Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MAY 1966
OAK
T h i s r e p o r t i s an e x t e n s i o n o f remr.ks made i n
+;he o r i g i n a l unpublished
report i s s t i l l b e i n g r e q u e s t e d by i n d i v i d u a l s c i e n t i s t s and r e f e r e n c e
The report, wt-th minor. changes, i s riow (March, 1 . 9 % ) being
A s-u-vey
*Research sponsored by the U.S. A t o m i c Energy Commission under c0ntrac.t; w i t h Union Carbide Corporation.
' B a l l
' P . L. Kapitza, Proc. Acad. Sei. USSR 101, 2 4 ! 1 (1945); V. D. ghafranov, J. E x p t l . Theor. Phys. 33, '110 (1957), translatefl in Soviet Physics - JETP 5,
202 (1961).
Lightni-ng - A Swvey, Proc. Second Annual Meeting Div. Plasma Physics, 202 ( 1 . 9 6 1 ) . Gatliriburg, Tenn., Nov. 2 - 5 (1960). See B u l l . Ani. Ph.ys. SOC.
5,
J. Rand IvIcNally, Jr Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessec DTRODUCTJON
, designed
t o mini-mize
It i s e n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e may be several. d i f f e r e n t p h y s i c a l
forms of " b a l l l i g h t n i n g " , each exhihi.ting i t s own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e t o f properties. r e p o r t e d c a s e s are u s u a l l y i n t e r p r e t e d as orit. of' several. t y p e s or atmos p h e r i c type discharges.
P r e s e n t e d i n p a r t a i the Second Annua.1 Meeting o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f Plasma Physics of t h e American P h y s i c a l Society, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, November 2 - 5 , 1960, P a p r J-1s.
F. J . Schonland, The b'light o f Thunderbolts, __. Oxford a t t h e Clarendon P r e s s , p. 51 (1950).
J . R i t c h i e , M i s s i l e s and Rockets, August 24, 1959.
' B .
' 1 ) .
-3-
The air-borne,
lt i n g
p o s s i b l y megajou-les.
4,s
Most curren'c s t r o k e s
are l e s s t h a n 10" amperes b u t have been r e p o r t e d , on yare occasions, t o 5 , 1 3 exceed 2 x I O 3 amperes. The breakdown p o t e n t i a l of d r y a i r i s about
been made t o e x p l a i n the nature o f b a l l l i g h t 9 lo nirig i n terms of chemical. dissociat,ion arid i.oni.zation phenomena. Kapitza Various a t t e m p t s
kiiLve
a miclear f i r e - b a l l .
4 L. Tonks, Nature 187 2 . 9 1 5 (1960) es-Limates 0.36 megajoul.es t o t a l radiat i o n f o r a p a r t i c u h r i d e a l i z e d case (10 ern diarneter).
. r I
6 1 4 . C e r r i l l o (1944), t r a n s l a t i o n a v a i l a b l e , R. Hines and. P. A. S i l b e r g , Advanced Development Laboratory, Raytheon Coripany, Wayland, Massachusetts
1 megaB o L. Goodlet, J . I n s t . Elect. Eng. 8 1 1 (1957) e s t i m s t e s 1 t o 1 j o u l e s f o r a n actual fire-ball the s i z e of which w.s r e p o r t e d t o be t h a t of' a, large orange.
2,
1 (1951).
' W .
W. Lewis, P r o t e c t i o n of Transmission Systems Against Lightning, John Wiley S: Sons, Inc., N . Y. (1950).
I
"5'. L. Kapitza, Proc. Acad. Sei. USSR -3 1 0 1 245 (1955); Physikalische Blatter 1 (1958).
-4 -
joule^.^
T h i s i s l e s s than
t h e estimaates of 'ionks (- '700 joules) and Goodl.et (- 16,000 j o u l e s ) for filul.tip1.e i o n i z a t i o n would account f o r a d d i t i o n a l
1.
