International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Analysis of Water Quality Parameters of Ground and Surface Water in Siltara Industrial Area, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, INDIA
D. K. Pandey1, S. Biswas2, R. Sharma3 and C. S. Meshram4
Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College, Junwani, Bhilai, India

Abstract: This paper presents water quality Siltara industrial area in Raipur city. Effluents from
sponge-iron, steel & power industries and water sample collected from the ten different locations were selected for the study and compared on quality basis. The parameter physicochemical determined include PH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total suspended solid (TSS), dissolve oxygen (D.O.), chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D.). From overall analysis, it was observed that there was slight fluctuation in the physicochemical parameters among the water sample studied. Comparing of the physicochemical parameter of the water sample with ISI, WHO and ICMR limits showed that water sample is highly contaminated and account of health hazards from human use. Keywords: Physicochemical, pollutants, industrial area, Raipur, India

INTRODUCTION
Water is an important compound that covers approximately 75% of the earths surface, existing in all the three states as ice, liquid and steam. Water is used in many ways from drinking to industrial and agricultural purposes (1). The aim of process industries is to produce intermediate and final products from raw materials from the earth, water or air (1). Inevitably there are wasted to be disposed off which must be returned to the environment in such a way as to minimize any adverse effect on it (2). The impairment of water quality due to the introduction of pollutants is a problem of industrial cities around the world. The uncontrolled releases of waste effluents to large water bodies have negatively affected both water quality and aquatic life [3]. Human activities have introduced potentially hazardous metals to the environment since the onset of the industrial revolution [3-6]. Aquatic ecosystems are polluted with high levels of toxicants (organic and inorganic substances), from wastewater and effluents generated from industrial enterprises [6]. Industrial pollution is a problem and there are attempts to control it. Effluents generated by industries are sources of pollution. Contaminated air, soil, and water by Industrial effluents are associated with disease burden and this could be reasons for the current shorter life expectancy in developing countries [7, 8] when compared with developed nations. Chemicals used in industries are poisonous to man and aquatic life resulting in food contamination [8, 9]. For example, ammonia is harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms at concentrations of 10 50 g L-1, while the sulphide in effluents are of environmental concern [7] because this may lead to poor air quality of an area. The same is applicable to pH if water available for human use is not of the required quality [10]. Low pH values in the river adversely affect aquatic life and impair recreational used of water [11]. High pH values 1
Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

could also alter toxicity of water pollutants in the water body. A decrease in pH could also decrease the solubility of certain essential elements. Low pH also increases the solubility of many other elements such as Al, B, Cu, Hg, Mn and Fe [11]. Conductivity of water is used as a measure of the total concentration of ionic species or salt content. Wastewater often contains high amounts of Dissolved salts. Sources of dissolved salts include municipal storm, sewage and industrial effluent discharged. High salt concentrations in wastewater can increase the salinity of the receiving water, which may result in adverse ecological effects on aquatic biota [12]. The rates of biological and chemical processes also depend on temperature. Aquatic organisms from microbes to fish are dependent on certain temperature ranges for their optimal health [13]. Optimal temperatures for fish depend on the specie. Some survive best in colder water, whereas others prefer warmer water. Benthic macro invertebrates are also sensitive to temperature and will move in the lake to find their optimal temperature. If temperatures are outside this optimal range for a prolonged period of time, organisms are stressed and can die [14, 15]. Temperature affect the oxygen content of the water (oxygen level becomes lower as temperature increases); the rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plant; the metabolic rates of aquatic organisms; and the sensitivity of organisms to toxic wastes, parasites and diseases [16]. The survey of lead pollution level & fluoride deposition in Chhattisgarh central India also is studied by K. S. Patel et, al[20-21]. In this paper we are discussed the underground and surface water pollution level with pollution controlling suggestion in Siltara industrial area, Raipur.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area Siltara industrial area is a part of Raipur situated on the back of Kharun River and near the central of large fertile plain of Chhattisgarh. It is situated between 2233 N to 2114 N Latitude and 826 to 8138 E Longititude, with a height of 298.15M (978 ft.). Surface water (river & ponds water) and underground water is a main source of water for the industrial areas of siltara . The surface and ground water quality of siltara is continuously degraded due to industrial activities and soils of the nearby fields are also being affected. Therefore, we have decided to analyze its surface and ground water so that some remedies for the improvement could be possible. Fig.1 shows the study area and sampling location.

