Basic of Generator

Generator Basics
GENERATOR BASICS
09873171145 scsrex@gmail.com
Generator Basics
Generator Structure
• Generator is a machine which converts
Mechanical energy to Electrical energy
• Magnetic Induction Principle
• An emf is induced in a coil whenever
a) a coil cuts through a magnetic field

b) a magnetic field cuts through a coil
Generator Basics
Generator Structure
• emf induction is due to relative motion
between two parts ( coil & magnetic field)
• Relative motion is by Rotation
• Two mechanical parts :
Field - Part which produces magnetism (Rotor)

Armature – part where emf is induced (Stator)
Generator Basics
Generator Structure
Generator Basics
Generator components
• Prime Mover
• Rotor (Exciter)
• Stator
Generator Basics
Generator components- Prime mover
• Source of mechanical power for

relative motion
• Two classes of Prime movers :
High Speed : Steam & Gas Turbines

Low Speed : IC engines, Water turbines and
DC motors
Generator Basics
Generator components- Prime mover
• Type of prime mover plays an important role

in a generator installation
Many characteristics of alternator

and its construction depend upon
Speed at which the rotor is turned.
Generator Basics
Generator components- Rotors
• Two types are used in rotating field alternators
- Turbine driven rotor

( used where prime mover is a high speed turbine)
- salient pole rotor

( used with low speed prime movers)
Generator components- Rotors
Generator Basics
Generator Basics
Generator components- Stators
• Many types based on
- Power out put

- Voltage output
- Type of cooling
- Number of phases
Generator components- Generator Basics
Simplified schematic of 3 ph. Stator
• Three single phase windings

displaced by 120 degrees
• Star or Delta connection
• Neutral may or may not be

brought out
• No. of terminals can be

3,4, or 6
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator
Three phase ac power at :
-Rated Voltage
-Rated Frequency
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator – Common Ratings
Small Generators : 25 kVA to 300 kVA
Medium Size Generators : 500 kVA to 1 MVA
Large size Generators : 1 MVA to 25 MVA
Power Plant Generators: 110 MW to 500 MW
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator - Frequency
• Frequency depends up on the

Speed of Rotation ( direct proportion)
• F = PN / 120 where
F = frequency in Hz
P = No. of poles
N = speed of rotation in RPM
( 120 is a constant to convert minutes to seconds

and poles to pole pairs)
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator - Frequency
• Nominal frequency = 50 Hz
• Generator frequency can vary due to

load fluctuations
• Frequency Regulation is mainly

by adjusting the speed
• speed is controlled by varying the fuel

input to the prime mover ( Governor control)
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator - Governors
• Governor ensures frequency at a set value

by increasing / decreasing the fuel input
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator - Governors
Two types of Governors :
Pneumatic : Fuel flow is controlled by

valve position control
Control Input : DC Voltage
Electronic : Fuel flow is controlled by

a total servo mechanism
Control input : DC Voltage pulses
Generator Basics
Droop Characteristics of Governors
Speed
Load
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator - Voltage
• Voltage is induced in the stator winding
• Terminal voltage depends upon :
1) No. of conductors in series per winding

2) Speed at which magnetic field cuts the winding
3) Strength of the magnetic field
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator – Voltage Control
• Nominal Voltage = 415 V, 11 kV

• Voltage can vary due to load fluctuations
• Terminal voltage is controlled by

varying the Strength of magnetic field
= varying the current through the field coil
= varying the voltage applied to the field coil
(Exciter control)
Generator Basics
Typical Exciter
Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator – Exciters
External to Exciter Transformer

Generator Rectifier Unit
Controls
Built on the Small DC machine

Generator attached to same shaft
of generator
Generator Basics
Typical Exciter
Generator Basics
Neutral terminal
• Very important from the point of view of

a) reducing the fault currents
b) providing effective protection
• should be used for medium size and above
Generator Basics
Neutral Grounding Resistors
Protect generators from excessive fault currents

Provides safety for operators
Provides protection for connected equipment
Generator Basics
Generator Impedance
X
Synchronous Reactance
Transient reactance
GENERATOR PROTECTION
ϕ = 0o (360O) FORWARD RESISTIVE
ϕ = +30o FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE

ϕ = +90o FORWARD CAPACITIVE (LOSS OF FIELD)
ϕ = +120o REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWADRD CAPACITIVE

ϕ = +150o REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE
ϕ = +180o REVERSE RESISTIVE
ϕ = +210o (-150O) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE

ϕ = +270o (-90O) FORWARD INDUCTIVE
ϕ = +300o (-60O) FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE

Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
Influence of Rotor on Stator

