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Detailed Modeling for Large Scale Wind Power Installations A Real Project Case Study
Nayeem R. Ullah, ke Larsson, Andreas Petersson, and Daniel Karlsson

Abstract--This paper reports on the modeling issues performed related to a feasibility study to investigate the possibilities to connect the 640 MW off-shore wind power farm, planned for Kriegers Flak 30 km south of Trelleborg (Sweden), to the E.ON 130 kV subtransmission system. The aim of the entire study is to answer the question if such a connection is possible, and under what conditions; it is not meant as a design project. Following a general connection design discussion, the study comprises three major parts, fault current calculations, load flow calculations, and dynamic simulations. Concerning the modeling aspects, much effort has been put on details and scalability for the dynamic simulations. Index Terms--grid code, grid wind power connection, wind power modeling, grid wind power interaction, off-shore, wind power.

reduce the transmission and transformer losses. Therefore it seems to be a good idea to study the possibility to connect the 640 MW from Kriegers Flak, directly to the E.ON 130 kV subtransmission system. Large off-shore power plants have a general problem to find suitable connection points on land, since the network is normally weak in the costal areas, except for the locations of large thermal plants or large industrial sites. Moreover, an appropriate work procedure of such a grid connection study, with respect to the local conditions, including the recent grid codes, of a large wind farm are hard to find in literature.

I. INTRODUCTION

RIEGERS FLAK, located in the Baltic Sea between Sweden, Denmark and Germany, some 30 km south of Trelleborg, see Fig. 1, offers a great opportunity for large scale off-shore wind power generation. Vattenfall has now the formal rights to harness the Swedish part of Kriegers Flak, and a wind power installation of 640 MW is planned to be grid connected by 2010. Different grid connection alternatives are discussed and studied. The grid connection and the wind power farm properties have to comply with the recent National Grid Code concerning generation plants [1], formulated by the Swedish National Grid Company (Svenska Kraftnt). In other countries there are similar grid codes [2,3,4], and many transmission system operators publish their grid codes on their website. The fault ride-through capability for two types of wind turbine generators are investigated in [5]. The Swedish National Grid Company has investigated a connection to the 400 kV level [6]. The E.ON 130 kV subtransmission system is closer to the off-shore site, cables and equipment for 130 kV are cheaper than for 400 kV, and to some extent the power is needed on the 130 kV level. The south-west part of Sweden, where the wind power farm will be located is a typical load area, with very little generation. The 130 kV subtransmission system is operated as a meshed distribution system in the area. Introduction of new generation into the 130 kV system should

Fig. 1.

Kriegers Flak location south of Sweden.

Nayeem R. Ullah is with Chalmers University, SWEDEN, ke Larsson is with Vattenfall Power Consultants, SWEDEN, Andreas Petersson, and Daniel Karlsson are with Gothia Power AB, Aschebergsgatan 46, SE-411 33 Gteborg, SWEDEN, (e-mail: daniel.karlsson@gothiapower.com).

Finding a strong connection point in the network is normally required, since the power input might be considerable. As shown in this study, the 130 kV system is on the limit to be able to take care of the 640 MW power. The initial approach was focused on complying with the grid code, but during the study it became clear that modern DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generators) or full-power converter units are very robust, and will not loose the grid connection, even for backup clearance of nearby faults in the meshed 400 kV system. However the 130 kV system load currents and fault currents turned out to be too large for the present system, and reinforcements are necessary. As long as the voltage for all buses in the meshed 400 kV transmission system, are above the curve in Fig. 2, the wind power farm has to be grid connected. The background for the shape of the curve is that generation must not trip for a three-phase line fault close to a bus, cleared by the backup system (breaker-failure protection).

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14 11 13 15 12 10 16

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Fig. 4. Layout of the internal grid at Kriegers Flak. Fig. 2. Swedish grid code requirement for large generation plants.

The wind farm will be connected to the E.ON 130 kV grid at Arrie and Trelleborg N. The grid connection is planned to use four AC sea cables. Two AC cables carrying 340 MW will be connected to the grid point Trelleborg N and two AC cables carrying 300 MW will be connected to the grid point Arrie, see Fig. 3. At Kriegers Flak, sea cables will connect to two off-shore transformer substations.

