Art and Science of Stair Building - L. D. Gould 1885

THE ART AND SCIENCE
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
DDOmaOHBDH
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.
i fci
Shelf...
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
THE
ART AND SCIENCE

OF
STAIR BUILDING
BY
THE AUTHOR OF
*^
Carpenters'
and Builders'
Assistant,"
"American
Stair Builders' Guide." and "Steel
Square Problems."
\Ilhistrated by
Thirty -six Engraved PlaJe^TT^^
V ^
NEW WILLIAM T
YORK: COM
'^'^ ..,i[-
JAN 26
.
1005-
S^^f WlkSHV^^
S
TOCK
6 Astor Place.
1885.
^//^SZy6
.Q
7
Copyright,
1884,
by L. D. Gould.
.\\
L.
J.
HAROHAM, PRINTER. NEWARK.
PREFACE.
It
has been the object of the author of this work, which
he now presents to the public for their inspection, to reduce

the art
and science of
Stair Building to the shortest

lines
and
most simple system of

desired.
which
will
reach the end

it
He
has confidence in believing that
will
be
favorably received, and that the contents are the most valuable
and the price the lowest
of any
work which has been
published.
IPlate 1
O D O O O
SCALE
1
IN.
FPOT
STAIR BUILDING.
PLATE L
Fig.
I
.
To
describe a7i elliptical cu7've with a thread or cord
and
pencil.
Draw
with S
the major
and minor
:
axis
AB
and C D,
Fig.
i.
To
find the points to place pins
From
the point
as a centre,
or S
as a radius, describe arcs, cutting the
major
axis in the points 2
and
place pins in the points, and, by
the use of thread or cord
and
pencil, describe the elipse
required.
to
Care should be taken to keep the thread or cord
an even tension.
Suppose the curve

:
to
be the centre of a
mould required
point
for a hand-rail
Set off each

rail
;
equal half the width of
way from the from the points draw
parallel to
and
3,
cutting the major axis in the points
for pins to describe the outside
and inside curves.
To find the points for A C B Set off from C

:
pins to describe a curve parallel to

to
equal
B N
from the point P
as a centre, with
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the

;
major axis
Fig.
2
the points 4 and 5 the curve required.

in
place pins and describe
and elevation of handrail at the To find the easing and points to bore for balusstarting. ters Set up from 2 to 3 on the pitch-board, equal the difference in the heights of newel post and short baluster square mark from the pitch-board for the over for the newel cap
exhibits a plan
: ;
;
point to bore for baluster.
To
continue the height of
rail at
the starting to
its
termin-
ation, care
should be taken to measure the
rise
from the
lines,
points to bore for balusters, as

Fig. 3-
shown by the dotted
3?late
SCALE
1j IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
PLATE
II
Exhibits rules for findijig the major axis of the elliptical curves^ the point of contact, and the length of curve required
for the mould.
Also, a practical rule for finding the vertical
and horizontal
To
mould
find the
:
lines to bevel the plank to form the wreath. major axis of the elliptic curve for centre of Set up from A to B equal the rise of rail from D to
;
A N
from the point B draw the common pitch B C join B and C S square up from L to P, equal A R. Then L B equals half the major, and L P equals half the minor axis of
;
;
the elliptic curve required.
To find the with L B as a

2
points for pins
From
the point
as a centre,
ifi
radius, describe arcs cutting the
major axis
and
3.
By
the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe
the curve for centre of mould.
To
find the length of curve
and point of contact
From
the point
cutting the curve in
C B as a radius, describe an arc from the point as a centre, with N B as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in J then J is the point of contact, and J equals the length
as a centre, with
required.
To
find the direction of the straight rail
From
the points
and J as centres, with S arcs cutting each other in F

for the direction required.
C and B C as radius, describe join H F and F J extended

; :
To
side
find the vertical angles to bevel the plank
Fit a piece
to the tangents
RA
and
RD
C
A, and the pitch
S on the side
marks and apply the bevel as The above rules contain all the science required to construct handrails for any staircase that may be designed, by anyone that has acquired the use of tools.
draw the pitch C B on the R D. Cut to the shown for the angles required.
;
riate
STAIR BUILDING.
PLATE
III
Exhibits the plan for a platform stairs, where the radius of

circle for the centre of rail equals half the
To
width of step. draw the elevation of the handrail, Fig. 2 Square up

:
from D to A and B equal two (2) risers place the pitchboard at A and B draw the common pitch A C and B C j drop a line from C parallel to B D then S L, Fig. i, equalsthe radius of semicircle for the centre of rail on the plan. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from A to D equal from S L, Fig. I set off from A to B equal A C, Fig. 2 the point D as a centre, with A B as a radius, describe an arc cutting the major axis in the points 2 and 3 place pinsin the points by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve set off each way from D equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inside curves. The pitch-board equals the angle for the
;
; ; : ; ; ;
vertical cuts at the joint B.
The
rule applies to larger circles,
by placing the
rail.
risers half
the width of step from the centre of
JPlate
-4.
SCALE 3
IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
II
PLATE
Exhibits the plan of a round the landing.
rail^
IV
on a four-inch cylinder
at
To
find the length of curve required for the

:
easing or
;
wreath
Square up from
to
equal the riser

;
from the
centre of baluster, draw

at right angles to
DE
join
equal half the riser
draw
;
E C
E D
S parallel to
join S R,
Fig.
I,
equal S A.
Then
AR
equals the length of curve
required.
and horizontal sides of the wreath draw the Fit a piece to the tangents S A and S R, Fig. i pitch B C, Fig. 2, on the side S A square over on the side the R cut to marks apply the bevel to the sides for the S
find the vertical
;
;
To
angles required.
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