Influence of Stator on Rotor
Effect of Load on Generator
Effect of excitation on Generator Impedance
Influence of generator on prime mover
Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
Influence of Rotor on Stator
• Only variable is excitation current

• Terminal voltage is proportional to
Excitation current
• Will influence Generator impedance
Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
Influence of Stator on Rotor
• Only variable is the load

• Unbalance loads can cause rotor heating
• Excessive loads can cause out of step
Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
Effect of Load on Generator
• Load will decide the pF of generator

• Over loads can cause speed reduction
• Unbalance loads can cause over heating
Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
Effect of excitation on Generator Impedance
Generator Basics
Power output from Generator
Active power kW Controlled by Governor
Reactive Power kVA Controlled by Exciter
TYPES OF GENERATORS
TURBO GENERATOR
DIESEL GENERATOR
HYDRO GENERATOR
WIND GENERATOR
SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS
PRIME MOVER
EXCITATION SYSTEM
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
GOVERNOR
COOLING SYSTEM
FAULTS IN GENERATOR
EXTERNAL FAULTS
INTERNAL FAULTS
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB SYSTEMS
EXTERNAL FAULTS
OVER LOADING
UNBALANCE LOADING
SHORT CIRCUIT
EARTH FAULT
INTERNAL FAULTS
PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN

WINDINGS
PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
DOUBLE EARTH FAULT TRIPPING
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB-SYSTEMS
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER FREQUENCY
OVER FREQUENCY
REVERSE POWER
LOSS OF EXCITATION
LOW-FORWARD POWER
TYPES OF FAULTS (STATOR SIDE)
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT

THERMAL OVER LOAD
CURRENT UNBALANCE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER FREQUENCY
UNDER FREQUENCY
LOSS OF FIELD
REVERSE POWER
UNDER POWER
OUT OF STEP
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
EARTH FAULT (100%)
EARTH FAULT (95%)
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
OVER EXCITATION (V/Hz)
TYPES OF FAULTS (ROTOR SIDE)
ROTOR EARTH FAULT

EXCITATION UNDER VOLTAGE
EXCITATION UNDER CURRENT
DIODE FAILURE
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
11 kV GENERATOR PROTECTION
11000/110v
r 27 59 81
400/5 49 51V 46 40 32 37 64
400/5
87G
6.6 MW
G
400/5
- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.

- RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT
NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING

WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE
I*/ [I>]
1.0
0.2
0.2 0.8 V/Vs

LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS
GENERATOR WILL OVER SPEED &

OPERATE AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR
(OVER SPEEDS OF THE ORDER OF 2 TO 5% )
GENERATOR WILL CONTINUE TO DELIVER POWER

WILL DERIVE EXCITATION FROM THE SYSTEM
STATOR CURRENT WILL BE 200%

THERE WILL BE HEAVY ROTOR CURRENT
RESULTS IN OVER HEATING
PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN

ANGLE ϕ VOLTAGE & CURRENT
IMPEDANCE REPLICA OF
ANGLE α PHASE ANGLE
α = 360O - ϕ
ϕ
α
Z
ϕ = 0o (360O) FORWARD RESISTIVE

ϕ = +90o FORWARD CAPACITIVE (LOSS OF FIELD)
ϕ = +120o REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWADRD CAPACITIVE

ϕ = +150o REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE
ϕ = +180o REVERSE RESISTIVE

ϕ = +270o (-90O) FORWARD INDUCTIVE

LOSS OF FIELD X
PROTECTION
Z
NORMAL
R
LOSS OF
FIELD
LOSS OF FIELD X
PROTECTION
Z
NORMAL
R
K1
LOSS OF
FIELD K2
REVERSE POWER GENERATORS
GENERATOR WILL BECOME MOTOR
HARMFUL TO THE PRIME MOVER
( STEAM TURBINE WILL OVER HEAT)

(DIESEL ENGINE WILL EXPLODE DUE
TO UNBURNT FUEL)
(HYDRAULIC TUBINE WILL HAVE CAVITATION)
STATOR EARTH FAULT
95% EARTH FAULT NORMAL RELAY
100% EARTH FAULT SPECIAL RELAY

SENSES ABSENCE
OF 3RD HARMONICS
STATOR EARTH FAULT
0%
95 TO 100%
95%
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
- APPLICATION OF FULL VOLTAGE AT

STANDSTILL
COASTING TO STOP
BEFORE SYNCHRONISM
- PRESENCE OF UNBALANCE VOLTAGE DUE TO

FLASH OVER AT IONE OR TWO POLES OF BREAKER
GENERATOR FORCED TO START AS

INDUCTION MOTOR RESULTING IN MECHANICAL
DAMAGES TO PRIME MOVER AND EXCESSIVE
HEATING IN THE ROTOR
V/Hz PROTECTION
- INCORRECT VOLTAGE REGULATOR ACTION

