49

Art.

III.?An

Account By R.

of the Island FlUEDERICH.

IX. n.s. p. 120.]

of Bali.

[Continued

from Vol.

Tub Wrc have already

Phinorly

Families.

Xatriyan descent Tabanan finally, Boteleng Hadda. Bali An

briefly to the fact that all the trace their the princes, and all present Xatriyas, of to tho Deva Agung. and Gustis Tho princes from Arya Damar and Badong aro descended ; and, referred

tho princes and Gustis of Mengui, Karavg-Aasem, from Patih Gajn and Lombok derive their pedigree This carries us back to the time of the conquest of

by the Javanese of Majapahit. ancient connexion between Java and Bali is indicated in the Usana Bali. Bali was in the possession of evil spirits that is, the Balinese were not yet Hindus (comp. in the Tijdsch. voor Ne&rlands Indie, 7, 2, p. 160, few Hindus had settled in Bali, from Majapahit a temple after the Indian in Bazuki called (so

giants, Abdullah, A sqq.), and had

or

serpent-king Wasuki, who, in the Indian and Balinese my Siva and plays an important part). thology, accompanies were however, They by the infidel princes and oppressed, The account of the of the gods and the descent people. the indicates defeat of the Maya Danawa demons the and us not tell does of Bali The Usana Hinduism. by triumph what and tho this religion was established, earthly means reason of this seems to be, (1) that, in order to attain its full sanctity, the religion must be introduced by the gods themselves, of the (2) that it was desirable or necessary to spare the feelings them conquered people (the original Balinese), by representing as conquered not by men but is in by gods. The Usana Bali tended only for the people. In tho Usana Java, however, we find traces of the true It is represented, here, as taking place immediately conquest. over of tho Deva Agung, before tho crossing the chief of but at to that time Bali the same Majapahit; (according Usana Java) had already become a province of the kingdom
VOL. X.?[NEW 8EHIK8.] 4

50

THE PEINOELY FAMILIES OF

subdued a second time after a and is merely of Majapahit, of castes and the The institution revolt of the governor. to this, as in Bali Hindu religion evidently existed previously is clear also from and the defeat of the narrative the Governor of Abdullah of Bali ; but the revolt afforded an oppor tho nobles of Majapahit, son, came to reside in

the land among tunity of dividing or his and the prince of Majapahit,

this island after the fall of the kingdom of Majapahit. This

was effected, according to the Java destruction of Majapahit nese accounts, to tho Balinese, according by Muhammadans; tho kingdom of a and city wcro in consequence deserted disease caused by a buta (demon). According Gaja Madda to the Usana Java, Arya were sent from Majapahit and Patih Damar in the capacity of Arya Damar conquers inactive in tho remains

generals against the rebellious Bali. the north, while Patih Gaja Madda south ; but, on the approach of Arya Damar, tho latter portion The crossing over of also submits to this victorious general. to the Usana Ihe prince of Majapahit is caused, according in Kali of a demoniacal king, Mraja Java, by the appearance Danawa the latter is of tho infidel, therefore!); (another in tho Danawa Usana and refers to tho of Bali, Jfaya family event that forms the subject of that writing. At that time was on Damar in and tbe Arya receipt of the Majapahit, is exercising that this Danawa Raksasa intelligence Mraja sets out his power in Bali, the prince of Majapahit himself his Bali Damar whole with and army; after against Arya can when Raksasa he resist no the defeating prince, who, flies the the of air, away through longer, prince Majapahit establishes probable, original Balinese tho princo which, to setile in Bali.1 What would seem nearest himself and was im is obviously to conceal invented from the perhaps in which, and tho reasons for the manner or his son, left his kingdom of Majapahit, This the truth iu these accounts is in Gelgel. account

1 The Usana Java docs not give tho name of the nrincc who becamo to other accounts, his name was Dova IVva A^uug iu lhtli. Acconling Iv'tut, aud this is given by ltallles and confirmed by the Balinese.

the first Agung

THE ISLAND OF BALI. this : Arya Damar

51

had subdued rebellious Bali, ami again com* a short time after* pelled respect for of Majapahit; to the wards the kingdom ofMajapahit fell ground (through war or other the and surviving prince, or one of his sons, disasters), came over to peaceful Bali. The Balinese regard naturally an as arrival and look upon the loss of Majapahit this honour, as of littlo moment, for they say that place (and all Java) became infested with evil spirits. The princes do not seem the prince to have so easily forgotten the loss of their great kingdom in Java; hence their continual wars with Blambangan, and even in Pmsuman vol. ii. of 200, p. sqq., (Radios, History to had Blam withdraw. Java), whence, however, they finally for a long time still bangan (the country near Banjuwangi) to Bali. The wildness of this country is partly belonged wars were to to who with the the unable Balinese, owing hold it. It is remarkable side of Bali, that the opposite is also, to a great extent, Jembrana, desolate; here, as in reason is said to be that the of this desolation Majapahit, form made the land the dwelling of a king of demoniacal But both Jembrana and Blambangan were really laid unsafe. waste by tho long wars between Java and Bali, and, even
now, aro littlo cultivated, moro for security's sake than from

to king. longing of the Balinese in the has their lost shown itself country expedition regain under the English of the Bolelengers against Banjuwangi to gain in the East what rule. They have also attempted in lost havo tho West?hence the conquest of Lombok they and tho attack on Sembawa, whore they were stopped by the fear of the demoniacal Tho Dutch Aftor Government. the settlement of the Dova Agung in Bali at Gelgel, the land is divided among the chief men in the army and the court. Arya Damar received tho great land of Tabanan, and became a Patih, first minister of the Deva Agung. The without could not undertake prince anything consulting to his offspring, and forms him, and this privilege descends the ground of the present of the princes of grievances and Badong, who never forget this ancient privi Tabanan does not keep the old promise, lege, and, as tho Deva Agung

52

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

no longer consider themselves bound to him. how Badong, of sub for political over, preserves, reasons, the appearance jection. Arya Damar also obtains the title of Arya Ktnchtng in is the title for princely Javanese (Kenjeng or Ktngjtng the is also given to the Resident, men is said to have The number of his Government, etc.). wcro to boon 40,000. also Smaller given governorships of to the countries Dumar's brothers; Sento, Arya Arya vested with authority, and tho present Marga, Pat-hung, formerly to Mengui, belonging but now to Tabanan; to Arya Beleteng, the country of Pinatih, since conquered by the princes of Badong, but still a separate in the present )}raringin, that of Kapal kingdom ; to Arya to Arya to inMengui; Mengui; Arya Blog, that of Kabakaba to Arya Bincha in Mengui; that of Habiansmal Kapakisan, these brothers Besides luku, that of Tangkas in Klongkong. as governor in of Arya Damar, Arya Mauguri is mentioned in Karang-Assem, and the three principal Wesyas, Dawuh and Tan Mundur (names, really, a a In the domain. Pamondangu, symbolical), sort of history of the princes of littlo and priests, however to these nobles are some allotted value, the governorships Patih what different, but, at any rate, this work mentions a fact confirmed by all as governor of Madda Mengui, Gaja thus see Java.1 We but omitted from the Usana Balinese, Tan Katvur also receive these at the very outset, divided governors; Bali, among soon into from could governors independent princes, change to the In the jrear 1633, according such as we now find. seems to have been still the Deva Agung Dutch Envoys, that he was re the only prince in Bali, and it is probable as such and had influence over the whole of Bali garded until about 100 j'curs ago, when Gelgel, his ancient scat, was The countries Bangli, Klongkong, adjoining destroyed. seem to been have also and immediately Boleleng, Gianyar, and were then, in course of time, under the Dova Agung, to members as governorships of his family. Here also, given were the race of the the of after the degradation Arya Damar,
1 The Usana Bali betrays partiality for the race of Arya Damar.

Tan Kuber,

THE ISLAND OF BALI.

53

but even these were partly expelled remaining Xatriyas, The descendants history of Arya Damar's by the Wesyas. on account of the conquest of Badong is remarkable only and The race of Patih Gaja of this kingdom. the founding Madda has much more influence upon the history of the only whole of Bali. This chief, the second general of the princes of Majapahit, had his seat in Mengui. The palace of Mengui even makes the Deva is one of the oldest. Abdullah (p. 163) the information from tho first; reside in Mengui obtained as to this point, however, agrees with the has his the first seat in where Deva Java, Agung to To Mengui Klongkong. proceeding subsequently

Agung I have Usana Gelgel; belonged,

besides the present country of that name, the greater of (the smaller, eastern portion of Badong, Badong portion of Pinatih, in later times was which formed tho kingdom a portion of the present to ; and, further, Mengui) subject and the land of Marga, which now belongs Gianyar, Kramas, It was thus a considerable domain, and as large, to Tabanan. if not larger, than Tabanan. Arya Damar's brothers had, it is true, various portions of the present [Mengui, but they all to the power of Gaja to have been appear speedily subjected alone of Pinatih the and his successors; Madda kingdom of Arya Damar, but it be remained undor the descendants at this came tributary of Bali to Mengui. The position period (about 250 years ago) may therefore be thus described: Bangli, Gianyar Klongkong, (with the exception of Kramas), and Boleleng, belonged to the Deva Agung and to punggawas to the descendants of of his family ; Tabanan (governors) Arya Dama; Mengui with Badong and parts of Gianyar and of Gaja to the descendants Tabanan (Kramas and Marga) Madda. Kar any-Assem was probably still under the descend ants of Arya Manguri A change in this (at least partially), con state of affairs was caused by the princes of Mengui a and of Tabanan Gusti establishing quering Karang-Assem, a and forming and his descendants in Badong, himself a time subject after being for separate independent kingdom, to Mengui. Another and a more important change began about 100

54 years ago,

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

of the war of Karang-Assem in consequence cause of this war was the putting Tho against Klongkong. to death of a prince of Karang-Assem, by command of the The prince in question did penance after the Deva Agung. manner of the Indian yogis; he gave himself up entirely to all outward worldly and, thereby, neglected contemplation, so much that he e.g. decorum, transgressed things grossly to be to fall whore he happened he allowed his excrement he was in Klongkong, he conducted himself When same manner, and thus offended tho Deva Agung of the court of Gelgel. On his return and tho nobles an ambush was killed from of the he command journey, by He left three sons, who immediately Deva Agung. resolved The penance performed to avenge his death. by their mur sitting. in the dered father rendered their power irresistible the Balinese; the real fact is, however, then possessed all the extensive which country of was the most in Bali. and Karang-Assem, powerful Mengui in the e}res of that the race of Gaja

Madda,

and destroyed his royal seat They defeated the Deva Agung in Gelgel. The Deva Agung retained his territory, however, and seems, from this timo forward, to have fallen into the in under the Karang-Assem .state of dependence family Peace was restored by marriages, which we now find him. was held in subjection. The wife of the and Klongkong Deva Agung last-deceased was a princess of Karang-Assem, land for him so completely that and governed tho whole a another wifo of her husband, sho oven dared to murder this time the decline From of the princess of Badong. to is principally be dated. He power of the Deva Agung was a conquered prince, and, although he retained his terri in outward appearance his tory, and the conqueror remained inferior, yet his prestige among his own people was soriously to this, the princes of Kareng-Assem In addition lowered. no longer performed feudal service in Klongkong, but simply conceded to the Deva Agung without paying him tribute. This victory had yet other family of Karang-Assem. the title of first ruler of Bali,

for the important consequences The conquerors of Klongkong

THE ISLAND OF BALI. could without

55

also attack Boleleng, much difficulty where had several times, and which at dynasties already changed a was in weak that time state. took this certainly They country also, and one of the brothers became king of Bole leng. At that time the most ancient dynasty of the Xatriyas had already ceased to exist in Boleleng;l the statements of was the people of Badong that it the driven from asserting,
throne seven generations ago, retiring to Badong, where it

to the ruling Wesyas, but yet of some lives, subordinate distinction. the Mado head is Deva in Kutta, who ltahi (Its has obtained the chief command of that place from the rajas One of the succeeding of Badong.) of Boleleng, princes also of Wesyan blood (being descended from Arya Beleteug in Pinatih), was Panji; he, however, did not hold the kingdom he expelled the Xatriyas is not certain, nor long. Whether is it known whether the family of Karang-Assem immediately still succeeded The
Asscm was

him. exploit
the

last

of

the
of

victorious
Lombok.

brothers
Here, also,

of Karang
one of the

conquest

as prince, keeping 5000 Balinese families with him, from whom the present Balinese of population Lombok have sprung. In the south, the Gusti family from Tabanan had, in the mean the whole of the western of time, subdued portion brothers remained Badong,
somewhat

namely,
later.