;
A, Fig.
Set off from

;
to
Square up from C and from

2
A
B
to B, equal
to 2
equal
S, Fig. 2
place pins in the points
and
and 3, by the
use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve.
To
rail
:
and the direction of straight
From
;
the point
as a centre, with
P, Fig.
2,
as a
radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in
D, the point
from the points D and C as centres, with S R, Fig. I, and B C, Fig. 2, as radii, describe arcs cutting each other in J draw C J and J D the direction required set off each way from C and D equal half the width of rail from the points, describe the outside and inside curves cut the joints at right angles to the tangents and face of plank.
required
;
IPlate
STAIR BUILDING.
I3
PLATE V
Exhibits the plan of a round rail the starting of the second flight.
Ofi
a four-inch cylinder^
at
To
wreath
find
:
the length of curve required for the easing or
Square up from
to
B
;
equal one riser

set
from the
point B, draw the

half the riser,
common
pitch
and the
rise of the rail
up from A to C equal from the riser to the

rail
;
point to bore for the baluster for the centre of level
draw
D R
parallel to
A, and
P equal
A.
Then
AP
:
equals the length of curve required.
To
find the vertical
and horizontal
sides of the wreath
Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents
RA
and
square over on the side

side
draw the pitch

apply the bevel
R P, Fig. D B on the
i
RA
cut to the marks

the mould, Fig. 3
;
to"
the sides
for the angles required.
To draw
Square up from
to
equal
2,
;
D, Fig.
from the point B
as a centre, with
J, Fig.
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2
by the use
of
and 3 thread or cord and
pencil, describe the centre curve.
To

S, Fig.
2,
From
the point
as a centre, with
in.
as a radius, describe
an arc cutting the curve
the point D.
:
To
From
the points
2,
and
as centres, with
R, Fig.
i,
and
radii,
describe arcs cutting each

;
other in
set off
D N
B, Fig.
;
as
and N D the direction required and B equal half the width of rail the outside and inside curves.
each
C N way from C
join
from the points, describe
I'late
SRAIR BUILDING.
15
PLATE
four-inch cylinder.
VI
Exhibits the plan of a round rail for a platfor7n stairs^ on a
To draw the elevation of the tangents Square up from A to C equal the riser from the points B and C draw the common pitch to S and R. To find the vertical and horizontal sides of the wreath draw Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents F H D, Fig. i the pitch B S on the side D H, and the pitch S P on the side H F cut to the marks apply the bevel to the sides for the
:
angles required.
Square up from A to B equal C D, Fig. I set off from A to L, and from B to 2 and 3 place pins in the points 2 and 3 equal P J, Fig. 2 by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve.
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

;
To
From
with
find the point of contact
and the length of curve
the point
as a centre, with S
an arc cutting the curve in
Then To
N P as D is the point
from the point D as a centre, a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C.
;
of contact,
and
DC
the length required.

:

as centres, with
From
Fig.
the points
as radii,
and C
B
;
S and P
S,
;
2,
describe arcs cutting each other in

for the direction required
set off
;
and H each w^ay from B and

join
D
L
rail
from the points, describe the
outside and inside curves.
I>late
STAIR BUILDING.
I7
PLATE
VII
Exhibits a plan for turnout at the starting of a staircase. To draw the elevation of the tangents P J L, Fig. i Square up from the riser and intersection of the tangents L
:
from the point D, draw the common pitch D C Set up from A to B equal the difference in the heights of the newel-post and the short baluster, less or minus the rise of the common pitch from the riser to the
and
indefinitely
;
point to bore for the baluster

equals the elevation required.
join
C.
Then
to
BCD
i,
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

;
Square up from C
as a centre, with
equal
H
2
P, Fig.
from the point
N, Fig.
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in the points
and 3 place pins in the points by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve.
; ;
To
tre,
find the point of contact
From
S,
the point
D
;
as a cen-
with
S, Fig. I, as a
radius, describe an arc
from the
point
S,
tangent, to the arc,
draw C
:
the point required.
To
tre,
From
the point S as a cen-
with
R, Fig.
i,
an arc cutting the
curve in B, the length required.
To

as centres, with
From
L,
the points
as radii,
S and B
B C and D
C, Fig.
i,
draw B
2
the direction required

the width of
rail
;
set off
each way from
and L S equal half
also
from the points
and
3 for pins to
describe the outside and inside curves.
To
find the vertical sides of the wreath
Fit a piece to the

;
angle of the tangents J
P and
B C on
to the
3
the side
;
J,
and
draw the pitch J L, Fig. i on the side J L cut the pitch C
marks
apply the bevel as shown in Fig.
2.
IPlate
STAIR BUILDING.
I9
PLATE
VIII
Exhibits the pla?i of a quarter cylinder at the landing. To find the length of curve required for the easing
the
Draw
common
pitch from the point

;
L
to
to S equal half the riser
tre of level rail,
B indefinitely set up from from the point S, draw the cencutting the pitch in R draw R P parallel
; ;
D, and
J equal
P D.
Then
'
J equals the length of sides of the easing
curve required.
To
find the vertical
and horizontal

;
square over
;
on the side P J draw the pitch R B on the side P D cut to the marks apply the bevel as shown in Fig. 2. To draw the mould for the easing, Fig. 3 Square up from
; :
C
3,
to
to 2
P i set off from C to R, and from P C and 3 equal B N, Fig. i with pins in the points 2 and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the cenequal
D, Fig.
tre curve.
From
the point
as a centre, with
F, Fig.
i,
an arc cutting the curve
in L, the
point
of contact.
From
the points
and
as centres, with J
in
and B R, Fig. i, as radii, S join R S and S L set off each way from P equal half The bevel applied to the width of rail the width of rail. determines the width of mould at R.
; ;
describe arcs cutting each other
Plate 9
SCALE
1J IN.
=1
FT
STAIR BUILDING.
21
PLATE IX
Exhibits a plaii of handi'ail for platform stairs ; the steps placed in the cyHnder.
To draw the elevation of the tangents Square up from C and B indefinitely from the point D draw the common pitch cutting the line from C in P set up from P to L equal
: ; ;
the riser
join
L.
To draw
Fig. 3
:
the elliptic curve for the centre of the mould,
Square up from
to
equal
N
2,
J,
Fig.
from the
point
as a centre, with S R, Fig.

