Grounding Grid Design Issues

1999 IEEElASME JOINT RAILROAD CONFERENCE
Dallas, Texas DESIGN OF GROUNDING SYSTEMS FOR TRI-MET PORTLAND WESTSIDE LIGHT RAIL TRACTION POWER SUBSTATIONS
Ralph S. Thomas, P.E. LTK Engineering Services Portland, Oregon

Abstract :
9
Kinh D. Pham, P.E. Elcon Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon

Power rectifiers Dc switchgear and negative cubicle Auxiliary ac and dc power system
The Westside and Hillsboro Light Rail extensions in Portland, Oregon were open for revenue service in September, 1998. The 18mile extensions extend the existing Eastside line rail service from downtown Portland to downtown Hillsboro. The alignment includes atgrade street crossings, street-running operation, several fully grade separated sections and a 3mile tunnel. Primary power is provided by the utilities at 12.5 kV and rectified by 18 mainline traction power substations to deliver 750 dc power to the light rail vehicles. Each substation has three separate grounding systems: a) an ac ground mat designed per IEEE Std 80-1986 for safe step and touch potentials, b) a dc ground mat for dc surge arrestor ground; the dc switchgear enclosure is connected to the dc ground mat through a low-resistance grounding scheme, c) an isolated ground rod for the utility incoming shields. This paper provides a detailed technical description including grounding calculations for each grounding system. Test and measurement data obtained for the installed grounding systems are presented and discussed. 1.O
Introduction
Each traction power substation consists of the following major components: 15 KV medium voltage switchgear Rectifier transformers
The 15 kV medium voltage switchgear interfaces between the utility power company (Portland General Electric) and the transformerrectifier unit. Instantaneous and time delay overcurrent protection together with negative sequence and undervoltage relays and instrumentation meters are provided inside the switchgear. The three winding traction power transformer with two secondary windings is coupled with the power rectifier to provide a nominal dc output voltage of 750 Vdc. Primary windings are connected in delta. The two secondary windings are connected in delta and wye with 30 degree phase shift to obtain twelvepulse rectification (ANSI ckt no. 31). Transformer winding temperature devices are furnished with the traction power transformer; rectifier diode temperature and monitoring devices are furnished with the power rectifiers. Dc output of the power rectifiers delivers power to the light rail vehicles through the 1000 Vdc rated switchgear assemblies and via the overhead contact system and negative return rails. Protective relays associated with the dc switchgear include reverse current trip device, over-current trip and rate-of-rise relays, reclosing and load measuring devices, transfer trip and dc switchgear enclosure fault detection. The traction power substation single-line diagram is shown in Figure One.
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2.0
Grounding of Ac equipment and the Ac Ground Mat Definitions
2.1
Step voltage: The voltage difference between two points on the surface of the earth separated by a distance, assumed to be one meter, in the direction of maximum potential gradient. Touch voltage: The voltage difference between a grounded metallic object and a point on the surface of the earth at a distance equal to the normal maximum horizontal reach assumed to be one meter. 2.2 General Description
Ground: A conducting connection, intentional or accidental, where an electric circuit, equipment, or structure is connected to earth or to some conductor that, in turn, is connected to earth. Ground fault current A current resulting from an unintentional electrical connection between an energized power conductor and the earth or the grounding system. Ground grid: A grounding electrode consisting of interconnected bare horizontal conductors and vertical rods buried in the earth to provide a common electrical bond between equipment, structures, and the earth. The ground grid is designed to maintain ground grid voltage rise and soil surface potential gradients within safe limits. Ground grid resistance: The resistance (in ohms) between the grid and a remote grounding electrode of negligible resistance. Ground mat: A small, approximately equipotential surface consisting of conducting material, below the surface of the earth, connected to a ground grid to provide protection from dangerous step and touch voltages. Ground potential rise: The voltage difference between the grid and remote earth as developed by the ground fault current flow between the soil and the grid. Grounding system: The electrically interconnected components used for grounding, including the earth, the ground grid, and all electrically grounded objects in a substation. Potential gradient: The change in voltage per unit distance. Remote earth: A point where the cross-sectional area of the earth is sufficiently large that the potential gradient caused by a ground fault current is infinitesimally small.