Is t h e energy
2.
mi.ght be s a t i s f a c t o r i l y explained..
a tremendous amount of s t o r e d energy must be confined for a long t i m w i t h An ana,logy to the L a t t e r might be s spinning p r o p e l l e r which suddeiily en-
c o u n t e r s an o b s t a c l e r e s u l t i n g i n t h e s t o r e d energy o f ordered motion being spontaneously r e l e a s e d as hest, sound, e t c . 7 10 C e r r i l l o and more r e c e n t l y Kapitza proposed a model i n which e l e c troma,gnetic energy i s f e d . t o t h e b a l l . or k u g e l b l f t z from a n e x t e r n a l atirios p h e r i c source g e n e r a t i n g v e r y i n t e n s e , high frequency standing e l e c t r o -
b i l - i t y " may c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e g e n e r a t i o n of such nhenomena. Watson'' and 4 Tonks p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e f i r e - b a l l should. l i e aL the e l e c i r i c node cont r a r y t o Kapi-tza's suggestion t h a t t h e el-ectromagnetic energy would be d i s s i p a t e d . a t t h e anti-nodes. theory.
'h.
_x
K. H. Watson, N a t u r r3 '185
of t h e e x t e r n a l atmosphere.
it i n c l u d e s a c i r c u l a r o r r i n g c u r r e n t i n e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h t h e p r e s s u r e 13
Shafranov'
lightning), o r ( c ) an e x t e r n a l magnetic f i e l d .
p l a s m i n v o l v i n g an i o n c u r r e n t :ring i n equili.briwn i n only a m i r r o r magconcept o f p:Lasrra r i n g s i n connection . w i t h r'col.ierent" a c c e l e r a t o r work. motion i n t h e l i g h t n i n g b i x l l by (a) k i n k i n s t a b i l i t y of a ligh-Lnirlg d i s The
has a l s o d i s c u s s e d t h e
Earlier, Kolobkov"
#a
from t h e -tremendous
Incch~iIlisnlf o r
It i s ,
model might result i n a stable corifigurakion p o s s e s s i n g an i n l i e r e n t l y large sphere a of' diameter b r a t i o n s required. by I i a p i t z a t o develop a, p l ~ ~ x n amount o f stored energy.
=
is
rent, can be
),'
= 3.14 d ' ,
''11.
D. Shafranov, J. Exptl. Theoret. Phys. 33, '710 (19571, t m n s l a t i o r i i.n Sovi.et Pi-iysics JETP 6, 545, 1958.
14J-. R. McNally, Jr., unpublished n i a t e r i a l (Dec., 1957); "On -the Energy Dependence of the DCX Type of Sherwood Device'!, uripublished (Aug., 1958) ; "The Direcl; Current Experjment (UCX) arid High Teniperature Measurements i n t h e Carbon Arc", paper i n O p t i c a l S p e c t r o m e t r i c &kasu.rermxits of' fiigh Terriperntures, U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago, U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago P r e s s (1961).
1 5 P r i v a t e conlrnunication t o J . Neufeld by V . I. .Veksler d u r i n g h i s v i s i t t o Oak. Ridge Ma-Lional La'boratory-, NOT. 16, 1959.
I 6 1. Dazey, and R. E'. Wuerker, STL ReSee, for example, V. Josephson, & p o r t TH-60-0000-L9258(1960) for Br compressi.on experiment l e a d i n g t o a i; ring current.
-6-
SURVLYS
Brand,
1 . 8
Brand b e l i e v e d
none of t h e s e were a u t h e n t i c i r e - b a l l s .
The complete
survey o f all Union Carbide n'ucI.ear Compny personnel i n Oak Ridge r e s u l t e d grand total. of 513 r e p o r t s from a s t a t i s t i c a l sangle of 15,923 i n d i The dj..fference i n t h e s e pcrcentages i s proba.bly si.gnifi.-
v i d u a l s (3.1%) .
made.
No c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n s h s v e been
tained.
'%.
19-.
W.
20
M. ~ o d e w a ~ Z., Me t e r o l o g i e
E,
2 7 (1954) .