Pinatih:

the eastern

portion

was conquered

About tho same time (three generations ago) the family of was also robbed of its the Deva Agung in Gian possessions an and Deva inferior named Deva yar, (Pungakan), Mangis, of Gianyar. founded tho present kingdom A hundred years later, therefore, we have the following state of affairs iu Bali: in Klongkong, (1) The Dera Agung name in his territory still of all and with Bali, only prince reduced to Bangli and Klongkong. had however, Bangli, its own princes, who were also Xatriyas and descended from the Deva Agung, but of lower birth than the Xatriyas in
1 This is open to doubt. time (1812) in Crawfurd's ? Iu that case how can Xatriyas have ruled in Uolclenjr

56

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

In Gianyar the relations of the Deva Agung Klongkong. wore conquered by a Deva of insignificant rank. (2) The in family of Gaja Madda ruling Mengui, Karang-Assem, and Lombok. their original country, Mengui, Boleleng, lost a large piece of territory to tho had, however, already in (3) Tho family of Arya Damar Badong. newly-arisen Tabanan and in the newly-founded Badong. still been quarrels without end states which we have mentioned. We among the eight say was not a separate state, but belonged eight, for Pahyangan and now to Mengui, and Jembrana has formerly to Bangli, also, always, or for a very long time, been subject to Boleleng was ?it conquered twenty years ago by Badong, but retaken Since by Boleleng. The most Mengui, between with frequent wars havo been its allies Karang-Assem between Badong and that time there have

and Boleleng; and and Mengui, allied with Bangli. The new Gianyar soon became and Gianyar of Badong allies, kingdoms although the}r havo had a few small wars with each other, when one has been for and tho other against the party of tho

Deva with

In general, relations they maintain friendly Agung. the Deva Agung, pay him homago, and send him a few of Bali, wo will condition To show tho present presents. now speak of each state in particular. 1. Klongkong, is the smallest, governed by tho Deva Agung, and is not a rich country. His men are said to number 6000. in Nagara, there were members of his family Formerl)r

tho and Pejeng Sukawati, (all in the present Gianyar); was it also driven out and had thenco but family Boleleng, no wont to Badong. In Bangli, also, tho Xatriyan family is but down to the most longer related to the Deva Agung, were true recent period, the Xatriyas of Bangli always followers present, Badong, Agung of, and paid homage Bangli and Klongkong and Mengui by presents At to, those of Klongkong. are bitter enemies. Gianyar, the authority of the Deva acknowledge

and Bole and envoys. Karang-Assem as but him pay him no supremo prince, long acknowledge in with act full Klong they harmony homage, and, although

THE ISLAND OF BALI.

57

state. Towards kong, they do so as an entirely independent use of the pre make the Dutch Government, however, they in order to represent their tended power of the Deva Agung, and to take refuge acts as controlled by the Deva Agung, do not even and Lombok behind hiin. Tabanan, Bangli, much the superior rank of the Deva Agung, acknowledge less givo him presents. is G'de Putra;* his The name of the present Deva Agung of the above-mentioned of sister, the daughter princess Istri. The is Deva named Deva Agung Karang-Assem, but the deceased Deva mother was a Sudra-woman, Agung's no male children by noblo wives, and thus the had Agung was obliged to succeed him. son of a Sudra-woman a son 2. Gianyar. This state is governed by Deva Pahan, The family is of Deva Mungis, who died in October, 1847. inter but of low descent (on account of too much Xatriyan, mixture with Sudra blood), and is called pungakan (pungakan means Pahan's Deva named Julien). great-grandfather, Deva Mungis, was the founder of this state. He was com mander of 200 men in the dessa of Gianyar, and was under in of the Deva Agung, who were governors the Punggawas of relations the and and Sukawati, ruling Nagara, Pejcng, Deva Agung. By deceit, violence, and poison he gained the over these and conquered from Mengui punggawas, mastery On account of his infamous deeds, tho country of Kramas. his poisoning, etc., he is said to have changed after death into a serpent, which was kept for a long time in the palace at His success in the last few years. Gianyar, but disappeared was probably owing to the fact that in all his undertakings was defeated by Karang ho began in a time when Klongkong Assem,
than

and deprived

of all power.

Gianyar,

however,

has

tho oldest son or daughter of tho same mother; among other the usual word lor this is Haythan royal persons, and among Brahmans, JS'yoman, tho (old); Made is the second (really the middle ono, Sanskrit mad'yn); If the third or fourth (really the youngest). third, if thoio ho a fourth ;K'tut, there aro more ehildreu, the samo expressions aro used, hut are plaeed hetore the namo instead of after it. Thus we have in Den Passar a raja A'grwah K'tut, both sous of the dceeased prince, the brother of Kassiman. aud a ICtut Nyrnrah, Putra is prince, hut ought properly to ho applied only to those of purely noble is the son of a Sudra woman, but, in this case, howover, the Deva Agung birth; as tho one who could succeed to the throne, he was ennobled. only

1 G'de menus

58

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF and that

the are aro still in but punggawas Gianyar, living they under the command of a Pungakan. It thus appears that, all over Bali, noble birth is not sufficient to protect a family. too, the stronger conquers, even though ho be of the Here, former Such a victorious is then again family noble is to contain stated by marriages. Gianyar 35,000 men, but not more than half this return can be taken as true. It is one of the most fertile aud best-cultivated districts of Bali. is allied with Badong, in the and acts as mediator Gianyar lowest extraction. elevated Its attitude to disputes between this state and Klongkong. nor is neither friendly wards Karang-Assem In the hostile. last Dutch Gianyar, against Boleleng, by com expedition sent 5000 men to assist; mand of the Deva Agung, they too late, however, and were not the best soldiers; arrived the refuse of tho kingdom. but, on the contraiy, has had many quarrels under the three princes name and of the Deva Mangis, bearing chiefly with Bangli of states. the but with At other also conquest Mengui, was with and the allied latter, Mengui by Badong, Gianyar on the frontier, Kadewatan. received a piece of territory towards is not to be relied on ; friendship Badong Gianyar's on the hence the new campongs built by the raja Kassiman Gianyar frontier keban.1 reigning prince is Vera G'de Putu Tang from the first Deva family also is descended it lower than the in rank stands but in Agung Klongkong, over this line of the Deva Agungs. family ruled Formerly This close relationship two slates?Bangli and Ihman-Bali. was not sufficient to prevent the prince of the former state its princes. The same from seizing the latter and extirpating of Karang-Assem to families the occurred thing has, howover, was and of Lombok. about ten years ago, Bangli Until His
1 Tutu still living. is applied to a person at whose The word xvka, etc. birth the grandfather or grandmother is

as the supremo ruler, to tho Deva Agung submitted sends him numerous presents, which cause him to forget are disgracefully his nearest relatives oppressed?for

of Badong. 3. Bangli. The

THE ISLAND OF BALL 59

to Klongkong; the most war the prince of Bangli, Its enmity like in Bali, was commander-in-chief (Senapati). was about the with Klongkong influence of the by brought was who to married the of deceased princess Karang-Assem, In its many wars with Karang-Assem, Deva Agung. Bole of it lost its and part leng Gianyar, however, territory in the south of Bangli, which lies and also north, Pahyangan, lately itself by a strip of territory and is mow divided from Bangli has been won by Boleleng acquired by Gianyar. Pahyangan and ceded by this state to tho Deva Agung, who again has handed it over to the government of the prince of Mengui, attached his Punggawa. no the Deva Agung, and has longer acknowledges Bangli entered into friendly relations with Tabanan and Badong, hostile states render of little which, however, the surrounding war account. The with Gianyar has recently been stopped the influence of Badong. The country has also through suffered nothing from Karang-Assem and Boleleng since the first Dutch is it in now, however, great danger expedition; from tho union of theso two states and of Klongkong and men aro Tho of tho in it bravest and Bali, Motigui. Bangli is only by virtue of this quality hold their own against so many also bear arms in this country. in Bangli.1 that they have been ablo to Women powerful enemies. There are only fifty firearms

1 Tho in 1848. The third above, liko all the rest of this Account, was written the hostile states in expedition despatched hy tho Dutch Government against Bali in 1811) has very much altered the position of several princes. The author has thought it desirable, however, not to alter his work on this account, but to describe Bali in tho state in which it was when ho left it. Now that Boleleng, and Bangli aro better known, the public will of course have fresh Karang-Assem, information has them; hitherto, however, but little that is authentic regarding como to the author's cars, and he therefore the information which he gives It is well known that the gatlmred, &? serve as for as possible as historical data. the faithful ally of the Dutch Government, has now, in addition prince of Bangli, to his own country, received from the Government to be the state of Boleleng, ruled under tho sovereignty of Holland; also that ICarang-Assem has been given to tho princo of Matai am-Lombok, who believed he had a well-founded claim to it. The authority of the Deva Agung has also been still further lessened, both because he has been compelled to acknowledge the of Holland, and sovereignty because two princes, who previously did not recognize his authority, have now become his powerful (headed and neighbours, who will always be ready and able to hold him in check. we need here only allude to the fact To avoid repetition, that the princes hitherto in Boleleng and Karang-Assem, aud the still reigning hotter-known Gusti J el an teg, have fallen in tho struggle.

60 4. Mengui. He Agung.

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

is Anak Agung The reigning ICtut prince his elder brother, who was the first murdered still the widow of the latter, Byang Agung, however, prince; has much The families of Karang-Assem, influence. Bole extraction. Patih Gaja long, and Lombok, are of Menguian some ac was governor of Mengui. to Madda According counts, this Patih Gaja Madda was an incarnation ofWishnu, The story who has thus also assumed the body of aWesya. the when had subdued family nearly the probably originated account wholo of Bali and Lombok. Another says that Patih Gaja Madda from the earth and left no vanished from Ki the house of Mengui children, being descended the married who of Yasak, granddaughter Arya Damar father In of her Yasan. the will ancient times Arya against western of the whole tho included Mengui Badong, while also acknowledged the portion, the state of Pinatih, of Arya Bele among the descendants supremacy of Mengui of Gianyar and Besides this, Kramas and Kadevatan teng. of the iu mountain Tabanan, range formerly belonged Marga, as we have to Mengui. Kramas was conquered by Gianyar, soon ; we shall speak of the was for some time, Mengui dominion of Badong, but is dom and stands as a separate rest in connexion about twelve now again years, free from with Badong. under the eastern

that king under Klongkong. governorship is not only of the same origin as that The house of Mengui of Karang-Assem, but is also allied to it by a very recent
between the prince of Karang-Assem and a prin

marriage

tho orders of must obey blindly Mengui to Badong and it is, however, hostile between its and is nearly neutralized Tabanan, position by to The small piece of territory belonging those two states. covoted on is sea-coast much the very by Badong, Mengui touch tho frontier of its ally it, would which, by obtaining is strongly de This piece of territory, however, Tabanan. fended by its rocky coast, which only leaves open a small cess of Mengui. the Deva Agung; path. The by, Balinese hostility which exists among the of diversion the water; among other things, is shown Mengui,

THE ISLAND OF BALI.

61

for instance, has dug a new bed on its territory for a river and by this which formerly flowed into the sea in Badong, on the means of Grobokkan has left dry the rice-fields borders of Badong. l G9dc 5. Karang-Assem. The reigning prince isNgrurah and the The family is that of Gaja Madda, Karang-Assem. was more two hundred than country conquered by Mengui 3 ?ars ago. A list of the names of the princes of Karang a work which we have is given in the Parncndanga, Assem as to their acts. In stated mentioned but is above, nothing Assem of J)awuh in Kunmg the Usana Java, the governorship is held by Arya Munguri; it is not certain whether that family had the whole of Karang-Assem?possibly part of it was in the possession of the Deva Agung. By the con quest of Karang-Assem by the house of Mengui, Klongkong was cut off from Boleleng, and the powerful royal family in state afterwards the conquered found it an easy matter to subdue Boleleng itself. by
No state has waged so many wars as Kurang-Assern. Wo

and spoken above of the victory over the Deva Agung of Gelgel. the destruction The consequence of this was the of Boleleng and Lombok, and the family would subjugation have ended by making itself master of all Bali, perhaps was and Sembawa Lombok, (Semhawa actually attacked, but was the the Dutch Govern of intervention spared through numerous wars. for its but civil Many of the princes ment), were ex and of the conquered Boleleng of Karang-Assem have of their own family. In Lombok, also, pelled by members were at war the two princes of the house of Karang-Assem with each other nine years ago, with the result that the chief was defeated by the prince, that of Karang-Assem-Lombok, prince of Mala Assem-Lombok ram, and committed suicide. Of the Karang fumil}r two children were saved, a son and a

1 a that overshadows, ;ilv> palindongan, Ngrurah means something payoiig,und race Tim priuees ol the Wosyim the vault of heaven. nearly all b#.ar this titlf-: has not thi* tit!'-, they overshadosv and protect the land. The prince of Mengui to the present for his country boltings to Klongkong, and is merely entrusted as a flof of Klongkong: is in Java Lurah, Angrurah, Kyrurah, Anglurah, prince a chief of the fourth rank.

62 daughter of

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OP

last prince, and they aro now living in rest of tho family, including the The Karang-Assem-Bali.1 each other in true Indian fashion, in order women, murdered not to survive the shame of defeat. to They even wished murder also a European who had sided with them, in order " to go to heaven all together. of This method (Svarga) life tho members of tho each quilting by family murdering in Bali as a Beta, and hero also the other," is also regarded Indian meaning of the word wela (" sudden and easy death," see above) is applicable. Since tho fall of Karang-Assem the Lombok, the Deva enemies lawful the princes of Karang-Assem-Bali, who is independent of Agung, and do not and of Boleleng, them, havo been each other as acknowledge

is also called prince of Lombok, which is ICtut Selaparang, Ngrurah Karang-Assem. is the most mountainous Karang-Assem country of Bali, and grows little rice, but the dense population is very skilful
in manual work, especially in wood-carving, whereby they

of Lombok, The rulers.

to the statements of the gain their livelihood. According it contains 50,000 men able to bear arms. Balinese 6. Boleleng. The prince isNgruruh Made Karang-Assem. The family comes from Karang-Assem, and thus is originally descended from Mengui and Patih Gaja Madda. The present a brother of tho prince of Karang-Assem. prince is Many Seven generations ago the dynasties have ruled in Boleleng.

relations of the Deva Agung, princes of Boleleng, Xatriyan were expelled a to the latter belonged family; by Wcsyan a descendant The sur of Ngrurah Panji, Arya Bcletcng. now live of in Boleleng Boleleng viving Xatriyas Badong. was four or five generations ago by finally conquered but this did not put a stop to tho wars, for Karang-Assem, of tho Karang-Assem family could not agree The most profound peace reigns now, since two together. and Bole brothers have filled the thrones of Karang-Assem has but to Balinese statements, Boleleng leng. According the members
1 Ft have now been killed by the prince of limps these sole descendants at all events he was formerly in constant dread of these Matarsim-Loiiiluik; lawtul heirs of Lombok.

TnE

ISLAND OF BALI.

63 so few are the Govern

12,000 men capable of bearing in order to represent returned ment as of little importance.

arms; perhaps its conquest by

The well-known Gusti Jelanteg is a cousin of the prince ; his father was murdered by the late prince ; )fet the son now reigns, whilst the lawful king is but a shadow. l Itatn 7. Tabanan. The family Prince Ngrurah Agung. is that of Arya Damar, which is said to have remained pure, although here this is at any rate improbable, and in Badong
is untrue. Tabanan does not engage in many wars; it has

suffered defeat a few times from Boleleng, but has never been war In the in which the with entirely conquered. Mengui, and its allies whole of that state was conquered by Badong Gianyar and Tabanan, Tabanan received the mountain-district are of no of Marga. The more recent quarrels with Mengui and never The men of result in anything. importance Tabanan understand the art of war much less than the other are calculated Two men of Tabanan to be no Balinese.
more than a match for one of Mengui, and the people of

add to this that one man of Badong is equal to two Badong The men able to bear arms are stated to be of Mengui.8 the prince of Tabanan stands Under 100,000 in number(P). a relation of the former, over a toler that of Kediri, ruling ably large territory. is the prince Another Punggawa of Tabanan a not the latter is already mentioned; Wesya,
His ancestor was a seller of palm-wine (tuak),

of the Marga but a Sudra.

who managed

to gain
was ferred made

the favour
Punggawa. Mengui from

of
to

the prince
When Tabanan,

of Mengui,
the the territory prince

and
was

b}r him
trans re

of Marga

(His district grows most of tho coffee position. has come This iu Bali.) instance is the only one which a the to my knowledge of Sudra prince, but it indicates nobles hears the caste. One often of of the institution decay tained his
1 The title of rain is always used in addressing princes, but it is only n--f.il of especially distinguished Tho raja of before the name in speaking princes. Tabanan has lately adopted it, and also Kauunfi-Adi in 1'nm'chuttan. 2 the third Dutch does not confirm this Recent expedition experience during assertion, Uadoug having, as is well known, been defeated.

64

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

say that Bali must go to the bad, now that the Sudras or of Sudra mothers become children kings. Compare Dora Pam9chuttan. raja Agung, 8. Badong. The three princes who together rule this State are (1) Ngrurah in Den G9de Pam9chuttan, (2)Made Ngrurah This State has and (3) Ngrurah G9de {Kassiman). Passar, boen formed gradually. The western formerly be portion to to tho state and of the eastern, Pinatih, longed Mengui, the of Arya Beleteng, the descendants who acknowledged Pinatih lies to tho eastward of Kassi supremacy of Mengui. to Tunjang, from the frontier of man, opposite Gianyar the where roadstead is on the eastern the (at place Sorangan It comprises Gunung Intaran, Rata, Sanor, Taman a fertile is island of and and the very Soong, Serangan, with district. The poorer western Grobokkan, portion and tho southern corner of Logian, Kutta, Tuban, Jombaran, Bali (tho point of the table-land called by the Balinese bukit, to were immediately under Mengui, the mountain-range), a much-fre state also belonged which the P9ke.n Badong, quent od place of trade. The founder of the state of Badong was a Gusti of the royal house of Tabanan. In a manuscript of whioh was lout to mo, and in which a. brief enumeration was of Badong of the princes ilm names and marriages at the end of another work, he was called Gusti written in the campong of he had settled in Tabanan Bola; Ngrurah side). Buahan mean the betel-nut, pinang), and (Buah and Jambe bumi Tabanan is therefore called Anak agung ring Buahan he was iu the land of Tabanan); (tho prince in or of Buahan From him to the the younger son, and sought for a place. there who now has the supreme government, raja Kassiman,
are ten generations, but until we come to the great-grand

father of names).1

this man, lie went

their history is littlo more to the P'ken from Tabanan

than a list of Badong, and

1 The date of a war with Sidomna 1GG0 a.d.) is with (1/582, corresponding in that year of the AVriga Onrga, which was lent to me; found in the manuscript attacked the men of Karang-Assem etc.,had (Sidcman) with their allies, Mengui, fact it. This is the only historical and invested Hadong, but bad not conquered It appears to in Halt. determined which came to mv knowledge chronologically have occurred in tho time of Gusti Nyoman T'geli.

TnE

ISLAND OF BALI.

65

lived there in tho house of Hi Sedahan, a Sudra (tho namo S'dah means sirih; this namo renders tho matter somewhat was it necessary that the open to suspicion; exactly pinang thus had no palace, (bush) should come to the sirih P) He nor does he seem to have had a nor a fixed governorship, residence in Badong, for his son or grandson again comes to Badong. from Buahan His sister married the Gusti no the of but left children. The prince Mengui, Agung, reason of his departure is said to be that he went to seek a an inMengui, governorship object which his son or grandson seems for the first time to have attained. 2. Anak Agung ICtut Mnndesa. This prince, the son or in Tabanan, grandson of Ngrurah Bola, went from Buahan, the to the Gunung mountain which vomits Batur, fire, on or was is This which Dewi Danu Gangga worshipped. a on he did the sacred penance pilgrimage; evidently in order to obtain earthly power. he Thence mountain, came to Badong and lived in the house of the M'kcl to the south of the place of cremation of (B'kel) Tinggi, in the dessa of T'gaf. sur the present Pam'chuttan, His is said to have been given him because he name, Mnndesa, resided at first in the house of a man desa (it is possible that ho himself was nothing more than a mnndesa, a campong the aid of the M'kcl Tinggi he soon managed With chief). to gain a large number of followers, the result of his pen
ances, and became a Punggawa of Mengui.

he Agung Pededekan, also appears to have been a Punggawa. 4. The three sons of the last are Gusti Wayahan Tgeli, and Gusti ICtut ICdi. The second, Gusti Nyoman Tgeh is the ancestor of the succeeding Gusti Nyoman T*geh, He married princes, and increased tho powor of tbe house. a woman of noblo family (prami), of Buahan. He was brave Ono of his and cunning, and had a body of picked troops. to the Dalem (Deva wife's sisters was married at Klongkong Agung), and died the Gusti Mengui the Gusti Agungs
VOL. X.?[NEW

3. Anak

son of the last mentioned;

as a Satia; and tho other married in ancestress and the became of all Agung, (princes) of Mengui. These noble alliances
5

8EKIES.]

66

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

and he and his personal qualities added to his influence, seems to have possessed from the whole of ancient Badong to Glogor, Pam9chuttan, Abian-Timbul It is and Kassiman. not certain when he and his son, and grandson that state. 5. because Gusti Ngrurah his mother the wars with Mengui began, but probably of after him, were Punggawas Jambe Mihik (ho is named or Jambe, was from Buahan Jambe, in Ta

aro two sons of the last mentioned, by one mother, Anak Agung G9de Galogor and Anak Agung T9las ring batu a placo in the Krotok. Their mother was from Panataran, wero at that the Panataran Aryas present Pam'chuttan; were degraded to but afterwards time still Wesyas, they seems was to also from and he His wife Sudras. Panataran, or to have made it his residence. have founded Pam'chuttun, is derived from p9chut, an ox-whip Pam9chuttan ; the descent is found in from an ox-driver of the race of Pam.huttan in 166 It is admitted Abdullah 2, 7, p. sqq.). (Tijdschrift, was of humble one the of of ancestors the wife that Badong of an ox-driver, but it does not appear origin, tho daughter T'las ring batu Krotok was of that the wife of Anak Agung Sakti had she been so, her son Ngrurah such low birth; Pam.huttan
and power.

banan). 6. The

would

not have

attained

such great distinction

this is there were princes' capitals in T9gal; was the founded second and ancient, prince. by principal family, T'gal lies to the south of Pam'chuttan?the the family in thence was descended of course, resided here; P%kcn Badong, which had palaces both here and in Xatriya, At this time the most north of Den Passar. Galogor, to the north of Piuu'chuttan, was also a capital, founded by the elder brother of Anak the family still exists, and T'las ring batu Krotok; Agung rela of its near been spared on account has probably Tho descendants of Puni'chuttaii. tho with lino tionship of Den and afterwards of Pam'chuttan, became Punggawas
Passar.