- LOAD THROW - OFF
- SUDDEN OVER VOLTAGE / OVER FREQUENCY
RESULTS IN OVER FLUXING OF GENERATOR

AND OVER HEATING
LOAD SHARING OF GENERATORS
BC1 BC2
BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3
r r
r B1 r B2 r B3 PT3
PT1 PT2
L L L L
L L S S S S
S S - R R R R
R R CT3
CT1 CT2
G1 G2 PULSES FOR G3 PULSES FOR

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & GOVERNOR &
GOVERNOR & EXCITER EXCITER
EXCITER
LSR = LOAD SHARING RELAY
09873171145 scsrex@gmail.com Fig. -1

GRID ISLANDING SCHEME
GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
REVERSE POWER RELAY

LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
DIRECTIONAL O/C + E/F RELAY
r
r rr r
dF/dT RELAY
UNDER FREQ. RELAY
DG
OVER FREQ. RELAY PLANT
VECTOR SURGE RELAY LOADS
SYNCHRONISATION OF GENERATORS
SYNCHRONISING IS THE PROCESS OF
ELECTRICALLY CONNECTING
TWO AC POWER SOURCES WITH
ROTATING MACHINES
WITHOUT ANY DISTURBANCE TO

EXISTING SYSTEM AND
WITHOUT ANY DAMAGE TO THE

EXISTING SYSTEM
SYNCHRONISATION
SINGLE GENERATOR TO A BUS

(DEAD BUS / LIVE BUS SYNCH.)
MULTIPLE GENERATORS TO A BUS

(SIZE, VINTAGE, RESPONSE TIMES)
AUTO CHANGEOVER IN BUS CONNECTIONS
MANUAL & AUTO SYNCHRONISATION
REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION
PARAMETERS GOVERNING
SYNCHRONISATION :
VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY
PHASE ANGLE
SYNCHRONISING OF GENERATORS
COMMON BUS
r B1 r B2
PT1 PT2
SCM 21
G1 G2
RESULTS OF INCORRECT SYNCHRONISATION
FREQUENCY ACTIVE POWER FLOW

HIGH FREQ. TO LOW FREQ.
PHASE ANGLE JOLT TO THE SYSTEM

FATIGUE TO SHAFT
DAMAGE TO BEARINGS
OVER HEATING OF STATOR
VOLTAGE REACIVE POWER FLOW

HIGH VOLTAGE TO LOW VOLTAGE
GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
r rr r
DG
PLANT
LOADS
GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
TYPES OF PARALLEL OPERATION
MULTIPLE GENERATORS ON A COMMON BUS

WITHOUT CONNECTION TO GRID
GENERATORS CONNENCTED TO GRID IN

IMPORT ONLY MODE
GENERATORS CONNECTED TO GRID IN

IMPORT + EXPORT MODE
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED
BASIC PROTECTIONS
•SEQUENTIAL STARTING & SYNCHRONISATION
•NEUTRAL SWITCHING LOGIC
• INSTABILITY & HUNTING AT HIGHER POWER O/P
•CASCADED TRIPPING ON LOAD FLUCTUATION
•REVERSE POWER FLOW DUE TO BREAKER FAILURE
•POOR POWER FACTOR
•EFFECT OF GRID DISTURBANCES &

GRID ISLANDING SCHEMES
•LOAD MANAGEMENT AFTER ISLANDING
09873171145 SYNCHRONISATION
•REVERSE scsrex@gmail.com
BASIC PROTECTIONS
OVER CURRENT + E/F

THERMAL OVER LOAD
UNDER VOLTAGE + OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER FREQUENCY + OVER FREQUENCY
LOSS OF FIELD
CURRENT UNBALANCE
REVERSE POWER
DIFFERENTIAL + REF
ROTOR E/F
SEQUENTIAL STARTING & SYNCHRONISATION
AMF SCHEME
STARTING LOGIC
AUTO SYNCHRONISATION
- DEAD BUS SYNCHRONISATION (FIRST MACHINE)
STARTING/ STOPPING OF GENERATOR NEXT IN LINE

- LIVE BUS SYNCHRONISATION
(SUBSEQUENT MACHINES)
PT SWITCHING LOGIC
SEQUENTIAL STARTING & SYNCHRONISATION
MAINS FAILURE
DETECTION
I/C TRIP &
STARTING LOGIC
3 ATTEMPT
STARTERS
PT SWITCHING
LOGIC
AUTO SYNCH. OF
GENERATORS
CUT IN – CUT OUT
LOGIC
NEUTRAL SWITCHING LOGIC
MASTER GENERATOR NEUTRAL TO BE GROUNDED
INSTABILITY AT HIGHER O/P & CASCADED TRIPPING
ERRATIC RESPONSE TO LOAD FLUCTUATIONS
- DIFFERENT SIZES OF GENERATORS