-7 -
i n space a l t h o u g h a r e oPteri i n i t i a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h w i r e s o r s t r u c t u r e s ;
( 4 ) move rando&-
in
and b r i l 1 i a n . t arid o f t e n cause c o n s i d e r a b l e dxrxige) ; (8) have a median durat i o n of about 3-4 seconds; ( 9 ) u s u a l l y decay q u i t e suddenly (sometimes explosiv-ely) ; (10) g e n e r a l l y do riot ar"fect t h e v i s i o n u n l e s s o:P t h e white
or b l u e - w h i t e c a t e g o r y and c l o s e t o t h e o b s e r v e r .
I n numerous c a s e s o t h e r
'Yhe s t a t i s t i c s compiled a g r e e i n g e n e r a l w i t h o t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s r e -
ported i n the l i t e r a t u r e .
5, 18-21
other
Tonks.
' k e e , also, H. Nauer, TJmschau F o r t s c h r . Wiss. u. Tech. 56, 75 (1956); J. C. Jensen, P h y s i c s 4, 372 (1.933).
-x-
%lamed a f t e r St. Erasmus ( d i e d A.D. 303?) who under the p e r s e c u t i o n of Diocletian w a s t o r t u r e d , r o l l e d i n pitch and sei; a f i r e . H e remained isniiixrt, was rei.mpsisoried .to be s t a r v e d t o death but was repor tedly f r e e d by an a n g e l . Yhe b l u e glowing l i g h t s (corona dischrz-r*ge) r;ornet:'!.mes seen a t mastheads b e f o r e and a f t e r storms were thought; by the Nespolitari seamen to b e s i g n s of t h e i r patron's p r o t e c t i o n and were c a l l e d St. EZiiio's f i r e (Erasmus through the years became Erasnus, Ermus, Erne, ;znd f i n a l l y Elmo). S t . Elmo's f i r e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d as a high vol'i;sge, low current discharge. ~lso, sorrie-times c a l l e d " P e t e r ' s fire" a f t e r 13lessed P e t e r Gonzalez 03 Portugal.
I n t h e O l d Tes-Lament, Jacob i s reported t o have seer? a band of angels ascending t o heaven upon a glowing lacider. A low voltage, h i g h c u r r e n t e l e c t r i c a l arc between two a,hntnc,s.t p a r a l l e l w i r e s gives a d i s c h a r g e which 'S i s m a g n e t i c a l l y blown along t h e w i r e s - lierice the ~iatllieJ W G ~Ladder.
x 3.
g - s t s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of an e x c i t e d r i n g o r s u r f a c e .
It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t
'LO
It i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t h a i ! ~ i u l t i - c o l o r i n g
Alihoiigh no q u e s t i o n w a s asked spe-
o f t'nP b a l l ( s e e Table VIlI) due t o i n t e r n a l ternpersture v a r i a c i o i i s may account f o r such a glow d i s t r i b u t i o n . c i f i c a l l y on the i n t e r n a l motion of Liid l i g h t n i n g b a l l , 46 i n d i v i d u a l s
R b a l l l i g h t n i n g o b s e r v a t i o n r e p o r t e d by L. B. Loeb
LO
Hwnphreys
01
19
it that
.to e x p l a i n t h e phenomenon.
s t a b l e plasma c o n f i g l x a t i o n and hence i m p o r t a x e i n ihe thermonuclear f i e l d t h e following q u e s t i o n n a i r e i s submit.ted. t h e Thermonuclear Experimental Division.
NO
2. Cid i t occdr o n l y a f t e r a l i q h t n i n g f l a s h ?
Approximatp?y how l o n g d i d i t p e r s i s t ?
D i d i t decay slowly or suddenly? What sj,? or range o f s i z e s was t h e baIJ-? Was i i a s u r f a c e , V O ~ L ~doughnut, , or ring
rJ o
__I___
5.
6.
7.
3 i d t i e s i z e of t h e b a l l change?
(a) quickly
(b) Sradually
8.
Did any unusual sounds acconqariy the pberionwm, or its disappearance? Did i t cause m y unusual disturbance or 1.eav-e
zny a f t ere i"i'e c ts ?
