Practical 18 Title: Determination of the equilibrium constant for an esterification reaction.

Objective: To determine the equilibrium constant for the esterification of ethanoic acid by ethanol.

Data collection: Uncertainty for burette : 0.05cm3 Uncertainty for weighing scale : 0.01g Uncertainty for measuring cylinder : 0.1cm3 By using the weighing scale, beakers containing 5cm3 of each hydrochloric acid 3M, distilled water, ethyl ethanoate, glacial ethanoic acid, ethanol are weighed. The data obtained are then recorded into Table 1. Mass with beaker Mass of empty beaker = Mass without beaker Substance Hydrochloric acid 3M Distilled water Ethyl ethanoate Glacial ethanoic acid Ethanol Mass (with beaker) /g Mass of empty beaker /g Mass (without beaker) /g

( 0.01g )
33.20 32.92 32.17 33.94 31.71

( 0.01g )
27.79 27.79 27.79 27.79 27.79

( 0.02 g )
5.41 6.13 4.38 6.15 3.92

Table 1 After one week, the whole of the mixture in each bottle is titrated with 1.0M sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The results obtained are recorded in Table 2. In order to find the exact concentration of the HCl catalyst, 5cm3 of the approximately 3M HCl is titrated with 1.0M NaOH. The result obtained is recorded in Table 2. Burette reading after titration burette reading before titration = amount of 1.0M NaOH used

Substance/ Bottle

Burette reading before titration/ cm 3

Burette reading after titration/ cm 3

( 0.05cm )
3

( 0.05cm )
3

Amount of 1.0M NaOH used/

cm 3 ( 0.1cm 3 )

5 cm 3 of approximately 3M HCl Bottle 1 Bottle 2 Bottle 3 Bottle 4 Bottle 5 Bottle 6 Bottle 7 Bottle 8

0.70 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60 27.50 0.40 0.20 Table 2

16.60 44.30 41.70 37.70 32.00 36.30 49.00 31.70 24.90 36.70

15.9 43.8 41.2 37.2 31.5 35.8 52.6 24.5 36.5

Colour of phenolphthalein when the solution is acidic colourless Colour of phenolphthalein when the solution is neutral light pink Colour of phenolphthalein when the solution is basic reddish pink Data processing: Chemical equilibrium is the state of dynamic equilibrium that occurs in a closed system when the forward and the reverse reactions of a reversible reaction occur at the same rate. In this particular experiment, ethanoic acid and ethanol is allowed to react and form ethyl ethanoate and water according to the reaction below:

CH 3 COOH ( aq ) + CH 3 CH 2 OH ( aq ) CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 ( aq ) + H 2 O( l )
ethanoic acid + ethanol ethyl ethanoate + water In order to find the exact concentration of the HCl catalyst, 5 cm 3 of the approximately 3M HCl is titrated with 1.0M of NaOH. The data used for the calculation is recorded in Table 2 in data collection section.
15.9cm 3 of NaOH is used to titrate 5 cm 3 of the approximately 3M HCl.

The concentration of the HCl can be calculated by using the following formula.
M 1V1 = M 2V2

Where
M1 V1

is concentration of HCl is volume of HCl

M2 V2

is concentration of NaOH is volume of NaOH

Thus,
M 1V1 = M 2V2

M 1 5cm 3 = 1mol dm 3 15.9cm 3 M 1 = 3.18mol dm 3

) (

)(

Therefore, the exact concentration for the HCl is 3.18mol dm 3 . 1. In order to find the moles of ethyl ethanoate in the original mixture, the concentration of ethyl ethanoate has to be determined. The data required for the calculation is recorded in Table 1.
= ( ( 4 12.01) + ( 8 1.01) + ( 2 16 ) ) g mol 1 = 88.12 g mol 1 Concentration of ethyl ethanoate 4.38 g = 88.12 g mol 1 5cm 3 0.876 g cm 3 = 88.12 g mol 1 = 0.00994mol / cm 3 Molar mass of ethyl ethanoate( CH 3COOCH 2 CH 3 )

After obtaining the concentration of ethyl ethanoate, the moles of ethyl ethanoate in the original mixture can be calculated by using the following formula. Moles of ethyl ethanoate in original mixture =Volume of ethyl ethanoate used x Concentration of ethyl ethanoate The data obtained through this calculation is presented in Table 3. Bottle Volume of ethyl ethanoate used/
cm 3 ( 0.05cm 3 )

Moles of ethyl ethanoate/moles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 Table 3

0.0497 0.0398 0.0298 0.0199 0.0398 0.0398 0.0000 0.0000

2. In order to find the moles of ethanoic acid in the original mixture, the concentration of ethanoic acid has to be determined. The data required for the calculation is recorded in Table 1.
= ( ( 2 12.01) + ( 4 1.01) + ( 2 16 ) ) g mol 1 = 60.06 g mol 1
Concentration of ethanoic acid 6.15 g 60.06 g mol 1 3 5cm 1.23 g cm 3 = 60.06 g mol 1 = = 0.0205mol cm 3

Molar mass of ethanoic acid ( CH 3 COOH )