Pam'chuttan,

finally,

the capital

of Anak

Agung

T'las

ring

TIIE ISLAND OF BALI. batu Krotok,

67 line, are

was at that time the soat of the younger which, howover, was soon to unite the whole of Badong. T9las ring batu Krotok 7. Tho sons of Anak Agung are: called putras, (a) Anak Agung princes. They also Pam'chuttan, Gusti Made Tgal, is known. nothing Pam'chuttan. of a creese He Sakti called Ngrurah KHnt Gusti Ttabah. (e) The first is he who had obtained

ring Pam'chuttan, (b) Of the last two founded the power of power by means his name Sakti

called pussaka, ancient tho most He (supernatural power). subjugated suc of in and of the waged princes Badong T'gal, capital the ho wrested from which cessful wars against Mengui, to the frontier of the from point of present Mengui territory tho table-land. He appears to have been the first who was

that great singha?thence

He had five prince. regarded in Badong as an independent wero ones from Tang the principal hundred wives; (prami) keban (Bangli, thus an intermixture with Xatriyas), Galogor, and Mengui. From this prince are descended eight hundred Gusti Pam'chuttan, who, on account of their near relation as aro the support and strength of the land. ship, regarded But whore brother is ready to fight against brother, such a is imaginary. These eight hundred Gustis have strength a common in where Pam'chuttan, they must sanctuary a caso once to pay a havo in of absence and month, appear penalty. also of the Jambes Besides the kingdom Pam'chuttan, and Xatriya existed at that timo in P'ken Badong (the last a of the residence They also country prince). being merely the of the distinction Pinatih, by subduing gained kingdom eastern portion of Badong. They were still of importance at that period, and really of nobler birth than the princes of Pam'cliuttan. Galogor had transferred itself to Pam'chuttan as Punggawa. Sukti's principal sons were: Ngrurah devata di Ukiran (who G'de Pam'chuttan, 8. (a.) Ngrurah the present princes died in Ukiran); from him are descended of Pam'chuttan, of whom we shall speak hereafter. (b.)

68 Ngrurah Mayun, side of the river

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF in the palace of Mayunl to the east of Kassiman. the opposite This palace no it was built have on

of which all the materials longer exists; in the been taken to Den Passar. Kaleran, (c.) Ngrurah to north which the of of Pam'chuttan, Kaleran; palace is also indicated by the name kaleran (northern). position of course they, too, had Little is recorded of theso princes; wars with Mengui and othor states, but they havo dono no acts, and are overshadowed prominent by tho fame of their father and their descendants. Pam'chuttan still remains the chief scat of the family Pam'chuttan alone can obtain tho Abis9eka, anointed and remained of ; tho prince that is, can bo

as prince of the wholo realm. of tho three 9. The most remarkable of the descendants the sons of was Ngrurah Made Pam9chuttan, Sakti Ngrurah the daughter of son of Ngrurah Kaleran. This chief married two portions of the posses Ngrurah Mayun, thereby uniting sions of the Pam'chuttan family, and founded the palace of the Jambes Not content with Kassiman. this, he attacked and conquered their territory and Xatriya, in P'ken Badong a severe struggle. He avus supported by Pam'chuttan and Gianyar, wdiilst the Jambes received aid from Mengui. in the palace of P'ken Great must have been the slaughter after The fate is is spoken of with terror to this day. Badong?it the people also lamented of the murdered who, Jambe, llaja no cause for the was had and given say, entirely blameless, his war. He had his revenge, however, conqueror, upon for he was born again to the belief of the Balinese, according and tho ono of in the family of his foe, as his grandson, was an omen of great a which circumstance noblest birth, to that family. The conqueror begun to build tho misfortune it was half but died before of Den Passar, groat palace in finished ; ho had already taken up his residence, however, llio new palace, and in him began tho line of tho princes of Don Passar: the palace in Kassiman was still inhabited after
" 1 the middlo or second son (or daughter)," is the same as Made, Mayun the second priuco iu tho family of This name uow no longer exists iu Badong; PamVhuttau is called Made.

TnE wards by his wifo

ISLAND OF BALI. and was

69 finally given up to

from Mayun,

his second son (according to birth), the still living llaja

Kassiman. This prince, for the sake of distinction, is called devata di made, "died in the middle" middle?is (made?the here Den Passar,1 which, both from the rank of its prince and from its His

comes between and Pam'chuttan situation, numerous with and Kassiman). quarrels Mengui nearly ali Bali havo been without result. Even Tabanan has once and, to fought against him, at the desire of the Deva Agung, save appearances, burnt a single campong; in reality, how ever, Tabanan and Gianyar have always remained friendly to reasons to assume but they were obliged for political Badong, the appearance of hostility has against their ally. Badong neither gained nor lost territory under his rule, while it has become an independent state. The quarrels with the other states wero caused chiefly by tho aggressions of tho
Jambes.

10. The sons of this prince, besides many of lower birth, were: (a) inDen Passar, (b) Ngrurah Made Pam'chuttan Ngrurah Kassiman in Kassiman, Jambe, who lives near (c) Ngrurah Den Passar. All three aro by different mothers; the first is a Devata di mother of the from Pam'chuttan, by daughter Ukiran (Ngr. G'de Pam'chuttan), and a princess of Tabanan. This prince was younger than the prince of Kassiman, but as he was born of a Raja-woman rank he took the highest sons. tho who still the old Kassiman, lives, is among prince the son of a Gusti-woman of PamVhuttan. Jambe Ngrurah is the son of the daughter of the last prince of Xatriya, who was forced to marry her the conqueror murderer of and father. By birth he would be more noble than Kassiman, and equal to Pam'chuttan, of a con but the descendants can never again acquire rank in Bali. His quered prince noble birth is acknowledged, but he can make no claim to the
throne.

Tho

prince

of Den Passar,

called

after his death devata di

1Den Passar means, north of the Passar, or, still better, on the further side of the Passar; thus we have ulso JUen liukil, "on the further side of the mountains," as another name for Boleleng.

70 Xatriya,

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

was an ally of Gianyar and Tabanan. These three a fresh war was which carried on began against Mengui, more by artifice than by force of arms; of the Punggawa _ was at to for who that time instance, Mengui, lurga, subject to Tabanan. For fear that he being induced to surrender would

lose all his territory in this way, tho prince of Mengui and re gave his land in fief to tho princo of Den Passar, as Punggawa of Badong in possession of Mengui mained ; he a small to lost and Kadewutan, Tabauan, piece only Marga this arrange of territory on the frontier, to Gianyar. After the four southern states were allied together against ment, and and Boleleng, the old enemies of Badong Karang-Assem remained neutral. This state of Tabanan, whilst Klongkong affairs continued until shortly after the death of the prince took place in 1820. of the the building Passar continued prince now we see in at it not that did finish but it; palace place, the state in wdiich he left it. Most of the building materials where had to be found bjr the conquered state of Mengui, timber was obtained from the mountains, this article being He had several noble wives, but his very scarce in Badong. son died a short of G'do Putra, noble birth, Ngrurah only of Den The Passar, which of Den time beforo his father. This was the one already mentioned, was who to bo the last raja Jambe born again, considered Ho was regarded as whioh belief his own father shared. to bring misfortune certain upon the family, and it would seem that he did not die a natural death. In the compact with Mengui, the prince of that land had declared himself a and his son Ngrurah vassal of Ngrurah Made Pam'chuttan a previous renewal G'de Putra. The death of both without to regard itself as discharged of the compact, enabled Mengui and it soon, in fact, from its obligations towards Badong, withdrew from them. Kassiman After the death of Ngrurah Made Pam'chuttan, was the the of of family of Den importance only prince in Den Passar the thus and he Passar, supremacy gained these two lifetime and Kassiman. his brother's During had already placed his Kassiman nearly came to blows;

THE ISLAND OF BALI.

71

war was prevented country in a state of defence, but this civil the then of Ngrurah G'de Pam'chuttan, by the intervention Pam'chuttan. of prince son of The eldest surviving Ngrurah Made Pam'chuttan was Ngrurah Gyde Oka. He would have become prince of the supremacy of Den Passar, but he would not acknowledge Kassiman. Pam'chuttan, and banished Kassiman, in conjunction compelled hiin, howover, This him to Tabanan. of with the prince to leave the country, did not prevent him

he went to From Tabanan from acting against Kassiman. who hero and friends both in and, Bangli, gained Mengui, were willing his party still to support hiin. To strengthen to Badong, from its vassalage further, he released Mengui under the pretext of being his father's heir, and gave it to to make use of this the Deva Agung. The latter hastened so without scruple, because the prince was to do able and gift, in the contract with of Mengui had only sworn allegiance to the deceased princes Ngrurah Made Pam'chuttan Badong G'de Putra. then Tho Deva Agung and his son Ngrurah that Ngrurah G'de Oka should be received again commanded and this command was obeyed, for this prince in Badong, had made his appearance with a numerous army from Mengui and Bangli. Ngrurah G'de Oka afterwards carried off Kas Old Kassiman and took her to wife. siman's only daughter, over use of this to confirm his power Den Passar : again made Not long after this he was now in fact tho prince's father. G'de died also. The sudden Oka however, Ngrurah marriage, deaths of this prince, his brother, and his father leads us to suspect unnatural means, but I cannot assert, nor would I This believe, that they were applied by Kassiman. willingly of circum it is truo, took tho best advantage old man, stances, not only in Den Passar, but also in Pam'chuttan, The present prince of Den of which wo are about to speak. acknow his will, is Ngrurah Passar who, against Made, as in Kassiman old supreme prince Badong, prince ledges to increase is independent and endeavouring but, nevertheless, his power. since the time of Ngrurah Sakti, has been Pam'chuttan,

72

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

the chief seat of princes in Badong. Tho family of Den Passar, however, has, by its wars, acquired greator fame, and under Kassiman's father and brother has, in fact, held the the nominally supreme authority, higher notwithstanding rank of the prince of Pam'chuttan. Wo have seen abovo, that the eldest son of Ngrurah Sakti Pam'chuttan took up his rosidenco in Pam'chuttan. His name was (8) Ngrurah devata di Ukiran in is a place (Ukiran was son succeeded his Ngrurah Pam'chuttan). b}r (9) devata di Munchuk; both wcro always G\le Pam9chutfan in Den Passar, and allied with their moro famous relations was maintained this friendship last The by marriages. was noble of G9de Pam'chuttan birth (10) Ngrurah prince devata di g9dong; he was anointed,1 and played an important father and brother. part in the wars of Kassiman's By com G\te Pam9chuttan He of this prince and Kassiman's brother, his cousin Anak sea an army to Jembrana, the crossed with Agung Lanang to Boleleng. this country, which und conquered belonged went Anak Agung thither tho because prince of Lanang to banish him from Badong. Den Passar wished This fact at that time. also shows the supremacy of Den Passar and subsequently Jembrana was soon lost again, however, (I I) Anak Agung Lanang (about 1830), after tho death of who left no sons, becamo prince G'de Pam'chuttan, Ngrurah He was not anointed, of Pam'chuttan. but yet enjoyed He had no greater renown than his son, the present prince. sons of noble birth; he only had by a Gundik (concubine) the two sons now called (12) Ngrurah G9do Pam9 chut tan and Made Pam9chuttan. their father's These, Ngrurah during who carried after him his sirih lifetime, were his Parakans, a great the death of Anak Agung box, etc. After Lanang, ac not of the would of Pam'chuttan portion Punggawas son as prince, on account of his low birth. his knowledge in the mean who time had also ob Kassiman, however,
1 The is performed by tho priests (tho anointing of a prince, Abi&'eka (Sans.), hi order to bo Guru lokas). In Hadong it only takes nlace at Pam'chuttan. in all religious the prince must be both of noble birth and instructed anointed, duties. ho had The prince of Pam'clinttan referred to in the toxt was a Resi; attained the position of a saint by penances (maveda).