(a,)
9.
Yes
Yes
No
(b) o b j e c t s melted?
o'bcjec ts scorched?
No
NO
Ye S ~Yes
.No
T V O
(e) e l e c t r o s t a t , i c e f f e c t s ?
(8) activaSion e f f e c t s ?
Yes
l _ l l
~-
NO
NO
i.J 0
NO
NO
NO
Yes
12 * 1 2 J .
1 4
%es
N0
wcz
1 . 1 5 .
Comments, s u g g e s t i o n s , etc:
Yes
Room 335
Building 9201-2
-10 TABLE 1 1 .
LIGIITNTNG
OBSERVATIONS ON CONDiYLONS ASSOCIATE0 WITH O R I G I N OF BALL Unreported o r Uncertain Followint: Lightning Discharge
69
3'76
65
3
5 1 . 3
TABLE 111. OBSEIIVATIONS ON POINT OF OKIlGrPJ Unreported o r Uncertain Me.tallic S t r u c t u r e s E l e c t r i c a l Lines Non-mc t a l l i c Struc-iui.es Occurred i n A i r
TOTAL
350
42
47
33
Tel-ephoiie Lines
21 _--5I 3
26
TRHLE I V
OBSlCHVATIONS ON ENVlKONl4ENTAL CONDI'I'IONS Unreported o r Uncertain A i r Borne Attached t o Conductors General Contact w i t h Non-Conductors
Ai.r Borne P a r t i'ime
55
144 114
111 513
TOTAI,
'TABTIE
89 -
V.
Along Conductors
257
103
68
31 1 4
7
46
Along Surface
Jumped from Conductor i o Conductor
TOTAL
7 -
513
TABLE VI.
67
3
Three-Four Irlch
Fi-ve-Eigkt Inch Nine-Sixteeri Inch
1 8
52
114 129
73
37
20 515
79
313 62
9 -
50
Miscellaneous Shapes
TAHLE VI11
TOTAL
HEPORTED COLO.R* OF LIC;I-1?'1\1 IPSr; MLLS
513
Unreported or [ J n c e r t a i n lied
202
58
Yellow
Grange
32
23
Green
Blue
Violet
White
26
2
22
Blue -T&i te
Yellow-lv3ite
Miscellaneous Two-Color Combiriatior LS
M i s c ellarieous Three-Color Combinations
27
Hed-Orange
23
Orange-Pellow
14
57
16
TOTAL
28 -
513
-7-2 -
TABLE IX.
ES?'IYATED DURATION OF L I G h T N I N G FALLS Unreported o r Unceriain Less Than One Second One t o Two Szconds Three t o Four Seconds Five t o E i g h t Seconds Nine t o S i x t e e n Seconds Seventeen t o Thirty-Two Seconds T h i r t y - Three t o S ixty-Four Seconds Sixty-Five t o One Hundred l'wpntyE i g h t Seconds G r e a t e r 'Than One Hundred TwentyEight Seconds
TOTAL
68
33
135
43 23
133
44
16
7
515
92
10
TABLE X .
s 1 owly
Suddenly
TOTAL
30 9 -
112
TABLX X I
_. REPORTEE
513
97
VISUAL AFTlMKFFECTS
Unreported o r Uncertain
110
306 -
TOTAL TABLE X I I . 1.
513
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
-13
8.
LO.
11.
12.
- .-...."..
~
14.
E.
1.7.
"I ducked".
