BEHAVIOUR OF TUBULAR STEEL COLUMN BARE, CONCRETE FILLED AND RETROFITTED

NARAYANAN S.P , KALAIKUMAR, V ., COSSA N.J . , HASIFI, M.S , ISMAIL, I, ISMAIL, A Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, <narayanan_sambu@petronas.com.my> 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, <kalaikumar@petronas.com.my> 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, <njcossa@gmail.coml>
1 1 2 3 3

ABSTRACT Steel tubular members are used in high rise buildings, industrial structures, piles, bridge piers and offshore structures. In some applications the bare sections are used, in others they are infilled with concrete. Tubulars damaged due to corrosion or indentation are rehabilitated by infilling with grout or concrete. The behaviour of short length steel tubular bare or infilled with normal concrete is widely reported. The codes provide expressions for evaluating the nominal strength of short and long, bare and infilled steel columns. Not many studies on intermediate length steel columns are reported. The research on concrete infilled steel tubular sections studied the following aspects: (1) Short Steel tubular members Circular Hollow Sections CHS30 and CHS50 were infilled with concrete of grade 30, 60 and 80MPa and grout and tested in axial compression. The slenderness was kept below limiting values for short columns, namely 50. The experimental values were compared with ultimate strength predictions of codes EC4, BS5400, ACI, AS and AIJ (2) Steel tubulars of intermediate length, with slenderness in between 50 and 200, and length 1200 mm infilled with concrete of grades 30, 60 and 80 MPa were tested in axial compression and compared with code predicted ultimate strengths using EC4, BS5400, ACI, AS and AIJ. External diameter-to-plate thickness (D/t) ratios ranged from 11 to 14. (3) Rehabilitation of artificially damaged tubulars using concrete and grout. The artificial damage simulated patch type corrosion commonly seen in offshore tubulars. The artificial damage is obtained by grinding an area of the surface to a specific width, height and reduced wall thickness. The specimens were tested in axial compression. Similar damaged columns specimens were retrofitted using concrete and grout. The rehabilitated strength is compared to the original strength of the tubular for determining the effectiveness of the infill.

1. INTRODUCTION Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) are composite structures of steel tube and in filled concrete. The combination is ideal since concrete core has high compressive strength and stiffness while the steel tube has high strength and ductility [1]. The CFST columns have

Steel & Composite StructuresProceedings of the 4th International Conference Edited by Brian Uy, Zhong Tao, Fidelis Mashiri, Xinqun Zhu, Olivia Mirza & Ee Loon Tan Copyright c 2010 ICSCS Organisers. Published by Research Publishing doi:10.3850/978-981-08-6218-3 FRP-Fr030

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high strength, high ductility and high energy absorption capacity. The behaviour in compression, bending, shear and fatigue resistance under cyclic seismic loading are also superior to reinforced concrete, hence widely used in earthquake zones [2]. They also offer economical advantages during the construction process. Previous works indicated that their behaviour is affected by shape and thickness of the steel tube. Circular CFST section has additional strength compared to square section due to confinement of concrete. This depends on diameter-to-thickness ratio, and the slenderness of the member. Slender CFST columns tend to exhibit less increase of load due to confinement effect since they fail due to overall buckling. The objective of this work is to study the behaviour of CFST columns with high-strength concrete and of intermediate length (slenderness between 40 and 150). . 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS (1) The compression strength of bare short steel tubular column is determined by compression tests and taking the average of 3 tests. For concrete filled short tubular columns also the average of 3 tests is determined. For tests, CHS40 250 mm long and CHS50 300 mm long were used. Grade 30, 60 and 80 concrete was used for infill. (2) Eight intermediate length CFST tubular columns and concrete infill of different strengths were tested. The C50-3.6-00 is sample with 50 mm diameter, 3.6 mm thickness, area 523 2 2 mm and no infill whereas C50-3.6-30 has infill concrete of area 1350 mm and strength 2 30MPa. Other column section has thickness 4.5 mm, As=643 mm and area of infill 1320 2 mm . The columns were 1200mm long to ensure the intended slenderness ratio. To study the efficiency of different rehabilitation methods, 12 tubular specimens were used. The number of specimens used for evaluating each type of rehabilitation method for the damaged steel tubes are shown in Table 1. Concrete of compressive strength of 30, 60, and 80 MPa were produced using normal curing techniques. Properties of concrete and steel used are shown in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.

Notation C50-2.9 C50-3.6 C80-4.0 C80-3.2 Dia. (cm) 5 8 Total

Dimension Thick (cm) 2.9 3.2 4.0 3.2

Patch Corroded 1 1 1 3

Infill Concrete 1 1 1 3 Grout 3 3

Table 1: The number of specimens for evaluating rehabilitation methods

Mix Elements Mean 28 day strength(MPa) Std.dev.

