The main object of this power supply is, as the name itself implies, to deliver the required amount of stabilized and pure power to the circuit. Every typical power supply contains the following sections: 1. Step-down Transformer: The conventional supply, which is generally available to the user, is 230V AC. It is necessary to step down the mains supply to the desired level. This is achieved by using suitably rated step-down transformer.
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While designing the power supply, it is necessary to go for little higher rating transformer than the required one. 2. Rectifier stage: Then the step-downed Alternating Current is converted into Direct Current. This rectification is achieved by using passive components such as diodes. If the power supply is designed for low voltage/current drawing loads/circuits (say +12V), it is sufficient to employ full-wave rectifier with centre-tap transformer as a power source. While choosing the diodes the PIV rating is taken into consideration. 3. Filter stage: But this rectified output contains some percentage of superimposed a.c. ripples. So to filter these a.c. components filter stage is built around the rectifier stage. The cheap, reliable, simple and effective filtering for low current drawing loads (say upto 50 mA) is done by using shunt capacitors. This electrolytic capacitor has polarities, take care while connecting the circuit. 4. Voltage Regulation: The filtered D.C. output is not stable. It varies in accordance with the fluctuations in mains supply or varying load current. This variation of load current is observed due to voltage drop in transformer windings, rectifier and filter circuit. These variations in D.C. output voltage may cause inaccurate or erratic operation or even malfunctioning of many electronic circuits. For example, the circuit boards which are implanted by CMOS or TTL ICs. The stabilization of D.C. output is achieved by using the three terminal voltage regulators IC. This regulator IC comes in two flavors: 78xx for positive voltage output and 79xx for negative voltage output. For example 7805 gives +5V output. These regulator ICs have in-built short-circuit protection and auto-thermal cutout provisions. If the load current is very high the IC needs heat sink to dissipate the internally generated power.
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Power Supply Unit
Fig 2.2: Power Supply Unit
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2.5 Voltage Regulator LM7805 Description

The LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation.
LM 7805
Fig 2.3: LM 7805 Voltage Regulator
Features
1. Complete specifications at 1A load. 2. Output voltage tolerances of 2% at Tj = 25C and 4% over the temperature range (LM340A). 3. Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of VIN at 1A load (LM340A). 4. Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A). 5. Internal thermal overload protection. 6. Internal short-circuit current limit. 7. Output transistor safe area protection.
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2.6 Electrolytic Capacitors Features:

1. Very low ESR 2. High permissible ripple current 3. Wide operating temperature range 4. Long life and high reliability 5. Suited for switching power supplies 6. Satisfies characteristic W of JIS-C-5141 standard
2.7 Crystal Oscillator Features:

1. High Performance miniature crystal units with ultra-precise processing technology 2. Available in Tape and reel form 3. Suitable for various applications such as communication, AV, automotive and
measurement devices.
2.8 Rectifiers Features:

1. UL Recognized file # E-96005 2. Surge Overload ratings to 30 amperes peak. 3. Ideal for printed circuit boards. 4. Reliable low cost construction technique results in inexpensive product.
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2.9 About Visual Basic VISUAL PROGRAMMING

Visual programming aims at providing the user with interface that is intuitive and easy-to-use. In developing such an interface, the programmer employs user-friendly features such as windows, menus, buttons and list boxes. A visual programming environment provides all features that are required to develop a graphical user interface as ready-to-use components. The programmer does not have a write code to create and display commonly required user-friendly features each time around. When the programmer needs a specific user interface such as a button, he selects the appropriate ready-to-use component provided by the virtual programming environment. These components can be moved, resized and renamed as required. Typically, the mouse is used to select and place the necessary component. Thus, a visual programming environment is also called a point and click environment. A visual programming environment automates the process of creating a user interface. The interface provides by the visual programming environment to the programmer is called as visual interface. Using the visual interface, the programmer designs the user interface visually instead of writing code. In addition, the visual programming environment also provides a means of associating code with each component .in the case of the calculator, for each button we can specify that the code is to be executed when we click on it.
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2.10 General User Interface (GUI) of Visual Basic 6.0
Fig 2.4: Visual Basic 6.0 Software Interface
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2.11 What is a Database?