TABLE
xm.
comrmm ori
Observation N o . 2
the time was that l i g h t n i n g discharged t o one conductor o f ' a 154 KV brans-
(.b) S e v e r a l people
saw this i n c i d e n t .
all i n s n l a t o r s
011
-14 (e) W e were never a b l e t o t e l l i f t h e 'ball' o r 'discharge' of l i g h t n i - n g d i d i n g t h e ' s h o r t i n g ' between low t e n s i o n bus, s t r u c t u r e and transformer cases. through or over 154 KV o i l switch on t h e l i n e e n t e r i n g sirbs'cati-on, and it
[ f ) The mystery of t h e i n c i d e n t w a s t h a t t h i s ' b a l l ' or ' d i s c h a r g e ' passed
top
- t h e s u r f a c e of t h e transmi-ssion l i n e w a s deeply p i t t e d on
bus and i t s i n s u l a t o r s w i t h supporti-ng s t e e l s t r u c t u r e were i n p a r t como f transformers c a s e s and with p o r t i o n s of bo'ih LT and HT biishings." Observation No. 3
"This was noted during an i n t e n s e e l e c t r i c a l . stool*m. Lightning s t r u c k a be a sphere about 4 t o 6 inches i.n diameLer which ' f l o a t e d ' by a s c r e e n door when i t disappeared. Observation no. 8 -_._ i n d e t a i l e d o b s e r v a t i o n b u t was merely f r i g h t e n e d . " telephone l i n e and t h e b a l l was discharged from the phone.
I'Lappeared to
"Twice, on d i f f e r e n t occasions, a tumble weed t y p e of movement w a s seen These o b s e r v a t i o n s were made i n Seemed
One of t h e boys was holding a level. rod. ( a l e v e l rod i s wood-en, about 13' has a b r a s s cap) i n t h e c e n t e r of a b l a c k The l i g h t n i n g seemed t o s t r i k e t h e t o p of t h e rod, it appeared
-15Observa-tion No. 12
Ob s ervat,i o n No. 16
The b a l l persisted arid s l o x l y moved along th.e w i r e t o the .i-nsulator whi.ch then e q l - o d e d .
~ r i i l eway,
discharges
To my recol.-
i saw a
eff'ec-Ls.
O b s e r - r a t i o n N o , 17
litt1.e ~ - e s s
the high-.Lensi.on l i n e .
The b a l l l a s t e d for
It followed t h e conductor as tho-ugh it were r o l l i n g on top of' it .for perhaps 1 0 6 yards. I ca,nnot say w i t h csert,ainty wl-tet'ner it was accmm-
'121.e e l e c - t r t c a l transmission
''
I do riot h o w f o r
s u r e of any o t h e r di.sturbances
Observa-Lion No. 20
t h e n disappectreil.
The s i z e of t h e b a l l I should p l a c e
b a l l had. disappeared
a t l e s s than 4" and I d o n ' t b e l i e v e it w a s much l a r g e r t h a n 18" i n diamand found t h e t o p s o f t h e p o s t s w a r m and very s l i g h t l y scorched. only t h e I.oose p o r t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e was scorched." Observation No. 2 3 Orangc flame c o l o r was c o n s t a n t . " Observation No. 42 "Boimced t h r e e times, t h e n r o l l e d about 100 f t . down c e n t e r of s t r e e t .
That i s ,
t o r a t e of r o t a t i o n . above it."
Observation No. 45
"This occurred a f t e r a li&tnri.ng s t r i k e from a power p o l e . The ma,n was dazed, sunburned, b u t otherwise unhurt. Observation No. 46
'I
"'The above occu.rred once i n Iowa, l a t e r i n western Nebraska. t h e o l d - 'crank t y p e ' country telephone.
Both involved
taught m y seven b r o t h e r s and m e t o always a i m t h e phone mouthpiece toward '1-ightning b a l l ' . A t t h e time 1 w a s both t o o f r i g h t e n e d and t o o s r m l l t o
a Roman candle d i s -
'There w a s a thunLater i t
I ran i n t o the
i t rolled.
-17and bounced (damped bounce l i k e a l i g h t ball) a c r o s s {;he f l o o r t o t h e l e g sound, a l i t t l e vxpor o r smoke v i s i b l e , and t h e thin53 was gone. There was <a, b l u e f l a s h , a .r a t h e r loud spark discharge
of an i r o n bed.
I seem
t o recal.1 t h a t t h e w h i t e en,%nel on t h e bed l e g was burned a l i k t l e , b u t nothing dramtic. t h e f l o o r , t h a t i s , made a f l a t c o n t a c t spot. t h e phone, t h e p a r t i c u l a r s of which I f o r g e t .