- DIFFERENT VINTAGES OF GENERATORS
IMROPER LOAD ALLOCATION TO

EACH GENERATOR
OPERATOR’S LIMITATIONS
GENERATORS ON COMMON BUS – AUTO LOAD SHARING SCHEME
BC1 BC2
BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3
r r
r B1 r B2 r B3 PT3
PT1 PT2
L L L L
L L S S S S
S S - R R R R
R R CT3
CT1 CT2
G1 G2 PULSES FOR G3 PULSES FOR

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & GOVERNOR &
GOVERNOR & EXCITER EXCITER
EXCITER
LSR = LOAD SHARING RELAY RRS

REVERSE POWER FLOW
G1 STOPS DUE TO
BC1 MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
BUS-1 BUS-2
r B1 WILL NOT TRIP
r B1 r B2 G2 WILL FEED G1
PT1 PT2
RELAY RELAY
R1 - R2
CT1 CT2
G1 G2
Fig. -2
POOR POWER FACTOR

GRID
KEEP RATIO OF
KW/KVAr CONSTANT
r
BUS-1 REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
r PT1 SOURCE
L L
S S
R R
CT1
G1 PULSES FOR
GOVERNOR &
EXCITER
LSR09873171145
= LOAD SHARING RELAY scsrex@gmail.com
Fig. -3
HANDLING OF GRID DISTURBANCES
GRID FAILURE
GRID FAULT
OVER LOAD IN THE GRID
UNDER / OVER VOLTAGE IN THE GRID
GRID ISLANDING SCHEME

GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
REVERSE POWER RELAY

LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
DIRECTIONAL O/C + E/F RELAY
r
r rr r
dF/dT RELAY
UNDER FREQ. RELAY
DG
OVER FREQ. RELAY PLANT
VECTOR SURGE RELAY LOADS
LOAD MANAGEMENT AFTER ISLANDING
LOAD SHEDDING
- FREQUENCY BASED
- POWER BASED
LOAD SHADING
AUTO SYNCHRONISING
LOCATION OF SYNCHRONISING
THANK YOU

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Basic of Generator

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Generator Basics

• Magnetic Induction Principle

• An emf is induced in a coil whenever

a) a coil cuts through a magnetic field

• Relative motion is by Rotation

• Two mechanical parts :

Field - Part which produces magnetism (Rotor)

Generator components- Prime mover

• Source of mechanical power for

• Two classes of Prime movers :

High Speed : Steam & Gas Turbines

Generator components- Prime mover

• Type of prime mover plays an important role

Many characteristics of alternator

Generator components- Rotors

• Two types are used in rotating field alternators

- Turbine driven rotor

- salient pole rotor

Generator components- Stators

• Many types based on

- Power out put

• Three single phase windings

• Star or Delta connection

• Neutral may or may not be

• No. of terminals can be

Out-puts from a Generator

Three phase ac power at :

Out-puts from a Generator – Common Ratings

Small Generators : 25 kVA to 300 kVA

Medium Size Generators : 500 kVA to 1 MVA

Large size Generators : 1 MVA to 25 MVA

Power Plant Generators: 110 MW to 500 MW

• Frequency depends up on the

( 120 is a constant to convert minutes to seconds

• Generator frequency can vary due to

• Frequency Regulation is mainly

• speed is controlled by varying the fuel

Out-puts from a Generator - Governors

• Governor ensures frequency at a set value

Out-puts from a Generator - Governors

Two types of Governors :

Pneumatic : Fuel flow is controlled by

Electronic : Fuel flow is controlled by

Out-puts from a Generator - Voltage

• Voltage is induced in the stator winding

• Terminal voltage depends upon :

1) No. of conductors in series per winding

Out-puts from a Generator – Voltage Control

• Nominal Voltage = 415 V, 11 kV

• Terminal voltage is controlled by

Out-puts from a Generator – Exciters

External to Exciter Transformer

Built on the Small DC machine

• Very important from the point of view of

• should be used for medium size and above

Protect generators from excessive fault currents

ϕ = +30o FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE

ϕ = +90o FORWARD CAPACITIVE (LOSS OF FIELD)

ϕ = +120o REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWADRD CAPACITIVE

ϕ = +180o REVERSE RESISTIVE

ϕ = +210o (-150O) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE

ϕ = +270o (-90O) FORWARD INDUCTIVE

ϕ = +300o (-60O) FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE

MULTIPLE GENERATORS ON A COMMON BUS

GENERATORS CONNENCTED TO GRID IN

GENERATORS CONNECTED TO GRID IN