CONTENTS 1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Introduction 1.2. Statement of study 1.3. Objectives of the study 1.4. Scope of Literature 1.5. Review of Literature 1.6. Methodology 1.7.System Analysis 1.8.Feasibility Study

Page No

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4

2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
2.1. Purpose of Design 2.2. Design Features 2.3. Block Diagram 2.4. Block Diagram Description 5 5 5 7

3. HARDWARE DETAILS
3.1. Atmega168 Microcontroller 3.1.1 Architecture 3.1.2 AVR CPU Core 3.1.3 Pin Configurations 8 9 10 12

3.1.4 Features 3.1.5 Power Modes 3.1.6 Ports 3.1.7 Analog to Digital Converter 3.1.8 USART 3.2. Power Supply 3.3 Relay 3.4 LM7805C Voltage Regulator 3.5 Crystal Oscillator 3.6 MAX232 and DB9 connector (Level Converter) 3.7 RF transceiver. 23

13 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 20
22

4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Code Vision AVR Cross Compiler 4.2 AVR Studio Programmer 4.3 Embedded C 25 26 27

5. TESTING
5.1. Introduction 5.1.1 Unite Testing 5.1.2 System Testing 5.1.3 Integration Testing 5.1.4 Acceptance Testing 28 28 29 29 29

6. DISCUSSION
6.1. Merits 6.2. Limitations 7. APPLICATION 8. Summary 30 30 31 32 33 34 35

of Literature Survey

9. CONCLUSION 10. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure names
Figure 1.1 Waterfall process model Figure 2.1(a) Block diagram(transmitter) of proposed system Figure 2.1(b) Block diagram(receiver) of proposed system Figure 2.2 Circuit diagram of proposed system Figure 3.1 Architectural Block Diagram of ATmega 168 Figure 3.2 Block diagram of the AVR central processing unit Figure 3.3 Pin configuration of the Atmega168 microcontroller Figure 3.4 Relay symbol Figure 3.5 Circuit diagram of relay Figure 3.6 Voltage regulators Figure 3.7 Circuit Diagram of voltage regulator Figure 3.8 A Crystal Oscillator Figure 3.9 Pin diagram of MAX232 Figure 3.10 MAX232 and DB9 connector Figure 3.11 RF Transreciever 24

Page No.
2 5 6 6 10 11 12 17 17 18 19 21 22 22

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Introduction :

This particular project is designed for the cities with heavy traffic .Eg: In Bangalore the roads are full jammed every time. Most of the time the traffic will at least for 100meters .In this distance the traffics police cant hear the siren form the ambulance .so he ignores this .Then the ambulance has to wait till the traffic is left. Some times to leave the traffic it takes at least 30 minutes .So by this time any thing can happen to the patient .So this project avoid these disadvantages. According to this project if any ambulance comes near when the ambulance at emergency comes to any traffic post the traffic signals automatically stop the signals and give green signal for this ambulance.

1.2. Statement of Study:

The main aim of the project is to guide the ambulance in the hard core city traffic, as ambulance is carrying the diseased to hospital for treatment it is a emergency situation, we need a efficient traffic control system to help the ambulance to reach hospital in right time. This system can be implemented in all the ambulances, so that the traffic control using RF/xbee, as well as physical status of the patient is communicated to the hospital wirelessly using RF/xBEE and the precious life of the patient can be saved much early.

1.3. Objectives of the study

Transparency and the rule of law. Strengthening operational processes, disciplinary measures and individual competencies will only have marginal impact in the absence of broader structural reforms aimed at setting the traffic light system within this governance framework.
The main aim of the project is to guide the ambulance in the hard core city traffic, as ambulance is carrying the diseased to hospital for treatment it is a emergency situation, we need a efficient traffic control system to help the ambulance to reach hospital in right time.

1.4. Scope of literature

This particular project is designed for the cities with heavy traffic .Eg: In Bangalore the roads are full jammed every time. Most of the time the traffic will at least for 100meters .In this distance the traffics police cant hear the siren form the ambulance .so he ignores this .Then the ambulance has to wait till the traffic is left. Some times to leave the traffic it takes at least

30 minutes .So by this time any thing can happen to the patient .So this project avoid these disadvantages. According to this project if any ambulance comes near when the ambulance at emergency comes to any traffic post the traffic signals automatically stop the signals and give green signal for this ambulance.

1.5. Review of literature

Many books have provided valuable information that was very useful for this project. One such book authored by John. B. Peatman , Design with Microcontrollers, Pearson Education PTE. Ltd. First Edition , 2001

1.6 Methodology
Software Process: The software process is the set of activities and associated results, which produced a software product. Example: Waterfall process model, Spiral model and Evolutionary model. The Waterfall process model has been followed for the development of this project. This model is the one of the best process models. There are several variations of this model. This process is best only when all the requirements are known in advance. This process is easy to understand by system developers as well as users. And this process model is more visible, as it produces deliverables at the end of end phase. Visibility is one of the process characteristics that are looked for by project managers while selecting a process model for any project.