After obtaining the concentration of ethanoic acid, the moles of ethanoic acid in the original mixture can be calculated by using the following formula. Moles of ethanoic acid in original mixture =Volume of ethanoic acid used x Concentration of ethanoic acid The data obtained through this calculation is presented in Table 4. Bottle Volume of ethanoic acid used/
cm ( 0.05cm 3 )
3

Moles of ethanoic acid /moles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 Table 4

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0205 0.0205 0.0410

3. In order to find the moles of ethanol in the original mixture, the concentration of ethanol has to be determined. The data required for the calculation is recorded in Table 1.
= ( ( 2 12.01) + ( 6 1.01) + (16 ) ) g mol 1 = 46.08 g mol 1
Concentration of ethanol 3.92 g 46.08 g mol 1 3 5cm 0.784 g cm 3 = 46.08 g mol 1 = = 0.017 mol cm 3

Molar mass of ethanol ( CH 3 CH 2 OH )

After obtaining the concentration of ethanol, the moles of ethanol in the original mixture can be calculated by using the following formula. Moles of ethanol in original mixture =Volume of ethanol used x Concentration of ethanol The data obtained through this calculation is presented in Table 5. Bottle Volume of ethanol used/
cm ( 0.05cm 3 )
3

Moles of ethanol /moles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 4.00 3.00 Table 5

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.068 0.051

4. In order to find the moles of water in the original mixture, the concentration of water has to be determined. The data required for the calculation is recorded in Table 1.
= ( ( 2 1.01) + (16 ) ) g mol 1 = 18.02 g mol 1
Concentration of water 5.13 g 18.02 g mol 1 3 5cm 1.026 g cm 3 = 18.02 g mol 1 = = 0.0569mol cm 3

Molar mass of water ( H 2 O )

After obtaining the concentration of water, the moles of water in the original mixture can be calculated by using the following formula. Moles of water in original mixture =Volume of water used x Concentration of water However, the water is also present in the dilute HCl. Therefore, the water in the HCl has to be taken into account as well. In the previous calculation, we know that the exact concentration for the HCl is 3.18mol dm 3 . Thus,
mass of HCl in 5cm 3 3.14mol cm 3 HCl = volume concentration molar mass = 5cm 3 3.18mol dm 3 1.01 +35.45 g mol 1 = 0.5797 g
mass of water in 5cm 3 of HCl = mass of weighed HCl mass of theoritical HCl value = 5.41g 0.5797 g = 4.83 g

)(

)(

moles of water in 5cm 3 HCl mass = molar mass 4.83 g 18.02 gmol 1 = 0.268mol =

Therefore, by considering the water content in HCl and the distilled water, moles of water in the original mixture can be calculated by using the following formula. Moles of water in original mixture =Volume of water used x Concentration of water + moles of water in 5cm 3 HCl The data obtained through this calculation is presented in Table 6. Bottle Volume of water used/ cm 3 Moles of water (without considering HCl) /moles 0.0000 0.0569 0.1138 0.1707 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Table 6 Moles of water (including water content in HCl) / moles 0.2680 0.3249 0.3818 0.4387 0.2680 0.2680 0.2680 0.2680

( 0.05cm )
3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5. Now, we have enough data to calculate the moles of ethanoic acid present in the equilibrium state. The following formulae are used to calculate the moles of ethanoic acid present in the equilibrium state. Volume of NaOH used to neutralize ethanoic acid =total volume of NaOH used + volume of NaOH required to neutralize HCl
CH 3 COOH ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) CH 3COONa ( aq ) + H 2 O( l )

According to the above chemical equation, Moles of ethanoic acid in equilibrium state =moles of NaOH used in titration = Volume of NaOH used to neutralize ethanoic acid x concentration of NaOH By using the above formula, the data obtained through the calculation are recorded in Table 7. Bottle Total volume of Volume of NaOH used Moles of ethanoic acid NaOH used in to neutralize ethanoic in equilibrium state / moles titration / cm 3 acid / cm 3

( 0.1cm )
3

( 0.2cm )
3

1 2 3 4 5 6

44.6 40.4 36.9 31.8 35.0 44.0 7

28.7 24.5 21.0 15.9 19.1 28.1

0.0287 0.0245 0.0210 0.0159 0.0191 0.0281

7 8

26.1 36.8

10.2 20.9 Table 7

0.0102 0.0209

Now, sufficient data have been obtained and the calculation of moles and concentration for both the reactants and products in the equilibrium state can be carried out.

CH 3 COOH ( aq ) + CH 3 CH 2 OH ( aq ) CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 ( aq ) + H 2 O( l )
Since the total volume for the mixture is 10cm 3 , the concentration of the final reactants/ products can be determined by the following formula. Concentration of the final reactants/ products = Moles at equilibrium state/volume After calculating the concentration of each product and reactants in equilibrium, the Kc can be calculated by using the following formula.

( product concentration )( product concentration ) ( reactant concentration )( reactant concentration ) ( CH 3COOCH 2 CH 3 )( H 2 O ) = ( CH 3COOH )( CH 3CH 2 OH )
Kc =

Evaluation: Conclusion: