Circuitos Practicos de Fuentes Conmutadas

Application Note 15
Micrel
Application Note 15
Practical Switching Regulator Circuits
by Brian Huffman
Overview
A golden power supply that will satisfy every design requirement does not exist. Size, cost, and efficiency are the driving
factors for selecting a design, causing each design to be
different. This application note covers real-world circuit
designs by showing a collection of the most commonly used
power supply circuits. Some of the application circuits utilize
low-profile surface mount components, while others employ
low-cost components.
If the components specified in the schematic are not readily

available, alternative components can be found in the crossreference list in Appendix A. The components in the list are
not exact replacements. Their electrical characteristics and
physical sizes may be slightly different, but the electrical
performance in the circuits will be the same. Appendix A also
provides detailed electrical specifications for each power
component, making the selection of alternate components
easy.
Instead of publishing the operating equations for the buck
(step-up), buck-boost (inverting), boost (step-up) and flyback
topologies in this application note, Micrel chose to put them
into easy-to-use Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. This dramatically speeds up the design time when there is a need to
modify one of the existing circuits.
Every circuit in this application note has been designed, built,

and evaluated for stability, temperature, component life, and
tolerance (see Figure 1). Judicious design practices have
been followed to ensure that the solutions are robust.
Efficiency is often a main concern with switching regulators.
To allow a preliminary performance evaluation, efficiency
plots for various input and output conditions accompany most
circuits.
Figure 1. Designed, Built, and Tested
Micrel, Inc. 1849 Fortune Drive San Jose, CA 95131 USA tel + 1 (408) 944-0800 fax + 1 (408) 944-0970 http://www.micrel.com
March 2001
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
1998 Micrel Incorporated

This information is believed to be accurate and reliable, however no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use nor for any infringement of patents or
other rights of third parties resulting from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent right of Micrel Inc.
Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Windows and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Apple and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
Application Note 15
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
Application Note Contents

Buck ConverterThrough Hole ....................................................................................... 5
MIC4574 (6V24V to 3.3V/0.5A) ........................................................ Fig. 1 .................... 5
MIC4574 (8V24V to 5V/0.5A) ........................................................... Fig. 2 .................... 5
MIC4574 (16V24V to 12V/0.5A) ....................................................... Fig. 3 .................... 5
MIC4575 (6V24V to 3.3V/1A) ........................................................... Fig. 4 .................... 5
MIC4575 (8V24V to 5V/1A) .............................................................. Fig. 5 .................... 6
MIC4575 (16V24V to 12V/1A) .......................................................... Fig. 6 .................... 6
MIC4576 (6V24V to 3.3V/3A) ........................................................... Fig. 7 .................... 6
MIC4576 (6V36V to 3.3V/3A) ........................................................... Fig. 8 .................... 6
MIC4576 (8V24V to 5V/3A) .............................................................. Fig. 9 .................... 7
MIC4576 (8V36V to 5V/3A) ............................................................ Fig. 10 .................... 7
MIC4576 (16V36V to 12V/3A) ........................................................ Fig. 11 .................... 7
Buck ConverterLow-Profile Surface Mount ................................................................. 7
MIC4574 (6V24V to 3.3V/0.5A) ...................................................... Fig. 12 .................... 7
MIC4574 (8V24V to 5V/0.5A) ......................................................... Fig. 13 .................... 8
MIC4574 (16V24V to 12V/0.5A) ..................................................... Fig. 14 .................... 8
MIC4575 (6V24V to 3.3V/1A) ......................................................... Fig. 15 .................... 8
MIC4575 (8V24V to 5V/1A) ............................................................ Fig. 16 .................... 8
MIC4575 (16V24V to 12V/1A) ........................................................ Fig. 17 .................... 9
Buck ConverterLower-Cost Surface Mount ................................................................ 9
MIC4574 (6V24V to 3.3V/0.5A) ...................................................... Fig. 18 .................... 9
MIC4574 (8V24V to 5V/0.5A) ......................................................... Fig. 19 .................... 9
MIC4574 (16V24V to 12V/0.5A) ..................................................... Fig. 20 .................... 9
MIC4575 (6V24V to 3.3V/1A) ......................................................... Fig. 21 .................. 10
MIC4575 (8V24V to 5V/1A) ............................................................ Fig. 22 .................. 10
MIC4575 (16V24V to 12V/1A) ........................................................ Fig. 23 .................. 10
Buck-Boost ConverterThrough Hole ........................................................................... 10
MIC4575 (8V18V to 5V/0.2A) ....................................................... Fig. 24 .................. 10
MIC4575 (5V to 5V/0.3A) ................................................................ Fig. 25 .................. 11
Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Windows and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Apple and Macintosh are registed trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
March 2001
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
Special Feature Circuits .................................................................................................... 11

MIC4576 Parallel Switching Regulators ........................................... Fig. 26 .................. 11
MIC4575 Low Output-Noise Regulator (5mV Output Ripple) .......... Fig. 27 .................. 12
MIC4575 Split 5V Supplies ............................................................. Fig. 28 .................. 12
MIC4575 Adjustable (0V12V) Output Voltage Regulator ............... Fig. 29 .................. 12
MIC4575 Low Output-Voltage Regulator .......................................... Fig. 30 .................. 13
MIC4575 1A Battery Charger (68 cells) .......................................... Fig. 31 .................. 13
MIC4575 0.1A1A Variable-Current Battery Charger ...................... Fig. 32 .................. 13
MIC4575 1A Battery Charger (28 Cells) ......................................... Fig. 33 .................. 14
MIC4575 Remote Sensing Regulator ............................................... Fig. 34 .................. 14
MIC4575 6V18V to Split 12V/100mA Supplies (PMOS) .............. Fig. 35 .................. 15
MIC4575 1A Battery Charger ........................................................... Fig. 36 .................. 15
MIC4575 Improved Adjustable Output-Voltage (0V12V) Regulator Fig. 37 .................. 16
MIC4575 Switchable Battery-Pack Charger ..................................... Fig. 38 .................. 16
MIC4575 Lithium-Ion Battery Charger with End-of-Charge Flag ..... Fig. 39 .................. 17
MIC4575 Low Output-Noise Regulator (<1mV) ................................ Fig. 40 .................. 17
Appendix A ......................................................................................................................... 18
Component Cross-Reference List ................................................................................... 18
Appendix B ......................................................................................................................... 20
Suggested Manufacturers List ......................................................................................... 20
Appendix C ......................................................................................................................... 21
Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Summary ........................................................................ 21
Appendix D ......................................................................................................................... 23
Package Thermal Characteristics .................................................................................... 23
Appendix E ......................................................................................................................... 23
Suggested PC Board Layouts ......................................................................................... 23
Appendix F ......................................................................................................................... 26
Manufacturers Distributors List ....................................................................................... 26
Application Note 15
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
6V24V to 3.3V/0.5A Buck Converter

Through Hole
16V24V to 12V/0.5A Buck Converter

Through Hole
L1
6V to 24V
SHDN
MIC4574-3.3BN
FB
VIN
SGND PGND
C1
47F
35V
C1
C2
D1
L1
SW
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Sumida
3.3V/0.5A
100H
D1
1N5819
16V to 24V
C2
220F
16V
C1
33F
63V
UPL1V470MEH, ESR = 0.34