For the ac equipment, it is necessary to install a grounding system for effectively connecting the 15 kV ac switchgear, the traction power transformer and other auxiliary ac equipment enclosures together and to earth in order to limit to safe values any potential difference between them and from them to earth. The potential differences can be the result of lightning discharges, ground currents caused by fault conditions, switching or in-rush currents caused by normal system operations. The passage of these currents through the soil and metallic conductors causes high voltages which can be dangerous to human life, and can cause damage to, and malfunction of, substation equipment. The grounding system provides a means to safely discharge lightning strokes to earth, reduce step and touch potentials to safe levels and confines dangerous soil currents to inaccessible areas. It also allows the detection of ground fault currents by protective relaying systems, provides low impedance paths through the earth for load currents, and provides a common ground reference which assists in the coordination of insulation throughout the system. The grounding system is also utilized to shield control cables and other low voltage wiring from the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and capacitive coupling. By tending to reduce the voltages across the ac ground grid, the grounding system assists in minimizing voltages between different points along, and between, the low voltage cables used for controls, communications, and auxiliary power.
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2.3
Human Factors
The design calculations for grounding systems for ac .equipment are based on test statistics which will allow 99.5% of adults to withstand contacted voltages without suffering ventricular fibrillation. Personal discomfort and inability to "let go" are uncommon, but are considered tolerable. The probability of lethal shock due to ground fault current is relatively small, due to the improbability that a person will simultaneously be in a vulnerable location while walking, or standing and touching a grounded metallic object, at the instant of fault occurrence, and that the fault has caused a sufficiently large current flow, and that an excessive fault clearing time occurs. A properly designed grounding system will reduce the probability essentially to zero. The design calculations do allow some factor of safety, but this could be lost, and dangerous conditions introduced, by errors in testing, faulty construction, or lack of proper maintenance.
2.4
Ac Grounding System
The ac grounding system consists of four major components. The soil beneath and around the substation. Ground rods connected to the ground grid, and installed vertically beneath the site usually reaching lower resistivity soil. The ground grid cables embedded or buried beneath the substation site surface. The finished surface covering the site.
countries, such as the USA, a grounding system is considered safe when step and touch potentials are lower than the permissible values. Of these two approaches, the second is more valid because magnitude of tolerable current flowing through the human body is taken into consideration [I]. The calculations of step and touch potentials are based on the IEEE Standard 801986. It should be mentioned that the intent of the IEEE Standard 80 is to provide guidance and information pertinent to safe grounding practices in high voltage ac outdoor substation. The following is quoted from the IEEE standard 80-1986, page 17,"This guide is primarily concerned with outdoor substations, either conventional or gas insulated. These include distribution, transmission, generating plant substations. With proper caution, the methods described herein also applicable to indoor portions of such substations, or to substations that are wholly indoors." In contrast to high voltage outdoor substations where most of the equipment such as buses, breakers, transmission towers, etc. are all exposed; all equipment inside the traction power substations such as 15 KV switchgear, 15 kV station service transformer, ac panelboards, etc. are all enclosed and grounded. Furthermore all this equipment is housed inside a grounded building. Hence, it is a very conservative design to follow the IEEE Standard 80 to design ac ground mats for traction power substation ac equipment.
2.5.1 Maximum Tolerable Step and Touch Potentials
The following equations are obtained from IEEE guide for safety in substation grounding Standard 80-1986 [l]. Tolerable step voltage for a human body of 70 kg: 157 + 0.942.ps E step tolerable dt Tolerable touch voltage for a human body of 70 kg: 157 + 0.236.pS
2.5
Design Calculations
Two basic approaches to designing grounding systems are used worldwide: a) In some countries, a grounding system is considered adequate when the grounding resistance is lower than the recommended value. b) In other
touch tolerable
dt
Page 3
57
Where:
ps : the surface resistivity in ohm-meters
: Soil resistivity in ohm-meters
: the duration of fault in seconds
The surface resistivity and duration of fault are used to establish maximum tolerable step and touch potentials. High surface resistivity and fast fault clearing time will give high tolerable step and touch potentials.
2.5.2 Calculated Step and Touch Potentials
After E-mesh and E-stepyof the grid are calculated, they are compared to the values of the tolerable touch voltage (E touch tolerable) and tolerable step voltage (E-step tolerable) respectively to determine whether or not the designed grounding grid can be judged to be safe.
3.0 Grounding o f Dc Switchgear Equipment and the Dc Ground Mat.
The worst possible touch potential (called the mesh potential) occurs at or near the center of a grid mesh. Industrial practice has made the mesh potentials the standard criteria for determining safe ground grid design. The following equations are obtained from IEEE Guide for safety in substation grounding Standard 80-1986 [5].