Analysis Design Implementati on Testing

Figure 1.1 Waterfall process model

2 The waterfall process model has five phases. They are as given below. (1)Analysis The systems services, constraints and goals are established by consultation with system users. (2)Design The systems design process partitions the requirements to either hardware or software systems. It establishes an overall system architecture. Software design involves representing the software system functions in a form that may be transformed into one or more executable programs. (3)Implementation During this stage, the software design is realized as a set of programs or program units. (4)Testing The individual program units or programs are tested. Then they are integrated and tested as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements have been met. After testing, the software system is delivered to the customer. Advantages: 1) The development process is more visible, i.e. deliverables are produced after each phase. This will help to know the status of the project at any time. 2) This is best suitable for projects in which all the requirements are known in advance and projects changes are not required. Disadvantages:
It is not possible to go to previous phase to accommodate any changes in it.

1.7 System Analysis

1.7.1 Problem statement
What we have to do is we have to attach a IR receiver on pole 0.5km before the traffic signal. Ambulance will be continuously transmitting signals, these transmitted signal are received by the receiver on the pole after receiving these signal if the red light is (ON) on the way of Ambulance that light will be automatically turned to green and on all other ways the red light will be turned (ON) making way for Ambulance . If there is green light no action will be performed.

When the Ambulance is nearby to the hospital it will start sending the signal to the host attached to PC using wireless technology (xBEE/RF) range around 300 meters for our demo purpose later it can be improved with a little more cost. The informed transmitted to the host computer in hospital from the ambulance includes type disease being suffered this input is given by the concerned person in the ambulance.

1.8 Feasibility Study

1.8.1 TECHNICAL: When there is a whole range of desirable new high end features to the scene, the new features interact in cleverer ways. The Atmega168 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RICS architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the Atmega168 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. High performance is its main feature. It operates with a voltage of 4.5-5.5. 1.8.2 ECONOMICAL: The components like Atmega168, DC motors, relay costs low. From economical point of view the cost of purchasing software is low. Ultimately, the implementation of this project will reduce the expenditure of power supply board. 1.8.3 OPERATIONAL: The module provides very user friendly interface and does not need extra training for usage.

CHAPTER 2
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 2.1. Purpose of Design:
This particular project is designed for the cities with heavy traffic .Eg: In Bangalore the roads are full jammed every time. Most of the time the traffic will at least for 100meters .In this distance the traffics police cant hear the siren form the ambulance .so he ignores this .Then the ambulance has to wait till the traffic is left. Some times to leave the traffic it takes at least 30 minutes .So by this time any thing can happen to the patient .So this project avoid these disadvantages. According to this project if any ambulance comes near when the ambulance at emergency comes to any traffic post the traffic signals automatically stop the signals and give green signal for this ambulance.

2.3. Block Diagram:

To practically implement the above features, the arrangement of various devices in our system is as shown in the following block diagram

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Module in Ambulance

RF

IR SENSORS

Micro Controller ATmega48/88/32 RELAY DC motors

POWER SUPPLY

Buzzer

LED

RECEIVER AT HOSPITAL

RF POWER SUPPLY

PC

RECEIVER AT POLE

LEDs

Micro Controller ATmega48 IR sensors

POWER

Figure 2.1(B) Block diagram of proposed system

Figure 2.2 Circuit diagram of proposed system

6

2.4 Block Diagram Description

What we have to do is we have to attach a IR receiver on pole 0.5km before the traffic signal. Ambulance will be continuously transmitting signals, these transmitted signal are received by the receiver on the pole after receiving these signal if the red light is (ON) on the way of Ambulance that light will be automatically turned to green and on all other ways the red light will be turned (ON) making way for Ambulance . If there is green light no action will be performed. When the Ambulance is nearby to the hospital it will start sending the signal to the host attached to PC using wireless technology (xBEE/RF) range around 300 meters for our demo purpose later it can be improved with a little more cost. The informed transmitted to the host computer in hospital from the ambulance includes type disease being suffered this input is given by the concerned person in the ambulance.

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
The hardware components used in our project is listed below. 1 ATmega168 microcontroller 2 Power Supply 4 LM7805cV (Regulator) 5. IR sensor 6. TARANG (RF TRANCEIVER) 7. DC motor 8. RELAY

3.1 ATmega168 microcontroller

The microcontroller is at the core of every embedded module. Hence, great care must be exercised in choosing the right microcontroller without compromising on functionality. Keeping in view many factors that governed the correct implementation of our project the ATmega168 microcontroller from Atmel Corporations AVR microcontroller family was chosen. Few crucial reasons may be cited so as to justify our choice of this microcontroller. The first being, that all AVR microcontrollers are designed to deliver more performance at lesser power consumption. It is compatible with popular protocols like I2C and SPI. It also has advanced features like an on chip analog to digital converter, six pulse width modulation channels, and data retention is supported up to a hundred years at 25 C. Also compilers for the ATmega88 are available free of cost from the manufacturer. An added advantage is that the AVR series can be programmed using the AVRGCC (GNU C compiler) , thus making it an undisputed choice for even GNU/Linux based programmers. The Atmega48 microcontroller has execution speeds of up to one MIPS per MHz of clock frequency. Elucidating the specifications of the CPU of the AVR, it is an 8 bit microcontroller with advanced RISC architecture. The CPU is

designed for the stellar combination of parallelism and performance. Thus the CPU uses the Harvard architecture (separate memories and buses for program and data). The CPU also accommodates a 32 general purpose 8-bit registers.
8

3.1.1 Architecture
The ATmega168 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega88 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The architectural block diagram is as shown in the next page.

