Max-Planck-Institut fr Eisenforschung GmbH

Structural Materials - Steels

D. Ponge

Marie Curie Summer School, Hrtgenwald

Content Content

Steels for Constructions: High Strength Low Alloyed (HSLA) Steels Steels for Automotive application

High Strength Low Alloyed (HSLA) Steels

until 1970s: St 37(S235), St 52 (S355) oil-shocks in the 70s motivation to save raw materials and energy development of high strength low alloyed (HSLA) steels success success story: story: HSLAHSLA=1100 MPa steels steels up up toR toReH eH=1100 MPa fields fields of of application: application: offshore offshore pressure pressure vessel vessel shipbuilding shipbuilding pipelines pipelines cranes cranes automotive automotive bridges bridges

weight: 96 t lifting capacity: 800 t standard steels: lifting capacity: 140 t

High Strength Low Alloyed (HSLA) Steels

basic requirements: high yield strength (Re) high toughness even at low temperatures (ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) should be low) good weldability (0.2%C (1) , limit for alloying elements)

(1):

all compositions are given in mass%

Strength and Toughness

Yield strength Engineering stress [MPa]

ReH ReL

Engineering strain [%]

Engineering stress-strain curves Engineering stress [MPa]

S690Q S460N

minimum S355 ReH S235 in MPa

Engineering strain [%]

Toughness

Liberty ships

Number of broken ships

Total number of ships

Toughness: ductile to brittle transition temperature

m Av
300

H h sample

impact

notch

Impact Impact transition transition curve curve

mate

Impact energy in J

upper shelf transition

Lower shelf

crystalline spot

glossy

Test temperature in C

Impact Impact transition transition curve curve

Impact energy in J

fcc

27J bcc DBTT Test temperature in C

DBTT: ductile to brittle transition temperature

Effect Effect of of carbon carbon content content on on toughness toughness 0.11 %C

0.31 %C

0.80 %C

after F. B. Pickering in Constitution and Properties of Steels, p. 55, VCH 1992

Effect Effect of of grain grain refinement refinement on on toughness toughness

Impact energy in J

Gra

in r e

fine

fine grained HSLA steels

me nt

standard steel

DBTT Test temperature in C

Increase Increase strength strength

Increase the strength of steel is easy ! But it has a price

Effect Effect on on strengthening strengthening mechanisms mechanisms on on toughness toughness

Change of transition temperature in C 10

g g n n i i n n ns e o i e t d a d r c r a a islo h h d y n n b o t tiio gthening u u l l o o s s Stren d d i i l ning l e d r o a h S n So t io Precipita

n o on b b r r a ca yc b by

-5

Gra in r e fine men t

-10 0

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 Increase of yield strength in MPa

Weldability

Iron-Cementite Diagram
(austenite)

Liquid as cast iron

face centered cubic (fcc) Max. C solubility: 2.06%

(ferrite) body centered cubic (bcc)

Max. C solubility: 0.02%

Fe3C

phase phase transformation transformation

Continuous-cooling-transformation Continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) (CCT) diagram diagram of of S355N S355N
Chemical composition in mass%:
Temperature [C]

Austenitization: 900C for 5 min

435

170

Time [s] Microstructure [%] Cooling time t8/5 [s]

Hardness HV10

Affection Affection of of base base material material by by weld weld temperature temperature cycle cycle
Welding rod Heating by weld process
Temperature in C

Heat Affected Zone (HAZ): Zone, in which the parent material is affected (usually a degradation) by the weld temperature cycle

HA Z
fusion zone

Time

Temperature Temperature cycle cycle in in the the weld weld region region

Effect Effect of of carbon carbon content content S235 (St37-2) C=0.15 E360 (St70-2) C=0.45 not welded

C 0.2%

max. hardness: 350 HV welded

Brittle fracture due to excessive hardening (martensite)