A database is a collection of information. This information is stored in a very structured manner. By exploiting this known structure, we can access and modify the information quickly and correctly. In this information age, databases are everywhere: 1. When you go to the library and look up a book on their computer, you are accessing the librarys book database. 2. When you go on-line and purchase some product, you are accessing the web merchants product database. 3. Your friendly bank keeps all your financial records on their database. When you receive your monthly statement, the bank generates a database report. 4. When you call to make a doctor appointment, the receptionist looks into their database for available times. 5. When you go to your car dealer for repairs, the technician calls up your past work record on the garage database. 6. At the grocery store, when the checker scans each product, the price is found in the stores database, where inventory control is also performed. 7. When you are watching a baseball game on television and the announcer tells you that the batter is hitting .328 against left-handed pitchers whose mother was born in Kentucky on a Tuesday morning, that useless information is pulled from the teams database. You can surely think of many more places that databases enter your life. The idea is that they are everywhere. And, each database requires some way for a user to interact with
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the information within. Such interaction is performed by a database management system (DBMS).
The tasks of a DBMS are really quite simple. In concept, there are only a few things you can do with a database: 1. View the data 2. Find some data of interest 3. Modify the data 4. Add some data 5. Delete some data There are many commercial database management systems that perform these tasks. Programs like Access (a Microsoft product) and Oracle are used world-wide. In this course, we look at using Visual Basic as a DBMS. Examples where you might use Visual Basic as a DBMS: 1. Implementing a new application that requires management of a database 2. Connecting to an existing database 3. Interacting with a database via the internet In a DBMS, the database may be available locally on your (or the users) computer, available on a LAN (local area network) shared by multiple users, or only available on a web server via the Internet. In this course, we spend most of our time looking at local databases, but access with remote databases is addressed. We will look at databases in more depth in the next chapter. You will see that databases have their own vocabulary. Now, lets take a look at how Visual Basic fits into the database management system.
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2.12 Application of Visual Basic

For database management, we say our Visual Basic application acts as a front-end to the database. This means the Visual Basic application provides the interface between the user and the database. This interface allows the user to tell the database what he or she needs and allows the database to respond to the request displaying the requested information in some manner. A Visual Basic application cannot directly interact with a database. There are two Intermediate components between the application and the database: the data control and the database engine:
Fig 2.5: Layers of Visual Basic
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The data control is a Visual Basic object that connects the application to the database via the database engine. It is the conduit between the application and the engine, passing information back and forth between the two. The database engine is the heart of a Visual Basic database management system. It is the actual software that does the management. Having this engine saves programmers a lot of work. The database engine native to Visual Basic is known as the Jet engine. It is the same engine used by Microsoft Access for database management. Hence, it is primarily used to work with Access databases, but it can also work with others.
2.13 Building a Visual Basic Application

In the remainder of this chapter, we will provide an overview of a Visual Basic application and how the Visual Basic development environment is used to develop an application. This should provide you with some idea of what knowledge you need to possess to proceed in this course and introduce the terminology used by the author to describe a Visual Basic application.
2.14 Structure of a Visual Basic Application
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Fig 2.6: Structure of a Visual Basic Application
Application (Project - saved as a file with a .VBP extension) is made up of:

1. Forms - Windows that you create for user interface (saved as a file with a.FRM extension). 2. Controls - Graphical features drawn on forms to allow user interaction (textboxes, labels, scroll bars, command buttons, etc.) (Forms and Controls are also called objects.) 3. Properties - Every characteristic of a form or control is specified by a property. Example properties include names, captions, size, color, position, and contents. Visual Basic applies default properties. You can change properties at design time or run time. 4. Methods - Built-in procedure that can be invoked to impart some action to a particular object. 5. Event Procedures - Code related to some object. This is the code that is executed when a certain event occurs. 6. General Procedures - Code not related to objects. This code must be invoked by the application. 7. Modules - Collection of general procedures, variable declarations, and constant definitions used by application (saved as a file with a .BAS extension).
Steps in Developing Application

There are three primary steps involved in building a Visual Basic application: 1. Draw the user interface 2. Assign properties to controls 3. Write code for event procedures. Develop any needed general procedures.
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2.15 Drawing the User Interface and Setting Properties