E
mesh
Km . Ki. p. I L Ks . Ki . p. I L
E step Where: I
: Maximum ground fault current in amperes. : Total length of ground grid conductors in meters.
Km : Mesh coefficient which takes into account spacing, diameter and depth of burial of the ground grid conductors. Ks : Step coefficient which also takes into account the grid geometry. Ki' : Irregularity factor
Modern rail transit systems within the United States are designed to keep the running rails insulated from ground. The main reason is to minimize stray currents and corrosion effects on underground utilities such as gas, water pipes, etc. Tri-Met has adopted the low-resistance dc equipment enclosure grounding method. This requires the power rectifier assemblies and dc switchgear enclosures be mounted on an insulating floor mat inside the substation and connected to ground through the low resistance grounding scheme. The dc switchgear cubicles and power rectifiers are connected to the dc ground mat through a low resistance instantaneous over current relay as shown in the single-line diagram. A positive fault to the enclosure will cause the current to flow from the enclosure to ground through the low resistance relay (device no. 64) and energizes this relay which trips the ac and dc feeder breakers. In addition, a voltage relay (device 164N)is connected between the negative bus and ground. This relay will trip the dc feeder breakers when the negative rail-to-earth potential becomes high to avoid a dangerous situation. This voltage relay is set to trip in the range of 60 volts to 90 volts. The negative bus is connected to the dc ground mat through a diode. When there is a ground fault between the OCS and ground, the area in the vicinity of the fault could subject to a high voltage of 750 Vdc. The return circuit back to the traction power substation would be closed via the earth to track if the substation negative bus is isolated. Hence, the ground fault current could be relatively low and the time it takes for the dc feeder breakers to clear the fault would be unduly long. The diode grounding device will provide a return path from the ground to the substation
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negative bus and thus enable faster fault clearing. The grounding diodes will also allow leakage current to retum to the substations but also create a lower resistance path for stray current leaving the rails. Tri-Met has implemented a stray current monitoring program and if excessive leakage currents are detected, the grounding diode will be disconnected between the negative bus and the dc ground mat. The dc surge arrestor ground is also connected to the dc ground mat. The dc equipment and the surge arresters are rated 1000 Vdc maximum while the medium voltage equipment has a maximum design voltage of 15 kV (RMS) with a BIL of 95 kV. Connecting the dc surge arrester grounds to the ac ground mat could result in equipment failure. For example, an ac ground fault of 3500 A will raise the ground mat (1.0 ohm) potential to 3500 V ( 1.O ohm x 3500 A = 3500 V). The ac ground mat and dc ground mat are physically separated about 20 feet apart to limit the voltage on the dc ground mat due to transfer of potential from the ac ground mat. 4.0
Incoming Utility Shield
and ending 75 feet from it, in direct line between the center of each mat and the current reference electrode. A plot of ground resistance readings for each ground mat was provided to Tri-Met engineers for review. The ground mats are considered inadequately grounded if the flat portion of the plotted data shows greater than 5ohm resistance. Additional rods and/or deeper driven rods are required until the ground resistance requirement is met. After start revenue operation, Tri-Met has retained LTK Engineering and Tice Electric Company to perform stray current testing and ground resistance tests at each substation. The ground resistance tests included ac ground mat to earth, dc ground mat to earth, and separation between ac and dc ground mats. Stray current test data include average and peak values . Test results were tabulated and are included in the Appendices to this paper. As clearly illustrated in the field test measurements, the stray leakage currents are excessive at Tektronix and Washington Park substations where the ac and dc ground mats were inadvertently tied together. Measures to mitigate excessive stray leakage currents are now under investigation and this problem will be corrected.
6.0
The grounded concentric shield which is integral with the 12.5 kV, 3 phase, 3 wire utility service conductors provided by Portland General Electric is terminated in the utility metering cubicle on an electrically isolated lug. The lug is then grounded to a single, isolated ground rod located about 50 feet distant from the ac and dc ground mats. This isolation is required to minimize stray current corrosion to underground utilities and minimize the effects of faults on the utility system on Tri-Met system.
Additional field test to evaluate the transferred potential experienced at a dc ground mat.
5.0
Field Tests
During construction, tests were required for the ac and dc ground mats at each traction power substation to determine the ground resistances. The grounding tests were based on the IEEE standard 81. The Tri-Met test procedures required that the current reference ground rod must be driven at least 100 feet from the ground mats and the measurements were made at 10-foot intervals beginning 25 feet from the test electrode