Figure 3.1: Architectural Block Diagram of ATmega 168

3.1.2 AVR CPU Core

This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts. In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is InSystem Reprogrammable Flash memory.

The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation.

10 In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File in one clock cycle. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data Space addressing enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section. Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction. The Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture is as shown in the next page.

Figure 3.2: Block diagram of the AVR central processing unit 11

3.1.3 Pin Configurations

Figure 3.3: Pin configuration of the Atmega168 microcontroller 3.1.3.1: VCC Digital supply voltage 3.1.3.2: GND Ground 3.1.3.3: Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2-Port B is an 8 bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. Alternate functions of the pins of Port B are functions related to SPI and the Pin Change Interrupt or PCINT. 3.1.3.4: Port C (PC6:0)-Port C is a 7-bit bi directional I/O port, with the PC6 pin being used as a reset pin if the reset disable fuse (RSTDISBL) is not programmed. If PC6 is used as a reset pin, then a low level lasting for more than 2.5 s at that pin will generate the required reset condition. The alternate function for the pins of this port is that they act as ADC input channels used here with the thermistor to aid in temperature measurements. 3.1.3.5: Port D (PD7:0)- Port D is an 8-bit bi directional I/O port and even its pins, like those of port B and C have alternate functions. The pins of port D can also serve as transmitter and receiver pins for the internal USART of the microcontroller, they can also add up as comparator inputs to the internal comparator circuit of the microcontroller.
12

3.1.3.6: AVCC-It is the supply voltage for the ADC, PC3 to PC0 and ADC 7:6. It is externally connected to VCC and if the ADC is used it is connected to the VCC supply voltage through a low pass filter. 3.1.3.7: AREF-It is the analog reference pin for the ADC. 3.1.4 Features High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit Microcontroller Advanced RISC Architecture 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single Clock Cycle Execution 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz Non-volatile Program and Data Memories 4/8/16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash (ATmega48/88/168) Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation 256/512/512 Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48/88/168) Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles 512/1K/1K Byte Internal SRAM (ATmega48/88/168) Programming Lock for Software Security Peripheral Features Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode. Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator Six PWM Channels 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and MLF package 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator 13

 Special Microcontroller Features Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection Internal Calibrated Oscillator External and Internal Interrupt Sources Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby I/O and Packages 23 Programmable I/O Lines 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP and 32-pad MLF Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48V/88V/168V 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega48/88/168 Temperature Range: -40C to 85C Speed Grade: ATmega48V/88V/168V: 0 - 4 MHz ATmega48/88/168: 0 - 10 MHz Low Power Consumption Active Mode: 1 MHz, 1.8V: 240A 32 kHz, 1.8V: 15A (including Oscillator) Power-down Mode: 0.1A at 1.8V 3.1.5 Power modes The Idle mode stops the CPU while the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system continue to function. In the Power-down mode, the register contents are saved but the oscillator is frozen until an interrupt is raised or the hardware is reset. In the Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer is running while the remaining peripheral components of the device are sleeping. For reduction of noise with respect to the ADC, the CPU and all other I/O devices are halted and only the asynchronous timer along with the ADC is runningThe standby mode can be useful for quick start-ups. Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
14

asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. Moving ahead, now a brief discussion of the external interrupts has to be done. 3.1.6 Ports The ports of the AVR have read-modify-write functionality when used as general digital I/O ports, as stated in the datasheet of the device. The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Each port pin mainly has three register bits which are DDxn, PORTxn and PINxn. DDxn is the data direction bit and indicates input or output at a particular pin of any port . If DDxn is set to one, the pin is used as output pin, else it is an input pin. If PORTxn is written to a logic one, and if DDxn is set to zero that particular pins internal pull up resistor is activated. The DDxn is accessed at the DDRx register, the PORTxn is in the PORTx register and the PINxn is at the PINx register. Writing a logic one to PINxn will toggle PORTxn. The alternate functions of the port pins and the port registers are explained at the end as part of the datasheets. The pin value can be read at any time through the PINxn register bit, irrespective of the DDxn pin setting. 3.1.7 Analog to digital converter The Atmega48 is equipped with a successive approximation analog to digital converter with a resolution of 10 bits. All the input channels of the ADC are connected to a multiplexer. The ADC channel is selected by selecting the corresponding bits as defined in the ADMUX register of the microcontroller. The ADC output which is 10 bits long is stored in the ADCH and ADCL registers of the microcontroller. For eight bit precision, reading ADCH is sufficient. Further details of the ADC are provided with the datasheets. 3.1.8 USART A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART and pronounced is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. 15

Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires. A UART is used to convert the transmitted information between its sequential and parallel form at each end of the link. Each UART contains a shift register which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms. The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used between different items of equipment. Typically, separate interface devices are used to convert the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signaling levels. Communication may be "full duplex" (both send and receive at the same time) or "half duplex" (devices take turns transmitting and receiving). 3.1.8.1 Features Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation Full Duplex Operation (Independent Serial Receive and Transmit Registers) Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation High Resolution Baud Rate Generator Supports Serial Frames with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 Data Bits and 1 or 2 Stop Bits Odd or Even Parity Generation and Parity Check Supported by Hardware Data OverRun Detection Framing Error Detection Noise Filtering Includes False Start Bit Detection and Digital Low Pass Filter Three Separate Interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty and RX Complete

3.2 Power Supply

Power supply is used to energies the equipments such as microcontroller, relay, level converter, GSM and GPS module. The power supply is used to energies the whole module. The power supply can be in the form of wired or battery. In our project 12V battery is used as a power supply. 16

3.4 LM7805C Voltage Regulator :

A voltage regulator based on an active device (such as a bipolar junction transistor, field effect transistor or vacuum tube) operating in its "linear region" and passive devices like zener diodes operated in their breakdown region. The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a constant output voltage.