mand

THE ISLAND OF BALI. the supreme power Some Punggawas prince. and a Gusti submitted, took refuge in Gianyar. in the ancestral prince tained in Den

73

Passar, supported the new Ilahi, in Kutta) (e.g. Deva Made and fled the country of Legian the new Kassiman then established

and his of Pam'chuttan, palace to tho of him Ngrurah daughters by marrying authority, the cousin and predecessor of his father. G'do Pam'chuttan, aro the principal members of the These women surviving family, and their illustrious birth enhances that of the prince, His principal who is himself, as it were, his wifo'n inferior. is called Sagung Made, wife's name is Sagung xAdi, another now assumed the and a third Sagung Oka. Sagung Adi has name of Batu, which we have also seen was done by the in tho affairs of Pam'chuttan gave iu this part of Badong the supreme authority also. He is regarded us the father of the princes of Den Passar and and uses circumstances to keep Pam'chuttan, very cleverly those princes in dependence. The prince of Den Passar, Made Ngrurah, and his brothers ICtut Ngrurah and Ngrurah ICtut, were all born of mothers of low extraction, and had they a brother of higher birth, would not have tho least claim to rule. Besides this, K'tut him is in opposition to Made Ngrurah, and asserts that Ngrurah he has a better claim than the latter. He has several of the on his side, and Made Ngrurah is therefore Punggawas to to maintain aid invoke the his uncle Kassiman of obliged his position. it would seem, does not Kassiman, however, trust Made Ngrurah, who has inherited much of his father's ambitious character : he, therefore, does all he can to uphold tho power of Pam'chuttan, the prince of and has enriched that country and invested him with a certain renown. Tho not Kassimau's of dares Pam'chuttan, therefore, prince dispute authority; he is of low birth and a peaceful disposition, and prince of Tabanan. intervention Kassiraan's

1 father aud mother. Sagung means a princess, born of a princely Sayu, one whose mother was only a Gusti-wonian. is derived from ogu?g, great; Sagung Sagu from agu, good, which we have also found to be a name for the lemalc Brahmans {Iduyu).

74 THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF would to fear the house of Den Passar, which con above so low a birth by the deeds of its father and grandfather. The prince of Pam'chuttan has not a man the abis'eka; he is of about although forty-five, he is not yet sufficiently instructed in his duties and in religion ; he has performed his duties to tho Pitaras, having, with all due ceremony, burnt his father, nnd built a new domestic temple, which was finished a year ago; yet it appears that he also have itself siders raised

will

not receive the abis'eka during Kassiman's lifetime, and, in the event of his death, this would also, perhaps, he prevented Tho prince of Den Passar by the opposition of Den Passar. has not fulfilled his duties towards his ancestors; his father and brother as well as other chief members of his family are still unburnt, and are preserved in the palace of Den Passar. account On this Made does not reside in the Ngrurah
palace.

must from the rank of the deceased bo very the has not the prince of Den Passar, however, splendid; means to do it, and, although tho whole popu apparently, lation of Badong works for him, this produces very little visible result. He has to complete the palace which his father left unfinished, and in which much work has still to be done, to improve the roads of his country, which have into a very bad state of repair since the death of his who had the abis'eka. father, the last prince of Pam'chuttan he cannot And, finally, easily raise the funds for a great and is opposed in his undertakings cremation, by K'tut and further fallen In Den Passar also, and, in secret, by Kassiman. Ngrurah, that the position of affairs will re therefore, it is probable till Kassiman's main unchanged death. Yet another reason against the cremation of tho late prince of Den Passar and his son G'de Putra appears to be tho above-mentioned super stition, that prince Jambe has been born again in the family This second of Den Passar in the person of G'de Putra. for the family, which fears either birth indicates misfortune that that prince will bo born a third time, or that the curse seems to attach to the it from per which family prevents to the gods. forming works pleasing

This cremation

THE ISLAND OF BALI.

75

Gknkalooical

Tajilb

of

tub

Princes

of

Badono.

(1) Gusli Ngrurah i (2) Anak Agung K'tut (3) Anak Agung

Bola. Mandesa.

TwUdekan.

Gusti Wayahan

Tegeh.

Gusti Nyoman (4) called Anak Agung (5) Gusti Ngrurah

Ttge.h. di Pule.

Gusti K'tut

K'di.

Jambe Mihik.

Auak Agung The

G'do Galogor.

(G) Anak

t*las ring batu Krotok, Agung | iu Pam'chuttan

princely family of Galogor.

(7) Anak Agung ring Tam'chuttan, called Ngrurah Sakti Pam'chuttan, with 600 wives.

Gusti Made

T'gal

Gusti K'tut

T'labah.

_i_ (8) Ngr. G'de Tam*ehuttan devata di Ukiran. Ngr. Mayun his daughter, Ngr. Putu, married.Ngr. Ngr. Kaleran; | Made Pam' devata chuttan,

di Ukiran.
(9) Ngr. G'de J'am chuttan devata di Munehuk. | Anak Agung Lanang.

G'de Pam'chut tun (10) Ngrurah (11) Anak devata di G'dong. table. | ing

Agung

Lanang.

Sen the follow*

(12) Ngr. Daughters: Adi. Sagung Made. Oka. Sagung Raka,

G'de Tarn'ch.

Ngr. MadePam'ch. Ngr. Putu, tho only o'f by a mother low extraction.

Sagung Saguiig

son, etc.

70
Tahle

THE PRINCELY FAMILIES OF

of of Kaleiian?Den Kaleran.

the

Family

Passar.

!
(2) Xar. Made Pan?ch. to Ngr. Putu Married

(1) Ngrurah

Anak Agung Rabi. In Kaleran Knwan. From whom is descended the family of Kaleran Kawau The and Kuttn.

Ma yun
Maile).

(devata di
I

Gusti alitPam'ch. In Kaleran Kaugiman.

i-i

Gusti Ngr. K'tut. Iu J ro Tgal.

!
I

present nrinco's
is also Anak Agung Rabi. All name

From whom is descended The prosent namo the family in Kaleran prince's is also Gusti The preKaugiman. name sent prince's is Ngrurah chuttan.

||

also Gusti alit Pam'- T'gas.

these are Punggawas

of Den Passar.

(3) Xgr. Mother

devata di Xatriya. Made Pam'chuttan of Pam'chuttan, wife of Pam'chuttan, aud of Tabanan extraction.

Ngr.Kassiman,now named Ngr. G'de, ruler of Badong. woman ; wife, gung Raka.

Mother, n Gusti Pam'chuttan.

SaAnak I Alit | Agung G'de.

Jambe, Ngr. mother of Xa triya, wife of

Ngr. G'de Putra +

Ngr.

fG'de

Oka. -f- (4) Made Ngrurah.

K'tut Ngr.

Ngr. K'tut, suc prooablo cessor in Kassi man.

Other
Ngr.

brothers

of Kassiman
Devata Anak Agung Daub, wife of Pam',

are :
Bauyar. An. Ag. Raka pupuan

G'de Daugiu. I

An. Ag. Alit Griha.

became Bela. |

-\- Devata Ugung. 4

An. Ag. Rabi (in Beliduan). Kajanan.

| An. Af^.Put. Merangi

aud An. Ag. Raka.

An. Ag. Alit

j |

Raka.

Ngrurah

are by mothers tho family of of low caste; has again raised itself in rank by means of noble with intermixture The others, after ono more marriages. Sudran blood, will sink into the position of ordinary Gustis. All these Belaluan Further The Remarks on the Castes.

in too numerous Den-as, Gustis, and Idas are much the first and Bali to maintain their dignity; especially they, two classes, are too proud to gain their livelihood by work,

THE ISLAND OF BALI.

77

and prefer unjust privileges. They rob the people without are cause of the of ships, and of the limit; they plundering are often exposed. traders the extortions to which foreign are seldom such of The high-caste misdeeds, princes guilty and it is but they wink at the robberies of their relations, difficult to obtain justice from the princes against these pests of the princes, land. and The Gustis the Devas in the countries in thoso where ruled by Wcsya reign, have Xatriyas

properly all the official posts about the prince, but although they derive much honour from these, they get little pay.

Feudal As Rallies resembles has observed, of Europo

System. the condition in tho middle of Bali very much there is a

feudal

ages; system throughout the land. Tho Deva Agung must be lord; in ancient times he was regarded as the supreme feudal so in reality (see Usana How this is modified Java, above). seen. we have already He still calls the other seven now,

that

and also the prince of Lombok, his Punggawas} princes, in Bali convoys the idea of vassal. Tho rest of the which their land (Xatriyas and IFesyas) have subdivided princes of their families, and so we" find in among the members Badong Ngrurah brother the princes of Kaleran Kawan, Kaleran Kanginan, the prince of Galogor, and Kassiman's T9gas, with their children as Punggawas of Den Passar wcro most of them but they under Pam'chuttan, (formerly as their lords the two warlike have preferred to acknowledge

father and brother; unless princes of Den Passar, Kassiman's ovor Badong had interfered, even tho sovereignty Kassiman itself would havo beon transferred from Pam'chuttan to Den arc Now under but all Kassiman, they only in so Passar). Passar also is under his sovereignty. The real of Kassiman, in his small original territory, are Punggawas few in number, and, for the most part, merely the descendants of his brothers, who were entirely without means.
1 Tunggawa,' bull" and '*excellent" in the Sauskrit.

far as Den

78 Under

FUEDAL SYSTEM OF

theso princes, who aro Punggawas of tho highest and to related tho mostly closely princes royal families,1 stand also as Punggawas; the rest of the Gustis, these also have an undefined over the men whom authority they rule, and have even the power to punish with death; the prince above them and the prince of the whole kingdom do not trouble themselves about their subjects further than their feudal duties are concerned. to pro The Diaksas2 have merely nounce between the and Sudras sometimes between judgment Gustis of equal rank; in all cases concerning the distinctions are of caste and feudal duties the princes and Punggawas in act in the Padandas however, judges ; spiritual matters, this capacity. The primary feudal duty, as in the middle ages, is service and their subordinates in war; and further, the Punggawas have to furnish assistance in all public works and festivals of the prince, and the lower orders also havo to carry out all the works of tho Punggawas. The people, under the guid ance of the Punggawas, have to build tho princes' palaces to repair the roads, and besides this and places of cremation, to contribute, most!)' in kind, towards tho expenses of all taxes and Tho direct cremations. offerings, family feasts, aro very unimportant; tho common man pays a small tax on on sawahs. The princes, land, and a little more garden cannot be rich, unless they possess considerable therefore, as their they are powerful, however, so long private means; names hold tho Punggawas in subjection, and they can there cost without splendid feasts and cremations even with and sometimes to advantage con their faithful vassals zealously their private treasuries, (Ono of the reasons why the tributing to those ceremonies. Den Fussur not take place is, that the in does cremation groat fore celebrate their to themselves,
1 AVe do not find to this rule; in Tabanan the prince is many exceptions from Arya Bleteng. from descended Pinatih, Ngrurah iti'KlongKoiig,r.^. Mar^a; In Gianyar Sukawati. 2 1 w'rile Diaksa instead of Taksa (as the judges are usually called in Bali and of a manuscript, where the writiii" with the second d ,l:i\a), on the authority which is also found na A diaksa in the r?M.als the origin of the word. Diaksa. is Skt.? adhi and nksn, an MSS.. Yaksa, on (see Wilson). inspector, protector is a sort of demon, allied to the Kaksasas. the coutrary,

THE ISLAND OF BALL 79 present prince is not in very high esteem with the Pungga towards it. Besides was, and that not enough is contributed retains the revenue.) To the revenues of the this, Kassiman on com* belong also the duties princes and the Punggawas or the road-tolls.1 and the merce, customs-duties, bridge a considerable revenue for the Trade produces especially comparatively prince, and has made tho princes of Badong and Kassiman. rich, abovo all Pam'chuttan Karang-Assem also makes a great deal by it. These imposts affect only the and Europeans. lower orders, and tho Chinese, Bugineso, The Gustis, Devas, and Idas who carry ou trade pay no duty still do lords, princes, and Punggawas the them and the water, something give people?they of the rice-fields of canals and the effective irrigation making is their duty ; in return for this, however, they draw a small upon it. Tho feudal for
revenue from the rice-growers.