UPL1C221MPH, ESR = 0.16
1N5819
RCH875-101K, DCR = 0.28
SHDN
MIC4574BN
VIN
FB
SGND PGND
2
C1
C2
D1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Sumida
80
90
70
80
60
50
8V
30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
8V to 24V
MIC4574-5.0BN
FB
VIN
SGND PGND
C1
47F
35V
C1
C2
D1
L1
SW
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Sumida
MBR160
R1
1.50k
1%
C2
220F
16V
UPL1J330MEH, ESR = 0.35

MBR160
RCH106-221K, DCR = 0.78
60
20V
40
0.5
30V
40V
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.5
Figure 3b. Efficiency

Through Hole
SHDN
R2
13.0k
1%
70
12V/0.5A
220H
50
16V
24V
0
L1
Figure 3a. Schematic
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
40
SW
6V24V to 3.3V/1A Buck Converter

Through-Hole
L1
5.0V/0.5A
L1
5
100H
1
D1
1N5819
C2
220F
16V
6V to 24V
C1
150F
35V
UPL1J470MEH, ESR = 0.34

1N5819
RCH875-101K, DCR = 0.28
SHDN
SW
MIC4575-3.3BT
FB
VIN
GND
3
C1
C2
D1
L1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Sumida
Bi
3.3V/1A
68H
4
D1
1N5819
C2
330F
16V
UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12

1N5819
RCH106-680K, DCR = 0.22
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233, Note 2
90
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
60
8V
50
40
16V
24V
Note 2:
60
8V
16V
50
24V
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.5
40
Note 1 (General):
70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.0
For IC electrical specifications, see the MIC4574, MIC4575, or MIC4576 data sheet.
Surface-mount component
March 2001
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
8V24V to 5V/1A Buck Converter

Through Hole

Through Hole
L1
8V to 24V
SHDN
SW
MIC4575-5.0BT
FB
VIN
GND
C1
150F
35V
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Sumida
Bi
SHDN
68H
6V to 24V
C2
330F
16V
D1
1N5819
C1
C2
D1
L1
L2
L1
5.0V/1A
MIC4576-3.3BT
VIN
FB
GND
C1
470F
35V
UPL1J151MPH, ESR = 0.12

1N5819
RCH106-680K, DCR = 0.22
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233, Note 2
C1
C2
D1
L1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Coiltronics
Bi
90
80
80
70
70
D1
1N5822
8V
16V
60
8V
16V
50
24V
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.0
40
SHDN
SW
MIC4575BT
16V to 24V
FB
VIN
C1
68F
63V
L1
R2
13.0k
1%
GND
MBR160
C1
C2
D1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Sumida
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

LOAD CURRENT (A)
3.0

Through Hole
12V/1A
150H
16V24V to 12V/1A Buck Coverter

Through-Hole
5
C2
1000F
16V

1N5822
PL52C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036
HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045, Note 2
24V
50
3.3V/3A
33H
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
60
SW
R1
1.50k
1%
L1
5
C2
330F
16V
6V to 36V
C1
470F
63V

MBR160
RCH110-151K, DCR = 0.23
C1
C2
D1
L1
L1
SHDN
SW
MIC4576-3.3BT
FB
VIN
GND
3
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Coiltronics
Bi
3.3V/3A
33H
4
D1
MBR360
C2
1000F
16V
UPL1J471MRH, ESR = 0.039

MBR360
PL52C-33-1000 DCR = 0.036
HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045, Note 2
90
80
70
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
20V
30V
60
0
60
50
40
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.0
10V
20V
30V
30
0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

LOAD CURRENT (A)
3.0
Note 2:
Application Note 15
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel

Through Hole

Through Hole
L1
8V to 24V
SHDN
SW
MIC4576-5.0BT
FB
VIN
GND
C1
470F
35V
SHDN
33H
4
D1
1N5822
C1 Nichicon
C2 Nichicon
D1 Motorola
L1 Coiltronics
L1 Bi
5V/3A
MIC4576BT
16V to 36V
C2
1000F
16V
C1
C2
D1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Bi
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
8V
16V
60
R1
1.50k
1%
MBR360
C2
1000F
16V

MBR360
HM77-29006, DCR = 0.08
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

LOAD CURRENT (A)
SW
20V
3.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

LOAD CURRENT (A)
3.0

Low-Profile Surface Mount
L1
MIC4576-5.0BT
FB
VIN
GND
70
30V

Through Hole
SHDN
80
60
0
C1
470F
63V
90
80
R2
13.0k
1%
24V
8V to 36V
12V/3A
68H
90
L1
GND
50
FB
VIN
C1
470F
63V

MBR5822
PL52C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036
HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045, Note 2
SW
5V/3A
33H
4
D1
MBR360
6V to 24V
C2
1000F
16V
10
C1
10F
35V
SHDN
SW
MIC4574BWM
FB
VIN
SGND PGND
4
L1
12
3.3V/0.5A
R2
2.49k
1%
100H
3
R1
1.50k
1%
D1
C3
3300pF
C2
330F
6.3V
MBRS130LT3
C1
C2
D1
L1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Coiltronics
Bi
C1
C2
D1
L1

MBR360
PLS2C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036
HM77-30004, DCR = 0.045, Note 2
AVX
AVX
Motorola
Coiltronics
TPSD106M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

TPSE337M006R0100, ESR = 0.1
MBRS130LT3
CTX100-2P, DCR = 0.541

80
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
60
10V
60
6V
12V
50
20V
50
18V
40
30V
40
0
70
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

LOAD CURRENT (A)
3.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.5
Note 2:
March 2001
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel

5
8V to 24V
SHDN
SW
MIC4574BWM
FB
VIN
SGND PGND
10
C1
10F
35V
L1
12
5V/0.5A
100H
3
C3
3300pF
R1
1.00k
1%
D1
R2
3.01k
1%
6V to 24V
C2
220F
10V
SHDN
SW
MIC4575BU
FB
VIN
C1
22F
35V
AVX
AVX
Motorola
Coiltronics
GND
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
60
8V
50
70
60
18 Vin
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.5
SHDN
SW
MIC4574BWM
FB
VIN
SGND PGND
4
12
250H
D1
SS16
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.0

L1

C1
10F
50V
6 Vin
12 Vin
13V
18V
10
TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

TPSE337M006R0100, ESR = 0.1
MBRS130LT3
CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238
90
16V to 24V
C2
330F
6.3V
MBRS130LT3
AVX
AVX
Motorola
Coiltronics
C3
3300pF
R1
1.50k
1%
D1
C1
C2
D1
L1
TPSD106M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
MBRS130LT3
CTX100-2P, DCR = 0.541
40
3.3V/1A
R2
2.49k
1%
MBRS130LT3
C1
C2
D1
L1
L1
68H
12V/0.5A
R2
13.0k
1%
R1
1.50k
1%
C3
3300pF
8V to 24V
C2
68F
20V
C1
22F
35V
SHDN
SW
MIC4575BU
FB
VIN
L1
5V/1A
R2
3.01k
1%
R1
1.00k
1%
68H
4
GND
D1
C3
3300pF
C2
220F
10V
MBRS130LT3
C1
C2
D1
L1
C1
C2
D1
L1
Tokin
C55Y5U1H106Z
AVX
TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15
General Instruments SS16
Coiltronics CTX250-4P, DCR = 0.434
AVX
AVX
Motorola
Coiltronics