Figure.3.6. Voltage Regulators

18

Figure 3.7: circuit diagram of voltage regulator Linear regulators exist in two basic forms: series regulators and shunt regulators. Series regulators are the more common form. The series regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to the load through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "top half" of the voltage divider). The power dissipated by the regulating device is equal to the power supply output current times the voltage drop in the regulating device. The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "bottom half" of the voltage divider). The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows uselessly to ground, making this form even less efficient than the series regulator. It is, however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode, and is used in very low-powered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of concern. This form is very common for voltage reference circuits. The "78xx" series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages while the "79xx" series (7905, 7912, etc.) regulate negative voltages. Often, the last two digits of the device number are the output voltage; eg, a 7805 is a +5 V regulator, while a 7915 is a -15 V regulator. The 78xx series ICs can supply up to 1.5 Amperes depending on the model.

19

3.4.1 Features 1. 5V, 3V, and 3.3V versions available 2. High accuracy output voltage 3. Guaranteed 100mA output current 4. Extremely low quiescent current 5. Low dropout voltage 6. Extremely tight load and line regulation 7. Very low temperature coefficient 8. Use as Regulator or Reference 9. Needs minimum capacitance for stability 10. Current and Thermal Limiting 11. Stable with low-ESR output capacitors (10m to 6)

3.5 Crystal Oscillator - 4MHz :

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with appropriate transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration. For example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple, rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal.
20

When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like a circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant frequency. Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its crystallographic axes).[5] Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator will remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations. Quartz timing crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

Figure 3.8: A Crystal Oscillator

21

5. IR SENSORS
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the construction of PIRbased motion detectors (see below). Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature, such as a wall.[1] All objects above absolute zero emit energy in the form of radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation. Infra meaning below our ability to detect it visually, and Red because this color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it becomes invisible. Thus, infrared means below the energy level of the color red, and applies to many sources of invisible energy.[2] .

6. DC motors Used for rotating the camera.

An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motorsoperate through interacting magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors current-carrying conductors to generate force, although electrostatic motors use electrostatic forces. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or

a dynamo. Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. For example a starter/generator for a gas turbine, or traction motors used on vehicles, often perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines.

MOTOR
An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by direct current (for example a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, by their application, or by the type of motion they give. The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks.

3.1.1 Construction of Motor

Fig 3.1: Components of Motor

Fig 3.2: Assembly of Electric Motor

Fig 3.3: Working principle of Electric Motor

3.1.2 History and development

Fig 3.4: Setup of Electromagnetic experiment of Faraday, 1821

The principle The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in school physics classes, but brine (salt water) is sometimes used in place of the toxic mercury. This is the simplest form of a class of devices called homopolar motors. A later refinement is the Barlow's Wheel. These were demonstration devices only, unsuited to practical applications due to their primitive construction.

Fig 3.5: Jedlik's "lightning-magnetic self-rotor", 1827(Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest.)

In 1827, Hungarian nyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices he called "lightning-magnetic self-rotors". He used them for instructive purposes in universities, and in 1828 demonstrated the first device which contained the three main components of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. Both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic, employing no permanent magnets. Again, the devices had no practical application.

3.1.3 Categorization of electric motors

The classic division of electric motors has been that of Alternating Current (AC) types v/s Direct Current (DC) types. This is more a de facto convention, rather than a rigid distinction. For example, many classic DC motors run on AC power, these motors being referred to as universal motors. Rated output power is also used to categorise motors, those of less than 746 Watts, for example, are often referred to as fractional horsepower motors (FHP) in reference to the old imperial measurement. The ongoing trend toward electronic control further muddles the distinction, as modern drivers have moved the commutator out of the motor shell. For this new breed of motor, driver circuits are relied upon to generate sinusoidal AC drive currents, or some approximation thereof. The two best examples are: the brushless DC motor and the stepping motor, both being poly-phase AC motors requiring external electronic control, although historically, stepping motors (such as for maritime and naval gyrocompass repeaters) were driven from DC switched by contacts. Considering all rotating (or linear) electric motors require synchronism between a moving magnetic field and a moving current sheet for average torque production, there is a clearer distinction between an asynchronous motor and synchronous types. An asynchronous motor requires slip between the moving magnetic field and a winding set to induce current in the winding set by mutual inductance; the most ubiquitous example being the common AC induction motor which must slip to generate torque. In the synchronous types, induction (or slip) is not a requisite for magnetic field or current production (e.g. permanent magnet motors, synchronous brush-less wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine).

Servo motor

A servomechanism, or servo is an automatic device that uses error-sensing feedback to correct the performance of a mechanism. The term correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction signals help control mechanical position or other parameters. For example, an automotive power window control is not a servomechanism, as there is no automatic feedback which controls positionthe operator does this by observation. By contrast the car's cruise control uses closed loop feedback, which classifies it as a servomechanism.