Sudras.

fourth caste, the Sudras, have many duties and hardly Their any rights, at any rate as regards the higher castes. or can so take that the far prince Punggawa subjection goes he likes; when the prince goes out of thoir houses whatever The the victuals, from ono place to another, fowls, ducks, geese, are of the taken etc., (followers by the Parakans usually dessas the in of the Sudras houses through princo) from the the route lies, and the persons thus robbed may not which can even take even complain. The prince or Punggawa a is opposed Sudra, but religious feeling away the wives of to the murder of a Sudra, who has to this, and still more no fault, by a noble. Both acts aro done, how committed are of rare occurrence, in Badong. Tho ever, although they think that they prove their young Gustis and Devas and the and noble birth by the abduction of women murder of innocent beasts of burden, such as tho Sudras are. wanton valour
1 I am in Bali (exronting those however, with two bridges only acquainted, over small brooks) iu any way worthy of the name?one at Kutta, built by Euro for want of plauks, over a rocky aid, aud one, very dangerous peans with Balinese chasm in Tabanan.

80

SUDRAS OF

In Badong, old Kassiman suppressed such deeds, and the fear after death also has a deterrent effect.1 Never of punishment and only theless the position of the Sudras is most miserable, and their rendered supportable courage industry, and by by to the rest the belief that they are born to it. An exception of tho followers of the Sudras is formed by the Parakans (the as a as life tho idle lead theso princes and etc.); princes, and the rest of to whom they belong, plunder Punggawas aro the chief cock-fighters the people. These and the nobles of tho dessas take for the inhabitants and opium-smokers, to the Another little part in these dissipations. exception lot of tho ordinary is formed by tho Mandesas, Sudras and others, who occupy official posts. Prab'kMs, to Mandesas are the dcssa-chiefs ; thoy have been degraded birth. been Sudras by the Deva Agung, having AVesyas by Under and Tatikup, Sudras Nguhukin, tho Mandesas. out of orders tho who birth, carry by in the dessas; thoy aro Sudras by Gadoeh are the Mandurs are under these. birth. Dangka and Bafu-Aji to Sudras, who have been degraded Pasek are also Wesyas and still retain a certain superiority of rank above the rest of
the populace.

them are the Kabayan,

names in the Usana Bali (see p. 262), is mentioned where their special religion (the Usana Bali, as to the Sudras and their we have seen, is. only of importance chiefs of the same caste). the ex The names are not heard in ordinary life, with name rest collective the tho all For ception of Mandesa. a certain is used. These have Prab'kil (the collective B'kels) AVe find all these of common Sudras under them at the prince's dis serve in war or on public works, and also to exercise to posal, for the handicrafts They are responsible (as smiths, etc.). their work of and tho subordinates, just as tho presence or Pam'kdl, for his dessa. Prab'kel is responsible Mandesa number
1 Balinese tho founder regards the fate of the first Jhra M'anois, superstition the mueh-feuivd of (tianviir, aud that of the wife of the last Deva Agung, prin was former tho as such ress ol karang Assem, changed punishments; examples of a Both murdered had a into into frog (dongkang). serpent (ntiga), and the latter many victims.

THE ISLAND OF BALI. also M9kil, Sudras?the

81

has become a title for every superior among the owner is the M'kel of the slave, the husband the to M'kel of the wife. This exalted rank is also accorded but stand below the three castes; Europeans, they principal they have not been born twice (dvija). The Balinese Sudras aro partly of Javan and partly of Balinese Tho former eclebrato the new year (Sugian) origin. new year six days before the Balinese Tho (Galungan). of the calendar by latter, however, is taken as the beginning the whole people. In addition to the above, degraded Brahmans, Xatriyas, and Wesyas also belong to the Sudras. The original Wesyas, those who came from Majapahit, have all become Sudras, and this at the same time that the descendants of Arya Damar were toWesyas. The reason given for this does degraded that of the degradation of the Xatriyas. All to have descended a step, excepting The descendants of Batu Henggong, on tho Deva Agungs, account their of who, procreation by the Padanda Dang were also regarded as hyang Kapakisan, sank back, through the curse or the anger of the Brahmans, Padanda who produced the Naga from the well (see as to tho Ndgal/anda, under Cremations1), to true Xatriyas, and tho consequence of this was the degradation of tbe other to Wesyas, to Sudras. and of the Wesyas This Xatriyas to is of tho descendants Most opeu explanation great doubt. of the Aryas, the brothers of Arya Damar, have been de graded to Sudras. They were degraded, as we have seen, to castes, namely, are said the original Brahmans. but when they had also lost their governorships and Wesyas, their authority, the of Patih descendants oppressed by Gaja Mnja (the royal race of Mengui-Karang-Assem), they gradu ally sank to the rank of Sudras. Many of them are still called Gustis by the people, but they have to give their services as in whose territory vassals to the princes thoy live, and no are honour. The longer enjoy any conquered always de are and in Bali. Brahmans also degraded to spised degraded with Sudra Sudras, if, on account of frequent intermixture
1 Ante VOL. X.?[NEW 8EHIE8.] C Vol. IX. p. 95.

not agree with

82

SUDRAS OF

blood, they are no longer considered capable of retaining thus de their dignity. An instance of a Padanda being is Brahmans mentioned. become indeed, do, graded actually Sudras, but the people hold the caste in such great respect, as Brahmans. that they are still regarded and honoured Brahmana chute are mentioned in the Usana Java; the Bali nese to be lying and thieving Brahmans, who, explain these on account of their conduct, have sunk to the rank of Sudras. Chute is, indeed, in Sanskrit, chyuta, "fallen." is a subdivision of the Sudras, who are ac Sangguhu uf with the and tho ceremony Vedas, quainted perform as well as the priests. domestic worship, If they havo,

indeed, the Vedas formulas), (they may be only Mantras, seem that they were it would Now Brahmans. originally we find in tho Usana a statement the Java that Sangguhus and thus from Brahmana-Brahmani, are, in fact, descended are pure Brahmans, on account and that they were degraded of the worship of the Dalcm mur, that is, the god of death an exclusive Kdla-uorship, which (perhaps as indicating no longer exists in We in Bali have therefore had Bali). not sects. to from the the of say departures worship gods, The present Brahmans, the sect re who have suppressed of any other to, now tell us, to conceal the existence are but their that descended the own, worship Sangguhus a from a parakan learned who was of Padanda, (follower) hidden under the Bale whenever the Padanda performed his so came to domestic worship, the Vedas. and understand was When he the Padanda set him at liberty, discovered, ferred that he might perforin the Veda-worship for himself and his descendants. the Sangguh or Sang From him are descended of kira: having the guhu, which word is explained by means of There is some number appearance of being Brahmans. them in Bali. in the Usana Java as a distinct Byagaha are also mentioned class, and thoso appear to bo of the same rank as the Sang even to tho The name, howover, is almost unknown, guhu. Panditas. Thus in the three classes of Sudras last mentioned, we find also no mixture of caste; but they all three point to

THE ISLAND OF BALI.

8-3

the former existence of sects, or at least to some departures from the orthodox religion. It would be a fortunate thing for the Sudras to be freed from the oppression The of the princes and Punggawas. number of noble idlers increases every day, and presses more and more heavily One upon the poor Sudra populace. means of escaping from the oppression of a prince is to flee to another state, but even prince of the state in which this avails them little, for the the fugitive seeks refuge imme from which he the very burdens

diately imposes upon him has fled. his Besides this, a fugitive who arrives without some is out sold to the make in order prince, family by profit of hiin, and to prevent his escaping again to another country. Tho best asylum is generally the afforded by the Padandas; no to prince luis right fugitives who seek refuge with them, and thero are several kind-hearted really pious men among these Padandas, to sell a person who consider it shameful seeking an asylum, or even to require much work from him. Many Padandas, however, are also genuine natives, and avail The chief themselves of these cases to enrich themselves. of the noblo castes over the Sudras curb upon the despotism is, iu fact, tho fear lost they should run away, and the powor Tho tho nobles should thereby be diminished. to their are attached however, Balinese, unusually not drive does and extortion their dessa; ordinary country some it is generally them to flight; cruelty or glaring only them to that induces tho fear of being sold out of Bali aro fact that there Still, the escape. always many fugitives and of in Bali shows revenues

the injustice and cruelty of most of the princes, In Badong of the system of caste. and the degeneration there aro very many fugitives from Gianyar, Mengui, Klong on the other hand, scarcely any kong, and Karang-Assem; are to be found in the other states. from fugitives Badong in this state is Tho reason of this is, that the government to attributable is this and and mild humane, comparatively with Euro contact and his Kassiman's intelligence higher it is desirable that inter For the sake of humanity peans. course between Europeans Balinese should increase, and the

84

CASTE IN JAVA.

and that the position of the Sudras should thus bo improved, at any rate a little, if thoy could not be entirely freed from as a people, The character of the Balinese their oppressors. of their castes, has been very accurately per irrespectively : they are a manly nation, both in body and ceived by Raffles far less mind, (although outwardly superior to the Javanese with virtues which in Java and endowed many civilized), have disappeared beneath the mire of immorality and fickle ness. Tho Balinese thoso who carry on trade (excepting aro fa ithfn /and honest and aro and corrupted by undue gains) re can work hard; it is only for their princo that they work nor from him neither for receive payment luctantly, they food; aud, finally, they are braver than all other natives, but the European they are as incapable of resistance against and the defiant of the black Adam, comes from a timid heart. to Europeans language employed The European is as a tiger to all natives, and they know him by instinct.
Caste in Java.

as all the descendants

of caste in Java has hitherto been denied, The existence but what we now know of Bali appears to havo placed it are of the Balinese That ail the institutions beyond doubt. origin is affirmed by the The Usana tradition of tho people. of Koripan (where Panji lived), of Kediri or Daha, and of Janggala. of Java, of Javan and the oral manuscripts Java enumerates Xatriyas of Gaglang or Singhasari, In all the great kingdoms The descent of the

therefore, Xatriyas to the of Daha is traced iu the Brahm&ndapurana Xatriyas samo are In the Brahmans divided Pulaha. the work Muni into Sira-Brahmans, and Bnjangga-Brah Bnddha-Brahmans, mans (thus tho Brahmans in Java were exactly like thoso now

existed.

in Bali); these are sous of Brahmana Ilaji, that is to are from Ilaji derived say, the various forms of worship calendar. Saka, the founder of the Indo-Javanese Bnjangga seems in ancient sect. We times to have been a distinct have spoken of the present meaning it seems of this word;

CASTE IN JAVA.