2
;
and 3 with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve from the point A as a centre, with P S, Fig. 2, from as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D
arcs cutting the major axis in
; ;
the point
as
a centre,
with S T, Fig.
2,
as
a radius,
describe an arc cutting the curve in
C
;
from the points C

2,
and
as
centres, with
D P
and S
P, Fig.
as
radii,

set off
join
and
rail
;
DH
each way from

find the vertical
from
the points describe the outside and inside curves.
and horizontal sides of the wreath draw Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents F C J, Fig. i the pitch D P on the side F C, the pitch P S on the side C apply the bevel as shown in Fig. 4. cut to the marks J
: ; ;
;
To
IPlate
lO
SCALE
IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
23
PLATE X
Exhibits a plan for turnouts^ at
stoops.
the starting of
stairs
and
To draw
and D, and R S
Fig.
the elevation of the rail

i,
Square up from
the
A C
indefinitely
draw
D.
RL
common
pitch,
at right angles to
To
3
:
find the elliptic curve for the centre of the
mould, Fig.
Set up from
to
equal
A
2,
N, Fig.
from the point
as a centre, with
T, Fig.
as a radius, describe arcs

;
cutting the major axis in the points 2 and 3 with pins in the points, and by the use of thread or cord and pencil,
describe the centre curve

Fig.
I.
set
up from
to
equal
C,
From
the point as a centre, with
LR
bisected as
a radius, describe arcs cutting the curve in
D
;
and
C Y
equal
and C
D
;
the direction of straight rail

;
Y join D Y should
;
P, Fig. 2
rail
set off
each way from
equal half the
width of
from the points describe the outside and
inside curves.
To
C
to
find the angle to bevel the plank for the vertical sides
:
of the wreath
J, Fig.
I
;

;
draw the pitch R L, Fig. 2, on the sides cut apply the bevel to the sides for the angle the marks
;
required.
I^late
11
SCALE
IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
2$
PLATE
Fig.
stairs,
I
XI.
a plan of winders, at the starting of the the wreath in one piece forming its own easing at the
exhibits
newel post.
up from A to 5 equal five risers draw the common place the pitch-board pitch and the easing to the point B set up from the step to
To draw
the elevation of handrail

;
Set
;
centre of
rail
at
the newel
post,
equal the difference in
height of post and short baluster, minus the rise of the
comfor
mon
ter
;
pitch from the riser to the point to bore for the balusjoin
C, the pitch
and length of tangents required
the mould.
form the wreath Fit a piece to the tangents S N, S A and A D, Fig. i draw the pitch C B on the sides S N and S A apply the bevel cut to the marks to the sides A D and S N for the angles required. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from C to D and S, equal P S and P N, Fig i from the point D as a centre, with B J as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in the points 2 and 3 place pins in the points, and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. From the points C and S as centres, with B R as radius, describe arcs cutting each other in H join S H, the tangent set off each way from D equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inside curves. Cut
find the angles to
:
To
;:
the plank parallel to the centre curve 3-16 inch wider than
the rail
;
the joints at right angles to the tangent
and face of
plank.
Flate IS
STAIR BUILDING.
27
PLATE
JExhibits a
XII
;
plan of stairs zvith winders at the starting the curve described from centres of unequal radii the wreath in one piece. To draw the elevation of the tangents A B, B C and C D, Fig. I Set up from step to pitch board equal four risers from the point draw the common pitch 4 S set up from E to F equal the difference in the heights of the newel and the short baluster, minus the rise of the common pitch from the riser to
; :
the point to bore for the baluster

draw 4
join S
parallel to S
F
P.
square over from*
to
join S
B,
and
Then P
equals the elevation of
S equals the
and S 4 equals the elevation of C D, Fig. i. Square up from C to D and J equal P N R, Fig. i from the point J as a centre, with S H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3, the points for pins and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the curve from the point J set off from J to N equal R S, Fig. 2 from the point N as a cenelevation of
C,
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

;
tre,
S
;
with S 4 as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in join from the point S as a centre, with L 4, Fig. 2, S
as
a radius, describe an arc cutting the major axis in

J as a centre, with
from the point
D L
and 5 for pins to describe the curve J L set off each way from J equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and
arcs cutting the major axis in the points 4
; ;
inside curves.
To
Fig.
I
find the angles to bevel the

:
plank for the vertical sides

side
of the wreath
;
Fit a piece to the angles of the tangents.
draw the pitch 4 S on the

;
D
;
C,
and the pitch S
the sides
on the side C B A B and D
cut to the marks
apply the bevel to
Ilate
13
STAIR BUILDING.
29
PLATE
Fig.
I
XIII.
elevation
exhibits the pla7i

stairs.
:
and
of handrail for a
quarter platform
To draw
nitely
;
the elevation
Square up from
AB
;
and
L indefiriser,
set
up from S
to
equal the height of
and
from from
to to
equal half the height of riser

;
extend the pitch
join
F.
:
form the wreath Fit a piece to the tangents Fig. i draw the pitch D H on the side A B, and the pitch H F on the side B C cut to the marks, and apply the bevels as shown at Fig. 2. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from A to B equal set off from A to L, and from B to 2 and 3 S A, Fig. I equal D J, Fig. i place pins in the points 2 and 3 by the use of a thread or cord and pencil, describe the elliptical curve B L for the centre of the mould square over from A B to C equal D H draw the tangent C D equal H F,
find the angles to
To
ABC,
Fig.
I.
To
find the width of the

rail
;
mould
at
Apply the bevel
to
the width of the

inside curves.
place pins and draw the outside and
Cut the plank to a parallel width, threesixteenths wider than the rail the joints at right angles to
;
the tangents and face of plank.
Flate
14
STAIR BUILDING.
3I
PLATE XIV
Exhibits the plaii for a quarter platform stairs.
To
continue the
common
rail
pitch in the wreath
Set off
from the centre of
A, to
B and C
:
equal half the width
of step to face of risers.
Square up from A to J equal E D, Fig. I from the points A and J as centres, with L P, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting each other in C and D*; then C D should equal L I, Fig. 2. Set up from A to B equal E S, Fig. i from the point B as a centre, with L R,
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

;
Fig.
2,

;
major axis in
Set off each
the points 2 and 3
place pins, and by the use of thread or

half the width of rail
cord and pencil, describe the centre curve.
way from B equal
from the points

for
To
wreath
find the vertical angle

:
to bevel the plank
the

I
;
AD
and
E, Fig.
;
draw the pitch
L P
on the sides
cut to the
marks
apply the bevel for the angle required.
I>late
15
STAIR BUILDING.
35
PLATE XV.
Fig.
I
exhibits the plaji
for
a?i
obtuse-angled staircase, at
the landing.
up from C to D equal half the riser from the point D, draw the centre of level rail draw B F parallel to A E, and F H equal F E, the angle required; join H A equal the radius, and H E equal the length of
;
To find the length of the common pitch A B

;
curve required for the easing

set
Draw
;
curve.
To
side
find
the vertical angles to form the wreath
Fit a
piece to the tangents
E F
F E
square over on the side

at Fig.
:
draw the pitch B C on the F H cut to the marks

;
apply the bevel as shown
2.
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

I
;
H,
Fig.
set
i
;
off
from
Square up from to C, and from

2
A
B
to
B
;
equal
to 2 3
equal
J, Fig.
and
and 3 by the
use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve.
To
find
the
length
of
curve
i,
From
radius,
the
point
as
a centre, with
L,
Fig,
S.
as a
describe an arc
the points
i,
To
and S
and
rail
find the direction of straight rail

as
From
Fig.
centres,
with
F and
;
B,
as radii,
describe arcs cutting each other in the point
join
R
B
S,
the direction required

rail.
set off
each way from
half the width of
equals the width of
The bevel applied to mould at the joint C.
the width of
Plate 16
SCALE
IN.
FOOT,
STAIR BUILDING.
35
PLATE
Fig.
I
XVI.
stairs.
exhibits the
plan for an acute-angled platform
To
from
continue the
common
;
pitch in the tangents

;
Set off
to
equal one and one-half step
to 4 equal four risers
from the points
square up from and 4 draw the

Fit
common pitch To find the

the pitch I
to the point D.
angles to bevel the plank for the wreath
a piece to the angle of the tangents
AB
R, Fig.
draw
cut to
on the side R B, and the pitch D 4 on the side the marks apply the bevel to the sides for the
;
angle required.
To draw
nitely
;
set
Square up from C indefimould, Fig. 3 up from C to S equal C D, Fig. i, and from S to

the
:
R
P
and P equal J
4, Fig. 2,
bisected
2,
from the points
and
as centres, with
4,
;
Fig.
as radius, describe arcs cut-
ting each other in

straight rail
;
set
L draw up from C
L P and L R to D equal C
2,
the direction of
A, Fig.
from
the point
as a centre, with S 4, Fig.
major axis in the points 2 and 3 for pins, and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve set off each way from D equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inside
arcs cutting the
; ;
curves.
riate 17
STAIR BUILDING.
37
PLATE
Fig.
I
XVII.
To B equal two (2) risers draw the common pitch D C and B C from the point of intersection, draw C S parallel to B A, and S R equal S A. To find the angle to bevel the plank for the wreath Fit a piece to the tangents A S R, Fig. i draw the pitch C D on the side S R, and the pitch C B on the side S A cut to
:
plan of an obtuse-angled platform stairs. draw the elevation of the handrail Set up from A to
exhibits the
;
marks
apply the bevel for the angle required.
To draw
from A to R and D equal

Fig.
I
mould for the wreath, L and J, equal LPS, Fig. i

the
Fig. 3
;
Square up
set off
from
equal
2,
to
B, Fig.
rail
2,
;
bisected
set
draw
and J
the direction of straight

;
up from
A to B
F
L A,
as a
from the point
B
;
as a centre, with
B, Fig.
2
radius, describe
arcs cutting the major axis in
and
by the use
;
of thread or cord
pencil, describe the centre curve
set off
and each way from B

outside and inside curves.
rail
from the points describe the
rlate
18
STAIR BUILDING.
39
PLATE
XVIII
Set up from
Exhibits a quarter circle of winding stairs. To draw the elevation of the handrail
to
equal five risers

pitch
;
from the points B and C, draw the com-
mon
join
from th^ pitch as tangents, describe the easings

plank in the joints
Fit a
C B tangent to the easings. To find the angle to bevel the
draw the pitch R N on the sides cut to the marks apply the bevel as shown in Fig. 2. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from C to D and from the points C and L as L, equal D S and D P, Fig. i
piece to the tangents
; ;
: ;
DSP;
centres, with
RB
;
bisected as a radius, describe arcs cutting
each other in P and R L R and L P extend

the point
as
R should equal R J join from L P to N equal R T, Fig. centre, with R L, Fig. as a radius,
;
then P
i,
describe arcs cutting the major axis in describe the curve
and
with pins
in the points, and by the use of thread or cord and pencil,
D R
;
set off each way from D equal from the points describe the outside
;
and
inside curves.
Flate 19
STAIR BUILDING.
4!
PLATE XIX
Exhibits a quarter circle of winders at the landing.
To draw
four risers easing
;
the elevation of
;
rail
Set up from
the
to
B equal
from the point

riser,
C draw
common
;
pitch and
tangent to the easing draw
equal half the
plus the rise of
C B set common
up from
pitch
to
the riser to the point to bore for baluster, as
from shown on the
pitch-board.
C to D and L equal T S and T R, Fig. i draw L R and L B, equal L B, Fig. 2, bisected, and B R equal L P, Fig. 2 extend L B to N equal L J, Fig. 2 from the point D as a centre, with L N, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3
:
Square up from
in 2
and
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or
cord and pencil, describe the curve
D R
;
set off
each
way from
rail
from the points
JPlate
SO
LEVEL RAIL
STAIR BUILDING.
4$
PLATE XX
Exhibits a plan of stairs with winders at the landi?ig. To draw the elevation of the rail Set up from
:
A
C
to
-equal five risers,
and from B
bisect
to
D
Y
equal half the
riser,
plus
the rise of the
common
;
pitch from the riser to the point to
bore for baluster
AB
;
in
square over to
join
CD
C
place the pitch-board