The test was performed on the ac and dc ground mats at the Elmonica Yard traction power substation. The ac mat is about 45 feet wide and 50 feet long; the dc mat is 5 feet wide and 27 feet long. The dc mat is about 25 feet east of the ac mat. Both ac and dc ground mats are buried about 2.5 feet below grade. Three bare 410 pigtails for the ac mat and a single 4/0 insulated pigtail for the dc ground mat are available. The test current was generated by applying 120 Vac between one of the ac mat pigtails and a driven rod about 450 feet to the north. The conductor used for the current circuit consisted of several lengths of welding cable to minimize conductor resistance. A digital ammeter was included in the circuit to read the test current. The reference point for the voltage measurements was a second driven rod approximately 500 feet to the east. The conductor for the voltmeter circuit
Page 5
59
consisted of about 2500 feet of #I4 AWG insulated copper conductor. The digital voltmeter, with very high input impedance (11 MQ), makes the resistance of the test conductor negligible. The test set-up is shown in Figure 2. The test was performed by connecting the current circuit and then taking a series of voltage and measurements to the east and the north at 5 foot intervals from the southeast corner of the ac ground mat. Test results and plots are documented in Appendix A. As shown in these plots, the potentials measured are decreasing approximately logarithmically with distance from the ac mat. Supporting calculations using advanced computer grid modeling were also performed to verify the test results. The calculations are included in the Appendix B. The measured values agree reasonably well with the calculated values. The calculated values indicated that the potential at a dc mat will be approximately 37% of the ac mat ground potential rise, while the measured values show approximately 15%. For the ground mats tested, this translated to a maximum potential of 603 V on the dc ground mat assuming the utility ground fault current of 2038 amperes and a ac ground mat resistance of 0.8 ohms, and the calculated percentage of 37% of the ground potential rise of the ac ground mat (2038 A x 0.8 f 2 x 0.37 = 603 Vac rms). A more probable value is 245 V using the same ground fault current and ac ground mat resistance and the measured percentage (15%) of the ground potential rise of the ac ground mat. In either case, the transferred potential on the dc ground mat is sufficiently well below the 1000 Vdc rated dc surge arrester.
7.0
A separate dc ground mat was designed for the dc switchgear equipment to confine dc leakage stray current to the dc ground mat.
. .
The ac and dc ground mats were isolated to prevent damage to dc equipment such as dc surge arrester due to high ground potential rise on the ac ground mat under ac ground fault condition. The incoming utility shield is terminated on an electrically isolated lug and grounded to a single, isolated ground rod to minimize stray current corrosion to underground utilities.
References
[l]
IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding, ANSIAEEE Standard 80-1 986 Kinh D. Pham, "Grounding of Traction Power Substations", proceeding of the 1989 APTA Rapid Transit Conference, Pittsburgh, PA. IEEE Recommended Practice for Power System Analysis, IEEE standard 3991996.
[2]
[3]
Acknowledgement
Conclusions
The grounding systems for Tri-Met traction power substations were designed with the following features:
The authors would like to thank Mr. Dennis Porter, past Director of Systems Engineering for Tri-Met, and Mr. Walt Stinger, Senior Engineer with LTK Engineering Services, for their help with preparation of this paper. Thanks also go to Mike McDonald for conducting the transferred potential tests on the dc ground mat at Elmonica Yard substation.
About the Authors
The ac ground mat designed for grounding of the ac switchgear equipment, traction power transformer, and other ac equipment enclosures was based on the IEEE standard 80 with considerations of step and touch potentials.
Mr. Ralph S. Thomas, P.E. was Traction Electrification Design Manager for the Westside Light Rail. Mr. Kinh D. Pham, P.E. was Principal Electrical Engineer responsible for the detailed traction power and electrical design of the Westside Light Rail.
Page 6
60
-:,cl* c"
I
I
I I I
I I
r------1
.
i
Traction Power Substation Sinale Line Diagram Fiaure 1
0
Page 7
F
; .
61
CURRENT REFERENCE
. .
AC
GROUND MAT
TEST POINTS
(NPICAL)
DC
GROUND MAT
VOLTAGE
REFERENCE
Test SetuD for Measurina Transferred Potential from AC Mat to DC Mal Fiaure 2
Page 8
62
Appendix A Observed Ground Potential Rise The data presented on this page was obtained by field measurement. The AC and DC mats tested are located at the Elmonica Maintenance Facility. An AC source (120 VAC) was connected to the AC mat and to a 2 foot driven rod approximately 450 feet to the north of the mat. A voltmeter was connectedto a second driven rod approximately 500 feet to the east and voltage measurements were then taken of the mat voltage and at 5 foot intervals both east and north. Since the DC mat is located 20 feet east of the AC mat, ten measurements were taken to the east and five to the north. The distances are expressed in meters for easy comparison to the calculated values. The .248 volts subtracted from the measured voltage is the voltage measured with current source open circuited. Vm is the measured voltage on the AC mat.
i = 1..10 idit
1.524 3.048 4.572 6.096
;,
0.8
distance; = 1.524.i
current = 2.67 vei = raw-voltage-easti