Y i s i s - t e r t o l d me 1h.t she
and t h a t i t crame down and through t h e steel wire s c r e e n (I ) and. bounced on shape of depending total-ly on my memory the time ! Observatioii No. 5 7
--
I d i d not w r i t e a t h i n g down a t
a c r a c k s u g g e s t i v e of a l i g h t n i n g s t r o k e and w i t h i n a second o r two w i t nessed a b l u e d i s c h a r g e from the e x t e n s i o n l i g h t which r a c e d from otie This dj.schai*ge l a s t e d f o r
p o i n t t o a n o t h e r of t h e iuldersi.de of t h e c a r .
Observation No. 6 1
1
It,
lnis i s p r o b a b l y a mna.rghal c a s e .
loose.
,he
float
Kerosene lamps
."
Observation 7170.
I1
'!:'ne b a r n was n o t
I r e c a l l no f u r t h e r o b s e r w t i o n , as 1 w a s d i s t r a c t e d at t h i s p o i n t
W ~ now S
Observation KO. 64
Light-
ning h i t c e n t e r o f pond, b a l l developad, travel-ed 10 o r 15 f t . above water f o r approxima'iely 1-00 yd., h i t water, bounced up w i t h a i r again, h i t a
Observation No. 7 8
_ 1 .
l i g h t n i n g r o l l e d out."
-19Observation No. 8 6
ouixicle home ; e n t e r e d through open door i n r o l l i r i g mot,ion arid proceeded i ! i 8 direct line toward s h e l l casing (4" d.ianieter s h e l l casing) \ 11
Observaiion N o . 111
o f f Prom the t r e e , t r a v e l i n g h o r k o n t s l l y i n a s t r a i g h t l i n e .
it
The ball c \ m e
I t stopped
1;i.ghtning s t r u c k a
I n o t i c e d k h a t ihe light-
finish.
&II
standing.
i n i t i a l b o l t of l i g h t n i n g had st:rilck."
No-be:
-20Observaiion No. 2 94
"'I2ij.s b a l l was seen a number of times by members o f t h e family.
always i n t h e same room and. sa.me p a r t of room about 2 f t . from c e i l i n g . " 0hsc:rvation No. 332 'ball o f ' fj.re'
" I was standing a t a, window d u r i n g an e l - e c t r i c a l storm and obser-d-ed tl-1i.s
L t wa.s
s t r i k e a u t i l i t y pole.
was an unusual j~l.l.mina'Liiig e f f e c t upon t h e surrounding a r e a . f i r e d i s s i p a t e d . much as a ?'ouin'Lh-of-July Observation No. 336 ' s p a r k l e r ' does.
d i d not a f f e c t the transformer on t h e pole,
The b a l l of
Evidently, i t
as no r e p a i r s were made."
2 seconds.
'LO
a i r ' stroke."
Observation No. 368 "Lightning s t r u c k a m e t a l well. pump l o c a t e d on a, porch t o a r e s i d e n c e , s e v e r a l ' b a l l s ' t r a v e l e d on ihe s u r f a c c of t h e floor t h e e n - t i r e I-ength o f t h e porch, perhaps 30 f e e t , t h e n vanished I-eaving no s i g n s Observaiion No. 3 7 7 well..
"Tdhnt I s a w happencd many years ago and
iii
i t s wake."
I d.o
n o t remember t h e d e t a i l s too
1 d i d not make
school.
p u t t i n g a r e d h o t p i e c e of i r o n i n t o t h e Water."
