Ip Lab Manual

Fundamental of Image Processing
8th Sem - E & C
Practical No: 1 Aim: Introduction to image processing commands. Program:

clc; clear all; close all; %% %to read grey scale image I = imread('pout.tif'); % imshow(I); %% % to read colour image RGB = imread('football.jpg'); %imshow(RGB); subplot(1,2,1);imshow(I);title('gray'); subplot(1,2,2);imshow(RGB);title('colour'); %% %to convert colour to grey GR = rgb2gray(RGB); % figure, imshow(GR); %to convert grey to binary BR = im2bw(GR); % figure, imshow(BR); %to complement the colour image CPL = imcomplement(RGB); CPL1 = imcomplement(GR); CPL2 = imcomplement(BR); % imshow(CPL); figure; subplot(2,3,1);imshow(RGB);title('colour'); subplot(2,3,2);imshow(GR);title('gray'); subplot(2,3,3);imshow(BR);title('binary'); subplot(2,3,4);imshow(CPL);title('negative of colour'); subplot(2,3,5);imshow(CPL1);title('negative of gray'); subplot(2,3,6);imshow(CPL2);title('negative of binary'); %% %to rotate the image RT1 = imrotate(RGB,+45); RT2 = imrotate(RGB,-45); figure; subplot(1,3,1);imshow(RGB);title('colour'); subplot(1,3,2);imshow(RT1);title('rotation45degree'); subplot(1,3,3);imshow(RT2);title('rotation-45degree'); %% %to know image information IF =imfinfo('football.png');
Date: 11/02/2013
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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8th Sem - E & C
Result & Conclusion:

Figure: 1: Gray & Color Image.
Figure: 2: Negative of different Images.
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Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 3: Rotation of Image.
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Work Space:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Image Information using imfinfo:
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Conclusion: From this Experiment we have concluded that we can change parameters of any
images with only one simple function using MATLAB
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Practical No: 2 Aim:

A. B. C. D. To read color image and convert it into gray scale. To read gray scale image and convert it into binary scale. Convert binary image into negative image. Apply spatial resolution and gray level resolution to gray scale image.
Date: 18/02/2013
Program:
clc; clear all; close all; t=imread('peppers.png'); subplot(1,3,1);imshow(t);title('colour'); r=t(:,:,1); g=t(:,:,2); b=t(:,:,3); Y=0.2989 * r + 0.5870 * g + 0.1140 * b; subplot(1,3,2);imshow(Y);title('gray'); [m,n]=size(Y); z=zeros(m,n); for i=1:m for j=1:n if Y(i,j)<128 z(i,j)=0; else z(i,j)=1; end end end subplot(1,3,3);imshow(z);title('binary'); %%
%to convert gray to negative L = 255-Y; figure,subplot(1,2,1);imshow(L);title('negative of colour');
%binary to negative G = 1-z; subplot(1,2,2);imshow(G);title('negative of binary');
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Fundamental of Image Processing %%spatial resolution B1 = imresize(t,[192,256]); B2 = imresize(t,[90,128]); B3 = imresize(t,[45,64]); figure; subplot(2,2,1);imshow(t); subplot(2,2,2);imshow(B1); subplot(2,2,3);imshow(B2); subplot(2,2,4);imshow(B3);
8th Sem - E & C
%%intensity resolution figure; t1=imread('C:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2010a\toolbox\images\imdemos\html\ctskull.tif'); for i=1:8 J=t1/(2^i); subplot(2,4,i);imshow(J,[]); end