;
draw the common
pitch, also
the easing
tangent to the easing, draw

the mould, Fig. 3
;
:
C.
To draw
D, Fig.
I
Square up from
from the point B as a centre,
A to B equal with R S, Fig. 2,

2
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in
and
by the use of thread or cord, describe the centre curve from tlie point A as a centre, with P C, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C from the point C as a centre, with R N, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in J from the points C and J as centres, with P C and R C, Fig. 2, as radii, describe arcs cutting each other in L draw C L and L J extended to D, equal P F, Fig. 2 set off each way from B equal* half the width of rail from the points draw the outside and inside
with pins
in the points,
;
curves.
To
plank for the wreath
Fit
F D,
Fig.
draw
the pitch P
C on
the side
;
F, the pitch
C R on
the side
F D
cut to the marks
apply the bevel to the sides for the
angles required.
To draw the mould for the upper wreath. Fig. 4 B equal R D, Fig. 2, and B C equal C D, Fig. i
Draw
set off
ach way from
rail
from the
points describe the curves required.
rlate
31
STAIR BUILDING.
45
PLATE XXI
JExhibits a continuation
ings to the starting of
of of second
stairs with
flight.
:
u inders
at the land-
To draw

;
Square up from
to
equal five risers
pitch
rise
from the point B, draw the common up from S to J equal half the riser and the of the common pitch from the riser to the point to bore
B C
set
join C J. To draw the mould for the lower wreath, Fig. 3 Draw A B and B C equal R J and J P, Fig. 2 from the point A as a centre, describe the arc B 2 cutting the major axis in
for the baluster
the point for pins to describe the centre curve
set off
each
way from
rail
from the points
To draw
up from
the
to
mould
for the
centre, with
B equal P C, Fig.
2
H
2,
upper wreath, Fig. 4 Square from the point B as a D, Fig. i

: ;
as a radius, describe arcs cutting

;
the major axis in
use of
and 3 with pins in the points, by the thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve
;
from the point
as a centre, with
N, Fig.
2,
as a radius,
from the point R as a centre, with P L, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D draw R E equal P C, and D E equal N C, Fig. 2 set off each way from B equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inside
describe an arc cutting the curve in
curves.
To
find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath
Fit

the pitch
side
HDL,
Fig.
P C on
;
the side
H
;
D, and the pitch
C N
draw on the
;
DL
cut to the marks
apply the bevel to the sides
Plate
2S
STAIR BUILDING.
47
PLATE XXII
Exhibits a plan for platform stairs.
the landing of return
in the cylinder.
flight,
For want of room

is
at
the step at the starting
placed
To draw the elevation of the handrail.: Set up from A to S equal one riser, and from R to B equal two risers from the points draw the common pitch to intersect the lines squared up from D and E. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from A to B equal C S, Fig. I from the point B as a centre, with R L, Fig. 2,. as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve from the point A as a centre, with R J, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in N from the point N as a centre, with R P, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D ; from the points D and N as centres, with R J and S J as
;
radii,

;
set off
each
way from B equal
from the points

Fit
To
pitch S J on the side S D, the side L; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles cut to the marks
;
SDL, Fig. i pitch J R on the
draw the
required.
Flate
23
STAIR BUILDING.
49
PLATE XXIII
Exhibits a quarter platform stairs^ placed one
step
below
second floor.
To draw
equal one
to
Set up from
risers,
to
riser,
from L
to
equal three
and from
equal half the
riser,
plus the rise of the
common
;
pitch
from the riser to the point to bore for the baluster draw S J the common pitch join J C. To draw the mould. Fig. 3 Square up from A to B equal
;
:
Y, Fig.
from the point B as a centre, with
P, Fig.
2
2,
;
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in
and 3 with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and from the point A as a pencil, describe the centre curve
;
centre, with S
J, Fig.
;
2,
as a radius, describe an arc cutting
from the point S as a centre, with R N, Fig. from 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D the points D and S as centres, with S J and R J as radii, describe arcs cutting each other in C set off each way trom B equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inside curves. To draw the mould. Fig. 4 Set off from B to A and from B to C equal C D and D B, Fig. 2 the dotted curves from B cuts the major axis in the points for pins to describe the
the curve in S
; ; ;
:
centre curve.
To
3
:
find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath, Fig.
DC
Y, Fig.
draw the pitch S J on the side on the C, the pitch J cut to the marks apply the bevel to the sides side C Y
; ;
I'late
24
STAIR BUILDING.
PLATE XXIV
Exhibits a plan of hajidrail for quarter platform stairs at
the landing.
To draw
riser,
the elevation
Set up from
risers,
to
equal one
to S equal
from
to
equal three
and from
R
A
half the riser, plus the rise of the

riser to the point to
common
pitch from the
bore for the baluster.

:
To draw
C
B, Fig.
I
the mould, Fig. 3

;
Square up from
to
equal
from the point B as a centre, with L 2, major axis in 2 and 3 with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve from the point A as a centre, with P H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D from the point D as a centre, with L N, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C from the points C and D as centres, with P H and L H as radii, describe arcs cutting each other in S set off each way from B equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inside curves. To draw the mould, Fig. 4 Set off from A to B and C equal L S and E S, Fig. 2 from the point B as a centre, describe an arc from A cutting the major axis in the points
J, Fig.
for pins to describe the centre curve.
To
3
:
find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath, Fig.
C, Fig.
draw
the pitch
the side
B C
on the side H B, and the pitch H L on cut to the marks apply the bevel to the sides
Ilate
So
STAIR BUILDING.
53
PLATE XXV
Exhibits the plan for a quarter circle of winders
and
plat-
form.
To draw the elevation of the handrail From the point J draw the common pitch and easing set up from A to B equal five risers from the point B draw B D, the common pitch, and D J tangent to the easing. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from A to R and B equal L T and L N, Fig. i from the points A and B as
: ;
centres, with S E, Fig.
2,
bisected, describe arcs cutting each
other in
Fig.
2,
C and D
from the point
as a centre, with
C,

;
major axis
in 2
and and
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord

;

rail
;
set off
each way from
from the points describe the outside and inside curves extend B D equal S J, Fig. 2. To draw the mould, Fig. 4 Square up from C to B equal
;
T, Fig.
from the point B
as a centre, with
F, Fig.
2,
major axis
in 2
and
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and

equal
E H,
P
;
Fig. 2
draw C J equal B D, and from the paints J and D as centres,

;
with
E D and B
;
D, Fig.
2,
as radii, describe arcs cutting
each other in
width of
rail
set off each way from B equal half the from the points describe the outside 'and
inside curves.
To
find the angles to bevel the plank
Fit a piece to the
angle of the tangents
NT
L, Fig.
draw the pitch
E D
cut to
on the side
the marks
required.
;
T, and the pitch
DB
on the side
T N
the
apply the bevel to the sides
for
angles
Flate 36
STAIR BUILDING.
55
PLATE XXVI
JExhibiis a
plan of ivindhig
set
stairs at the landijig.

rail
:
To draw B P
the
the elevation of the

;
Draw
the
common
;
pitch and easing
up from
;
tangent to the easing

riser,
plus the rise
B equal five risers draw up from B to C equal half of the common pitch from the riser to
to
set
:
the point to bore for the baluster.
To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from A to J and B equal C D and C J, Fig. i draw B C and B D equal S J, from the point Fig. 2, bisected, and C D equal J R, Fig. 2
; ;
J as a centre, with J H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 with pins in the points,
;
by the use
curve
;
of thread or cord
and
pencil, describe the centre

rail
set off
each way from J equal half the width of
from the points describe the outside and inside curves extend B C to L equal S P, Fig. 2 then L D equals the length of lower wreath, and C D the length of upper wreath.
;
To
find the angle to bevel the plank
Fit a piece to the
angle of the tangents

the sides
;
C D
J,
Fig.
draw the pitch S C on
cut to the marks, and apply the bevel for angle.
Flate Sr
SCALE
IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
57
PLATE XXVII
Exhibits the plan for a scroll at the starting of the stairs. To draw the scroll Describe the eye one inch wider than
:
the
rail
divide the diameter into four equal parts
sub-
divide, as shown by the figures, for the points to describe
the curves.
To draw
the elevation of the scroll

;
Square up from B to
draw the common pitch C D join D E. To draw the mould, Fig. 2 Square up from A to B equal A R, Fig. I from the point B as a centre, with C J, Fig. i, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve from the point A as a
centre, with
C D
an arc cutting the
curve in
from the point

D, and
as a centre, with
P, Fig. i,
as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in
draw
DJ
equal
J equal
D, Fig.
i
;
set off
each way
from B equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inside curves. To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath Fit
:
a piece to the angles of the tangents

the pitch
RA
B, Fig.
draw
L D on
the side
;
A, the pitch
D C
on the side
AB
cut to the marks
apply the bevel to the sides for the
angles required.
Flate
28
FIRST STEP
SCALE
IN,
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
59
PLATE XXVIII
Exhibits a plan for half circle of winder at the curve drawn from centres of unequal radii.
starti7igj
the
To draw
step to
the elevation of the tangents
Set up from the

pitch from the
at right
equal the difference in the heights of newel and
short baluster, minus the rise of the

riser to the point
common
;
to
;
bore for baluster
also
from the step to

;
equal
five risers
draw the common pitch B C
C To draw to L and J,
angles to
A, draw
P, Fig.
:
the mould, Fig. 3
equal
in 2
a centre, with
C S and L N as a
and
3,
S P,
join P D. Square up from the point C from the point J as Fig. i

; ;
major axis
;
the points for pins to describe the
curve J N from the point J as a centre, with S T, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 4 and 5, the points for pins to describe the curve J D draw R D equal D S, Fig. 2 set off each way from J equal half the width
;
of rail
from the points describe the outside and inside

the mould, Fig. 4
;
curves.
To draw
Square up from
to
equal
2,
P, Fig.
from the point
as a centre, with J R, Fig. major axis in 2 and

;
3,
the points for pins to describe the centre curve
point
arc
as a centre, with J C, Fig. 2, as a radius, cutting the curve in as a centre, from the point
from the describe an
with J H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C draw D S equal S C, and C S equal J C, Fig. 2 extend S C for the direction and length of straight rail set
; ;
off
each way from
rail
from the
:
points draw the outside
and inside curves.

Fit
Fig.
i
;
To
find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreaths
a piece to the angles of the tangents.
draw the
cut to the
pitches on the sides over which they are placed
marks
apply the bevel for the angles required.
.Flate
29
Fig.3
SCALE
I IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDINCx.
6l
PLATE XXIX
Exhibits a plan for circular stairs.
To find the common pitch Square up from the tangent E C to S equal four risers join S R, the pitch required. To draw the mould for the arc B C, Fig. i Square up from A to C, Fig. 2, equal S E, Fig. i draw C D and C E
: ;
:
and D E equal S Y set up from A to B equal S B, Fig. i from the point B as a centre, with S J as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3
equal S
bisected,
with pins in the points, describe the centre curve
set off
each way from B half the width of

rail
from the points
To draw
the elevation of the tangents
ALB,
;
Fig.
Square up from B to J, Fig. 6, equal three risers set up from first step to P, equal the difference in the heights of the newel and short baluster draw J N the common pitch
;
join
N A
P.
To draw
from
the
mould
for the arc
A
i
B, Fig.
;
Square up
as
to B, Fig. 3, equal
L, Fig.
from the point B
a centre, with J
as
;
a radius, describe arcs cutting the

in the points, describe the
as a centre, with in
major axis
in 2
;
centre curve
and 3 with pins from the point A
as a
radius, describe
point
from the an arc cutting the curve in C draw C T equal P C, and D T equal J N, Fig. 6 set off each way from B equal half the width of rail from the points describe the outside and inan arc cutting the curve
;
as a centre, with J S, Fig. 6, as a radius, describe

