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Positioning
patient positioning is CRITICAL positioning requires anesthesia, ties for the limbs and sponge wedges zIntervertebral disc spaces must be perpendicular to the table top (not oblique)
zProper z
z z z z z
Always take orthogonal views lateral and ventrodorsal (VD) Add oblique views if necessary Consider dynamic views (extended and flexed) in the cervical and lumbo-sacral regions Image each region separately, with the beam centered over the middle of that region Image certain areas with more collimation (i.e. caudal cervical, thoracolumbar, lumbo-sacral)
Vertebral Anatomy
z z
Vertebral appearance varies somewhat by region, but basic parts are the same
2 3 4 5 6 7
Landmarks z T1 is actually just caudal to the first rib heads z T13 is the one with the last rib heads
Landmarks
z z
Use the sacrum to help you find L7 and then count backwards Or find T13 and count forwards
T12 T13
1
L1 L2 L3
4 5 6 7
Sacrum
C6 C7
3 4 5 6
10 8 9
11 12 13
6.
7.
Body Vertebral endplates Lamina Spinous process Transverse processes Cranial articular process Caudal articular process
3 2
6 7
1
5
2.
7 1 8
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Cervical Spine
Positioning z head extended z front limbs pulled caudally z wedge under mid-cervical region
Well positioned
Poorly positioned
VD Cervical Spine
z z z
Cervical Spine
Seven vertebrae with variable structure C1 or atlas
z
wide wings long thin dorsal spinous process dens with special ligaments
C2 or axis
z z
Cervical Spine
z z z
Thoracic Spine
z
C3-C7 similar in shape C6 has expanded transverse processes Intervertebral disc spaces at C2-3 and C7-T1 are relatively narrow *
Positioning
z z z
front limbs pulled cranially hind limbs pulled caudally wedge under sternum
* *
VD Thoracic Spine
Thoracic spine
z z z z z
Lumbar Spine
z
Thirteen vertebrae uniform in shape Variable dorsal spinous processes Anticlinal vertebra T 11 * Articular facet conformation changes at T10-11 Intervertebral disc space narrowest at T10-11
Positioning
front limbs pulled cranially z hind limbs pulled caudally
z
VD Lumbar Spine
Lumbar spine
z z z z
Feline Differences
Seven lumbar vertebrae Accessory process Cranioventrally angled transverse processes L3* and L4* site of attachment of diaphragmatic crura
z z
Canine
Myelogram
z z z
A special procedure to evaluate the spinal cord, when survey radiography is inconclusive Aqueous non ionic iodinated contrast media is injected into the subarachnoid space Standard lateral and VD views, as well as oblique VDs are obtained of the area of interest
Clinical Correlation
Discospondylitis
Vertebral Anomalies
Butterfly Vertebra
Block Vertebrae
Aplastic Dens
Normal