-
Vm = 1.33 ,248
raw-voltage-easti =
9.144 10.668 12.192 13.716 15.24
Voltage East of AC Mat vs Distance
0.6
ve.
-0.4
0 . 2
. .
--._ -..._
--...
.
I
14
16
I 2
I 4
I
6
I
8
I
10
I
12
distancei
912 1195
Page A-I
63
Appendix A
i
= 1..6
Observed Ground Potential Rise

distancei raw-voltage-northi mi
=
raw-voltage-northi
,248
4.572
n i ".*
1
I
2
I 3
I
4
I
5
distance.
I
6
I
8
10
The final graph below is the voltage to the east of the mat expressed as a percentage of the mat voltage versus the distance. This normalized graph should be the most useful in determining the voltage at a specific distance from the AC mat with varying fault currents, given the mat to earth resistance.
i =]..lo
9/21195
Page A-2
64
Appendix A
0.6
Observed Ground Potential Rise
0.4 ve.
-
Vm
0.2
10
12
14
16
distancei
9/21/95
Page A-3
65
Calculated Ground Potential Rise Appendix B The three matrices below define the coordinates of the endpoints of the grid elements in east-west, north-south, and vertical orientations. Also defined are the total length of ground conductor in the grid and the east-west and north-south overall dimensionsfor use in the calculations that follow. All coordinates are referenced to the southwest corner of the AC ground mat.
ew-elem-l ew-elem-3 ew-elem-5 ns-elem-1 ns-elem-3 ns-elem-5 ns-elem-7 vert-elem-1 vert-elem-3 vert-elem-5 (0 0 0 15.24 0 0 )
= (0 5.49 0 15.24 5.49 0 ) = (0 10.97
ew-elem-2 ew-elem-4 ew-elem-6 ns-elem-2 ns-elem-4 ns-elem-6 ns-elem-8 vert-elem-2 vert-elem-4 vert-elem-6 vert-elem-8
= (0 2.74 0 15.24 2.74 0 )
(0 8.23 0 15.24 8.23 0 )

