ESA 368 High Speed Aerodynamics ZMK 2013 Aero USM

Isentropic Flow
— Formula Derivation
— Applications & Sample Problems
 Overview
― Real flows are not entirely isentropic, but major
portions of the flow is isentropic

― In practice, many flows can be assumed as

isentropic flow
• No shock waves, no heat transfer, no friction

― Example  flows in ducts or nozzles:

• Friction or heat transfer effects are important only
in the wall boundary layer
• Use correction factors to handle non-isentropic
region

Core flow is
isentropic
 Chapter Objectives
1. If area changes, how does if affect V, T, P, r?

2. For compressible flows, use M instead of V.

3. Examples:
• Jet or rocket nozzles
• Convergent-divergent nozzles
• Airfoils

Isentropic
core flow
 Governing Equations
For isentropic flow:
 1
 1
T2  P2    r2 
     
T1  P1   r1  Mach Number:
And: V V
a  RT M 
So:
a RT
 1
 1
T2 a 2
 P2    r2 
   
2
  
 r1 
2
T1 a 1 P1 

Applying energy equation to relate between T & M:

c pT1 
V12
 c pT2 
V22


T2 1  V1 2c pT1
2

2 2 
T1 1  V22 2c pT2 
 Governing Equations
 1
So: 2
 V     1   1 2
2 1 M 12
V T2 2
     M 
2c pT  2T   R  2 T1 1    1 M 2
2
2
And:


2

T2 1  V1 2c pT1  

T1 1  V22 2c pT2    1 2 
1 M2 
 1

P2  2
 1  
 1 P1 1    1 M 2 
T2 a P 
2  r 
   2    2   
2 1
2
 r1 
2
T1 a  P1 
1

1
  1 2   1

r 2 1  2 M 2 
 
Isentropic flow r1 1    1 M 2 
 
1
2
1
2
 Sample Problems
Sample Problem 1
Air flows through a convergent-divergent duct with an inlet area of 5 cm2 and an
exit area of 3.8 cm2. At the inlet section the air velocity is 100 m/s, the pressure is
680 kPa, and the temperature is 60oC.

Find the mass flow rate through the nozzle and the pressure and velocity at the
exit section. Assume that the flow is isentropic throughout the nozzle.
 Governing Equations

To find relation between A & M:

A2  r1  V1  A2  r1  M 1 RT1 

r1 A1V1  r2 A2V2       
A1  r 2  V2  A1  r 2  M 2 RT2 


Using the relations r-M and T-M:

 1
 1   1 2  2  1
1
1 1
M1 
M2 
A2 M 1  K 2   1  K2 2 M1  K 2  2  1
          2 
A1 M 2  K1   K1  M 2  K1  M 2  1   1 M 2 
 1 
 2 
Where:
 1
K  1 M2
2
 Stagnation Conditions
― Flow stagnates when V changed isentropically to V = 0.

― Can be used to relate points 0-1 and 0-2.

 1
1 M 12
T2
 2 T0    1 2 
T1 1    1 M 2  1  M  0
2
2
2 T  2 

V M 0 1
   1 2   1 
1
P2 
M2 
P0    1 2   1 P  P0
 1 
 2
 M 
P1 1    1 M 2  T  T0

1

P  2 
2 r  r0
1
  1 2   1 1
r 2 1  2 M 2  r0    1 2   1
 
r1 1    1 M 2   1  M 
 2
1

r  2 
Examples of Stagnation Conditions

0
1

Stagnation point is point 0

V M 0
P  P0
T  T0
r  r0

Stagnation point is inside the chamber

 Sample Problems
Sample Problem 2
If Concorde is flying at a Mach number of 2.2, at an altitude of 10 km in the standard
atmosphere, find the stagnation pressure and temperature for the flow over the
aircraft.

Sample Problem 3
The pressure, temperature, and Mach number at the entrance to a duct through which
air is flowing are 250 kPa, 26oC, and 1.4 respectively. At some other point in the duct,
the Mach number is found to be 2.5.

Assuming isentropic flow, find the temperature, velocity, and pressure at the second
section. Also find the mass flow rate per square meter at the second section.
 Pitot Probe: Measuring Velocity

V=0

Incompressible flow (Bernoulli equation):

1 2P0  P 
P0  P  rV 2 V P0
2 r

 1
 
 2   P0  
M       1
   1   P  
Compressible flow:
  
P0    1 2   1
 1 M 
P  2   1
 
V  2   P0  P  
     1  1
a    1   P  
 
 Critical Conditions
― Critical condition is when flow  1
is isentropically accelerated or A 1  2  1 2  2 1
5    M 
decelerated until M = M* = 1 A* M  1  1 

M* = 1  T*, P*, r*, a*, A* =

6

A/A* 4

T*  2  1 2 
3

 
T    1   1
1 M  2

 1

0
 0 1 2 3

P*  2   1 2   1 Mach number
2   M 
P   1   1 
1
r*  2  1 2   1
M<1 M>1
3   M 
r   1   1 
1
a*  2  1 2  2
4   M  A = A*
a   1   1  M = 1 only at throat
 Table of Isentropic Flow

M T0/T P0/P r0/r a0/a A/A* q

0.50 1.05000 1.18621 1.12973 1.02470 1.33984 -

0.52 1.05408 1.20242 1.14073 1.02668 1.30339 -

2.40 2.15200 17.08589 7.59373 1.50000 2.63671 36.74650

2.42 2.17128 15.08357 6.94686 1.47353 2.44787 37.22883

1
T0    1 2  a0    1 2  2
 1  M   1 M 
T  2  a  2 
  1
P0    1 2   1 A 1  2  1 2  2  1
 1  M   
  M 
P  2  A*
M   1  1 
1
r0    1 2   1
 1 M 
r  2 
 Sample Problems

Sample Problem 4
Air flow moves from a reservoir into a cylindrical converging-diverging nozzle. The
regions are labeled as reservoir, Region 1 (1), throat (t), exit (e), and the region just
outside the exit area (b). The flow condition is measured at Region 1 with M = 0.3,
static P = 70 kPa, and diameter d = 10 cm.

If the exit Mach number is 3.4, calculate the throat and exit areas necessary to produce
that exit condition. Calculate also the pressure at the exit.
 Sample Problems

Sample Question 5
A supersonic flow enters an inlet (Region 1) of a cylindrical converging-diverging
channel. The flow decelerates to the throat of the channel at Region 2, where the
diameter d2 = 0.5d1. The channel then diverges to a uniform-area tube at Region 3 with
a diameter d3 = 0.8d1. The flow then faces a moving normal shock wave, where the
density increases by 3.8 across the moving shock.

1. Calculate M3, P3, and V3.

2. If the flow decelerates from R1 – R2, why is the flow at R3 still supersonic?