TRANSMISSION LINE LINE ROUTE SELECTION TOWER SPOTTING CONCEPTS

KITTI PETCHSANTHAD EGAT, THAILAND

HOW TO OBTAIN A TRANSMISSION LINE ?

Execution shall be made in 3 stages 1. Line Route Survey 2. Transmission Line Design 3. Construction of Transmission Line

STAGES OF LINE ROUTE SURVEY

1. Reconnaissance Survey 2. Survey for Design 3. Survey for Construction

PRINCIPLES FOR TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE SELECTION Selecting for transmission line route, in principle, should be straight with the shortest distance for engineering and economic benefits and it must be considered to the other effects such as : forests, environment and the land uses that the transmission line is passing through. Generally, selecting (and /or locating) of the transmission line route shall have the various principles considered, namely

1. PRINCIPLES FOR TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING 2. PRINCIPLES REGARDING THE TYPES OF FOREST 3. OTHER PRINCIPLES

PRACTICES FOR TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE SELECTION 1. Should use the topographic map scale 1 : 50,000 of Royal Thai Survey Department as base map with the up to date and appropriate scale of the aerial photograph or the satellite imagery to determine the preliminary possible transmission line routes by the consideration of the appropriation on the principles of the types of forests and the other principles as well. 2. Perform the reconnaissance survey to find out the additional information of land around the selected transmission line route area.

PRACTICES FOR TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE SELECTION (CONTINUED) 3. Coordinate with the other government agency concerned in the areas. 4. Plot the most appropriate transmission line route from the informationas added in items 2 and 3 on the map scale 1 : 50,000 or the aerial photograph, with the representatives from System Planning Division, Transmission System Engineering Division, Environmental Division, Transmission System Survey and Land Division and Transmission System Construction Division for further survey in details of Plan & Profile in the site.

Note : These principles have been determined by the six (6) representatives from the relevant divisions consisting of : Transmission System Survey and Land Division, Transmission System Construction Division, System Planning Division, Environment Division, Transmission System Engineering Division; and have been approved by the Committee for Considering the Transmission Line Route in the meeting No.3/2541 on 17 September B.E.2541

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN

STRUCTURAL DESIGN TOWER SPOTTING DESIGN

ELECTRICAL DESIGN

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

TOWER SPOTTING DESIGN

Tower Spotting is mean to Select Tower Types, Tower Heights and Tower Locations of Transmission Line on Plan & Profile Drawing so that :

By Manual (Trial & Error) By Dynamic Programming (Program TLCADD)

TOWER SPOTTING DESIGN

Select Tower Types, Tower Heights and Tower Locations on Plan & Profile Drawing so that :

1. Structures are not Overloaded 2. All Geometrical Clearances are met 3. Design is Economical

1. STRUCTURE ARE NOT OVERLOADED Method 1 : Basic Allowable Span

For Range of Line Angle : Wind Span Allowable Bare Cold Weight Span Allowable (Down) Bare Cold Weight Span Allowable (Uplift) Ice Weight Span Allowable

1. STRUCTURE ARE NOT OVERLOADED

Method 2 : Interaction Diagrams Between Allowable Wind and Weight Spans
For Range of Line Angle :
Aatual Wind and Weight Spans give a point inside Allowable Interaction Diagram

Method 3 : By Structural Analysis

2. ALL GEOMETRICAL CLEARANCES ARE MET

Vertical Clearance - Hot After Creep, etc. Lateral Clearance - Some Wind After Creep Insulator Swings - Everyday, Occasional (Cold), Rare (High Wind) Between Phases - Some Wind, Galloping, Uneven Ice, etc.

3. DESIGN IS ECONOMICAL Method 1 : Trial and Error using Manual or Computerized Interactive Spotting

Method 2 : Automatic Minimum Cost Spotting Using Dynamic Programming

TENSION LIMITS
Tension limits for conductors are specified to provide adequate factor of safety against failure. These limits are normally specified as a percentage of the rated breaking strength of the conductor.

TENSION LIMITS
Initial Tension at 6 oC With Wind Initial Tension at 27 oC No Wind Final Tension at 6 oC With Wind + K Final Tension at 27 oC No Wind <= 50.00 <= 33.33 <= 40.00 <= 24.00 %UTS %UTS %UTS %UTS

CONTROL CONDITION
CONTROL TENSION FOR CONDUCTOR : 22% OF ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH AT 27 OC (NO WIND) CONTROL SAG FOR OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE : 75% OF SAG MATCH TO CONDUCTOR SAG AT 27 OC (NO WIND)

DATA REQUIREMENT FOR TOWER SPOTTING DESIGN

1. Tower Type, Tower Height and Tower Weight 2. Cost of towers and foundations 3. Tower application and insulator swing data 4. Conductor sag and tension data 5. Horizontal and vertical conductor clearances requirements 6. Tower location restrictions