Visual Basic operates in three modes. 1. Design mode - used to build application 2. Run mode - used to run the application 3. Break mode - application halted and debugger is available We focus here on the design mode. Six windows should appear when you start Visual Basic. If any of these windows do not appear, they may be accessed using the main window menu View item. The Main Window consists of the title bar, menu bar, and toolbar. The title bar indicates the project name, the current Visual Basic operating mode, and the current form. The menu bar has drop-down menus from which you control the operation of the Visual Basic environment. The toolbar has buttons that provide shortcuts to some of the menu options (ToolTips indicate their function). The main window also shows the location of the current form relative to the upper left corner of the screen (measured in twips) and the width and length of the current form.
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Fig 2.7: Menu Bar of Visual Basic 6.0 The Form Window is central to developing Visual Basic applications. It is where you draw your application.
Fig 2.8: Form Window
The Toolbox is the selection menu for controls (objects) used in your application.
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Fig 2.9: Toolbox The Properties Window is used to establish initial property values for objects. The drop down box at the top of the window lists all objects in the current form. Two views are available: Alphabetic and Categorized. Under this box are the available properties for the currently selected object.
Fig 2.10: Property Window
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The Form Layout Window shows where (upon program execution) your form will be displayed relative to your monitors screen:
Fig 2.11: Form Layout Window The Project Explorer Window displays a list of all forms and modules making up your application. You can also obtain a view of the Form or Code windows (window containing the actual basic coding) from the Project Explorer window.
Fig 2.12: Project Explorer Window As mentioned, the user interface is drawn in the form window. There are two ways to place controls on a form: 1. Double-click the tool in the toolbox and it is created with a default size on the form. You can then move it or resize it.
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2. Click the tool in the toolbox, and then move the mouse pointer to the form window. The cursor changes to a crosshair. Place the crosshair at the upper left corner of where you want the control to be, press the left mouse button and hold it down while dragging the cursor toward the lower right corner. When you release the mouse button, the control is drawn. This approach must be used to place controls in a frame or picture box control.
Chapter 3 Design and Implementation 3.1 Introduction

The project work is a very delicate one to design in the board as lots of fragile devices needs to be soldered and fixed to make it operational. But initial presumption is made totally on the modeling aspect of the project in terms of the components to be used in our research work. The paragraph below will give an idea about the various components deployed in our project work.
3.2 Components Deployed

The various components deployed for the development of the models are: PCB board with IC base, various types of connectors and capacitors according to the need, voltage regulator, Resistor network, crystal, rectifier, Microcontroller, Transmitter module of 433Mhz
List of components Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 24
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Serial No. 1.
Unit Mother Board
Components PCB IC base IC base Connector Connector Connector Connector Capacitor Capacitor Capacitor Capacitor Voltage Regulator Resistor Resistor Resistor network Variable Resistor Rectifier Crystal LED Microcontroller IC
Details Mother board with MAX 16 pin IC base 40 pin IC base 2 pin RMC (M/F) 8 pin RMC (M/F) 15 pin RMC (M/F) DB-9 PCB Mountable 10uF/63V 1000uF/35V Disc 33pF Tandalum (0.1uF/63V) 7805(5v) 1K ohm 8.2K ohm 10K ohm(A472J) 10K ohm Box type Bridge rectifier 11.0592MHz Green, Red IC 89C51 ICMAX 232 25
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Serial No. 2.
Unit Transceiver Board
Components PCB IC Base IC base Connector Connector Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor LED LED Switch Transmitter Module Reciever Module IC IC IC Antenna
Details Genaral Purpose (4x3) 16 pin 18 pin 5 pin RMC (M/F) 8 Pin RMC (M/F) 100 ohm 1K ohm 10k 22k 50k 1M Green Red Microswitch big 433Mhz 433Mhz HT-12E HT-12D ULN2003 Wire 15 cm
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges Serial No. 3. Unit General Component Components SMP Buzzer Rod Wood Nut and Bolts Iron wire Details
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235V power suply, 50/60 Hz Big 3 inch (30X24) inch Big 10m
3.3 Block diagram
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Fig 3.1: Block Diagram
Working Steps
Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 28
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1. 5 days before the exam, the library, laboratory etc sends the due details of every candidate to the administration block PC. This is done wirelessly. The data sent will be in the form i. Serial number- dues detail transaction ID 2. The transaction ID is essential to make sure that the same dues are not being sent to the admin PC more that once by mistake. 3. 4 days before the examination, the administration PC shoots SMS to the entire batch stating their pending dues. This is done automatically. 4. 3 days before the exam, the students may pay the dues in the respective departments. For example- if the student has dues of Rs 200 at the library, she pays the dues at the library. The library PC gets updated. And at the same time it sends the updated transaction details to the admin PC wirelessly. Once the transaction is updated at the admin PC a confirmation message will be immediately sent to the student. 5. 2 days before the exam, message will be sent to the students with pending dues.
6. 1 day before the exam, final message to the students stating that they can collect the dues if they have cleared the dues. If dues are still pending, message will be sent to the student informing her about the remaining dues.
3.4 Circuit Diagram
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Transmitter
Receiver
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3.5 Design of the System
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The design of the model is done by three phase, first construction of Library Block, Secondly construction of Administrative block, and thirdly the VB code and Firmware code. The library block is developed with the assistance of MAX232, AT89s52, ULN2003, and IC encoder and decoder for transmission purpose. The library block is equipped with RF reader, where basically the swapping of the RF Tags (which is embedded inside the books as well as students RF-ID). The administrative block is also develop for the higher hierarchy. The update is done automatically done by the User Interface as well as with the touch operation.
3.6 Issues Faced with development