85

a particular kind of in con formerly to have meant worship, to Siva and Buddha.1 are also tradistinction The Wesyas Java as existing mentioned in the Usana to these in Java; and names the The Patihs, D'mangs, belong Tumenggungs. v. and I. Gusti N. still exist 7, 2, 185) (see Tijdsch. Wesya in Java, although their meaning has become obscure. The and their name also is still Sudras aro expressly mentioned, heard in Java. (which really only relates to Java) the from Brahmans Brahma's Simdara, the opening in the spring in children does not close for somo years, the head which from his breast, the Wesyas from his abdomen, and Xatriyas the Sudras from his knee. of the courts of Daha and Majapahit, according to express and Wesyas. To the testimony, were Xatriyas those who all bear the title of Xatriyas Arya, ICbo, belong or Mahisa and llangga. The titles of the Wesyas havo just Tho nobles of the Vedas in afford tho strongest evidence for the existence of both in ancient Java, because all that we find in Bali was derived from Java alone, not a single fact discovered in Bali proving, or even direct communication between this indicating, island and Iudia, aud because the Siva Brahmans, who, after themselves for a short time at Majapahit, having established to the Balinese, crossed over to Bali, came, according not Bali direct The from India, but from tho interior of Java {Kediri). is also shown real origin of all the Balinese institutions we us to find fact that remind the of by nothing directly no : or ancient and Javanese India, writing, Sanskrit, Kawi, wo may well ask how could emigrants from India have ho been given. The appearance of caste and the existence In the Usana Java

and forgotten their own writing and language, and neglected have merely preserved the modern Javanese writing aud the Kawi tongue P
1 The word in India the serpent-worship has been Bujangga moans a serpent; we find it especially in Cas'mira; doctrine; adopted in the Brahmanical serpent* to is still fouud in Java and Bali (Vasuki), and the iJttjaoggas worship appear who afterwards have originally been serpent-worshippers, the sect. Sivaiuc joined

80

CALCULATION OF TIME IN BALI.

The The calculation

Calculation

of Time

in Ball

the Balinese. called Wriga

All

of time is of two kinds: and the Indian we a know of it is contained that in work

This work is composed of Indian and Garga.1 like the rest of the literature, and, elements, Polynesian as in that island alone do we must be of Javanese origin, find an almost identical calendar. AVe have an Indian division of time, according to the l?nar months. are These months, transformed however, by into the solar year, and tho solar years are interpolation, or Saka, as is also the and of the Dekkan. practice in the greater part of Hindustan This calendar begins on the 14th of March, 78 n.c. This calcu is but little used by the Balinese, and their lation, however, calculated from the time of Salivahana renders it extremely difficult, knowledge a and few for the sake of feasts, it must although, agriculture be preserved. is irregular; in India two The interpolation months aro introduced in five years, but in Bali, on the one and, hand, the month of Kartika may comprise two months, on the other, the month of Asada may last till tho constella at sunset. is visible tion of the Pleiades The (Krettika) in such the Balinese calculations constellations used onty by are the Pleiades The latter is called Waluku, and Orion. scanty astronomical the plough, and also by the Indian name Idnggala (in Malay tengata). The}' understand by this, however, only the three centre stars of Orion. this defective means To supplement observe certain natural of calculating the year, the Balinese year at the same time, every phenomena occurring regularly such as the blossoming of certain flowers and plants and the appearance of wings on tho white ant, and also the pheno mena of the sea. A man of rank informed me that the in three times terpolation of a month had only happened life. This would give an interval of about twelve
toWilson, is one of the ten Munis or Garga, according also the author of astronomical works in India; see Bentley," ; he lived /560 years p. .54 : his hook is named Sanhita as it is, however, cannot bo derived Calendar from him, elements never known iu India. 1

in his years

saints; one Garga is Hindu Astronomy," n.c. The Balinese it contains becauso

CALCULATION OF TIME IN BALI. between

87

it is more probable that an inter each interpolation; ten years, hence the name tenggek for polation is made every are lunar months At present the Balinese such a division. rather more than thirty days in advance of the Indian, as of the month The year begins with fixed by Wilson. namo com is for this and the Indian Chetra, Kasanga; toWilson, in March. mence, This, then, proves according start tho exact date from do indeed that the Balinese years con and Crawford's and Raffles' of Saka (14th of March), as to the difference of the calendar in Java and Bali jectures have retained can be solved by assuming that the Balinese the ancient and true calendar, whilst tho Javanese, through Muhammadan influence, have forgotten how to calculate the solar year, and have, therefore, got seven or eight years further from Saka than they should be. All the months but two (Jyes9ta and Asada) have both Sanskrit and Balinese names. The Sanskrit names are :
1. S'r&wana. or Bftdrawada 2. B'adra (Sanskrit from 6. Pes'ya or Paus'a. 7. Maga. 8. P'alguna. 9. Mad uinnsa or Chetra. 10. Wes'aka. 11. Jyes'ta. 12. Asud'a.

Bndrapada). or 3. As'uji As'ujo (derived An .ayttj). 4. Karttika. or Mdrgas'irsya. 6. Mtlrgas'ira

The Balinese names bers from 1 to 10:

1. 2. 3. 4. Kasa. Karo. Katiga. Kapat.

for the

first ten are the ordinal num

8. Kabulu. 9. Kasatiga. 10. Kudus'a.

6. Kalima. G. Kanaiii. 7. Kapita.

names for Jyesta and As9dda have no Balinese (vulgo us to suspect that the original Balinese this and leads Sada), had only 10 Javanese year, like that of the ancient Romans, Now wo find in the purely Balinese months. calendar, of of 35 days or 5 which we shall speak shortly, divisions it is true, do not now possess a special name, weeks, which, We with the 10 mouths ; corresponded originally 35 gives about the duration of the year of lunar and As9dda, then, months, 354 days. The addition of Jyesta a had led to influence Indian when later period, occurred at but no doubt 10 times

88 the division
days.

THE BALINESE CALENDAR. into 12 months, each of 29 or 30

of the year

or In the year 1847 the first day of the month Kasanga was on on of 5th the in Chetra 1848 16th of February; the on the 24th of it will In in 1849 fall ; February January. it was on the 24th of March, almost 1844, on the contrary, on the day on which, to tho Indian month Wilson, according Chetra the from ignorance of in Bali, should begin. Although of the solar year is the method calculations, fixing a to few learned but is known and obscure, imperfectly cannot properly explain tho reasons priests (who themselves nulan for it), yet we learn from the tables called Pengalihan of the Balinese that of the lunar of 29 and 34 of with 9 Balinese

how the time of the moon) (the searching into accordance with calculation is brought of which 30 are b'4 lunar mouths, months: 30 days, givo us 1890 days, which agreo

years of 210 days. thero should be one to the Indian calculation, According then next year or two intercalary months (1849), because the solar and the lunar year will be the difference between and will to the 20th of March, from the 24th of January been said has thus amount to 55 days; nothing, however, yet wo as have In India, to me of any such intention. already 5 years are 2 intercalary months there out, every pointed in Bali, nor have this name is unknown called Malimlucha; I heard any name which could correspond to it. The The six Indian seasons do not exist in Bali. are chiefly important for fixing certain feasts. months all other dates use is made solely of lunar For

The

Balinese

Calendar.

week of of the Polynesian This is formed by a combination the Indian 5 days (palting, puan, wage, kaliwon, manis) with week of 7 days (llediti,1 Soma, Anggara, Budd'a, Wrehaspati,
" 1 The name llediti can sun." The substitution only be explained by Aditia, initial a having been taken of re lor ei may well have arisen by the uncommon is found in good MSS. for the sign rfi. which is verv well known. Wrehaspati lor licspati, which is the ordinary pronunciation.

THE BALINESE CALENDAB. Sukra, which Sanos9chara) ; this combination form tho basis of the Balinese

89 days, write

us 35 gives we calendar;

them thus:
kaliwon, AVrOhaspati nianis, Sukra pahing, Saiies'eliara puan, Ilediti wage, Soma kaliwon, Anggara uiauis, Budda pahing, puan, Wrehaspati Sukra wage, Sanes'c.haia kaliwon, Kediti nianis, Budda Soma pahing, puan, Angjjara Budda wage, YVrohasputi kaliwon, Sukra nianis, Sancs'ehara pahing, ltediti puan, Soma wage, Anggara kaliwon, Ibidda manis, Wrehaspati pahing, Sukra puan, Sanes'chara wage, liediti kaliwon, Soma mauis, pahing, Angara Budda puan, wage, Wrohuspnti Sukra kaliwon, Sanes'chara mauis, ltediti pahing, Soma puan, wage. Anggara

of 35 days six times in each they are not called months. year days, On the other hand, each of the 30 weeks has its own name. The order of We find these names in Raffles, vol. i. p. 470. names must somo be cor samo in but the is Bali, sequence the duv on with Budda kaliwon, rected. Each division begins on not new year, falls, and tho Balinese which Gulungan, in as Raffles asserts. The week lledili Pahing, (or Diti) is is Dunghulan tho year begins which ; Sinta, however, as iu Java ; the as in first week the named Bali, always We find these combinations of 210 Balinese but
names arc: 1. Stuta 2. Landep 3. Wukir 4. Kurantil fi. Tolu 0. (JUiiireg 7. Wariga 8. Warigadian, 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Jiiluug Pujut 16. Piihuuj; 17. Kurwfut 18. Marakih 10. 1'n inhi r 20. Madaiigkungang 21. Mahatal 22. lluje 23. Menahil 24. Brang Bakat 2o. Bala Muki 20. llugu 27. Wayang 28. Kulawu 20. Dukut 30. Watu gunung.

or Wariganing Wariga Julung Wangi, Julung Sungsung Ca Dunghiilau (iu Rallies luitgan) Kuninguu Lnngkir Siha Madang

the Raffles, vol. i. p. 376 sqq., gives the fable respecting not heard I have names the of weeks. yet origin of these like the rest of this in Bali of Bali. In it division, anything Its introduc the calendar, is said to be derived from India.

90

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR.

order

tion was no doubt made by the priests at an early period, in to add to the sanctity of the religious feasts and insti are to this calendar.1 tutions, which regulated according (Budda sacred. In the falls on

Of the 35 days the first, eleventh, and twenty-first kaliwon) are kaliwon, Sanes'chara kaliwon and Anggara Here again, therefore, the decimal system prevails. tho new year, first iUo. weeks, tho feast of Gainngan, Budda

kaliwon, tho feast of Knningan (in Crawfurd Galunan on Sanes'chara and finally tho feast and Kuninan) kaliwon, on Anggara of Uluwatu in Badong in the principal temple kaliwon. a half-year. Some Balinese only call this year of 210 days their civil year, and they are only dis It is indeed, however, as a to make it agree with the posed to regard it half-year which indicates

Muhammadan, Chinese, and European year. Each of these 35 days has a constellation,

and is of special importance for its good or evil qualities, are not the same, however, as these constellations nativities; or even as our own, the Indian, for, with the exception of the Walukn the signs (Orion) and the Krettika (the Pleiades),
are somewat arbitrary.

Astrological

Calendar.

which decide tho good or evil fortune constellations, the day, arc called lintangan (1 in tan g=bin tang, "star"). on arc to into tho pass They body of pcoplo born supposed that day. a human Brdifi manis has the Aneha-ancha, figure standing on its head and hands. born on that day have weak People to their parents. bodies and weak voices, but are impertinent sorrow the Gaja, elephant. This signifies Bcditi patting, caused by other people. the creese. This signifies a predis Bcditi puan.?PatrUm, These of position to suicide.

1 it. Sap/a Jlesi (the seven ancient saints, sages) are said to have prepared is brought into agree the luuar calendar The pthgalihan bulan, also, in which to the same persons. ment with that of thirty weeks, is attributed

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR. liediti

91

the plough wage.? Waluku, (Orion), Signifying late in life. happiness a body without a head. A strong liediti kaliwon.?Gowang, for stealing and robbery. propensity Soma manis.?N9yu, the gooseberry-bush. and Happiness riches, which, however, will not last long. Soma pahing.?Dupa,
man or woman.

incense.