The cables in the internal grid will operate at 36 kV. Two different cross-sections will be used; 3x630 mm2 in each radial close to the transformer and 3x185 mm2 at the end of each radial. The 630 mm2 cable can carry 700 A / 45 MW and the 185 mm2 cable can carry 410 A / 27 MW. It is very hard to give a good and general recipe on which studies to perform to insure a robust and efficient grid connection of large off-shore wind power farms, because the conditions are so different from one situation to another. But it is always possible to describe afterwards, how a study was performed and what the results were. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the work procedure and the results of the grid connection study of Kriegers Flak wind farm. II. WORK PROCEDURE A feasibility study for large off-shore wind power grid connection has never been performed in Sweden before, so no local experience on any relevant work procedure was available. Therefore the work plan was carefully specified before the start up of the project. Then it was continuously reviewed and updated. Basically the work proceeded according to the following main items: 1) Specification and collection of data and other information necessary for the study. 2) Modeling of the power system: A power system model for southern Sweden, stage 2010, was set up in PSS/E, and a base load flow case and a base fault current network were established. 3) Agreement on the initial conditions for the load flow calculations, for the fault current calculations and for the dynamic simulations were established, as well as, the criteria for acceptance. 4) Load-flow calculations covering normal network operational conditions, high wind power generation, high and low load conditions, as well as high and low exchange with neighbor areas, were established. 5) Relevant faults and abnormal network switching conditions for the study were identified. 6) An intermediate report was put together, describing the initial load flow conditions, abnormal switching conditions, and critical faults, as a basis for the rest of the study. 7) Dynamic simulations were performed to see the voltage
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Fig. 3.

Grid connection of Kriegers Flak using four AC sea cables.

Off-shore, three-core submarine cables (3x800 mm2 copper) will be used. Each cable can carry a maximum current of 800 A which gives a transmission capacity of approximately 200 MW at 145 kV. Fiber optical cables for the SCADA system will be integrated into the submarine cable. On land, each submarine cable will be joined to three single phase cables (1x1000 mm2 aluminum). Even the on-shore cables will be able to carry 800 A / 200 MW at 145 kV. Fig. 4 shows the proposed locations of the two off-shore transformer substations and the internal grid of the wind farm. Each off-shore transformer substation accommodates two transformers.

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profile at the point of wind power connection, when a dimensioning fault was applied in the meshed 400 kV system. This dimensioning fault is a nearby, three-phase line fault, cleared from the breaker-failure protection (250 ms, and opening of all circuit-breakers of objects connected to the same busbar as the faulty object). This voltage profile was then used by a research group at Chalmers University of Technology for the development of the detailed dynamic PSS/E model of 1/4 of the wind power farm (150/170 MW). 8) The detailed dynamic wind power model development work was performed by Chalmers University of Technology, and used as an input for the dynamic simulations [7]. 9) Fault current calculations were performed based on the intermediate report according to 6) above. 10) Load flow calculations were performed according to 6) above. 11) Final dynamic simulations were performed based on 6) and 8) above, to verify that the grid code was fulfilled for all relevant 400 kV and 130 kV faults, and fault clearing sequences. 12) A draft report was submitted, an oral presentation and discussion session was also held, and detailed comments were collected. 13) Based on the draft report, the discussion and the comments, a final report was assembled and submitted. This work procedure was specified on before hand, and only minor adjustments were made during the work. It was realized that the fault current calculations were more time consuming than expected, and that the dynamic simulations were less time consuming than expected. III. INITIAL CONDITION DATA AND SETUP The present load flow and fault current network models were updated with known and planned changes up to year 2010. Also the dynamic data file had to be updated. It is interesting to note that utilities often have different network models for load flow calculations and for fault current calculations. The main reason is that more fictive buses are needed in the fault current network to take care of discontinuity points of the lines and mutual zero-sequence coupling between multi-circuit and parallel lines. In load flow it is always the characteristics of the entire line that is of interest, while fractions of a line are also used in fault current calculations. The following power system changes were estimated and agreed on: 1) Data for the generators at Kriegers Flak; DFIG or fullpower converter units. For DFIG units the initial short-circuit current is estimated to a maximum of 5 times the rated current [8] and for the full-power converter alternative the initial short-circuit current is estimated to a maximum of 1.41 times the rated current. 2) Data for unit transformers, collection network, step-up transformers, and connection cables. 3) Data for other new generation in the area, such as Lillgrund wind power farm (110 MW), new combined heat and power generation in Malm (450 MW), and additional land based wind power (200 MW was estimated). 4) A slight load increase in the area was estimated.
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5) Shut down of the Barsebck nuclear power plant, and reinforcement of other nuclear plants. 6) Minor network changes. A. Dynamic Wind Power Model The main purpose of the dynamic models was to estimate the response of the wind turbines to symmetrical voltage sags and the model should be used for dynamic simulations in PSS/E. The wind farm has to be represented in PSS/E, since this tool is used by the grid owner for this kind of studies. PSS/E is a phasor based simulation package with a typical time step of 10 ms. Three types of variable-speed wind turbines were considered; DFIG system without a voltage sag ride-through system, DFIG system with a voltage sag ride-through system and a system utilizing a full-power converter system. The turbines and one fourth of the wind park were modeled with details (power electronic, transformers and cables) in the simulation package PSCAD/EMTDC (a simulation package utilizing instantaneous values), and subjected to voltage sags. Each cluster of wind turbines (up to seven turbines in one cluster) in the park were aggregated to one unit. All clusters were then connected to the off-shore collection transformer and connected to the grid via a cable. The results from these simulations were then compared to a simplified model of the wind park developed for PSS/E. Already in an early stage it was concluded that the DFIG system without a voltage sag ride-through system would not fulfill the requirements in the Swedish grid code. Hence, this system was not further considered. The wind turbines with a full-power converter system can be controlled fast and can handle voltage sags well [9]. A model of a full-power converter system was built up in PSCAD/EMTDC with a control similar to the one presented in [9]. The model of the full-power converter system consists of a current source that supplies the dc-link of the converter with power from the turbine and a power electronic inverter connected to the grid. During the voltage sag the active and reactive power is controlled to be zero, even though there would be a possibility to support the grid with reactive power. This is considered to be conservative and would not put any demands on reactive power production during the voltage sag. The results obtained from the detailed model in PSCAD/EMTDC corresponds well with the results obtained with the simplified model in PSS/E. IV. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN WIND TURBINES Kriegers Flak is planned for wind turbines with a rated power of 5 MW. There are not very many wind turbines in the 5 MW range available on the market today, but both prototypes in the 5 MW range and mass-produced large wind turbines in the 3 5 MW range are equipped with either a DFIG generator or a full-power converter. A. DFIG A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is an induction generator where the rotor currents can be controlled. Controlling the rotor currents makes it possible to control the