The project is basically for advanced embedded system where the total concentration was on design and implementation of the microcontroller. Remaining components to be deployed are readily available for the development purpose. One of the major issues occurred during the development of this project work is the set up and installation of the microcontroller. As one of the important issue encounter was the programming and real time communication of the microcontroller. Another important issue found during the development process was dissipation of heat. The transformer deployed in this project work does not have the potential to bear the heat for more than 45-57 Minutes. Or else it is subjected to overheat and sometime may result to damage of the transformer.
3.7 Methods Used to resolve the issues faced

The project planning stage has brought a light to the solution which was encountered for the development issues. The microcontroller AT85s52 is decided to be used and it is assumed to be in usage with 40 minutes of operation to avoid overheating as we are not concentrating into any issues based on heat dissipation in terms of sink.
3.8 Photographs and explanations
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Figure 3.4: Complete Admin Block The above figure 3.4 signifies the administrative block, which is completed mounted on the wooden block consisting of step down Transformer, Complete motherboard, and RF receiver with decoder.
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Figure 3.5: Motherboard The above Figure 3.5 represents the motherboard which consist of AT89s52 microcontroller, MAX232, regulators, LED (indicator for power supply).
Figure 3.6: Step down Transformer.
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Figure 3.7: RF Receiver Section This consists of PCB board with ULN 2003 and LED mounted on it. IT also consist of HT-12D, it also has ASK modulation for reception.
Figure 3.8: Complete Library Block The above figure 3.8 represents the Complete Library Block, which consist of motherboard, RFID Reader, RF transmitter section, and transformer.
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Figure 3.9: Transmitter section
Figure 3.10: RFID Reader
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Figure 3.11: RFID Tags The above figure 3.11 represents the RFID Tags which is considered to be embedded in the library books as well as it is also assumed to be Identification Card for the students too. In our Project work, we have taken 5 RF Tags, where 2 RF Tags is assumed as Students ID Card and 3 RF Tags is consider as RF-Tags to be embedded inside the library books. All these tags need to be swapped in library block for the processing of our Smart RF library management system
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges Snapshots of the GUI of project
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Fig 3.12: Login Window
Fig 3.13: Section Selection Window
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges Library part
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Fig 3.14: Library Section Interface
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges After swapping students ID RFID Tag
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Fig 3.15: Library Section Interface after swapping students RF ID Tag
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges After swapping Books ID RFID Tag
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Fig 3.16: Library Section Interface after swapping Books RFID Tag
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Fig 3.17: Issuing of Book
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges Changing the user date
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Fig 3.18: Changing of User Date
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges After swapping the Book ID for returning purpose
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After clicking in Return Book Button
After clicking on Get Total Due Button
Fig 3.19: Returning of Book and Updating Dues to Admin Block
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges Admin Section
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Fig 3.20: Admin Block Interface
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Fig 3.21: Reception of Dues Information
Fig 3.22: Feedback Option to Student
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3.9 SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
DEFINITION
Statements of services the system should provide how the system should react to particular inputs and how the systems should behave in particular situations.
INITIALISATION
The initialization of the project work is carried out in the consecutive manner. First, the model of the surveillance is connected to the PC terminal and powered is turned on. We need to make sure that there is no physical disturbance like too much gathering in a room or ceiling fan is turned on to high speed, or a music is played in high volume, as any of this will turn on the motion sensor which might give the faulty parameter. This is one of the precautionary measures to be followed for the project to be initialized. The project is controlled with the GUI interface designed in Visual Basic 6.0, which make the user quite easy and comfortable to work on. The project could also be run with the help of MS HyperTerminal in case the project is in windows XP or in Mincom in case of Linux OS.
USER INTERFACE
The user interface should be designed in a very user-friendly way with a lot of specific instructions and must fulfill the ergonomic requirements. The purpose is achieved with the helped of Visual Basic 6.0
IDENTIFICATION
The electronic border security system should be capable of identifying the obstacle in its field, when it is programmed by the user to dispatch the load to its destination. Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 47
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RESPONSE
The system should respond during each operation for example when a particular operation like detects the obstacle with buzzer.
3.10 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION

Constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc.
RELIABILITY
Software failure rate shall be only once for 30 years.
PERFORMANCE
Software shall take 5 seconds to process from one state to another.
ROBUSTNESS
Software shall take only 5 minutes to restart after abnormal termination.
MAINTAINABILITY
Only maintainers are allowed to connect the electronic assistive robot to the computer peripheral.
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3.11 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The hardware components that are used in the electronic Assistive robot are as follows: 1. Power Supply (12V) 2. Capacitor 3. Voltage Regulator 4. PCB-General Board. 5. LED-Green, Red 6. Display from a computer with GUI interface 7. Buzzer (alarm), LED indicator. 8. Panel to hold the components. 9. Microcontroller 10. RS232 cable.
3.12 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The Fire Alarm system network should provide software interfaces to softwares different network softwares. 1. Operating System: Windows-2000/NT/XP with SP2 2. Programming Language-Visual Basic, Embedded C 3. IDE: Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0, Keil IDE
3.13 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION Description

The softwares used in this project are: 1. Embedded C 2. Express PCB 3. Keil Compiler 4. Express Schematic
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The program for this project is written in Keil C language (KeilCx51 compiler). The C programming language is a general-purpose programming language that provides code efficiency and a rich set of operators. Its generality combined with its absence of restrictions, makes C a convenient and effective programming solution for a wide variety of software tasks. Many applications can be solved more easily and efficiently with C than with other more specialized languages. The Cx51 Optimizing C Compiler is a complete implementation of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for C language. Cx51 is not a universal C compiler adapted for the 8051 target. It is a ground-up implementation dedicated to generating extremely fast and compact code for the 8051 microcontroller. Cx51 provides the flexibility of programming in C and speed of assembly language. To facilitate many features of 8051, the Cx51 compiler adds a number of new keywords to the scope of the C language:
_at_ Alien Bdata Bit Code Compact Data
far idata interuppt large pdata _priority_ reentrant
sbit sfr sfr16 small _task_ using xdata
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3.14 Source code of the project