Synchronous electric motor

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torque. A synchronous motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field. Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed.

Induction motor
Induction motor (IM) is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction. Another commonly used name is squirrel cage motor because the rotor bars with short circuit rings resemble a squirrel cage (hamster wheel). An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical power in its rotor (rotating part). There are several ways to supply power to the rotor. In a DC motor this power is supplied to the armature directly from a DC source, while in an induction motor this power is induced in the rotating device. An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stator (stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side. Induction motors are widely used, especially polyphase induction motors, which are frequently used in industrial drives

Electrostatic motor (capacitor motor)

Electrostatic motor or capacitor motor is a type of electric motor based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion, and require high current at low voltages. In the 1750s, the first electrostatic motors were developed by Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon. Today the electrostatic motor finds frequent use in micro-mechanical (MEMS) systems where their drive voltages are below 100 volts, and where moving, charged plates are far easier to fabricate than coils and iron cores. Also, the molecular machinery which runs living cells is often based on linear and rotary electrostatic motors. Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. At higher speeds, brushes have increasing difficulty in maintaining contact. Brushes may bounce off the irregularities in the commutator surface, creating sparks. (Sparks are also created inevitably by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections and hence coil endsmomentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes.) This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also causes electrical noise, and the sparks additionally cause RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large machine is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor. Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor

can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking (comparable to the problem of "valve float" in internal combustion engines). (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed, but at the cost of greater friction losses (lower efficiency) and accelerated brush and commutator wear. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power, speed, and efficiency/wear. There are five types of brushed DC motor: A. DC shunt wound motor B. DC series wound motor C. DC compound motor (two configurations):

Cumulative compound Differentially compounded

D. Permanent Magnet DC Motor E. Separately-excited (sepex)

Brushless DC motors

Some of the problems of the brushed DC motor are eliminated in the brushless design. In this motor, the mechanical "rotating switch" or commutator/brushgear assembly is replaced by an external electronic switch synchronised to the rotor's position. Brushless motors are typically 85-90% efficient or more (higher efficiency for a brushless electric motor of up to 96.5% were reported by researchers at the Tokai University in Japan in 2009), whereas DC motors with brushgear are typically 7580% efficient. Midway between ordinary DC motors and stepper motors lies the realm of the brushless DC motor. Built in a fashion very similar to stepper motors, these often use a permanent magnet sensors to sense the position of the rotor, and the associated drive electronics. The coils are activated, one phase after the other, by the drive electronics as cued by the signals from either Hall effect sensors or from the back EMF (electromotive force) of the undriven coils. In effect, they act as three-phase

synchronous motors containing their own variable-frequency drive electronics. A specialized class of brushless DC motor controllers utilize EMF feedback through the main phase connections instead of Hall effect sensors to determine position and velocity. These motors are used extensively in electric radio-controlled vehicles. When configured with the magnets on the outside, these are referred to by modelists as outrunner motors. Brushless DC motors are commonly used where precise speed control is necessary, as in computer disk drives or in video cassette recorders, the spindles within CD, CDROM (etc.) drives, and mechanisms within office products such as fans, laser printers and photocopiers. They have several advantages over conventional motors:

Compared to AC fans using shaded-pole motors, they are very efficient, running much cooler than the equivalent AC motors. This cool operation leads to muchimproved life of the fan's bearings.

Without a commutator to wear out, the life of a DC brushless motor can be significantly longer compared to a DC motor using brushes and a commutator. Commutation also tends to cause a great deal of electrical and RF noise; without a commutator or brushes, a brushless motor may be used in electrically sensitive devices like audio equipment or computers.

The same Hall effect sensors that provide the commutation can also provide a convenient signal. tachometer signal for closed-loop control (servo-controlled) applications. In fans, the tachometer signal can be used to derive a "fan OK"

The motor can be easily synchronized to an internal or external clock, leading to precise speed control.

Brushless motors have no chance of sparking, unlike brushed motors, making them better suited to environments with volatile chemicals and fuels. Also, sparking generates ozone which can accumulate in poorly ventilated buildings risking harm to occupants' health.

Brushless motors are usually used in small equipment such as computers and are generally used to get rid of unwanted heat.

They are also very quiet motors which is an advantage if being used in equipment that is affected by vibrations.

Modern DC brushless motors range in power from a fraction of a watt to many kilowatts. Larger brushless motors up to about 100 kW rating are used in electric vehicles. They also find significant use in high-performance electric model aircraft.

Coreless or ironless DC motors

Nothing in the design of any of the motors described above requires that the iron (steel) portions of the rotor actually rotate; torque is exerted only on the windings of the electromagnets. Taking advantage of this fact is the coreless or ironless DC motor, a specialized form of a brush or brushless DC motor. Optimized for rapid acceleration, these motors have a rotor that is constructed without any iron core. The rotor can take the form of a winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure comprising only the magnet wire and the bonding material. The rotor can fit inside the stator magnets; a magnetically-soft stationary cylinder inside the rotor provides a return path for the stator magnetic flux. A second arrangement has the rotor winding basket surrounding the stator magnets. In that design, the rotor fits inside a magnetically-soft cylinder that can serve as the housing for the motor, and likewise provides a return path for the flux. Because the rotor is much lighter in weight (mass) than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations, the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant less than 1 ms. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper. But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink, even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air. Related limited-travel actuators have no core and a bonded coil placed between the poles of high-flux thin permanent magnets. These are the fast head positioners for rigid-disk ("hard disk") drives.