Avoiding Avoiding cold cold cracks cracks by by preheating preheating

Cause: Cooling rate to high

cold cracks

Steels with a high hardenability have to be preheated before fixing and welding Effect: cooling rate is reduced => avoiding untempered martensite (no excessive hardening) Preheating temperature: 100C to 400C

Effect Effect of of composition composition on on cold cold crack crack susceptibility susceptibility
Besides C also other elements can increase the hardenability:

Carbon equivalent CE:

Mn Cr + Mo + V Cu + Ni CE( IIW ) = C + + + 6 5 15
International Institute for Welding

in mass %

if CE(IIW) 0,40 %: low cold crack susceptibility

Conclusions Conclusions for for steel steel design design

Decreasing carbon content: (Carbon content 0.2%)

improves weldability improves toughness decreases strength

Increasing strength mainly by: grain refinement (improves also toughness) precipitation hardening (microalloying)

Normalized structural steels

example: S460N

Normalizing Normalizing
Conventional hot rolling

normalizing

Temperature

approx. 50C

Austenite

Ar3 Ar1

Ac3

Austenite

+ Pearlite

Pearlite Pearlite Ferrite

Time

Retardation Retardation of of austenite austenite grain grain growth growth by by AlN AlN
Austenite Austenite grain grain size size as as function function of of austenitization austenitization temperature temperature ASTM grain size number -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Fine Fine grain grain Coarse Coarse grain grain
Austenitization Austenitization time: time: 30 30 min min

0.004% Al 0.010% N

0.047% Al 0.017% N

Austenitizing temperature in C AlN: retards grain growth

Effect of microalloying additions on austenite grain coarsening

after G. R. Speich, L..J. Cuddy, G. R. Gordon, A.J. DeArdo, in: Phase Transformations in Ferrous Allys: A. R. Marder et al. (Eds.), Warrendale:TMSAIME, pp. 341-389
Austenite

Austenite

C-Mn

Al

Nb

Ti

Thermomechanically rolled steels (TM)

example: S460M

Effect Effect of of finishing finishing rolling rolling temperature temperature on on transformation transformation
high finishing rolling temperature
conventional rolling -recrystallization
after I. Kozasu in Constitution and Properties of Steels, p. 189, VCH 1992

low
accelerated cooling

controlled rolling

micromicrostructure structure before before transtransformation formation

magnified grain
partially partially transtransformed formed micromicrostructure structure deformation band

nuclei in matrix

matrix

:: additional additional nuclei nuclei due due to to controlled controlled rolling rolling or or accelerated accelerated cooling cooling

Retardation Retardation of of austenite austenite recrystallization recrystallization by by Nb Nb 1000 Rolling temperature in C

0.04 mass% Nb 0 mass% Nb 900 Maximum strain induced NbC precipitation

800 -1 0 1 2 10 10 10 10 Time to start of recrystallization in s

Change Change of of Yield Yield strength strength and and DBTT DBTT
Change of transition temperature in C Increase of yield strength in MPa

Gr

ef r ain

Grain size in mm-1/2

Precipitation hardening

nt e m e in

Grain size in mm-1/2

S355 S355 with with 0.05% 0.05% Nb Nb or or 0.1%V 0.1%V or or 0.1% 0.1% Ti Ti

Precipitation hardening

TM TM steels steels
Goal: decrease pearlite content and carbon equivalent at the same or even higher strength

[1] [2]

from [3]

10 m

Pearlite
Ferrite: very soft (approx. 60 HV) Cementite: very hard (approx. 800HV)

[1]: J.J. Irani, D. Burton, J.D. Jones , A. B. Rothwell: Strong tough structural steels, London 1967 (Spec. Rep. Iron Steel Inst. No. 104) pp. 110 [2]: W. E. Duckworth, R. Phillips, J. A. Chapman, J. Iron Steel Inst. 203 (1965) p. 1108 [3]: B. Msgen, H. de Boer, H. Frber, J. Petersen, Normal and High Strength Structural Steels, in Steel Vol. 2, Springer Verlag Stahleisen 1993, p. 40