Figure: 1: Display different types of image.
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Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 2: Negative of Colour & Binary Image.
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Figure: 3: Spatial Resolution.
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Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 4: Gray Level Intensity Resolution.
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Conclusion:
In part(A), we have converted the Original Color image into Graylevel image by adding the different planes of original color image. In part (B), we have converted Graylevel image into binary image by converting 8 bit image into 2-bit image. In part (C), we have complemented the binary image to get the negative of binary image. In part(D), Spatial Resolution is done by resizing the Original image, whereas Intensity Resolution represents the image having decreased Intensity levels.
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Practical No: 3 Aim:
Date: 25/02/2013
A. Intensity transformation using Negative, Log and Gamma (power law) transformation of Gray Scale Image. Comment on results. B. Take 4 types of images: dark, light, high contrast, low contrast and compare their histogram. Comment on results. C. Enhance contrast of an intensity image using histogram equalization of Part (b). Display and compare the histogram of the original and processed image.
Program:
clc; clear all; close all;
%% To find Negative Image I=imread('tire.tif'); figure(); subplot(121); imshow(I); title('original image'); J=imcomplement(I); subplot(122); imshow(J); title('negative image');
%% To find Histogram of an Image
a=imread('tire.tif'); A=double(a); [m n]=size(A); L=zeros(256,1); for i=1:m; for j=1:n; for k=1:256; if (A(i,j)==k) L(k)=L(k)+1; end end end CGPIT
%% it can store large number of variable %% for finding number of rows and columns
%% for 256 intensity levels
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Fundamental of Image Processing end
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subplot(121); stem(L); %% for ploting the histogram title('calculated histrogram'); subplot(122); imhist(a); %% for ploting the histogram title('direct histrogram');
%% To find Log Transform I=imread('tire.tif'); I1=im2double(I); M1=1*log(1+I1); M2=2*log(1+I1); M3=5*log(1+I1); figure(); subplot(221); imshow(I); title('Original Image'); subplot(222); imshow(M1) title('Image with c=1'); subplot(223); imshow(M2) title('Image with c=2'); subplot(224); imshow(M3) title('Image with c=3');
%% s=c*log(1+r)
%% To Perform Gamma Transformation I=imread('tire.tif'); J1=imadjust(I,[],[],1); CGPIT %% s=c*r^gamma