Printed Armature or Pancake DC Motors

A rather unique motor design the pancake/printed armature motor has the windings shaped as a disc running between arrays of high-flux magnets, arranged in a circle, facing the rotor and forming an axial air gap. This design is commonly known the pancake motor because of its extremely flat profile, although the technology has had many brand names since it's inception, such as ServoDisc. The printed armature (originally formed on a printed circuit board) in a printed armature motor is made from punched copper sheets that are laminated together using advanced composites to form a thin rigid disc. The printed armature has a unique construction, in the brushed motor world, in that is does not have a separate ring commutator. The brushes run directly on the armature surface making the whole design very compact. An alternative manufacturing method is to use wound copper wire laid flat with a central conventional commutator, in a flower and petal shape. The windings are typically stabilized by being impregnated with electrical epoxy potting systems. These are filled epoxies that have moderate mixed viscosity and a long gel time. They are highlighted by low shrinkage and low exotherm, and are typically UL 1446 recognized as a potting compound for use up to 180C (Class H) (UL File No. E 210549). The unique advantage of ironless DC motors is that there is no cogging (vibration caused by attraction between the iron and the magnets) and parasitic eddy currents cannot form in the rotor as it is totally ironless. This can greatly improve efficiency, but variable-speed controllers must use a higher switching rate (>40 kHz) or direct current because of the decreased electromagnetic induction. These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives, in the burgeoning computer industry. Pancake motors are still widely used in highperformance servo-controlled systems, humanoid robotic systems, industrial automation and medical devices. Due to the variety of constructions now available the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servo applications.

Universal motors

A series-wound motor is referred to as a universal motor when it has been designed to operate on either AC or DC power. The ability to operate on AC is because the current in both the field and the armature (and hence the resultant magnetic fields) will alternate (reverse polarity) in synchronism, and hence the resulting mechanical force will occur in a constant direction. Operating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are very rarely larger than one kilowatt (about 1.3 horsepower). Universal motors also form the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, to keep their electrical efficiency high, they were operated from very low frequency AC supplies, with 25 and 16.7 hertz (Hz) operation being common. Because they are universal motors, locomotives using this design were also commonly capable of operating from a third rail powered by DC. An advantage of the universal motor is that AC supplies may be used on motors which have some characteristics more common in DC motors, specifically high starting torque and very compact design if high running speeds are used. The negative aspect is the maintenance and short life problems caused by the commutator. As a result, such motors are usually used in AC devices such as food mixers and power tools which are used only intermittently, and often have high starting-torque demands. Continuous speed control of a universal motor running on AC is easily obtained by use of a thyristor circuit, while (imprecise) stepped speed control can be accomplished using multiple taps on the field coil. Household blenders that advertise many speeds frequently combine a field coil with several taps and a diode that can be inserted in series with the motor (causing the motor to run on half-wave rectified AC). Universal motors generally run at high speeds, making them useful for appliances such as blenders, vacuum cleaners, and hair dryers where high RPM operation is desirable. They are also commonly used in portable power tools, such as drills, circular and jig saws, where the motor's characteristics work well. Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 RPM, while Dremel and other similar miniature grinders will often exceed 30,000 RPM. Motor damage may occur due to overspeeding (running at an RPM in excess of design limits) if the unit is operated with no significant load. On larger motors, sudden loss of load is to be avoided, and the possibility of such an occurrence is incorporated into the motor's protection and control schemes. In some smaller applications, a fan

blade attached to the shaft often acts as an artificial load to limit the motor speed to a safe value, as well as a means to circulate cooling airflow over the armature and field windings.

Table 1: Classification of Electric Motors

Electric motors Broad Motor Categories Synchronous motor AC motor DC motor

Conventional Induction Brushed DC Brushless DC Stepper Electric Motors Linear Unipolar Reluctance

Novel Electric Motors Ball bearing Homopolar Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Electrostatic Switched Reluctance

Motor Adjustable-speed drive Amplidyne Direct torque Controllers control Direct on line starter Electronic speed control Metadyne Motor controller Variable-frequency drive Vector control Ward Leonard control Thyristor drive

Others Barlow's Wheel Nanomotor Traction motor Lynch motor Mendocino motor Repulsion motor Inchworm motor Booster (electric power) Brush (electric) Electrical generator Alternator

Table 2: Comparison of motor types Typical Type Advantages Disadvantages Typical Application Drive

AC Induction (Shaded Pole)

Least expensive Rotation slips from Long life high power frequency Low starting torque Fans

Uni/Polyphase AC

AC Induction (split-phase capacitor)

High power high starting torque

Rotation slips from frequency

Appliances

Uni/Polyphase AC

Rotation in-sync AC Synchronous with freq long-life (alternator) More expensive

Industrial motors Clocks Audio turntables tape drives Uni/Polyphase AC

Precision Stepper DC Positioning in positioning High holding torque Requires a printers and floppy controller drives DC

3 Relay
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard

transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Figure 3.4: Relay symbol

Figure 3.5: Circuit diagram of relay

17 3.3.1 Advantages Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors.

Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (>5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

3.3.2 Disadvantages Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per second. Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

7 RF(TRANSRECIEVER)
RF was created to address the market need for a cost-effective, standards-based wireless networking solution that supports low data-rates, low-power consumption-users expect battery to last months to years, security, and reliability. RF is the only standardsbased technology that addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network applications. The initial markets for the RF Alliance include Consumer Electronics, Energy Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Building Automation and Industrial Automation. It is wireless networking protocol aimed at automation and remote control applications.The RF mesh network connects sensors and controllers without being restricted by distance or range limitations. RF mesh networks let all participating devices communicate with one another, and act as repeaters transferring data between devices. These modules use the IEEE 802.15.4 networking protocol for fast point-to-multipoint or peer-to-peer networking. They are designed for high-throughput applications requiring low latency and predictable communication timing. 23

USER MANUAL
1. Power on the xbee module by giving +12v DC Power supply. 2. Connect the xbee module to the server using RS3232 cable using level converter. 3. Open the .net software in computer. 4. Open the corresponding port. 5. Switch on the module near the door enter the valid key which is setted in the server if the key matches the will open with the buzzer indication. 6. If the wrong key entered door will not get accessed 7. Check for device on off using relay.

Chapter-4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
The software components used in our project is listed below. 1. CVAVR cross compiler 2.AVR studio programmer 3.Embedded C

4.1 Code Vision AVR Cross Compiler

1. CodeVisionAVR is a C cross-compiler, Integrated Development Environment and Automatic Program Generator designed for the Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers. 2. 3. The program is designed to run under the Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000 and XP operating systems. The C cross-compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C language, as allowed by the AVR architecture, with some features added to take advantage of specificity of the AVR architecture and the embedded system needs. 4. The compiled COFF object files can be C source level debugged, with variable watching, using the Atmel AVR Studio debugger. The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has built-in AVR Chip In-System Programmer software that enables to automatically transfer of the program to the microcontroller chip after successful compilation/assembly. The In-System Programmer software is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel STK500/AVRISP/AVRProg (AVR910 application note), Kanda Systems STK200+/300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel Elektronik VTEC-ISP, Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics ATCPU/Mega2000 programmers/development boards. For debugging embedded systems, which employ serial communication, the IDE has a built-in Terminal. esides the standard C libraries, the CodeVisionAVR C compiler has dedicated libraries for: 1. Alphanumeric LCD modules 2. Philips I2C bus 3. National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor 4. Philips PCF8563, PCF8583, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 and DS1307 Real Time Clocks 25 5. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol 6. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1820, DS18S20, DS18B20 Temperature Sensors 7. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat 8. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 and DS2433 EEPROMs

9. SPI 10. Power management 11. Delays 12. Gray code conversion CodeVisionAVR also contains the CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator that allows you to write, in a matter of minutes, all the code needed for implementing the following functions: 1. External memory access setup 2. Chip reset source identification 3. Input/Output Port initialization 4. External Interrupts initialization 5. Timers/Counters initialization 6. Watchdog Timer initialization 7. UART (USART) initialization and interrupt driven buffered serial communication 8. Analog Comparator initialization 9. ADC initialization 10. SPI Interface initialization 11. Two Wire Interface initialization 12. CAN Interface initialization 13. I2C Bus, LM75 Temperature Sensor, DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat and PCF8563, PCF8583, DS1302, DS1307 Real Time Clocks initialization 14. 1 Wire Bus and DS1820, DS18S20 Temperature Sensors initialization

4.2 AVR Studio Programmer

AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and debugging AVR applications in Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/VISTA environments.

AVR Studio provides a project management tool, source file editor, simulator, assembler and front-end for C/C++, programming, emulation and on-chip debugging.

26

AVR Studio supports the complete range of ATMEL AVR tools and each release will always contain the latest updates for both the tools and support of new AVR devices.AVR Studio 4 has a modular architecture which allows even more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules can be written and hooked to the system.

4.3 Embedded C
Embedded C is extensive and contains many advanced concepts. The range of modules covers a full introduction to C, real-time and embedded systems concepts through to the design and implementation of real time embedded or standalone systems based on realtime operating systems and their device drivers. Real time Linux (RTLinux) is used as an example of such a system. The modules include an introduction to the development of Linux device drivers. Embedded C covers all of the important features of the C language as well as a good grounding in the principles and practices of real-time systems development including the POSIX threads (pthreads) specification. The design of the modules is intended to provide an excellent working knowledge of the C language and its application to serious real time or embedded systems. Those wanting in-depth training specifically on RTLinux or Linux kernel internals should contact us to discuss their requirements; this set of modules is geared more towards providing the groundwork for approaching those domains rather than as in-depth training on a specific approach. Embedded C contains essential information for anyone developing embedded systems such as microcontrollers, real-time control systems, mobile device, PDAs and similar applications. This C course is based on many years experience of teaching C, extensive industrial programming experience and also participation in the ANSI X3J11 and BSI standards bodies that produced the standard for C. We focus on the needs of day-to-day users of the language with the emphasis being on practical use and delivery of reliable software.

27

Chapter-5
TESTING
5.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 5.1: Testing process The most important phase in developing any software is testing. Before the implementation of the package, testing has been carried out thoroughly to illuminate any bug, which may be present.