Karly

death of the married

a divorced woman. Soma puan.?Ulanjar, One who is to the of take himself faults and others, upon prone gets into dilemmas. a white bull. Soma wage.?Lembu, and riches. Happiness Soma its driver. Anggara Anggara kaliwon.?Padati Sunya, the empty cart, deserted by Easily robbed. the horse. manis.?Kuda, the crab. pahing.?Juju,

to bad tricks. Disposed Good sense and speedy Excellence boat. and

of wealth. acquirement Anggara puan.?Asu boldness in war, esteem Anggara

misfortune

ajak, the wild dog. among the great. sarat, the overladen the hog. weeping, half

wage.?Jong
at sea.

Probable in breeding Much fish. A

Anggara
swine.

kaliwon.?Cheleng,

Success

Budda manis.?Ngerang-erang, sorrow all one's life. Budda

good omen.

lamenting. half

pahing.?

Gajamina,

elephant,

the rice-barn. Wealth of goods Budda puan.?Lumbung, and money quickly obtained ; fortunate in travel. In marrying, will Budda wage.?Krettika (the Pleiudes). obtain many slaves. Spends much and makes many presents, is beloved by the princes. the carrying away of dead bodies, Budda kaliwon.?Titiwa, or the the dead in the place of burial. Loss of of depositing children. axe. All tikel, the broken manis.?Sanyal Wrehaspati
undertakings unsuccessful.

Wrehaspati pahing.?Salah strife with men.

ukur, discontent

and constant

92 Wrehaspati

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR.

the bier (on which corpses are puan.?Bade, illnesses. burnt). Many long tho vessel with holy water. wage.?Knmba, Wrehaspati the serpent. A very bad dis kaliwon.?Naga, Wrehaspati position. Sukra Loss angrim, the brooding goose. manis.?Banyak of property by theft. Sukra patting.?Bubu Quick bosor, the open bow-net. and and rich poor. going, change, coining Sukra puan.?Prawn p'gat, the broken boat. The husband be deserted
faults on

will
one's

Sukra

by his wife, the wife by her husband. untang or glutan, the shifting wage.?Mengrabut
to another's shoulders.

of

or makara, the sea-lobster. Sukra kaliwon.?Udang Poverty in youth. a head. Sane.se/tara manis.?D'pat, (This and tho Gowang, see llediti kaliwon, remind us of the head aud the body of the demon Rahu, which pursue the moon.) Many members of the family will die. and skill in the dart. Boldness Sanesehara palling.?Ru, esteemed war, by princes (Sanskrit, ru, "war, battle"). tho sun. Sanesehara puan.?Sengenge (Jav. Srengcnge), from Freedom sickness. Sanesehara wage.?Puhuh tarung, a species of quail (Dutch " recltf-kwartef, the "). Much lighting. fighting-quail the bier. Much misfortune. Sanesehara kaliwon.?Jampana, this, and the Balinese many really ridiculous, yet attach value to them, and those who aro born on a day with a good constellation often boast of it. of the 35 days, In addition to these astrological meanings are seven of the week: the of for each there (1) a god, days a tho over human who presides it; (2) indicating figure, a a buta a character of the person ; (3) bird; (5) tree; (4) astronomical science of the ideas are The nature of these is sup (demon); (6) a satwa (beast). of the person born on posed to indicate what the character that day will be. Repeated There illness. is not much in all

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR. The Brahma, seven gods are given, with beginning Wishnu, Guru,

93

following

of the week,

Sunday, Sri, Tama;

the order of the days as follows: Indra, JJma, to another or, according

account, Indra, Prdtiwi, Wis9nu, Brahma, Guru, JJma, Durga. asu are: Hulu The seven Butas k'bo (dog's head), Hulu hula Hulu lembu (buffalo's head), Hulu (horse's head), (cow's head), Hulu singha (lion's head), Hulu gaja (elephunt's From these the man head), Hulu gagak (crow's head). obtains his passions, and from the beasts his lower qualities. to the astrological notions of the Balinese, the According a five into each of which divided has is separate parts, day name, although they occur in different order on different days. a division of the Rallies also mentions day into five parts in but in Bali we have different names and rules for this Java; division. Tho principal part is called Mreta (Amre4ta); he who is born at this time of day is certain to have good fortune. The five parts of the days undergo twelvo changes, and to know their order on a particular day, the number of the day of the week is added to that of the day of the Polynesian and the result is one of the twelve combinations of the week, Indian fivo parts of the day (and also of the night). The rest of the are divisions sunya (empty, poor), kala (pas (besides Mreta) after the sionate; (must die), liny ok (will god Kala), pati in a becomo bad and thievish). The day is further divided, civil aspect, into eight hours, dadauhan, calculated from sunrise
to sunset (their names arc, dauh pisan, stroke one, dauh ro,

into eight is also divided dauh tiga or tehi, etc.). The night a same manner. sort of water in find To the hour, the parts of a clapper with a little clock (clepsydra) is used, consisting As soon as the; holo in its bottom, which rests on the water. an and the is it is attendant, filled, clapper emptied by number of strokes urc given at the same time upon a drum. of this kind are to be found in the principal Contrivances etc. in Den Passar (in Badong), Mengui, palaces?e.g. is divided into tho whito and the black The lunar month half, s9ukla-pak9sa and kres9na-pak9sa (literally, the white and black wing), us is the case in India. The days of the white half are called tanggal, and are reckoned from new to full moon ;

94

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR.

those of the black half aro called pang/uang. To describe a the of the week date, the Balinese give (of the Indian day week of seven days as well as of the Polynesian of five), the name of the week (according to the Balinese division of 30 the name and the half of the lunar month weeks), (white or black), the day of that half, and finally the year, calculated from Saka. Instead of the year of Saka, they also givo the the the century of itself being year century, simply The century is divided understood. into 10 divisions, each of 10 years ; each such division is called tenggek, each single year rah. Thus we have, for instance, on the 20th of June, to tho Poly 1847, Sanesehara (Saturday) kaliwon (according nesian week) warn Landap (in the week of Landap) masa kasa (in the month of Kasa) sukta pak'sa (in the white half; also 13 (on the thir simply tanggal%with a waxing moon) ping to this the teenth day) rah 9, tenggek 6 (thus 69). Adding century (1700), we get the year of Saka 1769, to which 78 must be added to arrive at the }rear of our Lord (1847). the Wriga garga, which, as we have said, is entirely Besides of Indian origin, there arc two other works upon the calendar, which, however, are no longer used; their titles aro Sundari1 trus and Sundari bttngka. As I havo not yet been able to get a sight of them, I cannot say much about them. The Pandita in Taman said that these works are more recent than the Garga, and were composed in Java, whereas theWriga Wriga Garga in India They wero used composed (Kling). the Balinese but have priests formerly, given the preference lo the older AArriga Garga. This also is an instance of their in their opinion, of to date from the appears origin. AVriga Garga our priests time of the kingdom of Daha (Kediri), whence as wo have seen, are descended, and which kingdom, they often confound with India and call Baratawarsa. van N. I. 8, 4, 211, in the Tijdsch. AVe have enumerated still further divisions of time, namely a drirara, trivara, cha adherence Indian and, The
1 The name are Polvnosiau calendar. " the fair one.'* Trus and bungka Sundari is Sanskrit, and means the former 6ccms to indicate that it contains a continuous additions;

was

to all

that

is ancient

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR.
and

95
dasavara, besides

turvara,

sadrara,

astamra,

sangavara,

the saptavara and panchavara; all these are less prominent in ordinary life. The trivara serves to indicate the market does in Java; there is a market days, as the Panchavara every third day (Dvara). The s9advara is often found in dates added to the saptavara : and panchavara. The names of tho sadvara arc Polynesian Mahulu. Thus Tunggkh, Haryang, Wnruhnng, Paniron, Was, the first day of the week Sinta is Tnnggfeh Pahing liediti, the second Haryang Puan Soma, tho third Wnrukung Wage the fifth Was anggara, tho fourth Paniron Kaliwon Budda, Manis Wrehaspati, the sixth Mahulu the Sukra, Pahing seventh Tnnggleh Puan Saneschara. The remaining divisions are I have not yet definitions; chiefly used for astrological discovered clearly how the astavara are brought into accord ance with the tutelar deities attributed to each of the seven The names of the gods of the days of the week (see above). : are Astavara Sri, Indra, Guru, Yama, Rudra, Brahma, are: JJma; tho tutelar gods of the seven week-days Kala, Indra, ing to
Gum,

JJma, Brahma, Wishnu, Guru, Sri, Yama, or, accord the other account, Indra, Preliwi, Wishnu, Brahma,
JJma, Durga.

zodiac frasi) is also used for astrological purposes. We the names in the Tijds. v. N. I. 8, 4, 211. In havo given we find them written still better according to the MSS. good I found drawn in The signs of the zodiac, which Sanskrit. a manuscript, are tho Indian ones; there is no aquurius, but Tho (kuinba), and instead of the ram there only the water-pitcher Mrechika is Skrt. Wreschika, is a shrimp (udang=:makara). liakata should be Karkata. What is most re the scorpion, the absence of the tula (scales) in the markable is, however, referred to. This could not be an accidental manuscript for the claws of the scorpion stretch over the omission, to tula the scorpion the where have and been, ought place Now it is well known thus took up the room of two signs. in ancient times had only eleven signs of the it was precisely the scales which were absent, that and zodiac, and also that it is supposed that the scales originated out of that the Greeks

96

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR.

it is not certain whether a the claws of the scorpion; although was lost in the course of transmission from the East (or sign or whether from Egypt), there were only eleven originally. The discovery of a zodiac with eleven signs in India now renders this question still more intricate. This zodiac cannot have come from the AVest, for the entirely Indian character of our zodiac excludes this theory; we must therefore suppose that in India also the zodiac once had but eleven signs, and that it was not till later times that the scales were added both In Bali all twelve signs aro given a twelfth has been added; but by name, and thus hero also the fact that we found in Bali the drawing referred to proves in India and in Greece. that at the time of the first Java the zodiac still had intercourse but between India and eleven signs in the former a similar zodiac has been not is whether It known country. found in India, but it would be of the highest importance to from there on this point, and if obtain further information

which the age of such representations, possible to determine would furnish a date of the utmost importance both for the in Java. history of astronomy and for that of civilization in Bali, The eclipses of the sun and moon are explained as in India, as the devouring of theso bodies by a demon sun arc called gratia and those of (Bahu) ; the eclipses of tho as in India, however, is no distinction, the moon rahtt, which and tho latter the the act of devouring the former means tho To help the moon on these occasions, demon. devouring and their rice-blocks make a terrible noise with Balinese and of as they do on the eve of Galungan other instruments, the fast-days (nyipi), when the evil spirits are driven away the know that Europeans The Panditas predict by noise. mo about sun and and moon, it; questioned eclipses of the are ignorant of the method of cal they themselves, however, secret from the also keep this knowledge culation. They as the following instance will show. A European, people, and was very intimate Mr. M., lived some time in Tabanan, On the approach of an eclipse of the with tho young prince. its occurrence to tho prince, who was very moon, he predicted was compelled but thereat, by his priests to banish pleased

ASTROLOGICAL CALENDAR.

97

knew from his country, for since tho European the European more than the priests, it necessarily followed that he was an evil spirit from which he obtained his know possessed of first told it to the priests, they the European Had ledge. would him from the country, but would have their knowledge to the people. displayed As I do not possess a MS. of the Wriga Garga, I cannot as to the astronomical and give here any further information not have driven it is most although the of greater portion people are the of Even calendar. the still utterly among ignorant what but is retained science this ; mechanically priests only use to make the people especially knowledge they have they re them. upon Every important undertaking dependent as with the deity, the mediator quires the help of the priest of the Balinese, The
and us astronomer and astrologer.

science astrological of attention. worthy

VOL. X.?|*NBW

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