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Fundamental of Image Processing J2=imadjust(I,[],[],3); J3=imadjust(I,[],[],0.4); figure(); subplot(131); imshow(J1); title('image with gamma =1'); subplot(132); imshow(J2); title('image with gamma =3'); subplot(133); imshow(J3); title('image with gamma =0.4');
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%% To Perform Histogram Equilization I = imread('tire.tif'); figure,imshow(I); J = histeq(I); %% Histogram Equalization subplot(2,2,1); imshow(I); title('Original Image'); subplot(2,2,2); imshow(J); title('Processed Image');
%% Processed image
subplot(2,2,3); imhist(I,64); title('Histogram of Original Image'); %% Histogram of the original image. subplot(2,2,4); imhist(J,64); title('Histogram of Processed Image'); %% Histogram of the processed image
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Figure: 1: Histogram
Figure: 2: Log Transformation.
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Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 3: Gamma Transformation.
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Figure: 4: Enhance contrast of an intensity of image using Histogram Equalization.
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Fundamental of Image Processing Part (B) & (C) histogram and equalized histogram 4 different images
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Conclusion: In part (A) we have converted Gray level image into negative image by
complementing the intensity values. When we apply Log Transform to the original image, darker portion of image is scaled in brighter portion. In Gamma Transformation, if gamma<1, it will gives the brighter image while gamma>1 gives darker image than original one. In part (B)we have read the 4- types of images and plotted the histogram and we can see that intensity levels are in random nature. In part (C) we have performed the Histogram equalization of image and observe that intensity levels are well distributed overall
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Practical No: 4
Date: 04/03/2013
Aim: To perform bit plane slicing of an 8 bit image and reconstruct it again. Program:
clc; close all; clear all; I=imread('C:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2010a\toolbox\images\imdemos\cameraman.tif'); imshow(I); [row,col]=size(I); bit_slicing=zeros(row,col); % bit_slicing(:,:)=255; % n=input('enter the value of bit:');
figure, for n = 1:8 for x=1:1:row for y=1:1:col bit_slicing(x,y,n)= bitand(I(x,y),2^(n)); end end subplot(3,3,n); imshow(uint8(bit_slicing(:,:,n)),[]); end %Image reconstruction by combining 8 bit planes A=imread(':\Program Files\MATLAB\R2010a\toolbox\images\imdemos\cameraman.tif'); B=zeros(size(A)); B=bitset(B,8,bitget(A,8)); B=bitset(B,7,bitget(A,7)); B=bitset(B,6,bitget(A,6)); B=bitset(B,5,bitget(A,5)); B=bitset(B,5,bitget(A,4)); B=bitset(B,5,bitget(A,3)); B=bitset(B,5,bitget(A,2)); B=bitset(B,5,bitget(A,1)); B=uint8(B); figure,imshow(B);
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Figure: 1: Original 8 bit image.
Figure: 2: Reconstructed 8 bit image.
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Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 3: Bit Plane Slicing.
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Conclusion: From this Experiment we have done bit plane slicing of 8 bit Gray Scale image &
reconstruct it from these 8 bit slices of 8 bit images using bitset & bitget functions.
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Practical No: 5 Aim: To Implement Smoothing spatial filter
Date: 11/03/2013
- Read an image and then corrupt it by salt and pepper, Gaussian, speckle noise then apply A. AVERAGING filter with 3x3 mask and 5X5 mask. B. MEDIAN filter with 3x3 and 5x5 mask. C. Max, Min, Midpoint filter with 3x3 and 5x5 mask. - Comment on the result
Program:
clc; clear all; close all;
I = imread('cameraman.tif'); B=imnoise(I,'salt & pepper'); C=imnoise(I,'gaussian'); D=imnoise(I,'speckle'); % Salt & Pepper Noise subplot(121);imshow(I),title('Original Image'); subplot(122);imshow(B),title('Salt & Pepper Noise'); h = fspecial('average',[3 3]); I2 = filter2(h,B)/255; figure();subplot(121); imshow(I2),title('Averaging Filter 3*3'); h1 = fspecial('average',[5 5]); I3 = filter2(h1,B)/255; subplot(122);imshow(I3);title('Averaging Filter 5*5'); h2 = medfilt2(B,[3 3]); h3 = medfilt2(B,[5 5]); figure,subplot(121); imshow(h2),title('Median Filter 3*3'); subplot(122);imshow(h3),title('Median Filter 5*5'); figure(); f = ordfilt2(B, 1, ones(3, 3)); f1 = ordfilt2(B, 9, ones(3, 3)); f2 = 0.5 * (f + f1); subplot(131);imshow(f);title('MIN FILTER 3*3'); subplot(132);imshow(f1);title('MAX FILTER 3*3'); subplot(133);imshow(f2);title('MIDPOINT FILTER 3*3');
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Fundamental of Image Processing figure(); f5 = ordfilt2(B, 1, ones(5, 5)); f15 = ordfilt2(B, 9, ones(5, 5)); f25 = 0.5 * (f5 + f15); subplot(131);imshow(f5);title('MIN FILTER 5*5'); subplot(132);imshow(f15);title('MAX FILTER 5*5'); subplot(133);imshow(f25);title('MIDPOINT FILTER 5*5');
8th Sem - E & C
% Gaussian Noise subplot(121);imshow(I),title('Original Image'); subplot(122);imshow(C),title('Gaussian Noise'); g = fspecial('average',[3 3]); I1G = filter2(g,C)/255; figure();subplot(121); imshow(I1G),title('Averaging Filter 3*3'); h1G = fspecial('average',[5 5]); I3G = filter2(h1G,C)/255; subplot(122);imshow(I3G);title('Averaging Filter 5*5'); h2G = medfilt2(C,[3 3]); h3G = medfilt2(C,[5 5]); figure,subplot(121); imshow(h2G),title('Median Filter 3*3'); subplot(122);imshow(h3G),title('Median Filter 5*5'); figure(); fG = ordfilt2(C, 1, ones(3, 3)); f1G = ordfilt2(C, 9, ones(3, 3)); f2G = 0.5 * (fG + f1G); subplot(131);imshow(fG);title('MIN FILTER 3*3'); subplot(132);imshow(f1G);title('MAX FILTER 3*3'); subplot(133);imshow(f2G);title('MIDPOINT FILTER 3*3'); figure(); f5G = ordfilt2(C, 1, ones(5, 5)); f15G = ordfilt2(C, 9, ones(5, 5)); f25G = 0.5 * (f5G + f15G); subplot(131);imshow(f5G);title('MIN FILTER 5*5'); subplot(132);imshow(f15G);title('MAX FILTER 5*5'); subplot(133);imshow(f25G);title('MIDPOINT FILTER 5*5');
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Fundamental of Image Processing % Speckle Noise subplot(121);imshow(I),title('Original Image'); subplot(122);imshow(D),title('Speckle Noise'); hs = fspecial('average',[3 3]); I2s = filter2(hs,D)/255; figure();subplot(121); imshow(I2s),title('Averaging Filter 3*3'); h1s = fspecial('average',[5 5]); I3s = filter2(h1s,D)/255; subplot(122);imshow(I3s);title('Averaging Filter 5*5'); h2s = medfilt2(D,[3 3]); h3s = medfilt2(D,[5 5]); figure,subplot(121); imshow(h2s),title('Median Filter 3*3'); subplot(122);imshow(h3s),title('Median Filter 5*5'); figure(); fs = ordfilt2(D, 1, ones(3, 3)); f1s = ordfilt2(D, 9, ones(3, 3)); f2s = 0.5 * (fs + f1s); subplot(131);imshow(fs);title('MIN FILTER 3*3'); subplot(132);imshow(f1s);title('MAX FILTER 3*3'); subplot(133);imshow(f2s);title('MIDPOINT FILTER 3*3'); figure(); f5s = ordfilt2(D, 1, ones(5, 5)); f15s = ordfilt2(D, 9, ones(5, 5)); f25s = 0.5 * (f15s + f5s); subplot(131);imshow(f5s);title('MIN FILTER 5*5'); subplot(132);imshow(f15s);title('MAX FILTER 5*5'); subplot(133);imshow(f25s);title('MIDPOINT FILTER 5*5');
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Salt & Pepper Noise Salt & Pepper Noise
Averaging Filter on Salt & Pepper Noise Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Median Filter on Salt & Pepper Noise Image:
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Minimum,Maximum & Midpoint(3*3) Filter on Salt & Pepper Noise Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Minimum,Maximum & Midpoint(5*5) Filter on Salt & Pepper Noise Image:
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Gaussian Noise Gaussian Noise:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Averaging Filter on Gaussian Noise Image:
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Median Filter on Gaussian Noise Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Minimum,Maximum & Midpoint(3*3) Filter on Gaussian Noise Image:
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Minimum,Maximum & Midpoint(5*5) Filter on Gaussian Noise Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Speckle Noise Speckle Noise:
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Averaging Filter on Speckle Noise Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Median Filter on Speckle Noise Image:
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Minimum,Maximum & Midpoint(3*3) Filter on Speckle Noise Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Minimum,Maximum & Midpoint(5*5) Filter on Speckle Noise Image:
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Conclusion:
We observe that smoothing makes the image blurred. When we apply average filtering the image is more blurred and it also removes the noise. When we apply the non linear filters like median, max and min filters then image is less blurred but it is more effective on the noise compare to averaging
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Practical No: 6 Aim: To Implement Sharpening spatial filter
Date: 18/03/2013
A. To read an image and apply : Laplacian Second order filters B. To read an image and apply : Unsharp masking and High Boost filtering C. To read an image and apply : Gradient first order filters (Sobel and Prewitt Operator)
Program:
clc;clear all;close all; s=imread('cameraman.tif'); imshow(s);title('Original Image','FontSize',13); figure(); % % Laplacian Transform of Image lf1=fspecial('laplacian',0.5); lf=imfilter(s,lf1); imshow(lf);title('Image after laplacian Filter','FontSize',13); figure(); lf2=s-lf; imshow(lf2);title('Enhanced Image after laplacian','FontSize',13); figure(); % % Unsharp Masking of Image % uf1=fspecial('unsharp'); uf1=[-1 -1 -1;-1 8 -1;-1 -1 -1]; uf=imfilter(s,uf1); uf_image=s-uf; subplot(231); imshow(s); title('Original Image','FontSize',13); subplot(232); imshow(uf);title('Unsharp Masking of Image','FontSize',13); subplot(233); imshow(uf_image);title('Image after Unsharp Masking','FontSize',13); % % High Boost Filtering of Image hb1=[-1 -1 -1;-1 10 -1;-1 -1 -1]; hb=imfilter(s,hb1); hb_image=s-hb; subplot(234); imshow(s); title('Original Image','FontSize',13); subplot(235); imshow(hb_image); title('HighBoost Masking','FontSize',13); subplot(236); imshow(hb); title('Image After HighBost Filtering','FontSize',13); figure(); subplot(231); CGPIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Fundamental of Image Processing imshow(s);title('Origanal image','FontSize',13); % %Horizontal Sobel Filter sb=fspecial('sobel'); sh=imfilter(s,sb); subplot(232); imshow(sh);title('Horizontal Sobel','FontSize',13); % % Vertical Sobel (vs=hs') Filter sb=sb'; sv=imfilter(s,sb); subplot(233); imshow(sv);title('Vertical Sobel','FontSize',13); % % Prewitt Horizontal Filter p=fspecial('prewitt'); ph=imfilter(s,p); subplot(234); imshow(ph);title('Horizontal Prewitt','FontSize',13); % % Vertical Prewitt (vp=hp') Filter p=p'; pv=imfilter(s,p); subplot(235) imshow(pv);title('Vertical Prewitt','FontSize',13);
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Result & Conclusion: Part: A