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rotational speed. The currents are controlled by a frequency converter connected to the rotor circuit of the generator. The rated power of the converter is proportional to the speed variation. Due to the high voltages induced in the rotor windings during grid faults, it is necessary to short-circuit the rotor. This is done using a crow-bar. The control of the crowbar varies from one manufacturer to another. For the lay-out of the system see Fig. 5. This system is used by many wind turbine manufacturers, such as Vestas, GE and Gamesa.

take too much computer time to run the simulations and if it is too simple, the result will not be accurate. It is also important to have the objective of the model in mind when modeling. The dynamic model derived in this paper will be used for studies of faults, i.e. short-circuits leading to voltage sags in the connected grid. This means, for instance, that slow wind variations are of minor importance since short-circuits are cleared relatively fast. Kriegers Flak wind farm has been simulated in three steps; (i) first, a detailed model of a wind turbine with fullpower converter was developed in PSCAD/EMTDC, (ii) second, an aggregated model of seven wind turbines was developed and compared with simulations of seven single wind turbines with a detailed representation, and (iii) finally, an aggregated model of the wind farm in PSS/E was developed and compared with a more detailed one in PSCAD/EMTDC. The aggregation results are similar to the results of the detailed modeling. Of course, the fast transients are not included in the PSS/E model. A. Wind turbine model Fig. 6 shows a model of a wind turbine equipped with a fullpower converter. The wind turbine consists of a current source that supplies the dc-link with the power given by the turbine, Pt . At the dc-link there is also a transistor connected to a braking resistor that dissipates power in case of a large voltage sag, i.e. if the power from the turbine is larger than the maximum deliverable power to the grid the excess power is dissipated in the braking resistor. The main task of the gridside converters is to control the dc-link voltage, vdc , and thereby also the power delivered to the grid. The grid-side converter is vector controlled and synchronized to the grid through a phase-locked loop (PLL). The converter has a fast inner current control loop that controls active and reactive currents. More details of the modeling and control can be found in [8] and [9]. Fig. 7 shows a PSCAD/EMTDC simulation of the response of a single wind turbine with a full-power converter to a voltage sag. The remaining voltage is approximately 5 %. Moreover, before the sag, the turbine is operated close to rated power with a power factor of 0.95 inductive. As can be seen in Fig. 7, the turbine handles the sag well. During the simulation in Fig. 7, the converter is programmed to inject as much reactive power as possible in order to keep up the voltage. The figure also shows that it is possible to control the current from the turbine very quickly, which means that, in principle; the converter is infinitively fast in terms of power system dynamics. It should be pointed out that since the converter can control active and reactive currents very quickly it is possible to control the converter in numerous ways during a voltage sag. In Fig. 7, the turbine injects reactive power in order to support the grid. There may be other ways of controlling the converter that can be more or less beneficial for the turbine or the grid. However, the optimal control of active and reactive power during a grid fault is beyond the scope of this paper.