90
90
80
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
MBRS130LT3
CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238
70
60
50
0
8V
60
13V
18V
18V
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
50
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.0
Application Note 15
70
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel

5
16V to 24V
SHDN
SW
MIC4575BU
FB
VIN
C1
10F
50V
L1
C3
3300pF
R1
1.50k
1%
D1
SS26
L1
12V/1A
R2
13.0k
1%
150H
GND
C1
C2
D1
L1

Lower-Cost Surface Mount
5
8V to 24V
C2
68F
20V
SHDN
MIC4574-5.0BWM
VIN
FB
SGND PGND
10
C1
68F
35V
C1
C2
D1
L1
Tokin
C55YU1H106Z
AVX
TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15
Coiltronics CTX150-4, DCR = 0.372
Sanyo
Sanyo
Motorola
Coilcraft
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
75
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
C2
470F
16V
35CV168GX, ESR = 0.34

16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17
MBRS130LT3
DO3316P-104, DCR = 0.23
70
60
8V
40
1.0
SHDN
SW
MIC4574-3.3BWM
FB
VIN
SGND PGND
4
Sanyo
Sanyo
Motorola
Coilcraft
16V
24V
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.5

L1
C1
C2
D1
L1
D1
MBRS130LT3
50
18V

C1
68F
35V
80
85
10
100H
90
70
0
6V to 24V
5V/0.5A
12
90
SW
3.3V/0.5A
12
100H
3
D1
MBRS130LT3
16V to 24V
C2
470F
16V
10
C1
47F
50V
SW
MIC4574BWM
FB
VIN
SGND PGND
4
C1
C2
D1
L1
35CV168GX, ESR = 0.34

16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17
MBRS130LT3
DO3316P-104, DCR = 0.23
SHDN
12
L1
12V/0.5A
R2
13.0k
1%
220H
3
R1
1.50k
1%
D1
SS16
C2
470F
16V
Nichicon UUX1H470MNT1GS, ESR = 0.4

Sanyo
16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17
Coilcraft
DO3316-224, DCR = 0.53

80
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
60
50
8V
40
30
16V
24V
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
70
60
50
0
0.5
18 Vin
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.5
March 2001
80
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel


L1
6V to 24V
SHDN
SW
MIC4575-3.3BU
FB
VIN
GND
C1
150F
35V
Sanyo
Sanyo
Motorola
Coilcraft
Bi
68H
4
D1
MBRS130LT3
C1
C2
D1
L1
L1
3.3V/1A
C1
C2
D1
L1
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
60
8V
16V
50
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
SHDN
SW
MIC4575-5.0BU
FB
VIN
GND
3
80
70
18V
60
0
1.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

LOAD CURRENT (A)
8V to 18V
5V/1A
C1
150F
35V
68H
4
D1
MBRS130LT3
C2
470F
16V
VIN
SW
MIC4575-5.0BT
SHDN
FB
GND
L1
10H
C1 Nichicon
UPL1V151MPH
ESR = 0.13
UPL1C681MPH
ESR = 0.065
D1 Motorola 1N5819
L1 Coiltronics PL52A-10-500
DCR = 0.045
C2 Nichicon
Sanyo
Sanyo
Motorola
Coilcraft
Bi
1.2
8V18V to 5V/0.2A Buck-Boost Converter

Through Hole
L1
C1
C2
D1
L1
L1
R1
1.50k
1%
SS26
C2
470F
16V
90

C1
150F
35V
R2
13.0k
1%
Nichicon UUX1H470MT1GS, ESR = 0.4

Sanyo
16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17
Coiltcraft DO5022P-154, DCR = 0.218
24V
8V to 24V
12V/1A
150H
80
L1
GND
40
FB
VIN
C1
47F
50V
X2
35CV150GX, ESR = 0.17

16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17
MBRS130LT3
DO3316P-683, DCR = 0.16
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233
SW
MIC4575BU
16V to 24V
C2
470F
16V
SHDN
35CV150GX, ESR = 0.17

16CV470GX, ESR = 0.17
MBRS130LT3
DO3316P-683, DCR = 0.16
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233
D1
1N5819
C2
680F
16V
-5V/0.2A

60
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
80
70
8V
16V
60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOAD CURRENT (A)
40
8V
30
13V
18V
20
0
24V
50
50
1.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.20

Application Note 15
10
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
5V to 5V/0.3A Buck-Boost Converter

Through Hole
4.75V to 5.25V
C1
150F
35V
VIN
SW
MIC4575BT
SHDN
FB
GND
C4
1000pF
L1
15H
R4
5.1K
R1
3.01k
1%
R2
1.00K
1%
C1
C2
D1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Coiltronics
R3
10K
C2
680F
16V
D1
C3
0.01F
1N5819
-5V/0.3A

1N5819
PL52A-15-500, DCR = 0.054
EFFICIENCY (%)
60
55
50
45
40
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

LOAD CURRENT (A)

Parallel Switching Regulators
U1
5
VIN
8V to 36V
SHDN
R1
0.1
L1
SW
MIC4576-5.0BT
FB
VIN
GND
VOUT
5V/4A
33H
C2
1000F
16V
R3
D1
10K
MBR360
C1
470F
63V
C5
0.01F
VIN
8
1
3
4
U2
5
C3
470F
63V
C1, C3
C2, C4
D1, D2
L1, L2
R1, R2
U3
U3
LM358
SHDN
FB
MIC4576-5.0BT
SW
VIN
GND
3
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Coiltronics
KRL
National
L2
2
33H
D2
MBR360
R2
0.1
C4
1000F
16V

MBR360
PL52C-33-1000, DCR = 0.036
SP-1-A1-0R100J
LM358
Figure 26.
March 2001
11
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
Low Output-Noise Regulator (5mV Output Ripple )
VIN
8V to 18V
SHDN
SW
MIC4575BU
1
FB
VIN
C1
22F
35V
GND
AVX
AVX
AVX
Motorola
Coiltronics
Coilcraft
VOUT
5V/1A
L1
3
1H
R2
3.01k
1%
C4
220F
10V
R1
1.00K
1%
D1
MBRS130LT3
C1
C2
C4
D1
T1
L1
T1
68H
C3
3300pF
5mVP-P
C2
220F
10V
TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
MBRS130LT3
CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238
DO1608C-102
Figure 27.
Split 5V Supply
VIN
8V to 18V
SHDN
SW
T1
68H
+VOUT/+IOUT
5V/0.5A
R2
3.01k
1%
R1
1.00K
1%
MIC4575BU
1
FB
VIN
C1
22F
35V
GND
D1
MBRS130LT3
C3
3300pF
C2
220F
10V
C5
220F
10V
C4
220F
10V
L1
D2
MBRS130LT3
3
C1
C2
C4
C5
D1
D2
T1
AVX
AVX
AVX
AVX
Motorola
Motorola
Coiltronics
TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
MBRS130LT3
MBRS130LT3
CTX68-4P, DCR = 0.238
-VOUT/-IOUT
-5V/0.5A
at VIN 15V
Load Regulation5%
+IOUT + IOUT 1A
+VOUT 0.5V
DC
VIN 0.5V
DC
40% then
IOUT
+IOUT
DC
40% then
IOUT
IOUT
(1
DC)
Figure 28.
Adjustable Output-Voltage Regulator (0V12V)
Q1
2N4339
R3
3.3K
VIN
4V to 24V
SHDN
SW
68H
MIC4575BT
1
C1
150F
35V
VIN
FB
GND
3
C1
C2
D1
L1
U2
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Coiltronics
Micrel
U2
LM4041CIZ-1.2
L1
D1
1N5819
R1
200K
R2
15k

1N5819
PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095
LM4041CIZ-1.2
VOUT
(0-12V)/0.5A
VOUT Min = 60mV
C2
330F
16V
R4
330
0.5W
VIN min
VOUT
0.9
VIN min
VOUT
1.5V
and
2.5V
Figure 29.
Application Note 15
12
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
Low Output-Voltage Regulator (1V)

U1
5
VIN
4V to 15V
SHDN
L1
68H
SW
VOUT
1V/1A
3
MIC4575BT
1
FB
VIN
GND
U2
LM358
C2
330F
16V
C1
150F
35V
D1
1N5819
C1
C2
D1
L1
U2
R1
R2
249
1%
1.00k
1%
R3
1k
Nichicon UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12

Nichicon UPL1C331MPH, ESR = 0.12
Motorola 1N5819
Coiltronics PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095
National LM358
Figure 30.
1A Battery Charger (68 cells)
5
VIN
9V to 24V
SHDN
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Coiltronics
National
Siliconix
KRL
68H
0.25
R2
200
1%
FB
VIN
D1
1N5819
U2
LM358
IOUT
1A
C2
330F
16V
R3
10K
6-8 Cells
VBATT
Q1
VN2222LL

1N5819
PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095
LM358
VN2222LL
SP-1/2-A1-0R250J
C3
C4
1000pF
0.01F
DZ1
1N5244
14V
R4
3k
2.5V
0.9
1.23V
R5
IOUT
SW
GND
VBATT
VIN min
D2
1N5819
R1
MIC4575BT
C1
150F
35V
C1
C2
D1
L1
U2
Q1
R1
L1
R2
R1
R5
1.00k
1%
Figure 31.
0.1A1A Variable-Current Battery Charger
D3
1N4148
5
VIN
8V to 24V
SHDN
SW
VIN
FB
3
U1
U2
U3
C1
C2
D1
D2
D3
L1
R1
Q1
VIN
R7
1k
Micrel
National
Micrel
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Motorola
Motorola
Coiltronics
KRL
Siliconix
VIN min
C2
330F
16V
R2
100
1%
C4
1000pF
GND
C1
150F
35V
D1
1N5819
R6
3k
D2
1N5819
R1
0.1
MIC4575-BT
1
L1
68H
MIC4575BT
LM358
LM4041CIZ-1.2
1N5819
1N5819
1N4148
PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095
SP-1-A1-0R100J
VN2222LL
VBATT / 0.9
1
2
U2A
1/2LM358
R3
10k
VIN
8
C3
U2B
1/2 LM358
5
0.01F
Q1
VN2222LL
DZ1
1N5244
14V
IOUT
0.1A to 1A
2-8 Cells
VBATT
R5
10k
VR1
10k
U3
LM4041CIZ-1.2
6
4
R4
1.21k
1%
2.5V
Figure 32.
March 2001
13
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
1A Battery Charger (28 Cells)

D3
1N4148
5
VIN
8V to 24V
SHDN
SW
FB
VIN
3
R6
1k
IOUT
1A
C2
330F
16V
R2
100
1%
C4
1000pF
GND
C1
150F
35V
D1
1N5819
R5
3k
D2
1N5819
R1
0.1
MIC4575-BT
1
L1
68H
2-8 Cells
VBATT
3
1
2
U2A
1/2LM358
R3
10k
C3
U1
U2
C1
C2
D1
D2
D3
L1
R1
Q1
Micrel
National
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Motorola
Motorola
Coiltronics
KRL
Siliconix
VIN min
IOUT
MIC4575BT
LM358
1N5819
1N5819
1N4148
PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095
SP-1-A1-0R100J
VN2222LL
VBATT / 0.9
1.23V
R4
0.01F
DZ1
1N5244
14V
VIN
8
2.5V
U2B
1/2 LM358
7
Q1
VN2222LL
R2
R1
R4
1.21k
1%
Figure 33.
Remote-Sensing Regulator
VIN
8V to 24V
U1
1
VSW
VIN
MIC4575BT
C1
68F
63V
FB
SD
10 ft Wire
0.5
+V
L1
68H
D1
MBR160
GND
3
C2
68F
63V
R1
30
C3
0.01F
R2
3.01k
1%
+VSENSE
R3
1.00k
1%
C1
C2
C4
D1
L1
Nichicon
Nichicon
AVX
Motorola
Coiltronics

TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
MBRS160
PL52B-68-500, DCR = 0.095
VOUT
5V/1A
C4
220F
10V
VSENSE
R4
10
V
Figure 34.
Application Note 15
14
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
6V18V to Split 12V/100mA Supply
VIN
6V to 18V
SHDN
SW
VIN
GND
C1
22F
35V
VOUT
12V/100mA
T1
150H
2
R2
13.0k
1%
D3
1N4148
MIC4575BU
1
C2
68F
Q1
Si9435
FB
C5
3300pF
C3
68F
20V
D1
MBRS130LT3
T1
R1
1.50K
1%
C1
C2
C3
C4
D1
D2
T1
Q1
AVX
AVX
AVX
AVX
Motorola
Motorola
Coiltronics
Siliconix
TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15
TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15
TPSE686M020R0150, ESR = 0.15
MBRS130LT3
MBRS130LT3
CTX150-4, DCR = 0.372
Si 9435, PMOS
C4
68F
20V
R3
1k
D2
VOUT
12V/100mA
(11V to 12V)
MBRS130LT3
Figure 35.
1A Battery Charger
L1
68H
U1
5
VIN
8V to 24V
C1
150F
35V
SHDN
SW
D1
1N5819
MIC4575BU
1
VIN
GND
FB
D2
1N5819
C2
330F
16V
C3
0.1F
VIN
C4
R3
R2
113k
1%
10k
1%
DZ1
1N5244
14V
8
8
U2B
1/2 LM358
U1 Micrel
U2 National
C1 Nichicon
C2 Nichicon
D1 Motorola
D2 Motorola
DZ1 Motorola
L1 Bi
R1 KRL
R4
5
4
MIC4575BT
LM358
1N5819
1N5819
1N5244
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233
SP-1/2-A1-0R100J
VBATT
28 Cells
R1
0.1
0.01F
7
IOUT
1A
10k
VBATT
VIN min
IOUT =
1.23V
R1
0.9
+ 2.5V
R2
R2
R3
Figure 36.
March 2001
15
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
Improved Adjustable Output-Voltage (0V12V) Regulator
VIN
4V to 24V
SHDN
SW
D1
1N5819
MIC4575BT
1
VOUT
0V12V
VOUTmin = 60mV
L1
68H
U1
VIN
C1
150F
35V
FB
GND
3
VIN
U2B
1/2LM358
C4
0.01F
3
4
U1
U2
C1
C2
D1
L1
Micrel
National
Nichicon
Nichicon
Motorola
Bi
R3
R4
20k
1%
2k
1%
R6
330
0.5W
R2
2k
1%
U2A
C2
1000F
16V
R1
20k
1%
C3
3300pF
R6
220
1/2LM358
R5
10K
VIN min
MIC4575BT
LM358
1N5819
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233
VOUT
0.9
+ 2.5V
VOUT max = 1.23V
R1
R2
R1 = R3 and R2 = R4
Figure 37.
Switchable Battery-Pack Charger
D3
U1
5
VIN
8V to 24V
C1
150F
35V
1N4148
SHDN
SW
MIC4575BT
1
VIN
GND
3
FB
D1
1N5819
R5
3k
R6
1k
68H
U2A
1/2LM358
C4
1000pF
C3
0.01F
C5
0.01F
5
8
U2B
1/2 LM358
C2
330F
16V
R2
100
1%
3
R3
10k
VIN
IOUT
1A
R1
0.1
L1
DZ1
1N5236
7.5V
Q1
VN2222LL
R7
100k
R8
100k
U3
Bat A
FLG A
IN
U1 Micrel
U2 National
U3 Micrel
C1 Nichicon
C1 Nichicon
D1 Motorola
D2 Motorola
DZ1 Motorala
L1 Bi
Q1 Siliconix
R1 KRL
MIC4575BT
LM358
MIC2506BM
1N5819
1N5819
1N5236
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233
VN2222LL
SP-1/2-A1-0R100J
R4
1.21k
1%
Bat B
FLG B
1
A/B
U4A
7404
OUT A
CTL A
CTL B
MIC2506
OUT B
R10
510k
GND
6
R9
510k
Bat B
4 Cells
NiCad
Bat A
4 Cells
NiCad
Figure 38.
Application Note 15
16
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
Lithium-Ion Battery Charger with End-of-Charge Flag

D3
U1
5
VIN
12V to 24V
1N4148
SHDN
SW
MIC4575BT
1
VIN
FB
GND
C1
150F
35V
D1
1N5819
R6
3k
R7
1k
68H
U2A
1/2LM358
C4
1000pF
IOUT
1A
D2
1N5819
R1
0.1
L1
VBATT
2 Li Cells
C2
330F
16V
R2
100
1%
R5
1.0k
1%
U1 Micrel
U2 National
U3 National
U4 National
C1 Nichicon
C1 Nichicon
D1 Motorola
D2 Motorola
DZ1 Motorala
L1 Bi
R1 KRL
Q1 Siliconix
IOUT
MIC4575BT
LM358
LM3420
LM339
1N5819
1N5819
1N5244
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233
SP-1/2-A1-0R100J
VN2222LL
1.24V
=
R3
IOUTEND
IOUTEND
C5
0.1F
5
8
Q1
VN2222LL
U2B
1/2 LM358
U3
3
VIN
R2
R1
R8
10k
R10
10k
R9
10M
R3
1.21k
1%
C8
0.01F
Q2
2N2222
COMP
IN
LM3420
1
OUT
GND
4
IOUT = 1.02A
VIN min > =
C3
0.01F
VIN
VIN
VBATT
+ 2.5V
0.9
C6
0.1F
1.23V
R12
100k
R4
13.0k
1%
END
60mA
C7
0.01F
6
12
R5
R2
R4
R3
R1
LM339
Figure 39.
Low Output-Noise Regulator (<1mV)
L1
68H
U1
5
VIN
9V to 18V
SHDN
R2
3.92k
1%
MIC4575BU
1
VIN
C1
22F
35V
U1
U2
C1
C2
C3
C4
D1
D2
L1
L2
SW
GND
3
Micrel
Micrel
AVX
AVX
AVX
Sprague
Motorola
Motorola
Bi
Coilcraft
FB
L2
1H
6.0V
U2
1
D1
MBRS130LT3
C2
220F
10V
MIC4575BU
MIC29150-5.0BU
TPSE226M035R0300, ESR = 0.3
TPSE227M010R0100, ESR = 0.1
TPSE106M010R0200, ESR = 0.2
293D226X0010C2W
MBRS130LT3
MBRS130LT3
HM77-11003, DCR = 0.233
D016087C-102, DCR = 0.05
VOUT
5V/1A
MIC29150
C3
3300pF
R1
1.00k
1%
VOUT
VIN
VOUT = 1.23
C3
100F
10V
1+
GND
2
C4
22F
10V
R2
R1
Figure 40.
March 2001
17
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
Appendix A
Component Cross-Reference List
Micrel provides this cross-reference list to make it easier to choose alternate power components. This becomes necessary
when the standard components are not readily available or the manufacturer is not an approved vendor.
The components in this list are not exact replacements. Their electrical characteristics and physical sizes may be slightly
different, but their performance in the circuit will be the same. Also, detailed electrical specifications are provided for each
power component so that if you need an alternate component, you can choose it intelligently.
Through-Hole Components
Capacitors
Nichicon
Sanyo
Panasonic
United Chemi-Con
(Electrolytic)
(Electrolytic)
(Electrolytic)
(Electrolytic)
220F/16V/0.16/0.460A
UPL1C221MPH
16MV220GX
ECA1CFQ271
LXF16VB271M10x12.5
330F/16V/0.12/0.595A
UPL1C331MPH
16MV330GX
ECA1CFQ331L
LXF16VB331M8x15
680F/16V/0.065/1.02A
UPL1C681MPH
16MV560GX
ECA1CFQ681L
LXF16VB681M10x20
1000F/16V/0.047/1.41A
UPL1C102MPH
16MV1000GX
ECA1CFQ122L
LXF16VB102M10x30
47F/35V/0.34/0.27A
UPL1V470MEH
35MV68GX
ECA1VFQ560
LXF35VB680M6.3x11.5
150F/35V/0.12/0.595A
UPL1V151MPH
35MV150GX
ECA1VFQ151L
LXF35VB181M8x15
470F/35V/0.046/1.42A
UPL1V471MPH
35MV680GX
ECA1VFQ561L
LXF35VB5611M10x30
33F/63V/0.35/0.33A
UPL1J330MEH
63MV82GX
ECA1JFQ390
LXF63VB33M6.3x15
68F/63V/0.17/0.5A
UPL1J680MPH
63MV150GX
ECA1JFQ680
LXF63VB820M8x20
470F/63V/0.039/1.42A
UPL1J471MRH
63MV680GX
ECA1JFQ471L
LXF63VB561M12.5x40
Motorola
GI
IR
(Schottky)
(Schottky)
(Schottky)
1A/40V
1N5819
1N5819
11DQ04
1A/60V
MBR160
SB160
11DQ06
3A/40V
1N5822
1N5822
31DQ04
3A/60V
MBR360
SB360
31DQ06
Coiltronics
Renco
Sumida
(Toroidal Cores)
(Rod Cores)
(Button Cores)
RL-1283-68-43
RCH106-680K
Diodes
Inductors
10H/0.5A
PL52A-10-500
15H/0.5A
PL52A-15-500
33H/3A
PL52C-33-1000
68H/1A
PL52B-68-500
68H/3A
PL52D-68-2000
100H/0.5A
PL52A-100-250
RL-1284-100-43
RCH875-101K
150H/1A
PL52B-150-500
RL-1283-150-43
RCH110-151K
220H/0.5A
PL52A-220-250
RL-1284-220-43
RCH106-221K
Application Note 15
18
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
Surface-Mount
Capacitors
AVX
Tokin
Sprague
Low Profile
(Tantalum)
(Ceramic)
(Tantalum)
330F/6.3V/0.1/1.149A
TPSE337M006R0100
593D337X06R3E2W
220F/10V/0.1/1.149A
TPSE227M010R0100
593D227X0010E2W
68F/20V/0.15/0.938A
TPSE686M020R0150
593D686X0020EZW
10F/35V/0.3/0.663A
TPSD106M035R0300
593D106X0035E2W
22F/35V/0.3/0.632A
TPSE226M035R0300
593D226X0035E2W
10F/35V
C55Y5U1E106Z
22F/35V
C25Y5U1E226Z
10F/50V
C55Y5U1H106Z
Sanyo
Nichicon
Lower-Cost
(Electrolytic)
(Electrolytic)
470F/16V/0.17/0.45A
16CV470GX
68F/35V/0.34/0.28A
35CV68GX
220F/35V/0.17/0.45A
35CV220GX
47F/50V/0.4/0.18A
UUX1H470MNT1GS
Diodes
Motorola
(Schottky)
1A/30V
MBRS130LT3
1A/40V
MBRS140T3
1A/60V
GI
IR
(Schottky)
(Schottky)
SS14/SS24
10MQ040
SS16/SS26
3A/40V
MBRS340T3
SS34
330WQ04F
3A/60V
MBRS360T3
SS36
330WQ06F
Inductors
Coiltronics
Coilcraft
(Toroidal Cores)
(Button Cores)
100H/0.5A
CTX100-2P
DO3316P-104
220H/0.5A
CTX250-4P
DO3316P-224
68H/1A
CTX68-4P
DO3316P-683
150H/1A
CTX150-4
DO5022P-154
Bi
(Toroidal Cores)
HM77-11003
33H/3A
HM77-30004
68H/3A
HM77-29006
March 2001
19
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
Motorola Inc.
3102 North 56th St., MS 56-126
Phoenix, AZ 85018
Tel: (800) 521-6274
Fax: (602) 952-4190
Heat Sinks
Aavid Engineering, Inc.
67 Primrose Drive
Laconia, NH 03246
Tel: (603) 528-3400
Fax: (603) 528-1478
Thermalloy
2021 West Valley View Lane
P.O. Box 810839
Dallas, TX 75381
Tel: (214) 243-4321
Fax: (214) 241-4656
Inductors
Bi Technologies
4200 Bonita Place
Fullerton, CA 92635
Tel: (714) 447-2345
Fax: (714) 447-2500
Coilcraft
1102 Silver Lake Road
Cary, IL 60013
Tel: (708) 639-2361
Fax: (708) 639-1469
Coiltronics
6000 Park of Commerce Boulevard
Boca Raton, FL 33487
Tel: (407) 241-7876
Fax: (407) 241-9335
Dale Electronics
East Highway 50
Yankton, SD 57078
Tel: (605) 665-9301
Fax: (605) 665-0817
Renco
60 Jefryn Boulevard East
Deerpark, NY 11729
Tel: (516) 586-5566
Fax: (516) 586-5562
Sumida Electric
5999 New Wilke Road
Suite 110
Rolling Meadows, IL 60008
Tel: (708) 956-0666
Fax: (708) 956-0702
Resistors
KRL/Bantry Components, Inc.
160 Bouchard Street
Manchester, NH 03103
Tel: (603) 668-3210
Fax: (603) 624-0634
Appendix B
Suggested Manufacturers List
Micrel supplies this list of manufacturers to save you time in
selecting components. Micrel makes no claims about these
companies except that they provide components necessary
in switching power supplies.
Capacitors
AVX Corp.
801 17th Ave. South
Myrtle Beach, SC 29577
Tel: (803) 448-9411
Fax: (803) 448-1943
Nichicon (America) Corporation
927 East State Parkway
Schaumburg, IL 60173
Tel: (708) 843-7500
Fax: (708) 843-2798
Panasonic
6550 Katella Avenue
PANAZIP 17A-11
Cypress, CA 90630
Tel: (714) 373-7857
Fax: (714) 373-7102
Sanyo Video Components (USA) Corp.
2001 Sanyo Avenue
San Diego, CA 92173
Tel: (619) 661-6835
Fax: (619) 661-1055
Sprague Electric
Lower Main Street
60005 Sanford, ME 04073
Tel: (207) 324-4140
Tokin America, Inc.
155 Nicholson Lane
San Jose, CA 95134
Tel: (408) 432-8020
Fax: (408) 434-0375
United Chemi-Con Inc.
9801 West Higgins Road, Suite 430
Rosemount, IL 60018
Tel: (708) 696-2000
Fax: (708) 696-9278
Diodes
General Instruments (GI)
10 Melville Park Road
Melville, NY 11747
Tel: (516) 847-3222
Fax: (516) 847-3150
International Rectifier Corp.
233 Kansas Streeet
El Segundo, CA 90245
Tel: (310) 322-3331
Fax: (310) 322-3332
Application Note 15
20
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
The third column itemizes the power losses. The largest
contributors to efficiency losses are the IC switch
(Pd_IC_Switch) and diode (Pd_Diode). For heat sink design,
the ICs power dissipation result (Pd_IC) makes sizing of the
heat sink quick and easy.
There are three pull-down menus: one for selecting a Micrel
IC, one for selecting an inductor core material, and one for
doing worst-case analysis on a selected parameter. The
Micrel parts list shows all the devices that are available for a
design. The list includes both the 52kHz (LM257X) and the
200kHz (MIC457X) parts. The operating warning window
uses the selected ICs peak switch current, input voltage
range, and output voltage range to determine if an operating
condition exceeds its limit.
Appendix C
Microsoft
Excel Spreadsheet Summary
Determining the operating conditions for a switching regulator requires dozens of calculations. Doing this with a handheld calculator can take hours, but when the equations are
put into a spreadsheet, this takes only a few seconds. Micrel
provides Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for buck (step-up)
and buck-boost (inverting), boost (step-up) and flyback switching regulator topologies. The spreadsheets perform computer aided design, not computer generated design. It is the
responsibility of the user to verify spreadsheet results by
building the circuit and measuring component stress under all
expected operating conditions.
Figure C1 shows the buck regulator spreadsheet. It is
divided into three columns. The first column contains all the
input variables. You can change any variable in this column,
such as input voltage, switching frequency, and inductor
value. You might change these variables to observe the
sensitivity of the circuit, to test for worst-case conditions, or to
set a tolerance on component characteristics.
The second column contains the resulting operating conditions for all power components. You select the power
components based upon these values. Most worst-case
operating conditions occur at the minimum input voltage, but
not in every case. To ensure a reliable design, vary the input
voltage over its entire operating range and use the worstcase value to select components.
The second pull-down menu has two core materials to

choose from, either a powdered iron type 52 (#52) or a ferrite
(Fe). The inductor core material has a minuscule effect on the
overall efficiency and was included only for completeness.
Worst case analysis has been automated for user convenience. The program sweeps the input voltage from the
minimum input voltage (Vin_Min) to the maximum input
voltage (Vin_Max). The output current is fixed at its original
value. Once the calculation is complete the results are
displayed in a graph.
Note that the list box exhibits a strange behavior. The
program will not rerun if you select the same item in the list box
two times in a row. To rerun a parameter, you must select the
Figure C1. Buck Regulator Excel Spreadsheet
March 2001
21
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
None item first and then click on the desired parameter.

Efficiency varies widely for various input voltages and load
conditions. Therefore, a macro has been written that sweeps
both the input voltage and the output current over the entire
operating region. The resulting efficiency is then automatically displayed in a graph. To run the macro, click the
efficiency button.
word. Now any equation or formatting in the active spreadsheet can be changed. It is advisable to make a backup copy
of the spreadsheet program prior to removing the protection.
The spreadsheets were created in Microsoft Excel 5.0 for
Windows and run under Windows3.1, Windows NT,
and Windows 95.
The diskette and spreadsheets can also be used with
Microsoft Excel 5.0 for the Macintosh or newer. For System 7.5 or later, the PC Exchange control panel must be on.
System 7.1 or earlier requires Apple File Exchange (included on the System Software disks) to mount the DOSformatted diskette and copy the file to the hard disk.
Equations in the second and third columns are protected and

cannot be inadvertently changed. You can defeat the protection feature, however, by selecting the Tools button from the
top menu bar, clicking the protection menu item, selecting the
unprotect sheet option, and entering Micrel for the pass-
Definition of Terms
Input & Output
Vin: input voltage
Vout: output voltage
Iout: output current
DC: duty cycle

DC_Prim: (1 duty cycle)
L_Iavg: average inductor current
L_Ipp: peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
L_Ipk: peak inductor current
L_RMS: inductor RMS current
IC_Sw_RMS: IC Switch RMS current
Component Parameters
L: inductance
L_DCR: inductor DC resistance
Diode_Vf: catch diode forward voltage drop
Cin: input capacitor value
Cin_ESR: input capacitor equivalent series resistance
Cout: output capacitor value
Cout_ESR: output capacitor equivalent series resistance
Diode_RMS: diode RMS current

Cin_RMS: input capacitor RMS current
Cout_RMS: output capacitor RMS current
Input_Iavg: average input current
Vout_ESR: output ripple voltage caused by the ESR of
the output capacitor
Resulting Power Dissipation

Pd_IC_Iq: power loss due to quiescent current
Pd_IC_AC: power loss due to switching times
Pd_IC_Switch: switch conduction loss
Pd_IC: total IC loss
Pd_Diode: diode power loss
Pd_Cin: input capacitor power loss
Pd_Cout: output capacitor power loss
Pd_L_Cu: power loss due to the DCR of the inductor
Pd_L_Core: power loss due to core material
Pd_L: total inductor loss
P_loss: sum of all the power losses
Efficiency: output power divided by input power
IC Parameters
IC_fs: switching frequency
IC_Rsw: internal switch equivalent resistance
IC_Vs: internal switch equivalent voltage
IC_Iq: quiescent current
IC_ton: switch turn-on time
IC_toff: switch turn-off time
Inductor Core Loss Constants
Ci: core loss contant
d: core loss frequency exponent
p: core loss flux density exponent
U: permeability of core
Resulting Operating Conditions
Mode: indicates whether the regulator is in continuous or
discontinuous mode
Application Note 15
22
March 2001
Application Note 15
Micrel
reasonable junction-to-ambient thermal resistance for the
various package types. Note that one square inch of PC
board copper area was used to make these measurements.
Additional copper area will lower the thermal resistance
further.
Appendix D
Package Thermal Characteristics
Designing the proper heat sink requires defining the thermal
resistance of the package and heat sink. This is relatively
straightforward for a TO-220 package in which the heat sink
is attached to the part, but not for DIP and SO packages in
which the external heat sink is the PC board. The physical
size of the PC board can dramatically affect the thermal
dissipation of the package.
The heat sink manufacturers have thoroughly characterized
their heat sinks for TO-220 packages. For these packages,
you can choose either a clip-on or screw-mount heat sink.
The clip-on heat sinks offer the lowest labor cost to mount, but
they can attain only about a 15 to 30C/W case-to-ambient
thermal coefficient. Alternatively, screw-mount types can
reach a 5 to 10C/W case-to-ambient thermal coefficient.
The following Thermalloy part numbers are examples of each
mounting option.
Heat-Sink Style
Clip on
Screw mount
Thermalloy No.
CA
6045
30C/W
6099B
12C/W
Package Style
JA
TO-220
50C/W
TO-263
50C/W
8-Pin DIP
90C/W
16-Pin SO
100C/W
Table D1. Package Thermal Coefficients (1 in2 Cu)

The numbers in Table C1 are a good starting point to
determine the ICs junction temperature rise, but they can
vary widely. Many factors affect these numbers, including PC
board size and thickness as well as the number of layers,
copper area, and copper thickness. Furthermore, a component like the diode or inductor can either heat up the IC or act
as a heat sink.
For best thermal performance use as much copper as possible. Every pin should have a generous amount of PC board
copper, especially the ground (GND) and input pin (VIN).
One exception to this rule is the switch pin (SW), which should
be designed just wide enough to handle the switch current,
minimizing the radiated EMI. Copper provides the best
transfer of heat to the surrounding area. Even double-sided
or multilayered boards help in removing the heat from the IC.
Most data sheets give the worst-case thermal resistance

coefficients of TO-220, DIP, and SO packages. That is, the
packages are characterized in free air, and the thermal
resistance coefficients do not take into account the heatsinking effect of the PC board. Table D1 gives a more
Appendix E
Suggested PC Board Layouts
To achieve proper performance, printed circuit (PC) board
layouts are provided for the various IC package types. Poor
PC board layout can have dramatic effects on the operation
of a power supply. Reduced efficiency, increased EMI, and
spurious oscillations are just some of the results of a poor
layout. Here are a few recommendations that should be
followed:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
In 95 percent of the cases where a power supply is malfunctioning, the cause is more than likely that the inductor is
physically too small rather than poor PC board layout.
The inductor is a power component and is selected based
upon its value and current rating. An inductors currenthandling capability is directly related to its physical size. A
physically large inductor can handle higher peak currents
than a small one of the same value. Just like a 10, 10W
resistor can handle more current than a 10, 1/4W resistor.
A 100H, 3A inductor should be at least the size of your
thumb. If it is not, its value can rapidly decrease or even go
to zero (saturate the core) when operated beyond its rated
limit. When this occurs, the DC-DC converter can exhibit
erratic behavior.
The inductor, filter capacitors, diode, and IC should

be physically close to one another and on the same
side of the PC board. Keep the trace length between
these components below 0.25 inches.
All the high-current traces must be on the same PC
board layer. Do not use vias to connect the power
traces.
Use a single-point ground, not a ground plane.
For the adjustable parts, connect the center tap of
the voltage divider network (R1, R2 in Figure 15a) as
close to the feedback pin as possible. Stray capacitance
and pickup on this node can cause erratic switching
behavior.
Connect the ground return of the divider network as
close to the ground pin as possible. Bizarre
switching action can occur if the ground is
returned through a high-current path.
March 2001
23
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
Figure 1.
MIC4574-5.0BWM
14-lead SOIC
(Layout for Figure 18a)
Figure 2.
MIC4574-5.0BN
8-pin DIP
Solder Side
Solder Side
Silk Screen
Silk Screen
Component Side
Component Side
Application Note 15
24
March 2001
Application Note 15
March 2001
Micrel
Figure 3.
MIC4575-5.0BT/MIC4576-5.0BT
5-lead TO-220
Figure 4.
MIC4575-5.0BU/MIC4576-5.0BU
5-lead TO-263
Solder Side
Solder Side
Silk Screen
Silk Screen
Component Side
Component Side
25
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
Appendix F
(California Area)
1028 Opal Street
San Diego, CA 92109
Tel: (800) 372-1580
Tel: (619) 272-1580
Fax: (619) 272-2362
Bravo Electronics (West Coast Area)
610 Palomar Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94086-2913
Tel: (800) 392-6318
Tel: (408) 733-9090
Fax: (408) 733-8555
Alcom Electronics (Belgium)
Singel 3
2550 Kontich
Tel: + 32 (34) 58.30.33
Fax: + 32 (34) 58.31.26
E V Johanssen Electronik (Denmark)
Titangade 15
2200 Copenhagen N
Tel: + 45 35 86 90 22
Fax: + 45 35 86 90 00
Hy-Line Power Components (Germany)
Inseklammerstr. 10
82008 Unterhaching
Tel: + 49 (89) 6 14 90 10
Fax: + 49 (89) 6 14 09 60
Metl (United Kingdom)
Countax House
Haseley Trading Estate
Stadhampton Road
Great Haseley
Oxford OX44 7PF
Tel: + 44 (1844) 278781
Fax: + 44 (1844) 278746
Westech Electronics (Pte.), Ltd. (Singapore)
12 Lorong Bakar BATU #05-07
Kolam Ayer Industrial Park
Singapore 1334
Tel: + 65 743 63 55
Fax: + 65 746 13 96
TCE Sel (Italy)
Nia Trento 59
20021 Ospiate Di Bollate
Milano
Tel: + 39 (2) 3501203
Tel: + 39 (2) 3501205
Fax: + 39 (2) 3501924
Tritech Ltd. (Israel)
4, HaYetzira St.
P.O. Box 2436
43100 RaAnana
Tel: +972 (9) 917277
Fax: +972 (9) 982616
Manufacturers Distributors List

Micrel provides this list of distributors to make it easier for you
to acquire components. An attempt has been made to
ensure that the information is accurate; however, this list is
subject to change without notice.
Coiltronics Distributors
Armor Electronics (North-East Area)

1055 East Street
Tweksbury, MA 01876
Tel: (508) 640-1499
Fax: (506) 640-1570
Component Distributors Inc. (Alabama Area)
908 B Merchant Walk
Huntsville, AL 35801
Tel: (800) 888-0331
Tel: (205) 536-8850
Fax: (800) 808-2067
Fax: (205) 533-3919
(Georgia Area)
5950 Crooked Creek Road
Suite 150
Norcross, GA 30092
Tel: (800) 874-7029
Tel: (770) 441-3320
Fax: (770) 449-1712
(Texas Area)
710 East Park Blvd.
Suite 108
Plano, TX 75074
Tel: (800) 848-4234
Tel: (214) 578-2644
Fax: (214) 578-2208
(Colorado Area)
3979 East Arapahoe Road
Suite 102, Bidg. 1
Littleton, CO 80122
Tel: (800) 551-7357
Tel: (303) 770-6214
Fax: (303) 770-6057
(Florida Area)
2510 Kirby Ave. N.E.
Suite 109
Palm Bay, FL 32905
Tel: (800) 558-2351
Tel: (407) 724-9910
Fax: (800) 292-6579
Fax: (407) 729-6579
(Virginia Area)
1111 Knoll Mist Lane
Gaitherburg, MD 20879
Tel: (800) 293-2080
Tel: (301) 527-0113
Fax: (301) 527-0115
Application Note 15
26
March 2001
Application Note 15
March 2001
Micrel
27
Application Note 15
Application Note 15
Micrel
MICREL INC. 1849 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131

TEL
+ 1 (408) 944-0800
FAX
+ 1 (408) 944-0970
WEB
USA
http://www.micrel.com
This information is believed to be accurate and reliable, however no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use nor for any infringement of patents or
other rights of third parties resulting from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent right of Micrel Inc.
2001 Micrel Incorporated
Application Note 15
28
March 2001

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Application Note 15

If the components specified in the schematic are not readily

Every circuit in this application note has been designed, built,

Figure 1. Designed, Built, and Tested

1998 Micrel Incorporated

Application Note Contents

Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Special Feature Circuits .................................................................................................... 11

6V24V to 3.3V/0.5A Buck Converter

16V24V to 12V/0.5A Buck Converter

UPL1V470MEH, ESR = 0.34

UPL1J330MEH, ESR = 0.35

Figure 3b. Efficiency

8V24V to 5V/0.5A Buck Converter

Figure 1b. Efficiency

Figure 3a. Schematic

Figure 1a. Schematic

6V24V to 3.3V/1A Buck Converter

UPL1J470MEH, ESR = 0.34

Figure 2a. Schematic

UPL1V151MPH, ESR = 0.12

Figure 4a. Schematic

Figure 2b. Efficiency

Figure 4b. Efficiency

8V24V to 5V/1A Buck Converter

6V24V to 3.3V/3A Buck Converter

UPL1J151MPH, ESR = 0.12

Figure 5b. Efficiency

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

6V36V to 3.3V/3A Buck Converter

Figure 7b. Efficiency

16V24V to 12V/1A Buck Coverter

UPL1V471MPH, ESR = 0.046

Figure 7a. Schematic

Figure 5a. Schematic

UPL1J680MPH, ESR = 0.17

Figure 6a. Schematic

UPL1J471MRH, ESR = 0.039

Figure 8a. Schematic

Figure 6b. Efficiency

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Figure 8b. Efficiency

8V24V to 5V/3A Buck Converter

16V36V to 12V/3A Buck Converter

UPL1J471MPH, ESR = 0.039

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Figure 11b. Efficiency

8V36V to 5V/3A Buck Converter

Figure 9b. Efficiency

Figure 11a. Schematic

Figure 9a. Schematic

UPL1J471MPH, ESR = 0.046

UPL1J471MRH, ESR = 0.039

TPSD106M035R0300, ESR = 0.3

Figure 12a. Schematic

Figure 10a. Schematic

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Figure 12b. Efficiency

Figure 10b. Efficiency

8V24V to 5V/0.5A Buck Converter

8V24V to 5V/1A Buck Converter

Figure 15b. Efficiency