Comparison Comparison microstructure microstructure normalized normalized and and TMTM- steel steel

Normalized
S355 S355 J2G3 J2G3

Thermomechanically rolled (TM)

S355 S355 MC MC

ferrite

pearlite

Typical Typical compositions compositions of of normalized normalized steel steel and and TM TM steels steels
Typical compositions:

Quenched and tempered HSLA-steels

example S690Q, S1100Q

Quenched Quenched and and tempered tempered HSLA-steels HSLA-steels

hardening
Water quenching: martensite (0,2%C)

tempering
HSLA: at relative high tempering temperatures (typically 600-680C) for sufficient ductility

Temperature [C]

Time [s]

Development Development of of HSLA-steels HSLA-steels

1200

Minimum yield strength in MPa

1000 800 600 400 200 0 1850 normalized S355J2G3; S355N Hot rolled: S235 quenched and tempered:

S960Q S890Q S690Q

S1100QL S960M
TM+accelerated cooling (ACC) and tempering

S700MC thermomechanically S420MC (TM) rolled

1900

1950

2000

Year

New Developments

Mechanical Properties Ferrite Grain Size, dF (m)

40 900
Normalised TMCP

10

bergangstemp

Yield Strength ReH (MPa)

800 700 600 500 400 300 200

Ultra Fine Grain

0 - 40

l a H
Co ttr el

h c t e l- P

Transition -120 Temperature (0C)

-160 -200
(50% FATT)

- 80

l- P et ch
30

-240

Yield Strength Transition 34 Temperature

10

14

dF

18 22 26 -1/2 (mm-1/2)

Mechanical Properties
Streckgren ze

Mn: 0.7 3.0% Si: 0.2 1.0%

Steel: 0.1%C : 0.7%Mn %C %Mn 0.2%Si %Si 0.005%N 5%N dF 0m F=10m

200

N: 0.005 0.02% dF: 10 5m dF: 5 2m dF: 2 1m

300

400 500 ReH or Rp0,2, MPa

600

700
after Nagai

Microstructure 0.2% C; 1.5%Mn; 0.2%Si

Further reading: Microstructure and crystallographic texture of an ultrafine grained CMn steel and their evolution during warm deformation and annealing, R. Song, D. Ponge, D. Raabe, R. Kaspar, Acta Materialia 53 (2005) 845858

Content Content

Steels for Constructions: High Strength Low Alloyed (HSLA) Steels Steels for Automotive application

Fraction of conventional and high strength steel for cars

80

conventional

high strength

fraction in %

60

40

20

1990

1995

2000

2005

Steel Steel grades grades for for car car body body
Car body Porsche Cayenne
TRIP-steel

Application of high strength steels with UTS up to 1000 MPa

22%

MS 950/1200 MS 1250/1520

MartensitMartensitic Sthle steels

High strength Dual Phase steel

30%

Misc. BH 210/340 BH 260/370 IF 300/420 HSLA 350/450 DP 280/600 DP 300/500 DP 350/600 DP 400/700 DP 500/800 DP 700/1000 CP 700/800 TRIP 450/800 CP 700/800

4% 3% 8% 7% 1%4% 6%

4% 1% 3% 1% 2% 4%

Dual Phase DualphasenSthle steels

MehrphasenMultiphase Sthle steels

Fraction of different steel grades in a car body (Porsche Cayenne)

Ductility/Strength Ductility/Strength combinations combinations of of steels steels for for automotive automotive applications applications

Fe-Mn-Al-Si TWIP
Fe -M n-

Al -C

Fe P06 Fe P01-P05

HSL A

BH

(P)

auste nitic s tainle ss

Dua l Ph ase
(Mn+Al) (Mn+Si)

Al-alloys

HSL A

TRIP
Mn+Si+N b

Fe-Mn-Al-Si TRIP

(DP )
CP

Marten sitic

Bake-hardening effect BH steel Stress Baking Conventional steel After press forming Strain Bake hardening Work hardening