Fig. 5. DFIG with a converter and an active crowbar on the rotor circuit.

Looking at the technical specifications from different wind turbine manufacturers it seems as DFIGs are more sensitive to variations in voltage and frequency than generators equipped with a full-power converter. The DFIG system introduces some additional technical risks compared to the full-power converter system due to the slip rings and the three-winding transformer that are used. Both slip rings and three-winding transformers have a bad track record in off-shore wind turbines. B. Full-Power Converter Using a full-power converter connected between the generator and the grid makes it possible for the generator to operate at a frequency separate from the grid frequency. This results in a variable generator speed and the possibility to control active and reactive power. It is also possible to use different types of generators. Enercon uses a gearless synchronous generator, Siemens uses an induction generator and Vensys uses a gearless permanent magnet generator. Fig. 6 shows the layout of the system model. The generator is modeled as a current source and the converter is modeled with six transistors.
Grid filter Grid

Fig. 6. Model of the electrical system for a full size converter wind turbine.

V. DYNAMIC MODEL OF THE WIND FARM WITH FULL-POWER

CONVERTER WIND TURBINES

When simulating a large wind farm, it is important to estimate the need of complexity of the model, if it is too detailed it will
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s Cphi sUdc

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Fig. 7. Responses to a voltage dip for a full size converter wind turbine.

sUdc

B. Aggregation of a cluster One fourth of the wind park consists of 32 wind turbines, including transformers and cables. This is a large system that demands a lot of computer capacity. In order to decrease the need for computer capacity each wind turbine cluster must be aggregated to one equivalent wind turbine with a transformer and a cable. When aggregating a cluster, the per-unit values of the turbine and transformer were kept constant, while the cable impedance per meter was not changed, however, a weighted mean value of the cable length was used. Fig. 8 shows an example of a cluster containing seven wind turbine models and the equivalent aggregated wind turbine model is shown in Fig. 9.

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Fig. 8. An EMTDC Model of the electrical system of a cluster with seven full-size converter wind turbines.
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Fig. 9. An aggregated EMTDC model of seven wind turbines.

In order to verify the aggregated wind turbine model, a simulation of the response of the aggregated model and the cluster with seven turbines to a voltage sag is shown in Fig. 10. In this simulation, all turbines are operated at rated power. As seen in the figure, the two models produced close to identical results. Moreover, if the turbines are operated at different power levels the results from the aggregated turbine and the cluster would produce basically the same results.

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fault 1.0 1.0

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Fig. 10. The response to a voltage dip at rated power operation of seven wind turbines. Blue line seven wind turbine model, red line aggregated model.

In the following text, all clusters will be replaced with the equivalent aggregated wind turbine. C. Modeling of 32 wind turbines The model of one fourth of the Kriegers flak wind park consists of five aggregated wind turbine clusters. Two clusters correspond to seven turbines and three clusters correspond to six wind turbines. This means that the total numbers of turbines is 32 with a total rated power of 160 MW. Fig. 11 shows the equivalent PSCAD/EMTDC model of one fourth of the wind park (160 MW). The response of the 32 wind turbines to a voltage sag is shown in Fig. 12. Before the fault, the wind turbines of the wind farm operated at nominal power and at a power factor of 0.95 inductive. The voltage sag was accomplished with a three-phase short-circuit (with impedance) at the connection point. The remaining voltage in Fig. 12 was approximately 0%. Note that during the sag, the wind turbine was programmed to not inject any active or reactive current, in contrast to the simulations presented in Fig. 7, where reactive current was injected in order to support the grid. This was done in order to model the wind power farm response to the sag more conservatively. Due to this approach, the results from the analysis will be on the safe side when applying for grid connection.

Fig. 11. The model of the wind farm with five aggregated clusters and the on-shore connection. Fig. 12 shows that the wind turbines responded as expected, i.e. the active and reactive power was controlled down to zero. The figure also shows that there were large oscillations in the voltage after the sag. These oscillations were due to the excitation of the (long) cable when the voltage returned after the sag. However, the objective of this work is not to study these fast transients and therefore this phenomenon is considered for future work.

Fig. 12. The response to a voltage sag at rated power operation of 32 wind turbines, (aggregated model). Blue line is the response at the point of connection to the on-shore grid; red line is the low voltage side of the platform transformer.