=
0 15.24 10.97 0 )
(0 13.72 0 15.24 13.72 0 )
(0 0 0 0 13.72 0 )
= (4.27 0 0 4.27 13.72 0 )
=
= (2.13 0 0 2.13 13.72 0 ) = (6.40
0 0 6.40 13.72 0 )
(8.84 0 0 8.84 13.72 0 )
(10.97 0 0 10.97 13.72 0 )

= (15.24
= (13.11 0 0 13.11 13.72 0 ) = (0
0 0 15.24 13.72 0 )
0 0 0 0 -3.05 ) 0 0 9.91 0 -3.05)
= (5.33 0 0 5.33 0 -3.05) = (15.24 0
= (9.91
0 15.24 0 -3.05)
(0 6.86 0 0 6.86 -3.05)
(15.24 6.86 0 15.24 6.86 -3.05)

= (5.33
vert-elem-7 .= (0 13.72 0 0 13.72 -3.05) vert-elem-9 ew-grid-l ew-grid ns-grid-1

=
13.72 0 5.33 13.72 -3.05) 13.72 0 15.24 13.72 -3.05)
= (9.91 13.72 0 9.91 13.72 -3.05) vert-elem-10
= (15.24
= stack( stack( stack(stack( ew-elem-l , ew-elem-2), ew-elem-3), ew-elem-4), ew-elem-5)
stack( ew_grid- 1 ,ew-elem-6)

= stack(stack( stack( stack(ns-elm-1
,ns-elem-2) ,ns-elem-3) ,ns-elem-4) .ns-elem-5)
ns-grid = stack( stack( stack(ns-grid-1, ns-elem-6) .ns-elem-7) ,ns-elem-8) vert-grid- 1 = stack( stack( stack( stack( vert-elem- 1 ,vert-elem-2) ,vert-elem-3) ,vert-elem-4) ,vert-elem-5) ~ert~~d2 stack( stack( stack( vert-grid- 1 ,vert-elem-6), vert-elem-7) ,vert-elem-S), vert-elem-9) stack( vert-grid
=
stack( stack( vert-grid- 1 ,vert-grid-2) ,vert-elem- 10)
stack(stack(ew-grid,ns-grid) ,vert-grid)
ns-length = 13.72 vert-length = 3.05
ew-length = 15.24
total-length .= 6.ew-length + 8.ns-length + 1O.vert-length

9/21I95
Page B-1
66
Appendix B
Calculated Ground Potential Rise
The two arrays immediately below are the coordinates of the test locations. Note that the test points extended 50 feet to the east and only 30 feet to the north. The applied voltage was oriented north-south, while the DC ground mat is located to the east of the AC ground mat receivingthe applied voltage.
1.524 + ew-length 3.048 + ew-length 4.512 + ew-length 6.096 + ew-length tp-ew = 7.62 + ew-length 9.144 + ew-length 10.668+ew-length
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tp-ns
=
0 1.524 + ns-length 0 0 3.048 + ns-length 0
0 4.572 + ns-length 0
0 6.096 + ns-length
0 0
0 7.62 + ns-length
12.192 + ew-length 0 0 13.716 + ew-length 0 0 15.24 + ew-length
0 9.144 + ns-length 0
0 0
The Ground Potential Rise calculations that follow are based on the actual current measured in the field test and the previously measured soil resistivity. The formulas used are based on Eq 224 on page 354 of IEEE 399-1990 and assume that superposition is valid. The current density is assumed to be uniform as well. The voltage measured on the mat, Vm, is included for reference and for the final graph which shows the measuredvoltage as a percentage of the mat voltage versus the distance.
current
( 5 =
2.67
Vm
1.33
current total-length
29.52
j =0..9
Y l . . = A . -L.
J.1
0..23
tp-ew
X l . . = A . -L.
J,I
J,o
1,O
X 2 . . = A . -L.
J.1
J-0
1.3
J,1
1,1
Y 2 . . = A . -L.
J.1
5.1
174
Z l . . = A . -L.
J,I
3.2
1,2
22.. = A . -L.
j.1
~ . 2
1,s
12j,i = /(Xlj i)2 + (Ylj,J

r
+ (Zlj,J
RXj,i = ,l(X1,32 + (Ylj,i)2 + (zlj,i)2

r
Ky. J.
J(Xlj.ij2 + (Y2j,i)2 + (Zlj,J2
RZj,;
J(Xlj,J
+ (Ylj,J
+ (z2j,i)2
Vxj
E.1
[i=O
(In(Xlj,i + Rj,i) -
+ Rxj,i))
Ve.
J
Vx. + Vy. + VX.