Original Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Laplacian Filter on Image:
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Enhanced Image after Laplacian Filter:
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Part: B
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Part: C
Conclusion:
After completion of this practical, we analyze that sharpening enhances the sweep changes in the intensity in the image and such changes becomes clearer in image. So, here details like edges of objects and lines enhanced
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Practical No: 7 Aim: To implement filters in frequency domain
Date: 25/03/2013
A. To read an image and apply: Low pass Ideal, Butterworth and Gaussian filter B. To read an image and apply: High pass Ideal, Butterworth and Gaussian filter Use cut-off frequency 5,10,15,80 and 230 for all above filters.
Program:
clc;clear all;close all; i=imread('cameraman.tif'); i1=fftshift(fft2(i)); s=input('Enter Order of Filter: '); [m n]=size(i1); D=0;H_5=0;H_15=0;H_30=0;H_80=0;H_230=0; for u=1:m for v=1:n; D(u,v)=sqrt((u-(m/2))^2+(v-(n/2))^2); % %Low pass Butterworth Filter LHB_5(u,v)=(1/(1+(D(u,v)/5)^2*s)); LHB_50(u,v)=(1/(1+(D(u,v)/50)^2*s)); LHB_200(u,v)=(1/(1+(D(u,v)/200)^2*s)); % %Low pass Gausian Filter LHG_5(u,v)=exp(-(D(u,v)^2/(2*(5)^2))); LHG_50(u,v)=exp(-(D(u,v)^2/(2*(50)^2))); LHG_200(u,v)=exp(-(D(u,v)^2/(2*(200)^2))); % %Ideal Low pass Filter if D(u,v)<=5; LH_5(u,v)=1; else LH_5(u,v)=0; end if D(u,v)<=50; LH_50(u,v)=1; else LH_50(u,v)=0; end if D(u,v)<=200; LH_200(u,v)=1; else LH_200(u,v)=0; end end end CGPIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Fundamental of Image Processing % %Ideal Low pass Filter subplot(321); imshow(LH_5,[]); title('Ideal LP with D0=5','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LH_5; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(322); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of Ideal LP with D0=5','FontSize',13); subplot(323); imshow(LH_50,[]); title('Ideal LP with D0=50','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LH_50; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(324); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of Ideal LP with D0==50','FontSize',13); subplot(325); imshow(LH_200,[]); title('Ideal LP with D0=30','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LH_200; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(326); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of Ideal LP with D0=200','FontSize',13); figure();
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% %Low pass Butterworth Filter subplot(321); imshow(LHB_5,[]); title('LP Butterworth with D0=5','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LHB_5; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(322); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of LP Butterworth with D0=5','FontSize',13); subplot(323); imshow(LHB_50,[]); title('LP Butterworth with D0=50','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LHB_50; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(324); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of LP Butterworth with D0=50','FontSize',13); subplot(325); imshow(LHB_200,[]); title('LP Butterworth with D0=200','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LHB_200; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(326); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of LP Butterworth with D0=200','FontSize',13); figure();
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Fundamental of Image Processing % %Low pass Gausian Filter subplot(321); imshow(LHG_5,[]); title('LP Gausian with D0=5','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LHG_5; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(322); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of LP Gausian with D0=5','FontSize',13); subplot(323); imshow(LHG_50,[]); title('LP Gausian with D0=50','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LHG_50; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(324); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of LP Gausian with D0=50','FontSize',13); subplot(325); imshow(LHG_200,[]); title('LP Gausian with D0=200','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*LHG_200; i3=ifft2(fftshift(i2)); subplot(326); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of LP Gausian with D0=200','FontSize',13); figure(); % %Ideal high pass Filter subplot(321); HH_5=1.-LH_5; imshow(HH_5,[]); title('Ideal HP with D0=5','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HH_5; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(322); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of Ideal HP with D0=5','FontSize',13); HH_50=1.-LH_50; subplot(323); imshow(HH_50,[]); title('Ideal HP with D0=50','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HH_50; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(324); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of Ideal HP with D0=50','FontSize',13); subplot(325); HH_200=1.-LH_200; imshow(HH_200,[]); title('Ideal HP with D0=200','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HH_200; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(326); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of Ideal HP with D0=200','FontSize',13); figure();
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% %High Pass Butterworth Filter subplot(321); HHB_5=1.-LHB_5; imshow(HHB_5,[]); title('HP Butterworth with D0=5','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HHB_5; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(322); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of HP Butterworth with D0=5','FontSize',13); HHB_50=1.-LHB_50; subplot(323); imshow(HHB_50,[]); title('HP Butterworth with D0=50','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HHB_50; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(324); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of HP Butterworth with D0=50','FontSize',13); subplot(325); HHB_200=1.-LHB_200; imshow(HHB_200,[]); title('HP Butterworth with D0=200','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HHB_200; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(326); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of HP Butterworth with D0=200','FontSize',13); figure(); % %High pass Gaussian Filter subplot(321); HHG_5=1.-LHG_5; imshow(HHG_5,[]); title('HP Gausian with D0=5','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HHG_5; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(322); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of HP Gausian with D0=5','FontSize',13); subplot(323); HHG_50=1.-LHG_50; imshow(HHG_50,[]); title('HP Gausian with D0=50','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HHG_50; i3=ifft2(ifftshift(i2)); subplot(324); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of HP Gausian with D0=50','FontSize',13); subplot(325); HHG_200=1.-LHG_200; imshow(HHG_200,[]); title('HP Gausian with D0=200','FontSize',13); i2=i1.*HHG_200; i3=ifft2(fftshift(i2)); subplot(326); imshow(uint8(i3),[]); title('Image of HP Gausian with D0=200','FontSize',13); CGPIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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8th Sem - E & C