ADMIN SECTION #INCLUDE <REG51.H> SBIT SBIT SBIT SBIT SBIT SBIT SBIT SBIT REC=P1^0; LED1=P2^0; LED2=P2^1; LED3=P2^2; LED4=P2^3; LED5=P2^4; LED6=P2^5; LEDEN=P2^6;
UNSIGNED CHAR X,Y,DKEY1, DATA1,D1,D2,D3,COUNT; VOID SERTX (UNSIGNED CHAR P); VOID MSDELAY(UNSIGNED INT); VOID DECODER(); //******************************************************** VOID MAIN (VOID) { TMOD=0X20; //2C00 ONE SEC, Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 51
Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges TH1=0XFD; TL1=0XFD; SCON=0X50; TR1=1; P2=0X00; P0=0XFF; P1=0XFF; //TR0=1; COUNT=0;
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//============================================================ SERTX('S'); SERTX('T'); SERTX('A'); SERTX('R'); SERTX('T'); //IE0=1; IT0=1; //EDGE TRIGGERING IE=0X81; //============================================================= WHILE(1) { IF (REC==0) DECODER(); }} //============================================================== ======= VOID DECODER() { DATA1=P0; IF(COUNT==0) { D1=DATA1&0X0F; COUNT++; } ELSE { D2=DATA1&0X0F; D2=D2<<4; D3=D2|D1; COUNT=0; Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 52
Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges SERTX(D3); } } //************************************************************ VOID MSDELAY(UNSIGNED INT VALUE) { UNSIGNED INT I,J; FOR(I=0; I<=VALUE;I++) FOR(J=0; J<=1275;J++); } //*************************************** VOID SERTX (UNSIGNED CHAR P) { SBUF=P; WHILE(TI==0); TI=0; } //************************************* VOID EXTERNAL0() INTERRUPT 0 { DECODER(); } //**************************** LIBRARY SECTION #INCLUDE <REG51.H> SBIT KEY1=P0^0; SBIT KEY2=P0^1; SBIT TE14=P0^2;
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UNSIGNED CHAR Y,PCDATA,SER1,COUNT,RFID[]="1234567890123456"; UNSIGNED INT X; VOID SERTX (UNSIGNED CHAR ); VOID MSDELAY(UNSIGNED INT); VOID SERCOM(); Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 53
Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges //VOID TRANSMIT(UNSIGNED CHAR ); VOID TRANSMIT(UNSIGNED CHAR ); VOID RFCAR(); VOID ENCODER(UNSIGNED CHAR); //******************************************************** VOID MAIN (VOID) { KEY1=1; KEY2=1; TMOD=0X20; TH1=0XFD; TL1=0XFD; SCON=0X50; TR1=1; P2=0X00; COUNT=0; SERTX('S'); SERTX('T'); SERTX('A'); SERTX('R'); SERTX('T');
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WHILE(1) { IF(RI==1) { SER1=SBUF; RI=0; IF (SER1=='A')BREAK; }} SERTX('A'); IE=0X90; //============================================================ WHILE(1) { IF (KEY1==0) SERCOM(); // IF (KEY2==0) RFCAR(); IF(COUNT>=12) {COUNT=0; RFCAR(); Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 54
Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges SERTX('F'); SERTX('F'); SERTX('F'); SERTX('F'); IE=0X90; } } } //******************************* VOID SERTX (UNSIGNED CHAR P) { SBUF=P; WHILE(TI==0); TI=0; } //******************************* VOID MSDELAY(UNSIGNED INT VALUE) { UNSIGNED INT I,J; FOR(I=0; I<=VALUE;I++) FOR(J=0; J<=1275;J++); } //************************ VOID SERCOM() { UNSIGNED CHAR X; IE=0X00; FOR(X=0;X<12;X++) { SERTX (RFID[X]); } COUNT=0; IE=0X90; MSDELAY(100); } //********************************** VOID SERIAL0() INTERRUPT 4 { IF(COUNT==12){ COUNT=0;} IF(TI==1) Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges { TI=0; } ELSE { //P2=COUNT; TODAY //RI=0; RFID[COUNT]=SBUF; COUNT++; RI=0; } } //***************** VOID RFCAR() { UNSIGNED CHAR X; IE=0X00; FOR(X=0;X<12;X++) { TRANSMIT(RFID[X]); } } //****************************************** VOID TRANSMIT(UNSIGNED CHAR Y ) { UNSIGNED CHAR VALUE1,D1,D2; VALUE1=Y; D1=VALUE1&0X0F; D2=VALUE1>>4; ENCODER(D1); ENCODER(D2); } //***************************** VOID ENCODER(UNSIGNED CHAR K ) { P2=K; MSDELAY(10); TE14=0; Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur
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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges MSDELAY(20); //GOOD DELAY TE14=1; }
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Chapter 4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Conclusion
RFID makes it possible to record, track and control a flow of goods without contact and via radio. This ground-breaking technology has already been successfully implemented in many industries, especially in global product logistics and has also proven its value as an efficient helper in data and document management. Libraries, for instance, benefit from the technology and have equipped media such as books, films, CDs as well as reader IDs, transport boxes or shelves with tags, the chips which store the information. Direct visual contact with the individual tagged units is not necessary for the transmission of the saved data. In a time-saving process, several media may be recorded at a time, as is the case when returning or checking out books. In addition to selfchecking by library visitors, stack circulation and anti-theft systems have prevailed as core applications. With additional UHF label and the ability of the LAN reader to process two system frequencies, existing RFID libraries are able to utilize the additional