0bservat.Fon 8 0 . 466
''1 personal.:ly have obsci:r.ved t h i s type lightning o n l y once many years ago.
the i'ii-st ball was b l u e , w?i.i.cti exploded i n t o sev-eral b l u e bal-3-s which Observation No. 487
some sparks.I'
-23-
Alexeff
G. A f f e l
14- C . 15. C. 1 6 . G. 1'7. R. 18. R. 19. E. 20. D. 21. P. 22. J. S . Culver 23. R. A. Dandl 24. R. C. Davis 25. S. M. Decamp 26. P. B. DeNee 2'7. R. A. Dory 28. J. L. Dunlap 29. H. 0 . Eason, J r . 30. R. S. Edwards 31. K. R. Efferson 32. A. C. England 33. J. C. E z c l l 34. R. L. Ferguson 35. B. R. F i s h 36. B. E. F o s t e r 37. J. L. Fowler 38. J. E. F r a n c i s , Jr. 39. J. H Frye, Jr. 40. W. F. Gauster 41. A. T. Gresky 42. D . A. Griffin 43. W. R. Grimes 4-4. G. E. Guest it.5. E . G ~ t h 46. C. M. EIaaland 47. G. M. Baas
8. c. 0. Beasley
E. Beauchamp C. Becker R. Bell S. B i l l i n g t o n D. Eirkh.off W. Blue J. Borkowski E. Boyd L. Brown 0. Chester H. Christy, tJr. L. Coffey L. C u l l e r
R . Heestand K. E . H i l l J. L. Horton H. C. Hoy E. . ) I Hudson 56. R. P. Jernigan, Jr. 57. L. C. Johnson 58. w. D. Jones 59. G. G. Kelley 60. R. TJ. Knight 61. 11. W. Koppe 62. M. 0. Krause 6 3 . C. E . Larson 64. N. I. Lazar 65. G. F. Leichsenring 66. W. J. Leonard 6 ' 7 . J. Lewin 68. M. H. T,ietzk.e 69. H. S. L i v i n g s t o n
71. J . N. Luton, Jr. 72. J. F. Lyon 73. 11. G. MacPherson 74. E. J. ManYnos '75. J. A. Martin '76-85. J. R. McNally, Jre 86. 0. D. Matlock 87. 0 . 13. Morgan 1 3 8 . X. V. Neiriigh 89. J- Neufe ld 90. R. G. Niemeyer 5L. C. E. P a r k e r 92. w. F ' . Peed 93. B. Postma 94. J'. F. Potts 95. F. M. Kanliin 36. J. .A. Ray 97. Paul Reagan 98. R. G e Rei.niiardt
70. D. R.
1,lGyd
1 0 0 . D. M. Richardson 1 0 1 . D. A. Ross
99. P. W. Reuff
103. J. D. Rylander.
102. W.
K. Russe1.l
104- H. E. Seagren 105. R. L. Sherman 1-06. Y. Shjma 107. E. D. S h i p l e y 1.08. J. E. Simpkins 109. M. R . Skidmore 110. M. J. Skinner 1 1 1 . A. H. S n e l l 112. W . L. S t i r l i n g 113. R. W. Scoughton 114, R. F. S t r a t t o i i , Jr. 115. R. A. Strehlow 116. E. H . Tayl.or 117. 8. A. Ullmaier 1 1 8 . H. L. Watts 119. A. M. Weinberg 120. E. R. Wells 121_. R. L. Wesley 122. W. L. Wright 123. A . J. Wyrick 124. 0. C. Yonts 125. Gale Young 1.26. Owen EJ-dridge ( c o n s u l i x n t ) 127. 3. W. Flowers (consu1.tan-t) 128. D. C . Freeman ( c o n s u l t a n - t ) 125. M. W. G a r r e t t ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 130. II. Grad. ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 131. E . G. Harris ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 1-32. D. E . IIarrtson ( c o n s u l t a n t )
R. H e f f e r l i n ( c o n s u l t a n t ) G. W., Hoffman ( c o n s u l t a n t ) J. w Hooper (consi.iI.tant) V. W. Hughes ( c o n s u l t a n t ) D. W . Martin ( c o n s u l t a n t ) E . W. MeDaniel (consul.tant) 140= D. R. Montgomery ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 1 4 1 S . H. Neff ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 142. C . E . Nielsen ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 143 W. B. Pardo ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 1.44 J. M. Reynolds ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 145. H. S . Robertson ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 146. 3 . E . Rorschach ( c o n s u l t a n t ) . Rose ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 1 4 7 .D. 3 148 L. P. Srri-ith ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 149 P. M. S t i e r ( c o n s u l t a n t ) (consultant) 1.50. T. B. ~ t i x 151. E. W. Thomas (consu.l.tant) 152. M. E. W i l l i a m s ( c o n s u l t a n t ) 153. The r?izonucl e ar Divi s i o n Library 154 = Reactor Division L i b r a r y 1.55. Biology L i b r a r y 156-158. C e n t r a l Research L i b r a r y 159-208. Laboratory Records Department 209. Laboratory Records, ORNL R. C . 210- 211. ORNL - Y-12 Technical L i b r a r y Document Reference S e c t i o n