DEFINITION

RULING SPAN
The ruling span is the span length in which the sag and tension in the conductor under changes in temperature and external loading will most nearly agree with the average sags and tensions in a series of spans of varying length located between dead-end supports. The ruling span is used to determine the design sags and tensions, construct the sag template, and prepare the stringing sag tables. The ruling span may be calculated using the following equation.
L13 + L 23 + L 33 + ...L n 3 L1 + L 2 + L 3 + ...L n

Ruling Span

L1, L 2 , L 3 + ... = span lengths between dead end sup ports

SPAN CALCULATIONS
In the design of a transmission line there are several different types of spans which require definition. They are wind span, weight span and ruling span.

WIND SPAN
The wind span is used to calculate the transverse load on a structure. The wind span shall be the average of the actual horizontal lengths of the two spans adjacent to the structure concerned.This is illustrated on Figure 1

WEIGHT SPAN
The weight span is used to described the portion of the conductor that is supported by a structure. If the supports for the conductor are on the same elevation, then the weight span and the wind span will be identical. However, if one support is lower than the other, then the low point of the conductor will be closer to the lower support. Each structure will then support that portion of the conductor between the structure and the low spans.

Figure 1

Definition of Wind Span & Weight Span

H = HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF TENSION C = CATENARY CONSTANT = H / W

UPLIFT

NO UPLIFT
MAY RESULT IN EXCESSIVE INSULATOR SWING

Figure 2
The cold curve falls above the point of support of the conductor indicating uplift. The cold curves vertical span is negative. When deadending for this application, check for excessive conductor tension at minimum temperature.

Figure 2

Figure 3
The cold curve falls below the point of support of the conductor indicating that no uplift would occur. The cold curves vertical span is small in relation to the average horizontal span. This may result in excessive insulator swing.

Figure 3
MAY RESULT IN EXCESSIVE INSULATOR SWING

SIDE SWING CONTROL

STRUCTURE LOADING CONTROL

LINE SECTION OR TENSION SECTION

Line Section or Tension Section is span length between Tension Tower to Tension Tower which have Suspension Tower in the middle section

HOT CURVE
Maximum conductor temperature, no wind, final sag curve. Used to check clearances, insulator swing, and structure height on the plotted profile. The maximum conductor temperature was

75 C.

COLD CURVE
Minimum temperature, no wind, initial sag curve. Used to check for uplift and insulator swing 6C was used as the minimum conductor temperature. Uplift conditions should be avoided, for EGATs 500 kV lines was used insulator swing 4C.

Conditions considered in the design of Transmission line cables

a ) Cable behavior after long term Creep ( Will happen )

Conditions considered in the design of Transmission line cables

b ) Cable behavior after being subjected to Heavy load ( Assumption )

DATA INFORMATION REQUIREMENT

1. Plan & Profile Drawing 2. Sag Template, Ruling Span and Loading Criteria 3. Structure Application Charts 4. Vertical Clearances Criteria 5. Crossing Clearances Criteria 6. Horizontal Clearances Criteria

Tower Spotting
Manual ( Trial & Error ) Method

TOWER SPOTTING BY MANUAL DESIGN

ER A
11 TO 5 k V LA N K LINE RA BU
ERA

Ban Rai Kho Si

P.I. STA.34+192.60 12-08 -50 RT.

HU

AI

Ban Rai Kho Si

P.I. STA.37+420.516 34-18 -16 RT.

Ruling Span 330 m. Distance from P.I. STA.34+192.60 to P.I. STA.37+420.576 = 3227.916 m Number of Span = Distance between P.I. to P.I. / Ruling Span = 3227.916 / 330 = 9.78 Span Say 10 Span Distance between Tower = 3227.916 / 10 = 322.79 m
Ban Huai Sai

P.I. STA.39+502.787 41-14 -06 LT.

P.I. STA.41+593.637 06-42 -05 LT.

11 TO K 5 k V LIN E AMPH AENP HET

HU

AI

Tower Spotting
By Dynamic Programming ( Program TLCADD )

Profile (Terrain) Structure Characteristic Structure Cost Catenary Constants Prohibitive Zone

Design Report Sheet

TLCADD
Software

OUTPUT

Drawing

Tower Spotting by TLCADD Software

Recommended Minimum Vertical Clearances of Conductor (Based on Final Conductor Sag at Maximum Operating Temperature)
Case No. Minimum Vertical Clearance (m) Nature of Clearance

TABLE I

69 kV

115 kV

230 kV

500 kV

1. 2. 3.