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D. Modeling of 32 wind turbines with PSS/E In PSS/E, the aggregated 32 wind turbines were modeled as a controlled current source. The current source injected the active and reactive currents. The current references were given by the desired active and the reactive power and were lowpass filtered before they were injected into the grid. The current references were low-pass filtered with a first-order filter in order to attain a smoother current source. Fig. 13 shows a comparison between the PSS/E model and the model developed in PSCAD/EMTDC. The figure shows the voltage, active and reactive power both at the platform and at the point of connection. The reference values in the PSS/E model were low-pass filtered with a bandwidth corresponding to a 1090% rise time of 50 ms. The turbines were, again, operated at close to nominal power and at a power factor of 0.95 inductive.

Fig. 13. Comparison of simulations with an EMTDC model (red line) and a PSS/E model (blue line) of a 32 wind turbine wind farm, aggregated models.

Fig. 13 shows that the responses of the PSS/E model and the PSCAD/EMTDC model are basically the same for a fault in the grid leading to a voltage sag. The RMS values are calculated with a smoothing time constant of 10 ms. VI. FAULT CURRENT CALCULATIONS Fault current calculations were performed with PSS/E to check if the connection of the wind power farm would result in fault currents exceeding the design criterion for any component in the nearby region. For high voltage components the following short-circuit current criteria have to be checked: 1) The interrupting capacity for circuit-breakers: The circuitbreaker must be able to break the short-circuit current. 2) The making capacity for circuit-breakers: The circuitbreaker must be able to switch-on to a fault, resulting in the short-circuit current flow through the breaker. 3) The initial short-circuit current: The mechanical stress on the component, due to the current forces, is determined from
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the maximum currents, which appear immediately after a short-circuit, at the most unfavorable voltage phase angle position. 4) The size and duration of the short-circuit current: The thermal stress on the high voltage component exposed to a short-circuit current is determined from the size and duration of the fault current. The E.ON fault current network was used, with appropriate updates and modifications. The 130 kV subtransmission system is effectively earthed, and all 130 kV windings on new transformers, in the study, have been modeled as directly earthed, with no additional impedance in the neutral. This means that the earth fault current might exceed the three-phase fault current. The transformer zero sequence impedance was set equal to the positive sequence impedance, seen from the 130 kV side. New thermal generator xd was estimated to 0.20, as well as coming small sized land based wind power (this is regarded as the worst case). Fault currents are calculated for three-phase, phase-phase, phase-earth, and phase-phase-earth metallic faults. For phase-phase-earth faults both the maximum phase current and the maximum earth current are noted. It is found that the maximum current flows in the earth connection for phase-phase-earth faults. A table showing the results is presented in Appendix I. With a number of new power plants to be connected in the nearby region, the fault currents exceed the limits in some cases. Most equipment in the area around the connection points, Arrie and Trelleborg N, are designed for 40 kA fault current. The earth fault current can be reduced with a low impedance reactor in some transformer neutrals. A very rough cost estimate for a 130 kV, 50 kA circuit-breaker is 100,000 EURO. The circuit-breaker is supposed to be the most expensive component in the bay. In the most exposed substation (Sege in Fig. 14), 17 circuit-breakers have to be able to interrupt short-circuit currents. The short-circuit currents in the area around the planned connection points will exceed the dimensioning values for a number of components. A more detailed dimensioning check is recommended. Since all additional 130 kV transformers have been modeled as directly earthed, the earth fault currents will be high. A combination of efforts to reduce the earth fault currents and reinforcements to increase the equipment ability to withstand the short-circuit currents, will be the recommended strategy for a more detailed analysis and system upgrade. VII. POWER FLOW CALCULATIONS Power flow calculations are performed to check if any components might be overloaded, during normal operation conditions, as well as for reduced transmission capacity network situations, due to the connection of the wind power farm. The most critical parts of the 130 kV regional network is shown in Fig. 14.

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Fig. 14. The 130 kV network around Arrie and Trelleborg N.

The results from the load flow calculations show that some overhead lines will be overloaded during normal operational conditions, and high wind power generation. The critical parameter is the minimum line conductor distance to ground. The capacity of the lines Sege-Arrie-StjrneholmTrelleborg N 1) and 2) can be increased by exchange of the insulator chain arrangement, according to Fig. 15. The critical parameter for the maximal loading is the distance to ground (h1<h2). By the change of arrangement this distance can be increased, without changing the wire or the tower. Such an upgrade will remove all normal switching stage power transfer limitations. The cost is roughly estimated to 800,000 EURO.