0
I$.Heckrotte (consul.ta.nt)
EX!i?ERNAL DISTRIBUTION
212. S. C . Brown, Massachusetts I n s t i - t u t e of Technology 2 W . 0. Runeman, Stanford E l e c t r o n i c s L a b o r a t o r i e s 2l.?-. D i r e c t o r , Technical- L i b r a r y , Defense Atomic Support Agency, Sandi.a Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 215. F. W. Crawford, Stanford E l e c t r o n i c s L a b o r a t o r i e s 21-6. M. B. Gottl-ieb, P r i n c e t o n Uni.veysity217. D. W. K e r s t , U n i v e r s i t y ol Wisconsin 218. A. C . Kolb, Naval Research Laboratory 219. Morton A. Levine, A i r Force Cambridge Research L a b o r a t o r i e s 220. J. A. P h i l l i p s , Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory 221. R . F. Post UniversLty of C a l i f o r n i a , Lawmnce Radiati-on Laboratory 222. John R. Roth, N.ASR Lewis Research Center ( M a i l Stop 3 0 1 - l ) , 21000 Brookpark Road., CleveI.and, Ohio 44135 223. R u s s e l l Shelton, Chief, Nuclear and Plasma Physics Sranch, Marsha.11. Space F l i g h t Center, H u n t s v i l l e Alabama 35812 , . D. Simlllih, Massachusetts I i i s t j - t u t e of Tech.nology 224. I 225. L. S p i t z e r , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y 226. A. W. T r i v e l p i e c e Universri.ty of C a E f o r n i a , Berkeley, Cal.iforiiia 227. J. A. Swartout, 270 Park Avenue, New York 17, New York
228
229. 230.
231..
232. 233.
234.
235. 236.
237.
238. 239.
C . M. Van A t t a , University of CaLifornia, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory P. A. S i l b e r g , Raytheon Company, Wayland, Massachusetts E. L. H i l l , Physics Department, U n i v e r s i t y of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota L. B. Loeb, Physics Department, Universj-ty of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley C a1.i f o r n i a C. M. Braams, F.O.M. I n s t i t w i t m o r Plasma-Fjrsica, RiJnhu'izen, J-utphaas, Nederland D. F i n k e l n s t e i n , Yeshiva University, 601W. 18'3rd St., N e w York, New York D. J. Ritchi.e, Bendix Corporation Research Laboratories, S o u t h f i e l d , Michigan W. D. Iiayle, BASA L e w i s Research Center, Cleveland., Ohio A. Iwanovsky, Science and Technology Center, L i b r a r y of Congress, Washington, D.C. E. M. Dewan, A.F. Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, Massachusetts H. W. Lewis, Physics Department, University of Wiscon:;in, Madison, Wisconsin A. N. Zaidel, Physico-Technical I n s t i t u t e , Leningrad K-22,
240-241. Research and Development Division, mC, O R 0 (1 copy each t o Ii. M. Roth and R. B. Martin) 242-246. Controlled Diemonuclear Research Branch, AFC, Washington (A. E. Ruark) 247-251. USAFC, Division of Research, Controll.ed Tnermonuclear Research Program (Stephen 0. Dean) 252-631. Given d i s t r i b u t i o n as shown i n TID-4500 under Pnysics category (75 copies CFSTI)
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