C
after M. Kurosawa, S. Sato, T. Obara, K. Tsunoyama, Age-hardening behaviour and dent resistance of bake-hardenable and extra deep-drawable high strengh steel, Kawasaki Steel Tech. Rep. 18 (1988), pp. 61-65

Advanced High-Strength and Supra-Ductile Light-Weight Steels

G. Frommeyer and U. Brx Max-Planck-Institut for Iron Research Duesseldorf, Germany
Further reading: Supra-Ductile and High-Strength Manganese-TRIP/TWIP Steels for High Energy Absorption Purposes, G. FROMMEYER, U. BRX and P. NEUMANN, ISIJ International, Vol. 43 (2003), No. 3, pp. 438446

Engineering stress-strain curves

1200 TRIP-steel X5 MnAlSi 15 3 3 1000

Transformation Induced Plasticity

TRIPLEX-steel X110 MnAl 26 11

800 stress [MPa]

600

TWIP-steel X5 MnAlSi 25 3 3

400

Tw inning Induced Plasticity

200

20

40

60

80

100

plastic strain pl [%]

characteristic stress-strain-curves of TRIP-, TWIPand TRIPLEX-steels (strain rate

& = 10-4s-1)

Dominant deformation mechanisms

TWIP
deformation twinning

Austenitic FeMn [Al, Si]Steels Austenitic / Ferritic FeMn [Al, Si] Steels

TRIP
Martensite transformation

Temperature-dependence of mechanical properties

TWIP steel (X5 Mn Al Si 25 3 3)

M:1000x

1400 1200 Strength [MPa] 1000 800 600 400 200

= 10-4 s-1

100

III

II
f

80 60 40 20 Strain [%]

T = 50 C, = 78 %

T = 400 C, = 50 %

Rm

un

Rp0,2
0

0,0 -200 -100

0 100 200 300 400

Temperature T [C]

Ductility
Undeformed sample

Deformed sample (uniform elongation of 70%)

TWIP TWIP steel steel (X5 (X5 Mn Mn Al Al Si Si 25 25 3 3 3) 3)

Undeformed sample

Sample after twisting by 1080 (T = 20 C)

High Strength TRIPLEX Light-Weight Steel

fcc(111) fcc(111) E21(001)

E21(001)

E21(110)

fcc(111) fcc(111) E21(110) fcc(002)

TEM images of a high carbon Fe-Mn-Al-C steel revealing a fine shear band structure (BF) (a), SADP of the twinning region (b), E21-structured -carbides (DF) (c), theoretical SADP of -matrix and E21-carbides (d)

Density vs. Al-concentration of quaternary Fe-Mn-Al-C alloys

Eisen = 7.874 g/cm
3

7,5
density reduction resulting from the lattice dilatation

7,3

density [g/cm ]

7,2 7,1 7,0 6,9 6,8 6,7 6,6 6,5 6,4

Mn content [At.-] , , , , , , , : : : : : : : 8 9 10 11 12 13 16

8 10 12 14 16
resulting density

, , , , , ,

: : : : : :

17 19 21 22 23 24

18 20 22

12

14

16

18

aluminium content [At.-%]

percentage reduction in density (0-)/0*100

7,4

Applications

Lightweight construction and crashresistent

TRIP TWIP TRIPLEX

High strength and safety against brittle failure

High toughness at low temperatures

Development Development of of steels steels with with high high strength strength and and formability formability
since 2002 1996 1996 1990 1990 1990 1985 1985 1981 1978 1975 FeMnAlC TRIPLEX steels high manganese TWIP steels high manganes TRIP steels Conventional TRIP steels SULC steels Isotropic streels highstrength IF steels Bake-Hardening steels Dualphase steels Phosphorus alloyed steels Microalloyed steels

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

ultimate tensile strength * total elongation [MPa %]