Enter Order of Filter : 1 Part: A Ideal Low Pass Filter:
Butterworth Low Pass Filter:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Gaussian Low Pass Filter:
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Part: B Ideal High Pass Filter:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Butterworth High Pass Filter:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Gaussian High Pass Filter:
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Conclusion:
Hence, we apply the different filtering in frequency domain and observe the result of each on images and we also check results of first and second order filtering.
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Practical No: 8
A. Cyan, Magenta and Yellow B. Hue, Saturation and Intensity C. Luminance(Y),Hue(I) and Saturation(Q) (NTSC format) D. Y, Cb and Cr
Date: 25/03/2013
Aim: Read a full color image and obtain the following color space components;
Program:
clc; clear all; close all; t=imread('C:\Users\Public\Pictures\Sample Pictures\Hydrangeas.jpg'); imshow(t);title('Colour Image'); r=t(:,:,1); g=t(:,:,2); b=t(:,:,3); % %RGB to CMY C = 255-r; M = 255-g; Y = 255-b; figure(); subplot(1,3,1);imshow(C);title('CYAN'); subplot(1,3,2);imshow(M);title('Magenta'); subplot(1,3,3);imshow(Y);title('YELLOW'); figure(); I3=imcomplement(t); subplot(1,2,1);imshow(I3);title('Function CMY'); CMY_Img(:,:,1) = C; CMY_Img(:,:,2) = M; CMY_Img(:,:,3) = Y; subplot(1,2,2);imshow(CMY_Img);title('Equation CMY'); %%RGB to HSV figure(); H=rgb2hsv(t); imshow(H);title('HSV Image');
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Fundamental of Image Processing % %RGB to NTSC Y=0.2989 * r + 0.5870 * g + 0.1140 * b; I=0.596*r-0.274*g-0.322*b; Q=0.211*r-0.523*g+0.312*b; figure(); subplot(1,3,1);imshow(Y);title('Luminance'); subplot(1,3,2);imshow(I);title('HUE'); subplot(1,3,3);imshow(Q);title('Intensity'); figure(); I2=rgb2ntsc(t); subplot(1,2,1);imshow(I2);title('Using Function NTSC'); NTSC_Img(:,:,1) = Y; NTSC_Img(:,:,2) = I; NTSC_Img(:,:,3) = Q; subplot(1,2,2); imshow(NTSC_Img);title('Using Equation NTSC'); %RGB to YCbCr R=im2double(r); G=im2double(g); B=im2double(b); Y = 16 + (65.481*R+128.553*G+24.966*B); Cb = 128 + (-37.797*R-74.203*G+112*B); Cr = 128 + (112*R-93.786*G-18.214*B); figure(); subplot(1,3,1);imshow(uint8(Y));title('Y'); subplot(1,3,2);imshow(uint8(Cb));title('Cb'); subplot(1,3,3);imshow(uint8(Cr));title('Cr'); figure(); I4=rgb2ycbcr(t); subplot(1,2,1);imshow(I4);title('Function YCbCr'); YCbCr_Img(:,:,1) = Y; YCbCr_Img(:,:,2) = Cb; YCbCr_Img(:,:,3) = Cr; subplot(1,2,2);imshow(uint8(YCbCr_Img));title('Equation YCbCr');
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Original Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Part: A Cyan, Magenta & Cyan Components of Image:
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CMY Images:
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Fundamental of Image Processing Part: B Hue, Saturation & Intensity(HSV) Image:
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Part: C Luminance, Hue & Saturation Components of Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing NTSC Images:
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Part: D Y, Cb & Cr Components of Images:
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Fundamental of Image Processing YCbCr Images:
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Conclusion:
Hence, we learn to get the different detail from the colour image and observe the different operation on colour image.
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Practical No: 9 Aim: Read a gray scale image.
Date: 01/04/2013
A. Apply 2 level DWT on image. And Reconstruct image using IDWT B. Apply 1 level DWT and reconstruct image with consider following impact Replace Diagonal Plane element with all zero Replace Horizontal Plane element with all zero Replace Vertical Plane element with all zero Replace Low frequency Plane element with all zero
Find the similarity factor (normalized correlation) for all above case.
Program:
clc;clear all;close all; i=imread('C:\Users\PRADEEP\Desktop\woman.gif'); nbcol = size(i,1); [ll,lh,hl,hh]=dwt2(i,'db10'); subplot(221);imshow(i);title('Original Image'); subplot(222); % % 1-level DWT image representation cod_i = wcodemat(i,nbcol); cod_ll = wcodemat(ll,nbcol); cod_lh = wcodemat(lh,nbcol); cod_hl = wcodemat(hl,nbcol); cod_hh = wcodemat(hh,nbcol); d_1 = [... cod_ll, cod_hl; ... cod_lh, cod_hh ... ]; imshow(d_1,[]); title('1 Level Image','FontSize',13); % % 2-level DWT image representation [llll,lllh,llhl,llhh]=dwt2(ll,'db10'); nbcol = size(ll,2); subplot(223); cod_llll = wcodemat(llll,nbcol); cod_lllh = wcodemat(lllh,nbcol); cod_llhl = wcodemat(llhl,nbcol); CGPIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Fundamental of Image Processing cod_llhh = wcodemat(llhh,nbcol); d1= [... cod_llll, cod_llhl; ... cod_lllh, cod_llhh ... ]; d_resized=imresize(d1,[137 137]); cod_d_resized = wcodemat(d_resized,nbcol); d2 = [... cod_d_resized, cod_hl; ... cod_lh, cod_hh ... ]; imshow(d2,[]); title('2 Level Image','FontSize',13); figure(); % % 2-level IDWT image representation rec_2=idwt2(llll,lllh,llhl,llhh,'db10'); subplot(131); imshow(i);title('Oriignal Image'); subplot(132); imshow(d1,[]); title('2 Level Image','FontSize',13); subplot(133); imshow(rec_2,[]); title('Reconstructed Image from 2level DWT','FontSize',13); figure(); % % 1-level IDWT image representation with hh=0 hh_0=zeros(137,137); rec_1=idwt2(ll,lh,hl,hh_0,'db10'); subplot(131); imshow(i);title('Oriignal Image'); subplot(132); imshow(d1,[]); title('1 Level Image','FontSize',13); subplot(133); imshow(rec_1,[]); title('Reconstructed Image with hh=0','FontSize',13); figure(); % % 1-level IDWT image representation with lh=0 lh_0=zeros(137,137); rec_1=idwt2(ll,lh_0,hl,hh,'db10'); subplot(131); imshow(i);title('Oriignal Image'); subplot(132); imshow(d1,[]); title('1 Level Image','FontSize',13); subplot(133); imshow(rec_1,[]); title('Reconstructed Image with lh=0','FontSize',13); figure(); % % 1-level IDWT image representation with hl=0 hl_0=zeros(137,137); rec_1=idwt2(ll,lh,hl_0,hh,'db10'); CGPIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Fundamental of Image Processing subplot(131); imshow(i);title('Oriignal Image'); subplot(132); imshow(d1,[]); title('1 Level Image','FontSize',13); subplot(133); imshow(rec_1,[]); title('Reconstructed Image with hl=0','FontSize',13); figure(); % % 1-level IDWT image representation with ll=0 ll_0=zeros(137,137); rec_1=idwt2(ll_0,lh,hl,hh,'db10'); subplot(131); imshow(i);title('Oriignal Image'); subplot(132); imshow(d1,[]); title('1 Level Image','FontSize',13); subplot(133); imshow(rec_1,[]); title('Reconstructed Image with ll=0','FontSize',13);
8th Sem - E & C
Results & Conclusion:

Part: A 1 level & 2 level DWT of given Image:
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Fundamental of Image Processing 2 level DWT image & reconstucted image from it:
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Part: B
1 level DWT & reconstucted image with HH=0:
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Fundamental of Image Processing 1 level DWT & reconstucted image with LH=0:
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1 level DWT & reconstucted image with HL=0:
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Fundamental of Image Processing 1 level DWT & reconstucted image with LL=0:
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Conclusion:
After completion of this practical we observe that in DWT the LL part contain almost all information of the original image, LH part contain horizontal and HL contain vertical information, HH part contain diagonal information. Now, if we remove the HH, LH or HL part from the DWT image almost all information is present in the image but if we remove LL part, very less detail of image remains.
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Practical No: 10 Aim: Read a gray scale image. Convert it into 4 gray level (2-bit) image.
Find out the probability of gray level (0,1,2,3) Find out Arithmetic code for the input sequence: 20131.
Date: 08/04/2014
Program:
clc;clear all;close all; i=imread('cameraman.tif'); subplot(131) imshow(i);title('Original Image'); subplot(132); i=double(i); i1=floor(i./64); [m,n]=size(i1); p=zeros(4,1); for j=1:m for k=1:n; for l=1:4 if i1(j,k)==l-1; p(l,1)=p(l,1)+1; end end end end imshow(i1,[]);title('2 Bit Image'); subplot(133); s=p/(m*n); bar(s);title('Histogram'); s1=sort(s); % % CDF for 1st step r11=s1(1,:); r12=r11+s1(2,:); r13=r12+s1(3,:); r14=r13+s1(4,:); r1=[r11 r12 r13 r14]' % % CDF for 2nd step for '2' r_21=r12; dif=r13-r12; r_22=r12+(dif*r12); r_23=r12+(dif*r13); r_24=r12+(dif*r14); CGPIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Fundamental of Image Processing r_2=[r_21 r_22 r_23 r_24]' % % CDF for 3rd step for '0' r_01=r_21; dif=r_22-r_21; r_02=r_21+(dif*r12); r_03=r_21+(dif*r13); r_04=r_21+(dif*r14); r_0=[r_01 r_02 r_03 r_04]' % % CDF for 4th step for '1' r_11=0; dif=r_01-0; r_12=(dif*r12); r_13=(dif*r13); r_14=(dif*r14); r_1=[r_11 r_12 r_13 r_14]'
8th Sem - E & C
% % CDF for 5th step for '3' r_31=r_13; dif=r_14-r_13; r_32=r_13+(dif*r12); r_33=r_13+(dif*r13); r_34=r_13+(dif*r14); r_3=[r_31 r_32 r_33 r_34]' % % CDF for final step for '1' r_1_1=r_31; dif=r_32-r_31; r_1_2=r_31+(dif*r12); r_1_3=r_31+(dif*r13); r_1_4=r_31+(dif*r14); r_11=[r_1_1 r_1_2 r_1_3 r_1_4]'
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Results & Conclusion:

Original & 2-bit Image with Histogram:
Output on Command Window: r1 = 0.0179 0.1773 0.4219 1.0000 r_2 = 0.1773 0.2206 0.2805 0.4219 CGPIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Fundamental of Image Processing r_0 = 0.1773 0.1850 0.1956 0.2206 r_1 = 0 0.0314 0.0748 0.1773 r_3 = 0.0748 0.0930 0.1180 0.1773 r_11 = 0.0748 0.0780 0.0825 0.0930
8th Sem - E & C
Conclusion:
Hence, we convert the gray scale image in to 2-bit image using the thresholding and observe the result and we conclude that this image contain almost all the information of real image but contain less memory space. We also calculated the probability of that image and generate the arithmetic code for given sequence.
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Fundamental of Image Processing

8th Sem - E & C

Practical No: 1 Aim: Introduction to image processing commands. Program:

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing

8th Sem - E & C

Result & Conclusion:

Figure: 2: Negative of different Images.

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Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 3: Rotation of Image.

8th Sem - E & C

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing Image Information using imfinfo:

8th Sem - E & C

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing

8th Sem - E & C

Practical No: 2 Aim:

%to convert gray to negative L = 255-Y; figure,subplot(1,2,1);imshow(L);title('negative of colour');

%binary to negative G = 1-z; subplot(1,2,2);imshow(G);title('negative of binary');

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

8th Sem - E & C

Result & Conclusion:

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 2: Negative of Colour & Binary Image.

8th Sem - E & C

Figure: 3: Spatial Resolution.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 4: Gray Level Intensity Resolution.

8th Sem - E & C

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing

8th Sem - E & C

Practical No: 3 Aim:

%% To find Histogram of an Image

%% for 256 intensity levels

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Fundamental of Image Processing end

8th Sem - E & C

%% To Perform Gamma Transformation I=imread('tire.tif'); J1=imadjust(I,[],[],1); CGPIT %% s=c*r^gamma

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

8th Sem - E & C

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing

8th Sem - E & C

Result & Conclusion:

Figure: 2: Log Transformation.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 3: Gamma Transformation.

8th Sem - E & C

Figure: 4: Enhance contrast of an intensity of image using Histogram Equalization.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

8th Sem - E & C

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing

8th Sem - E & C

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing

8th Sem - E & C

Result & Conclusion:

Figure: 2: Reconstructed 8 bit image.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Fundamental of Image Processing Figure: 3: Bit Plane Slicing.

8th Sem - E & C