voltage control will be achieved with a thyristor or tapchanger controlled reactor. Such a 145 kV, 100 Mvar, tapchanger controlled shunt reactor will roughly cost around 1 million EURO. During low load conditions and high wind power generation, the power flows from the 130 kV subtransmission system up to the 400 kV level. This has not happened before, and the tap-changer controls together with the routines for reactive power control, have to be reviewed, for such a power flow direction. The network losses are affected by the wind power generation. The total losses in the E.ON regional 130 kV network are shown in Table I, for different load levels, different exchange levels, and different levels of wind power generation. Although south of Sweden is a typical load center and generation in the load center relieves the 400 kV transmission grid, the losses in the regional grids might increase. Table I: Network losses and wind power generation [MW] 100% WP 40% WP 0% WP High load; 93.4 83.1 87.3 max exp. High load; 99.3 83.0 80.6 max imp. Low load; 55.0 37.6 34.0 max exp. Low load; 79.8 57.0 49.9 max imp. Table I shows that the regional network losses are reduced for medium wind power generation at high load conditions and a high export level. In all other cases the network losses are increased. The total loss increase can be as much as 30 MW, during low load and high wind power generation. A more thorough investigation of the wind power generation impact on the losses in different parts of the system is recommended. In such a study, load and wind variations over, at least, a year should be taken into account. From a power flow point of view it is possible to connect the Kriegers Flak wind power generation to the 130 kV substations in Arrie and Trelleborg N, however, overloaded elements have been identified and a combination of reinforcements and wind power generation restrictions is proposed. The reactive power balance and voltage control principles have also to be reviewed. VIII. DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS Dynamic simulations were performed to make sure that the wind power farm remains connected to the grid for faults specified in the grid code issued by the national grid operator, Svenska Kraftnt. Since modern doubly-fed induction generators or full-power converters are presumed for the wind power farm, there will not be any problems with the fault ridethrough capability. This kind of wind power units does not go out-of-step, as traditional synchronous generators. The most critical fault is a nearby 400 kV three-phase line fault in the meshed system, cleared by the breaker-failure
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Fig. 15. Exchange of the insulator chain arrangement to increase the distance to ground, and thereby the loadability.

During forced and planned outages of network components, such as lines and transformers, the overload on the remaining system will be considerable, if no actions are taken. The most critical lines are Sege-Arrie-Stjrneholm-Trelleborg N 1) and 2). It is reasonable to believe that a combination of reinforcements of line capacity and wind power generation restrictions during outages will be the best way to avoid overload. A more detailed study on the effect of such generation restrictions is recommended to find the suitable combination of restrictions and reinforcements. The voltage levels in the 130 kV system does not seem to be problematic, due to the wind power generation. The wind power connections are not allowed to supply any reactive power into the grid during low load conditions, and they are not allowed to consume any reactive power during high load conditions. To take care of the reactive power control in the load flow studies voltage controlled mechanically switched shunt reactors were added in Arrie and Trelleborg N (2x50 Mvar and 2x35 Mvar, respectively). A more smooth

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protection, see Fig. 16. Also three-phase faults in the meshed 130 kV system, cleared by the ordinary fault clearing system have been investigated. During the fault the wind power units reduce their active and reactive power output to zero, even though the voltage on the connected 130 kV bus will be as low as 7% of the voltage immediately before the fault occurrence. In the design phase of the wind power farm, it has to be decided if the wind power units should produce reactive power, to support the grid during faults.

X. CONCLUSION The study reported in this paper has shown that it is possible to connect such a large off-shore wind power farm as Kriegers Flak, 640 MW, to the 130 kV network in the southwest of Sweden, although minor reinforcements and some generation restrictions, due to outages, are required. The fault analysis was more time consuming than expected and the dynamic simulation part of the study was less time consuming than expected. It was concluded that DFIG and full-power converter wind power units easily could comply with the grid code, stated by the National Grid Operator. The initial fault current from a DFIG unit is approximately four times the initial fault current from a full-power converter unit. Voltage step-changes due to load rejection, for the worst case N-1 fault, are shown to be very moderate. Although the total losses in the system decrease, the losses in the local subtransmission system might increase considerably, due to the wind power farm installation. XI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors of this paper want to thank the colleagues at Vattenfall, Gran Loman, SwedPower, ke Larsson and Richard Larsson, Chalmers, Ola Carlson and Nayeem Ullah, and E.ON, ke Juntti, Tomas Johannesson, Martin Randrup, Jan-ke Pettersson, Johnny Malmgren, and Ulf Lager, for valuable help and a fruitful co-operation in a nice and friendly atmosphere. Peter Ellerth, ABEL consult, was the coordinator for the different parts of the project, and Sture Lindahl, Gothia Power, specified the whole project and contributed throughout the work with valuable material, comments and corrections. All contributions are gratefully acknowledged. XII. REFERENCES [1] Affrsverket svenska kraftnts freskrifter och allmnna rd om driftskerhetsteknisk utformning av produktionsanlggningar, Svenska Kraftnt Regulation, SvKFS 2005:2, Dec. 2005 (in Swedish). [2] S. Bolik, Grid requirements challenges for wind turbines, in Proc. of International Workshop on Largescale Integration of Wind Power and Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Farms, Billund, Denmark, 2003. [3] W. Christiansen, D.T. Johnsen, Analysis of requirements in selected Grid Codes, Project Report, rsted DTU, 2006. [4] UCTE Position Paper on Integrating wind power in the European power systems prerequisites for successful anf organic growth, May 2004. [5] A. Dahlgren, C. Klippel, . Juntti, O. Samuelsson, Recorded Fault Ride-Through Capability for Two Types of Wind Turbine Generators, New Wind Power Conference, Helsinki, May 22-23, 2006. [6] E. Norgren, Ntanalys fr anslutning av Kriegers Flak, Svenska Kraftnt, Stockholm, Sweden, Tech. Rep. 795/2003/AN40; N-328, Sep. 2005 (in Swedish) .