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Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Fig 1: Above figure represent the country India, state Chhattisgarh & siltara industrial Area Raipur. . Table 1. Sampling point Type of sample water Name of sampling place in siltra Naya talab Hathni talab Chokra nala Kharun river Nawapara Goal chowk Bazar chowk Petrol pump Purani basti Govt. school Sampling point Parameter Temperature pH Conductive Salinity Method Thermometer PH Metry Conductometry Nine parameter analyzer model-172 Gravimetric Method Gravimetric Method Titration with acid HCl EDTA-Titration Method Winkler Titration Method K2Cr2O7 Method Silver Nitrate Method Ion Selective Method Turbidometric Method Table 2. Method used for estimation of various Physico-chemical parameters

Surface water Surface water Surface water River water Ground water Ground water Ground water Ground water Ground water Ground water

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T.S. T.D.S. Total Alkalinity Total Hardness D.O. C.O.D. Chloride Fluoride Sulphate

Groundwater samples were collected from ten different locations of siltara, Raipur during the post-rainy season (November 2011). Borosilicate glassware, distilled water and E-Merk reagents were used throughout the testing. Samples were collected in sterilized screw-capped polyethylene bottles of one liter capacity and analyzed in laboratory for their physico-chemical parameters Samples collected from study sites were properly labeled and a record was prepared (Table 1). The various physiochemical parameters were analyzed (Table 2) and health effects. Water samples were determined by titrating with N/10 HCl using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators. The chloride ions were generally of chemical parameters are reported (Table 3). 3
Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Table 3. Health effect of chemical parameter Parameters of water analysis Temperature pH --6.5 8.5 --Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste;corrosion Objectionable taste to water. May affect osmotic. Undesirable taste; gastro-intestinal irritation; corrosion or incrustation Boiled rice turns yellowish ---Ref.17,18&19 BIS Guideline values (Max. allowable) Potential health effects Reference

Salinity

2000mg/l

Ref.17,18&19

Total Dissolve solid

200mg/l

Ref.17,18&19

Total alkalinity

600mg/l

Ref.17,18&19

Total Hardness

600mg/l

Poor lathering with soap; deterioration of the quality of clothes; scale forming Lower DO is harmful for aquatic living organisms High COD level is toxic for aquatic living organisms Taste affected; corrosion Taste affected; irritation gastro-intestinal

Ref.17,18&19

Dissolve Oxygen

6-5 mg/l

Ref.17,18&19

Chemical Oxygen Demand Chloride Fluoride

2-4 mg/l

Ref.17,18&19

1000 mg/l 400 mg/l

Ref.17,18&19 Ref.17,18&19

Sulphate

1.5 mg/l

Dental and skeletal fluorosis nonskeletal manifestations

Ref.17,18&19

Total alkalinities of the determined by titrating the water samples against a standard solution of AgNO3 using potassium chromate as an indicator. The conductivity of the water sample was measured using the conductometry method. The total & temporary hardness of the water samples was determined by complex metric titration with EDTA using Erichrome black-T as an indicator. Sulphate and fluoride of 4
Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