Types of testing:
The software testing of the package has been done in four phases. These are Unit Testing, Integration Testing , System Testing and Acceptance Testing. 5.1.1Unit Testing In Unit Testing every model was tested independent of the other verified that working properly. Unit testing focus verification efforts on the smallest unit of the software design in the model. To check, whether each model in the software works properly. So that it gives desired outputs to the given inputs .All the validation and conditions are tested in the model level. This project work contains two modules. Each of the modules and sub-modules are unit tested and the bugs were identified and rectified.

28 5.1.2Integration Testing Integration testing is done to verify if the package as a whole, after the integration of all the modules is working properly. This phase of testing is mainly concerned with finding out if the variables and data are sending correctly from one module to another. In order to conduct the said test, the active program is compiled. This package has been tested for various inputs. It was found that the package performs its function to meet the requirements. 5.1.3System Testing System testing involves putting all the modules together and checking the entire software. It is useful in checking whether with the given input, the desired output is got as a result. System testing will be largely functional in nature. 5.1.4Acceptance Testing This is the final stage in the testing process. Before the system is accepted for the operational use it may reveal errors and omissions in the system requirements definitions because the real data exercises the system in different way from the test data. Acceptance testing may also reveal requirements problem where the systems performance is unacceptable. Testing here is focused on the external behavior of the system and the internal logic of the program is not emphasized. In this stage of testing the application was installed in the system.

29

Chapter-6
DISCUSSION
6.1 Merits
1. Much easier to get control. 2. Both risk and liability is reduced. 3. It is flexible enough to be used from any location.24 hrs/Day and 7 days a week.

Limitations
1. Visualization will be difficult rover if the rover will be situated in far place 2. The efficient operation of our project depends on the area of module mounted.

30

Chapter-7
APPLICATIONS

1. Used in hand gesture based wheel chair 2. Used in war fields

31

Chapter-8

Summary of Literature Survey

This particular project is designed for the cities with heavy traffic .Eg: In Bangalore the roads are full jammed every time. Most of the time the traffic will at least for 100meters .In this distance the traffics police cant hear the siren form the ambulance .so he ignores this .Then the ambulance has to wait till the traffic is left. Some times to leave the traffic it takes at least 30 minutes .So by this time any thing can happen to the patient .So this project avoid these disadvantages. According to this project if any ambulance comes near when the ambulance at emergency comes to any traffic post the traffic signals automatically stop the signals and give green signal for this ambulance.
The main aim of the project is to guide the ambulance in the hard core city traffic, as ambulance is carrying the diseased to hospital for treatment it is a emergency situation, we need a efficient traffic control system to help the ambulance to reach hospital in right time. This system can be implemented in all the ambulances, so that the traffic control using RF/xbee, as well as physical status of the patient is communicated to the hospital wirelessly using RF/xBEE and the precious life of the patient can be saved much early. What we have to do is we have to attach a IR receiver on pole 0.5km before the traffic signal. Ambulance will be continuously transmitting signals, these transmitted signal are received by the receiver on the pole after receiving these signal if the red light is (ON) on the way of Ambulance that light will be automatically turned to green and on all other ways the red light will be turned (ON) making way for Ambulance . If there is green light no action will be performed. When the Ambulance is nearby to the hospital it will start sending the signal to the host attached to PC using wireless technology (xBEE/RF) range around 300 meters for our demo purpose later it can be improved with a little more cost. The informed transmitted to the host computer in hospital from the ambulance includes type disease being suffered this input is given by the concerned person in the ambulance.

Chapter-9
CONCLUSION
As the saying goes Necessity is the mother of all inventions, a need for software which would control process and devices was recognized. The design approach used here has given satisfactory results and the microcontroller is sufficient for measuring the required parameters. The power consumption has been kept as low as possible and the measurements made by the device are quite reliable. Accordingly a highly interactive user friendly module based embedded technology with microcontrollers was developed to solve the problem. The module which is developed will make the job of process easier. The user module has resulted in reducing work of human also makes more comfortable. The module is, therefore functioning as a very good tool. Incorporating the future enhancement as specified earlier would make the software a perfect tool, which would help the user.

33

Chapter-10
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
The following modifications can be made to present circuit , which lead to still smarter project.

1. The module can be equipped with a faster and more capable microcontroller to integrate control of many more devices at the same time. 2. Another further intended development is to introduce time controlled devices for use in commercial spaces. This, for example could be the control of a large display in a showroom between two different intervals of time, without the intervention of any user or technician.
3. Voice alerts can be used to indicate the various controlling of devices their status of operation. 4. If the numbers of relays are increased from the current relays, the number of devices that can be controlled can also be increased. 5. The module can be equipped with other sensing equipment such as light and heat sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges etc to monitor other real world physical quantities. 6. Advanced AVR microcontrollers with bigger flash memories can be used to create an increased number of functions and programs for better functionality and for a user friendly interface.

7. We can include the touch sensors or pressure sensors in the system so that the security is provided whenever intruders try to break the briefcase. 8. According to the range of communication constraint we can implement GSM Modem to our module.

34

Chapter-11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Rappaport, Wireless Communication, Prentice-Hall, 2002. 2 Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, The Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Pearsons Education, 2003 3 David Tse and Pramod Viswanath., Fundamentals of wireless communication Cambridge University Press, 2005. 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller

35