Upon completion of this presentation, you should be able to:

Calculate the mass/or volume given the density and

volume/or mass. Correlate mass and volumetric flow rates. Identify some flow meters. Calculate mass fractions from mol fractions and vice versa. Calculate the average molecular weight of a mixture. Define pressure, temperature and their units.

 Mass: is a measure of the amount of a matter in the body Mass and volume are correlated via density according to the

equation: Density r = mass/volume (m/v) Specific volume = 1/density Specific gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density of a substance to a reference density; usually taken the density of water at 4 0C, which equals to 1g/cm3, thus SG (dimensionless) r / r of water at 4 0C. Mass and volumetric flow rates (mass or volume per time) are correlated via density.

 1 mole of A or 1 gmol of A is the mass (g) of 6.02 x

10-23 molecules of that species. The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms that constitute a molecule of the compound. If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then there are M kg/kmol, M g/mol, and M lbm /lb-mol of this substance. The same factors used to convert masses from one unit to another may be used to convert the equivalent molar units: there is 454 g/ lbm for example, and therefore there is 454 mol/ lbmol.

Example: Consider 100 g of CO2, Calculate:

Molecular weight of CO2:
M.W. = 1* atomic weight of C + 2*atomic weight of O

= 1*12+2*16=44 g/mol
Mol of CO2: = 100 g CO2* mol CO2/44 g CO2= 2.273 mol lb-mol of CO2 : = 2.273 mol CO2*1 lb-mol/454 mol = 0.005 lb-mol CO2 Mole of C: = 2.273 mol CO2*(1 mol C/mol CO2} = 2.273 moles C

Mole of C = 2.273 mol CO2*(1 mol C/mol CO2}= 2.273 mol C

Mole of O = 2.273 mol CO2*(2 mol O/mol CO2}= 4.546 mol O

Example: Consider 100 g of CO2, Calculate:

Mass of O2: = 2.273 mol CO2*(1 mol O2/mol CO2}*

(32 g O2/mol O2) = 72.74 g O2. Practice: Try to find the mass of O using the moles of O2.

Mole Fraction, Mass Fraction and Average Molecular Weight

The mass fraction of a component in a mixture is the ratio of the

mass of this component to the total mass of the mixture; xA = mass of A/total mass of mixture The mole fraction of a component in a mixture is the ratio of the moles of this component to the total moles of the mixture; yA = moles of A/total moles of mixture The average molecular weight of the mixture can be calculated using:

Mw y i M wi or
i

xi 1 Mw i M wi

Example: Consider a mixture of gases with the following composition:

Gas mass % O2 16 N2 63 CO2 17 CO 4 What is the molar composition and the average molecular weight of the gas mixture? Solution: The steps to solve such problems are
PICK a Basis: 100 g of the gas mixture. NOTE that solution will not

depend on the basis you pick!!! Calculate the mass of each gas in the mixture. Calculate the number of moles of each gas in the mixture. Calculate the total number of moles of the gas mixture. Calculate the mol fraction of each component.

Lets now start solving the problem

The mass of each gas = total mass*mass

fraction For example: Mass of O2 = 100*0.16=16 g Number of moles = mass /molecular weight For example Moles of O2 = 16 g O2 *(1 mol O2 /32 g O2) = 0.5 mol O2 Following same procedure for other gases, the results are summarized in the table below Total number of moles = moles of all gases. xi= number of moles of i/total number of moles.

Table 1: Solution of example 2

Gas
O2 N2

Mass % 16
63

Mass (g) 16
63

Moles
0.5 2.25

Mole fraction 0.15

0.69

CO2
CO

17
4

17
4

0.386
0.143

0.12
0.04

Total 100 % 100 g 3.279 mol 1 Average molecular weight = yi(Mwi) or = 1/(xi/(Mwi)) = 0.15*(32)+0.69*(28)+0.12*(44)+0.04*(28) = 30.5 g/mol =1/[(0.16/32)+(0.63/28)+(0.17/44)+(0.04/28)] = 30.5 g/mol

Pressure
Pressure is the ratio of force to area on which the force is

acting. Units of pressure: N/m2 (Pascal), or lb/in2 (psi). Hydrostatic (static) pressure Po (atmospheric pressure) Consider a vessel of area A that Area A contains a liquid density of r at a height of h. column cf fluid Recall from physics that the force at the bottom of the tank is given by Fbottom = Ftop + Fwt. of fluid , divide by A (Fbottom /A) = (Ftop/A) + (Fwt. of fluid/A), or (Fbottom /A) = (Ftop/A) + (Ahrg/gcA), then Pbottom = Po + (hrg/gc)

Absolute pressure: actual pressure

Gauge pressure: pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
Pabsolute= Pgauge+ Patmospheric If absolute pressure = zero

If gauge pressure = zero,

perfect vacuum! pressure = atmospheric

pressure. Manometers: are used to measure the pressure up to 3 atm. There are three types of manometers:Open-end manometers, Differential manometers, and Sealed-end manometers. These manometers are shown in Figure below.

Figure: Types of manometers

P1 P2=Patm Manometer fluid

(a) Open-end

P1

P2

(b) Differential

P1 P2=0

(c) Sealed-end Figure 3.4-4 Manometers

General Manometer Equation

Consider a manometer that has a fluid of densityrf and is

used to measure P1 and P2, as shown in the figure below.

P1 P2 Fluid 2 Density

Fluid 1 Density

1
d1

d2

h (a)

Manometer fluid Density f (b)

Figure 3.4-5 Manometer variables

 Notice that at same horizontal levels, the pressure will be

the same no matter how it is measured. Then

P1 + r1 (g/gc)d1 = P2 + r2 (g/gc)d2 + rf (g/gc)h Special Cases: If r1 = r2 =r (differential Manometer), then P1 P2 = (rf -r) (g/gc)h If fluids 1 & 2 are gases, then P1 P2 = rf (g/gc)h

Temperature: is a measure of the average kinetic energy possessed by the substance molecules.
Temperature can be measured using the centigrade scale

(Celsius); oC, or the Fahrenheit scale; oF. The centigrade scale is based on the fact that at 1 atm, the boiling point of water is 100 oC, and its freezing point is 0 oC, while according to the Fahrenheit scale, they equal to 212 and 32 oF, respectively. Kelvin (K) scale is the same as the centigrade scale except for the reference of zero. Rankine (R) scale is the same as the Fahrenheit scale except for the reference of zero. Temperature can be converted from a scale to another scale using the following correlations:

T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15 T(R) = T(oF) + 459.67 T(R) = 1.8 T(K) T(oF) = 1.8 T(oC) + 32 (Can you derive this relation?!) Note the difference between the temperature and temperature difference!!!!