J J J
Page 8-2
67
Appendix B
0.9
I
1 i
i

Voltage East of AC Mat vs Distance
i i
0 . 8
0.7
Ve. J
-0.6
0.5
0.4
0 . 3
8
j-1.524+ 1.524
10
12
14
16
0.. 5
tp-ns
(Xlj,J2 + ( Y l j , J + (2lj,J
=
q i=
RZj,;
=
(x2ji)2 + (Ylj,J2 + (Zlj,J2
j ( x l j , i ) 2 + (Y2j,i)2 + (Zlj,J2
j ( X l j i)2 + (Ylj,J + (z2j,i)2
vxj
qc
23
P. iJ
13 ("(XIj,
+
Rj,i)
i=O
Vy. = P. iJ h1(X2~ + R x ~ , ~ ) ) J 4.a

-'
( h ~ ( Y l+ ~ Rj,i) , ~ - ln(Y2j
1=6
Ryj ,i))
vz.
J
=-
4.a
h(Z2j.i i= 14
kj.i))
v. = v x . + v y . f vx. J J J J
912 1I95
Page 8-3
68
Appendix B
0.9
0.8
0.7
V. J 0.6
0.5
0.4
5 6 j.1.524+ 1.524
10
:=
0..9
Percentage of Mat Voltage vs Distance I I I
0.7
0 . 6
0.4
0.3
0.2
8 j.1.524+ 1.524
10
12
14
16
912 1195
Page B-4
69
70

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1999 IEEElASME JOINT RAILROAD CONFERENCE

Ralph S. Thomas, P.E. LTK Engineering Services Portland, Oregon

Kinh D. Pham, P.E. Elcon Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon

Grounding of Ac equipment and the Ac Ground Mat Definitions

: Soil resistivity in ohm-meters

: the duration of fault in seconds

1.524 3.048 4.572 6.096

current = 2.67 vei = raw-voltage-easti

9.144 10.668 12.192 13.716 15.24

Voltage East of AC Mat vs Distance

Observed Ground Potential Rise

Observed Ground Potential Rise

= (0 2.74 0 15.24 2.74 0 )

(0 8.23 0 15.24 8.23 0 )

(0 13.72 0 15.24 13.72 0 )

= (2.13 0 0 2.13 13.72 0 ) = (6.40

(8.84 0 0 8.84 13.72 0 )

(10.97 0 0 10.97 13.72 0 )

= (13.11 0 0 13.11 13.72 0 ) = (0

0 0 0 0 -3.05 ) 0 0 9.91 0 -3.05)

= (5.33 0 0 5.33 0 -3.05) = (15.24 0

(0 6.86 0 0 6.86 -3.05)

(15.24 6.86 0 15.24 6.86 -3.05)

vert-elem-7 .= (0 13.72 0 0 13.72 -3.05) vert-elem-9 ew-grid-l ew-grid ns-grid-1

13.72 0 5.33 13.72 -3.05) 13.72 0 15.24 13.72 -3.05)

= (9.91 13.72 0 9.91 13.72 -3.05) vert-elem-10

= stack( stack( stack(stack( ew-elem-l , ew-elem-2), ew-elem-3), ew-elem-4), ew-elem-5)

stack( ew_grid- 1 ,ew-elem-6)

,ns-elem-2) ,ns-elem-3) ,ns-elem-4) .ns-elem-5)

stack( stack( vert-grid- 1 ,vert-grid-2) ,vert-elem- 10)

total-length .= 6.ew-length + 8.ns-length + 1O.vert-length

Calculated Ground Potential Rise

0 1.524 + ns-length 0 0 3.048 + ns-length 0

12.192 + ew-length 0 0 13.716 + ew-length 0 0 15.24 + ew-length

12j,i = /(Xlj i)2 + (Ylj,J

RXj,i = ,l(X1,32 + (Ylj,i)2 + (zlj,i)2

J(Xlj.ij2 + (Y2j,i)2 + (Zlj,J2

Vx. + Vy. + VX.

Calculated Ground Potential Rise

(x2ji)2 + (Ylj,J2 + (Zlj,J2

j ( X l j i)2 + (Ylj,J + (z2j,i)2

Vy. = P. iJ h1(X2~ + R x ~ , ~ ) ) J 4.a

Calculated Ground Potential Rise

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