the water samples were estimated by UV-visible spectrophotometer. TDS of water sample were measured using gravimetric method. Salinity was measured by nine parameter analyzer model-172. Dissolve Oxygen was measured by winkler titration method & Chemical Oxygen Demand was measured by titration of digested water with F.A.S. (digestion of water sample in presence of oxidizing agent K2Cr2O7, Ag2SO4, Hg2SO4, and H2SO4).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The sample collected from Siltara industrial area, Raipur was analyzed. The analysis (table3) of surface & ground water samples includes the determination of concentration of inorganic constituents. The physico-chemical parameters, which were analyzed in post monsoon season, November 2011, have been shown in table 4. The desirable temperature range necessary for potable water is from 7 to 11. This parameter is essential for the occurring rate of reaction in water. In our study the temp range was obtain from 25 to 32 ,as the minimum and maximum from spot 5 and 7 respectively. This temperature was three or four time greater than the standard temperature. The desirable pH range necessary from drinking water is from 6.5 to 8.5. In our investigation the pH value of water obtains from 7.01 to 8.70, it is the indicating the nature of water is from slightly basic nature to strong basic nature. The high pH was showed from the sampling spot-2. The reason may be discharged of industrial wastes containing high quality of OH- and HCO3- ion. Salinity is directly related to the electrical conductivity and TDS. The value is depending upon the presence of chloride and sodium ions. In our study cases this parameter was measured by the digital analyzer kit. The value was obtained in 600-1400 mg/l. The maximum value was above than permissible limit prescribed by WHO (2004). The value of total solid is depended on the dissolve solid and suspended particles, it was determined by gravimetric method in laboratory. The value was reported above the limit and under the permissible level. The sampling spot-7 gave high value 1200 mg/l. this maximum value indicated industrial effluents has discharge before treatment in the different water system. Total dissolved solid (TDS) is a measure of the combined contact of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended from. The permissible limit of TDS in drinking water is 500 mg/l (WHO, 2004). The observation show that TDS found in range from 520-1020 mg/l. The observed result of TDS is above than permissible limit as prescribed by WHO (2004).

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Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Table 4. Physico-chemical parameter sample of water sample (with standard deviation) Sampling point 5 6 25 25.7 (0.78) (1.11) 7.01 7.2 (0.95) (0.85) 1400 700 (4.0) (2.51) 1105 620 (2.51) (3.51) 1020 (4.0) 760 (4.50) 800 (4.58) 760 (5.29) 14 (0.55) 9.83 (0.49) 159.7 (2.79) 165 (5.84) 1.1 (0.12) 550 (3.51) 780 (4.01) 600 (5.03) 600 (4.72) 12 (0.60) 13.41 (0.75) 124.2 (4.52) 190 (7.19) 0.9 (0.12)

Parameter Temperature (C) PH Salinity (mg/l) Total solid (mg/l) Total dissolve solid(mg/l)

1 26 (1.41) 8.3 (0.95) 900 (4.1) 940 (2.51)

2 25.5 (0.8) 8.7 (0.95) 1200 (4.6) 910 (1.52) 890 (3.05) 750 (4.58) 1000 (4.50) 800 (5.56) 13.5 (0.7) 13.4 (0.55) 156.2 (3.34) 190 (5.11) 1.2 (0.15)

3 30 (0.75) 7.62 (0.76) 1200 (4.6) 1200 (3.21) 910 (4.04) 840 (4.50) 900 (5.56) 700 (5.50) 13 (0.4) 3.5 (0.56) 181.1 (4.39) 210 (5.63) 0.9 (0.14)

4 30.2 (0.79) 7.64 (0.76) 600 (3.21) 610 (2.51) 520 (4.50) 780 (4.01) 300 (4.58) 620 (4.50) 10 (0.72) 11.25 (0.83) 88.7 (3.49) 185 (6.87) 0.9 (0.18)

7 26.4 (0.91) 7.02 (0.95) 1300 (3.51) 1040 (3.51) 930 (3.51) 810 (4.50) 700 (5.03) 800 (4.16) 14.4 (0.50) 12.6 (0.54) 177.5 (3.08) 150 (4.27) 0.8 (0.20)

8 26.3 (0.81) 7.5 (0.80) 700 (2.51) 700 (3.60) 600 (3.21) 770 (4.01) 400 (5.50) 650 (4.50) 11 (0.56) 11 (0.58) 145 (3.46) 220 (7.03) 1.3 (0.19)

9 27.3 (0.73) 7.6 (0.75) 750 (2.51) 750 (3.05) 625 (3.05) 780 (4.58) 450 (5.50) 700 (5.50) 12 (0.70) 12 (0.87) 148.5 (4.15) 230 (9.65) 1.1 (0.15)

10 25.4 (0.71) 8 (0.55) 775 (3.0) 775 (3.51) 690 (3.05) 780 (4.58) 510 (4.58) 655 (4.50) 12.5 (0.49) 12.5 (0.60) 150.5 (6.57) 190 (5.63) 1.4 (0.24)

690 (3.60) 900 Conductivity (3.05) ( mho/cm)

Total Alkalinity (mg/l) Total Hardness (mg/l) Dissolve Oxygen (mg/l) Chemical Oxygen Demand( mg/l) Chloride (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/l) Fluoride (mg/l)

500 (5.29) 600 (5.13) 15 (1.0) 10 (0.72) 152.05 (4.43) 180 (4.41) 1 (0.12)

The specific conductivity of water samples under study varies between 800 1000 mho/cm. the maximum permissible limit of this parameter for drinking water is 300 mho/cm. however, the average specific conductivity exceed this limit because of its high values during rainy season. In rainy season due to floods and rains, water level in the well increases, which contain more electrolytes. 6
Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Total alkalinity of water in term of CaCO3 varied from 300 mg/l to 1000mg/l in sampling spot-7 and spot-2. The value of total alkalinity were comparatively moderate, the water for domestic use having alkalinity less than 100 mg/l is safe. The high contain of alkalinity is show in table 4. Total hardness was found in the sample water ranges from 600 800 mg/l, which shows that water is unsafe for drinking purpose. However maximum permissible level prescribed by WHO for drinking water is 500 mg/l as set. According to some classifications, water having hardness up to 75 mg/l is classified as soft, 76-150 mg/l is moderately soft, 151-300 mg/l as hard (Dufor & Backer, 1964) and more than 300 mg/l very hard. On this basis, the results show that the entire sample was very hard. The dissolve oxygen (DO) was determined on the spot during water sampling by the instrumental method, deluxe nine parameter analyzer kit model 172. The value was get in ppm than it was converted in to mg/l. the value was showed 10-15 mg/l. all sampling spot mentioned above the desirable and permissible limit prescribed by WHO (2004). The values of dissolve oxygen clear indicate that aquatic environment is fit for the animals. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined by the reflux titrimetric method. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined by the reflux titrimetric method. The value was obtained from the 3.5 13.41 mg/l minimum and maximum range from the sampling spot. The maximum value above the permissible limit of WHO (2004). The high value may cause the presence of high contain of carbanous and suspended particles in different water system. Chloride contain of the water samples was low in rainy season. According to WHO, maximum permissible limit for chloride is 500 mg/l. the observed in present study is in the range of permissible. The sulphate content varies between150 to 230 mg/l and the fluoride content varies between 0.8 to 1.4 mg/l. The sulphate and fluoride values were also found to be within the prescribed limits.

CONCLUSION
The result also show that three ground water, one river water & six surface water are contaminated where the concentration of physicochemical parameter are above the standard acceptable levels which required for drinking water adapted by ISI (1991), WHO (2004) & ICMR (1985). Water of almost all point is hard and contaminated because of this Siltara industrial area, Raipur for the immediate health problems such as skin diseases, stomach diseases, gastric trouble etc. therefore waste water treatment at this area is recommended to surface & ground water.

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Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 1-8, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

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Corresponding Author: D. K. Pandey, Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College,

Junwani, Bhilai, India