Railroads State/Major Highways

9.50 7.00 6.30 6.30 18.00 8.50

10.50 9.00 7.00 7.00 18.00 16.00

11.50 10.00 8.40 8.40 18.00 18.00

16.00 14.50 13.00 11.00 18.00 18.00

Cultivated Areas, Ground accessible by Vehicles 4. Ground accessible to pedestrians only, Uncultivated land 5. Crossing Navigable River (above maximum water Surface) For CASE NO. 2 ( Clearance Utilty )

Crossing Clearances
Case No. Minimum Vertical Clearance (m) Nature of Clearance

TABLE II

69 kV Communication LinesDistribution Lines 33 kV and Less Power Lines 69 kV Power Lines 115 kV Power Lines 230 kV Shied Wires of other Lines Gas pipe Lines

115 kV

230 kV

500 kV

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7

2.50 1.50 1.70 2.30 3.70 1.50 6.30

4.50 2.00 2.30 2.90 4.30 2.00 7.00

5.20 3.50 3.70 4.30 5.80 3.50 8.40

5.25 4.65 4.65 5.25 6.00 4.00 13.00

Recommended Clearances to other features (Based on minimum distance to tower center line)
Case No. Minimum Horizontal Clearance (m)

TABLE III

Nature of Clearance

69 kV
* 15.00 * 15.00 * 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 * 15.00 * 15.00 * 15.00 15.00 15.00

115 kV
* 15.00 * 15.00 * 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 * 15.00 * 15.00 * 15.00 15.00 15.00

230 kV
* 20.00 * 20.00 * 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 * 20.00 * 20.00 * 20.00 20.00 20.00

500 kV
65.00 75.00 55.00 25.00 20.00 35.00 50.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 43.00

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Railroads State/Major Highways Country roads Farm lanes, Dirt Roads, Cart track Canal Buildings Power Line 230 kV Power Line 115 kV Power Line 69 kV

10. Distribution Lines 33 kV and less 11. Gas pipe lines

115 kV TRANSMISSION LINE

DOUBLE CIRCUIT TOWER For 1 x 795 MCM ACSR ( Ruling Span 330 M, R.O.W. = 12.0 m. each ) Structural Application, Height and Leg Extension )
TYPE DEVIATION ANGLE WIND SPAN(m) WEIGHT SPAN (m) 4.0 m. BODY Ext. LEG Ext. SPOTTING HT. (m)

DA1 LDA1 DB2 DC2 DD2 DE2 DT2 DDE

0 1o 0 1o 0 15o 0 30o 0 60o 0 90o 0 1o 0o + Complete 45o Slack 0o + Complete 90o Slack

340 650 330 330 330 330 340 165 215 165 215

495 1300 495 495 495 495 495 250 325 250 325

Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y

1 2 3 4 5 OR 1 + BE 6 OR 2 + BE 7 OR 3 + BE 4 + BE 5+ BE

14.5 15.5 16.5 17.5 18.5 19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.5

DDE(90)

6 + BE 7 + BE

Structure Weight ( Complete Tower, in kg .)

LEG EXTENSION TYPE BE : (4.0 m) +1 3,215 4,470 4,730 5,580 7,530 +2 3,315 4,610 4,870 5,740 7,750 +3 3,455 4,750 5,010 5,920 8,030 +4 4+BE
3,615 4,740 4,950 6,290 5,250 6,630 6,180 7,915 8,330 10,525

+5 5+BE
3,755 4,880 5,150 6,490 5,390 6,770 6,380 8,115 8,650 10,845

+6 6+BE
3,895 5,020 5,350 6,690 5,690 7,070 6,620 8,355 8,930 11,125

+7 7+BE
4,115 5,240 5,570 6,910 5,970 7,350 7,020 8,755 9,350 11,545

DA1 LDA1 DB2 DC2 DD2 DE2 DT2 DDE DDE(90)

1,125 1,340 1,380 1,735 2,195

1,380 2,195 2,300

5,480 7,740 9,510

5,620 7,960 9,810

5,760 8,240 10,110

6,000 8,540 10,735 10,410 12,710

6,140 8,860 11,055 10,730 13,030

6,440 9,140 11,335 11,130 13,430

6,720 9,560 11,755 11,630 13,930

115 kV Transmission Line (1 x 795 MCM ACSR)

Ruling Span = 330 m., R.O.W = 12 m.

(16 kg/m2) (52.5 kg/m2) (88 kg/m2)

(Pascal) (Pascal) (Pascal)

Conductor Properties

mm2 mm N/m GPa

Loading Criteria

Loading Criteria (Continued)

Loading Criteria (Continued)

Loading conditions and Catenary constant Table

Structure Characteristics

Structure Characteristics (Continued)

Structure Characteristics (Continued)

Terrain

Structure Characteristics (Continued)

Structure Characteristics (Continued)

Structure Cost

Structure Cost (Continued)

FROM DESIGN REPORT

1. Located Towers on Plan & Profile Dwg. 2. Structure List & Summary List

Questions?