Fig. 16. Voltage (V), active power (P) and reactive power (Q) at the wind power farm connection point for the most severe fault.

The voltage step-change after the most severe trip of wind power generation, according to the N-1 criterion, is critical for the power quality with respect to other customers connected to the same busbar. Trip of 1/4 of Kriegers Flak, corresponding to 170 MW connected to Trelleborg N, results in a 2% voltage change on the 130 kV bus, which is considered as most acceptable. IX. FUTURE WORK Throughout this paper the need for more detailed work has been proposed concerning: 1) Quantification and specification of reinforcements to handle a) the increased fault currents and b) the load currents, preferably in combination with measures to reduce the currents. 2) Review of the reactive power balance and the voltage control principles, especially concerning situations with power injection to the 400 kV grid. 3) A quantification and evaluation of the change in losses in different parts of the network, due to the wind power generation. Beside Kriegers Flak, there are many large potential offshore wind power generation sites under consideration, around the coasts of southern Sweden. Among these is Sdra Midsjbanken, planned for 1000 MW, one of the largest. There is a study going on, investigating around 10 different land connection alternatives.

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[7] A. Petersson and N. R. Ullah, Modellering av vindkraftparken Kriegers Flak fr felfallsstudier i verliggande nt, Div. of Elect. Power Eng., Chalmers Univ. of Technol., Tech. Rep., Gteborg, Dec. 2005 (in Swedish). [8] A. Petersson, Analysis, Modeling and Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators for Wind Turbines, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Energy and Environ., Chalmers Univ. of Technol., Gteborg, Sweden, 2005.
[Online]. Available: http://www.elteknik.chalmers.se/Publikationer/EMKE.publ/Abstracts/20 05/AndreasPhD.pdf

[9] R. Ottersten, A. Petersson and K. Pietilinen, Voltage sag response of PWM inverters for variable-speed wind turbines, EPE Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 614, Feb. 2006. [10] A. Petersson, T. Thiringer, L. Harnefors and T. Petru, Modeling and experimental verification of Grid Interaction of a DFIG wind turbine, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 878886, Dec. 2006.