;
side curves.
To draw
from C
to
the elevation of the tangent
C H,
Fig.
Set
up
equal two and one-half
risers,
plus the rise of
STAIR BUILDING.
the
63
common
; ;
pitch from the riser to the point to bore for the

level
baluster
rail
from the point D, square over for centre of
draw C
the
common
pitch,
YH
C
i
parallel to
C,
and
H R equal H
To draw
from
C.
the
mould
for the arc
R, Fig.
;
Square up
to B, Fig. 4, equal
S C, Fig.
from the point B as
a centre, with
J, Fig. 5, as
a radius, describe arcs cutting
the major axis in

the centre curve
Fig.
5,
;
> and
with pins in the points, describe
from the point

R, Fig.
i,
as a centre, with
as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in
C P, E
5
draw
DL
equal
and
E L
equal
Y, Fig.
;
set off each
way from B equal
from
Fit
the points describe the outside and inside curves.
To
plank for the wreaths

i
;
a piece to the tangents
on the marks
side
;
B, the pitch
ALB, Fig. N P on the
draw the pitch

side
LA
J cut to the
apply the bevel to the sides for the angles required.
I?late
30
STAIR BUILDING.
65
PLATE XXX
^Exhibits the
plan of circular
stairs cotitinued to the starting
of
secofid flight.
common pitch Square up from A to B equal B C the pitch required set up from A to D equal three and one-half risers draw D E parallel to B C, and the tangent E F equal E A then A F equals the
To
find the
; :
two
risers
join
length of curve required for the mould.
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

;
Square up from
as a centre,
A C,
Fig.
from the point B
A to B equal with D J, Fig. 2,

in 2
;
and 3 with pins in the points, and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve from the point C as a
major axis
centre, with
P D,
Fig.
2,
an arc cutting
2,
the curve in
D
i
;
draw
;
D R
equal
E, Fig.
and C
equal
E, Fig.
rail
width of
inside curves
set off each way from B equal half the from the points describe the outside and cut the plank parallel to the centre curve,
rail
;
3-16 wider than the
the joints at right angles to the
tangents and face of plank.
To
Fit
over on the side

cut to the marks
required.
E F
;
draw the pitch
A E F, Fig. E D on the
square
side
EA
apply the bevel to the sides for the angles
ria-te
31
STAIR BUILDING.
67
PLATE XXXI
Exhibits the plan of an irregular elliptical staircase. To find the common pitch Set up from A to
:
B
:
equal
three and one-half risers
join
B C
the pitch required.
To draw the elevation of the tangents D L A Set up A to E equal two risers draw E F the common pitch join F H. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from C to D equal
from
;
L, Fig.
from the point
as a centre, with
R, Fig.
2,
;
and 3 with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and from the point C as a pencil, describe the centre curve
major axis
in 2
centre, with
H
;
F, Fig.
2,
an arc cutting
S, Fig,
;
from the point S as a centre, with E an arc cutting the curve in P 2, the points P and S as centres, with H F and E F,
the curve in S
;
from
2,
Fig.
as radii, describe arcs cutting each other in J set off each from the points equal half the width of rail way from
describe the outside and inside curves

at
extend the wreath

Fit
equal half the depth of
rail.
:
To

the pitch
DL
E
A, Fig.
draw
F on
;
the side
L,
and F
on the side
LA
cut to the marks

required.
Tlate
32
SCALE
I IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
69
PLATE XXXII.
PLATE XXXI CONTINUED.
To find the elevation of the tangents A C N, Fig. i, and the common pitch Set off from P to H equal the tangents A C and N C square up from P to S equal seven risers join H S, the elevation and common pitch required. To find the major axis of the elliptical curve for the centre: ;
of the
mould
Set off from
to J equal
A N
join J S, cut-
ting the tangent of
AC
in
then S
equals half the length
major axis, and S J equals the length of curve required. To draw the mould, Fig. 2 Square up from L to D equal P C, Fig. I draw D R and D P equal H S bisected, and
:
R
I
;
P equal
J S, Fig. from the point
set
up from L
to
equal
P
3
A, Fig.
i,
;
as a centre, with
S R, Fig.
in 2
;
as a
major axis
rail
and
with
pins in the points, describe the centre curve
way from
equal half the v/idth of
each from the points

set off
To
the
find the angle to bevel the plank to form the wreath
AC
N, Fig.
i
;
draw
apply
common
pitch on the sides
cut to the marks
the bevel for the angle required.
T>late
33
STAIR BUILDING.
PLATE
To
XXXIII.
PLATE XXXII CONTINUED.
draw the elevation of the tangent L F Square up from L to B equal three and one-half risers join D B the common pitch set up from L to R equal two and one-half risers, plus the rise of the rail from the riser to the point to
:
bore for the baluster

rail
;
square over for the centre of level
draw
S parallel to
B, S
parallel to
R
D
L,
and F
H
2,
;
equal
L.
To draw
the mould, Fig. 3

;
Square up from
to
equal
L, Fig.
from the point
as a centre, with
J,
Fig.
and 3 major with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve from the point L as a
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the axis in 2
;
centre, with
P, Fig.
;
2,
an arc cutting
the curve in
R
;
draw
J equal
S, Fig. 2,
and
J equal
F H,
of
Fig.
;
rail
I set off each way from C equal half the width from the points describe the outside and inside
curves.
To
find the angles to bevel the plank for the

to the angle of the tangents
wreath
Fit
a piece
the side
L F
square over on
H
;
draw the pitch S L on the

the bevel to
the
side
F L
the
cut to
the marks
required.
apply
sides for
angles
Plate
34
STAIR BUILDING.
73
PLATE XXXIV
Exhibits the elliptical staircase continued
second flight.
to
the starting
of
To
from
find the
common
;
pitch
Extend C
A
;
to
set
up
the
to
equal three and one-half risers
join
B D
pitch required
draw
A.
tangent to the curve

right angles to
D E tangent to the curve R E, F R A R, F H parallel to D B, and F N at

:
To draw
S A, Fig.
I
the mould, Fig. 2

;
Square up from
to
B equal
from the point B
as a centre, with
J, Fig. i,
and 3 ; with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve from the point A as a
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2
;
centre, with
R, Fig.
;
i,
as a radius, describe an arc cutting
the curve in
from the point D as a centre, with B L, Fig. I, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C from the points D and C as centres, with B N and R F, Fig. i, as radii, describe arcs cutting each other in L extend D L to
equal
D, Fig.
i.
To
radii,
extend the mould from the point
R to
;
E, Fig.
From
i,
the points
and
as centres, with
B P and E
D, Fig.
as
describe arcs cutting each other in S
join
draw
S 4 at right angles to S R, and
at right angles to
;
AD
from the point 4 as a centre, describe the curve C S set off from the each way from B equal half the .width of rail points describe the outside and inside curves. To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath Fit
;
:
over on the side

cut to the marks
required.
DE
;
draw the pitch
A D E, Fig. t square D B on the side D A;

;
rlate
35
LEVEL RAIL
SCALE
1j IN.
FOOT
STAIR BUILDING.
75
PLATE XXXV
Exhibits a plan of stairs at the landing. To draw the elevation of the handrail
:
Place the step

;
from the point A, draw the pitch A C and the floor set up from the floor to the centre of level rail, equal half the riser B C, and the rise of the rail from the riser to the
;
AB
point to bore for the baluster on the
common
pitch
draw
;
D F parallel to C B, and J S at right angles to J F R J equals the length of curve required for the mould.
To
find the angles to
: ;
then
form the wreath Fit a piece to the tangents R F and F J, Fig. i draw the pitch of the rail on the side R F square over on the side F J cut to the marks apply the bevel, as shown in Fig. 2. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from A to B equal S R, Fig. I set off from A to C, and from B to 2 and 3 equal N H place pins in the points 2 and 3, and by the use of a thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. To find the length of curve and point of contact Set up from C to D equal L J, Fig. i set off from D to R equal N E, Fig. I square up from D to S equal J F, Fig. i join S R, and extend for the straight rail set off from B each way half the width of the rail the bevel applied to the width of the rail determines the width of the mould at D
; ; ; : ; ; : ;
and R.
I>late
36
STAIR BUILDING.
77
PLATE XXXVI
Exhibits a plan of stairs at the starting of second flight. To draw the elevation of the handrail Place the step
:
AB
up from the floor to centre of level rail, equal half the riser, and the rise of the rail from the riser to the point draw the square up from Y to C to bore for. the baluster
;
set
tangent
then
C D equal C R join D S at right angles to D C R D equals the length of curve required for the mould.
;
To
find the angles required to
piece to the angle of the tangents

;
draw the pitch on the side C R C D cut to the marks apply the bevel, as shown at Fig. 2. To draw the mould, Fig. 3 Square up from the point A set off from A to C, and from B to to B equal S R, Fig. i place pins in the points 2 and 3, 2 and 3, equal P J, Fig. i and by the use of the thread or cord and pencil, describe
; ;
:
Fit a form the wreath R C and C D, Fig. i square over on the side
: ;
the centre curve.
To
C
find the length

i,
From
the point
as centre, with
L, Fig.
as radius, describe
an arc cut-
ting the curve in N, the point of contact
To
find the direction of straight
set J equal P Y, Fig. i half the width of the rail the bevel applied to the width
D, and
and length required. rail draw C J equal off each way from B
:
of the rail determines the width of the
mould
at C.
li
A'.i'/
'
';.A,vni

Art and Science of Stair Building - L. D. Gould 1885

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Art and Science of Stair Building - L. D. Gould 1885

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THE ART AND SCIENCE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

ART AND SCIENCE

Stair Builders' Guide." and "Steel

Thirty -six Engraved PlaJe^TT^^

HAROHAM, PRINTER. NEWARK.

has been the object of the author of this work, which

he now presents to the public for their inspection, to reduce

Stair Building to the shortest

most simple system of

reach the end

has confidence in believing that

and the price the lowest

work which has been

describe a7i elliptical cu7've with a thread or cord

find the points to place pins

as a radius, describe arcs, cutting the

axis in the points 2

place pins in the points, and, by

the use of thread or cord

pencil, describe the elipse

Care should be taken to keep the thread or cord

Suppose the curve

Set off each

equal half the width of

way from the from the points draw

cutting the major axis in the points

for pins to describe the outside

and inside curves.

To find the points for A C B Set off from C

pins to describe a curve parallel to

from the point P

as a radius, describe arcs cutting the

the points 4 and 5 the curve required.

place pins and describe

point to bore for baluster.

continue the height of

should be taken to measure the

points to bore for balusters, as

shown by the dotted

Also, a practical rule for finding the vertical

the elliptic curve required.

To find the with L B as a

points for pins

radius, describe arcs cutting the

the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe

the curve for centre of mould.

find the length of curve

and point of contact

cutting the curve in

find the direction of the straight rail

and J as centres, with S arcs cutting each other in F

C and B C as radius, describe join H F and F J extended

find the vertical angles to bevel the plank

A, and the pitch

Exhibits the plan for a platform stairs, where the radius of

width of step. draw the elevation of the handrail, Fig. 2 Square up

vertical cuts at the joint B.

rule applies to larger circles,

the width of step from the centre of

find the length of curve required for the

equal the riser

centre of baluster, draw