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functions. The result of the cooperation: a high-capacity library management and costefficient self-checks for libraries with only one technology.
Future Enhancement
Establishing principles that will guide the Information Management and Knowledge Management strategies are crucial. These provide the checklist against which decisions can be made about future policies, practices and systems. Embedding these principles within the organization is critical if there is to be a clear understanding about the value of information and the value of sharing knowledge across the organization. Including Information Management and Knowledge Management Principles in induction for new staff (so that they are made aware of the principles and the implications for these in their work), performance development and review (requiring objectives and targets that demonstrate alignment with the Information Management and Knowledge Management strategies and principles; codifying at least one or two pieces of knowledge that may not be known by other employees), and in job descriptions (explicitly setting out expectations regarding Information Management and Knowledge Management) are ways of achieving this. Decision Support Systems Knowledge Management and Information Management Strategies will result in the convergence of a number of data sources, as stated before. There will be more Dept. Of Telecommunication, S.I.T Tumkur 58
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Executive (or Management) Information Systems and these will form a strategic part of an organizations formal decision-making. Simple, graphical dashboards that indicate the 'health' of an organization, based on pre-defined key performance indicators, will be available on managers' desktops. Content Management There will be an increasing prevalence of different content management systems within organizations. The library online catalogue and library-related digital repositories of research publications, licensed image collections, digital copies of past examination papers, digital reading list resources and the like will be increasingly complemented by web content management systems. Federated Searching Institutional data in content management systems (whether statistical,
correspondence, records of student enrolments, web pages, research publications and inhouse reports) will be searched by federated search engines that can retrieve information from metadata and full-text.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alan Mainwaring, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, and David Culler, \Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring," ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications, 2002. 2. Michael J. Caruso and Lucky S. Withanawasam, \Vehicle detection and compass applications using AMR magnetic sensors, AMR sensor documentation," http://www.magneticsensors.com/datasheets/amr.pdf. 3. C. S. Raghavendra C. Meesookho, S. Narayanan, \Collaborative classication applications in sensor networks," Second IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop, Aug. 2002 4. Ashwin D'Costa and Akbar Sayeed, \Collaborative signal processing for distributed classification in sensor networks," The 2nd International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN '03), pp. 193{208, Apr. 2003.
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APPENDIX
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1.4 Objective of the project work

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges 3.

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1.6 Scope of the project work

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

Chapter 2 System Overview

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.2 IC MAX 232 Description

Fig 2.1: MAX232 pin Diagram

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.3 ULN2003 Description

2.4 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

Power Supply Unit

Fig 2.2: Power Supply Unit

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.5 Voltage Regulator LM7805 Description

Fig 2.3: LM 7805 Voltage Regulator

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.6 Electrolytic Capacitors Features:

2.7 Crystal Oscillator Features:

2.8 Rectifiers Features:

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.9 About Visual Basic VISUAL PROGRAMMING

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.10 General User Interface (GUI) of Visual Basic 6.0

Fig 2.4: Visual Basic 6.0 Software Interface

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.11 What is a Database?

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.12 Application of Visual Basic

Fig 2.5: Layers of Visual Basic

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

2.13 Building a Visual Basic Application

2.14 Structure of a Visual Basic Application

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges

Fig 2.6: Structure of a Visual Basic Application

Application (Project - saved as a file with a .VBP extension) is made up of:

Steps in Developing Application

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Wireless automaton Of Existing Non-dues in Engineering Colleges