APPENDIX I FAULT CURRENTS IN DIFFERENT SUBSTATIONS Fault Current at maximum short-circuit capacity, and xd=0.20 (gives for the DFIG turbine the maximum fault current of 5 times the rated current) for Kriegers Flak Fault type 3-phase 1-phase 2-phase 2-phase-earth [kA] X0/X+ [kA] [kA] [kA] Iph-max Ij Fault location\Stage 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 Sege 42.6 29.6 44.5 29.3 37.1 25.6 44.5 30.0 47.1 29.0 0.87 1.02 Arrie 30.7 20.9 29.5 18.7 26.1 18.1 31.5 20.0 29.0 16.9 1.11 1.36 Stjrneholm 13.0 11.0 9.7 8.6 11.5 9.5 12.3 10.2 7.9 7.0 2.02 1.83 stra Klagstorp 12.1 10.0 8.8 7.7 10.7 8.6 11.4 9.2 7.2 6.2 2.09 1.90 Trelleborg N 21.5 14.5 21.8 14.3 18.8 12.6 22.6 14.7 22.7 14.0 0.95 1.07 Svedala 17.7 14.1 13.8 11.3 15.6 12.2 16.8 13.1 11.6 9.4 1.84 1.74 Vellinge 15.0 12.2 11.1 9.1 13.2 10.5 14.1 11.2 9.1 7.3 2.04 2.00 Kglinge 21.3 12.8 26.6 11.6 18.6 11.1 27.1 12.4 36.0 10.6 0.39 1.30 Bunkeflo 15.0 7.9 16.3 6.7 13.2 6.8 17.3 7.5 18.2 5.8 0.72 1.54 resunsdverket I 36.9 22.7 36.2 19.2 32.2 19.7 37.2 21.8 36.0 16.6 1.06 1.53 resundsverket II 26.1 20.8 22.9 17.2 22.8 18.0 25.2 19.7 20.8 14.7 1.41 1.61 Fault Current at normal short-circuit capacity, and xd=0.20 (gives for the DFIG turbine the maximum estimated fault current of 5 times the rated current) for Kriegers Flak Fault type 3-phase 1-phase 2-phase 2-phase-earth [kA] X0/X+ [kA] [kA] [kA] Iph-max Ij Fault location\Stage 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 2010 2005 Sege 36.5 23.3 39.8 24.8 31.8 20.1 39.2 24.5 44.4 26.5 0.75 0.81 Arrie 28.9 18.3 28.4 17.2 25.1 15.9 29.9 17.9 28.5 16.2 1.04 1.20 Stjrneholm 12.6 10.1 9.5 8.1 11.2 8.8 11.9 9.5 7.8 6.8 1.99 1.73 stra Klagstorp 11.8 9.3 8.7 7.4 10.5 8.1 11.1 8.7 7.1 6.1 2.05 1.79 Trelleborg N 20.7 13.2 21.2 13.4 18.1 11.4 21.9 13.5 22.4 13.5 0.91 0.97 Svedala 17.0 12.8 13.5 10.7 14.9 11.1 16.2 12.0 11.5 9.2 1.76 1.58 Vellinge 14.5 11.3 10.9 8.8 12.8 9.8 13.8 10.4 9.0 7.2 1.97 1.86 Kglinge 20.4 11.8 25.6 11.0 17.9 10.2 26.2 11.6 35.2 10.4 0.38 1.20 Bunkeflo 14.5 7.5 15.9 6.5 12.8 6.5 16.9 7.2 18.0 5.7 0.70 1.47 resunsdverket I 32.2 18.5 33.0 17.0 28.1 16.0 32.8 18.2 34.4 15.7 0.93 1.25 resundsverket II 23.1 17.0 21.3 15.3 20.2 14.8 22.7 16.5 20.1 14.0 1.24 1.32

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XIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Nayeem Rahmat Ullah (S'04) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 2002, and the M.Sc. degree and Licentiate in electric power engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, Gteborg, Sweden, in 2004 and 2006, respectively, where he is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree with the Division of Electric Power Engineering. His current research interests include grid integration of wind energy converters. ke Larsson recieved in 2000 his Ph.D. from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. His research focused on the power quality of wind turbines. He has broad experience in wind power, power quality, grid design, regulatory requirements, measurements and evaluation. Currently, he works for Vattenfall Power Consultants with design of electrical systems for wind farms. He is also Vattenfalls project manager for the electrical system of Lillgrund wind power plant (a 110 MW offshore wind farm located in resund which is under construction). Andreas Petersson (S03, M06) was born in 1974 in Halmstad, Sweden. He received the M.Sc., Licentiate, and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, in 1997, 2003 and 2005, respectively. From 1997 to 2000 he worked as a system engineer at Kockums AB, Malm, Sweden, with the auxiliary supply and degaussing system on submarines. Between 2000 and 2005 he worked as a research assistant at the Department of Electric Power Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gteborg, Sweden, towards a Ph.D. degree. He is now working as a consultant with Gothia Power AB, Gteborg, Sweden. His area of research interest includes analysis, modeling and control of wind turbines. Daniel Karlsson (M1991, SM1997) is a principal engineer at Gothia Power. He received his Ph. D in Electrical Engineering from Chalmers University in Sweden 1992. Between 1985 and April 1999 he worked as an analysis engineer at the Power System Analysis Group within the Operation Department of the Sydkraft utility. From 1994 until he left Sydkraft in 1999 he was appointed Power System Expert and promoted Chief Engineer. Most recently Dr. Karlsson hold a position as Application Senior Specialist at ABB Automation Technology Products. His work has been in the protection and power system analysis area and the research has been on voltage stability and collapse phenomena with emphasis on the influence of loads, on-load tap-changers and generator reactive power limitations. His work has comprised theoretical investigations at academic level, as well as extensive field measurements in power systems. Through the years he has been active in several Cigr and IEEE working groups. Dr. Karlsson is a member of Cigr and a senior member of IEEE. He serves as a reader at Chalmers University of Technology and he has supervised a number of diploma-workers and Ph. D students at Swedish universities.

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