Grade 30 32.0 2.16

Grade 60 62.5 0.9

Grade 80 78.6 0.75

Table 2: Compression Strength of Concrete

Standard BS 1387:1985

Grading Light Grade

Tensile Strength(MPa) 320-460

Table 3: Steel Properties

Yield Strength (MPa) 195

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(3)Portions of wall thickness of the steel tubes were removed by using hand-held electric powered grinder to simulate the patch corrosion (Figure 1). Measurements were taken with the calliper to ensure the correct reduced wall thickness (tr). The parameters of the patch corrosion are the width of corrosion c taken as 0.5 x D x ; where D = cross sectional outside diameter; = angle around the circumference which is subtended by the corrosion patch (radian) and the height of the corrosion, h = 0.5 x D, measured along the longitudinal axis of the tubular [8]. In this study, tr is half of the wall thickness of the steel tubes (t), while is assumed to be 90 degrees. The shape of the patch corrosion was drawn on the steel according to the Table 4. C refers sample with patch corrosion. The compression tests were carried out using 500KN Universal Test Machine. The specimen set-up is presented on Figure 2.The specimens were first placed concentrically under the loading head; this process involved a manual preloading to secure the specimens in place. Steel rigid plates were placed at both ends of the columns to distribute the applied load uniformly over the concrete and steel. Then the specimens were loaded at rate of 0.5KN/s. The ultimate strength was recorded.

Figure 1: Geometric Parameters of corrosion patch (a) Subtended Angle (), Dia. (D), height (h), width (w) (b) Thickness (t), reduced thickness (tr) [8]

Figure 2: Experimental Set up

Sample C50-2.9C C80-4.0-C C80-3.2-C

L (mm) 1200 1200 1200

t (mm) 2.9 4.0 3.2

tr (mm) 1.45 2.00 1.60

tr/t 0.5 0.5 0.5

(degrees) 90 90 90

c (mm) 39.2 62.8 62.8

h (mm) 25 40 40

Table 4: Geometry of Patch corrosion

The experimental results were compared with predictions of Eurocode 4 [7], ACI 318-95 [3] and Australian Standards (AS 3600 & AS4100) Codes, AIJ [4] Code and BS 5400 Part 5 [5].

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3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The compression strength of bare short column, concrete filled short columns and the 8 intermediate length columns with and without concrete infill are given in column 3 of Table 5. SC and IC represent short and intermediate length columns respectively. As expected, the smaller the D/t ratio greater is the compressive strength of the CFST. For example, specimen C50-5-60 (50 mm diameter and thickness 5 mm) (D/t = 11) has higher load resistance than C50-4-60 (D/t = 14). The smaller D/t ratio provides a better confinement of concrete. In this research, the confinement of concrete was not significant in overall CFST behaviour because the length of the column dictated the failure mode. Sample No NExp kN 2 201 314 390 424 267 403 502 618 123 153 166 189 150 166 181 207 165 205 231 NEC4 Nu 3 2/3 Nu NBS5400 2/5 NAIJ,AS, ACI Nu 2/7 8 1.06 2.77 2.88 2.66 1.01 2.42 2.48 2.55 1.43 1.10 0.94 0.94 1.43 159 193 215 1.04 0.94 0.96

1 SC40-00 SC40-30 SC40-60 SC40-80 SC50-00 SC50-30 SC50-60 SC50-80 IC50-4-00 IC50-4-30 IC50-4-60 IC50-4-80 IC50-5-00 IC50-5-30 IC50-5-60 IC50-5-80

4 5 6 7 Bare section: BS5950 :A.py =190.4kN 119 2.63 107 2.94 114 145 2.69 124 3.14 135 173 2.45 142 2.98 159 Bare section using BS5950 :A.py=264.0 kN 176 2.29 155 2.59 166 219 2.30 184 2.73 203 265 2.33 215 2.87 242 Bare section using BS5950 : 86.0 kN 145 1.05 113 1.35 139 189 0.88 132 1.25 176 217 0.87 145 1.30 200 Bare section using BS5950: 105 kN 1.01 0.88 0.90 132 150 162 1.26 1.21 1.28

Table 5: Comparison of test compression strength with code strength

Table 6 shows the compression strengths from experiments of intermediate length bare tubes, Pc,exp, (column 3) and the patch corroded tubes Pu,exp (column 5). The strength reduction due to standard patch varies between 5.70 to 22.86%. Since the test results show adequate reduction in strength, the parameters of patch corrosion is adequate. Sample C50-2.9-B C80-4.0-B C80-3.2-B (BS 5950) (kN) 127.99 273.94 219.15 Pc,exp (kN) 151.17 312.52 221.88 Exp /BS 1.18 1.14 1.01 Pu, exp (kN) 116.61 260.89 209.25 Strength reduction (%) 22.86 16.52 5.70

Table 6: Strength of bare tubes and patch corroded tubes

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The strength of the patch corroded member without and with concrete infill (rehabilitation) is shown in column 2 and 3 respectively of Table 7.

Specimen

Corroded member, Pu,exp (kN) No infill Concrete infill 3 120.72 139.84 173.54 192.07

1 C50-2.9C -30 C50-2.9C -60 C50-2.9C -80 C50-2.9C -G

2 116.61 116.61 116.61 116.61

EC4 Calculation, (kN) 4 203.72 268.49 306.56 -

Strength Gain (3-2)x100/2 (%) 5 3.52 19.92 48.82 64.71

Ratio 3/4 6 0.59 0.52 0.57 -

Table 7 Patch corroded members rehabilitated with concrete or grout infill

4. COMPARISON WITH DESIGN CODES Table 5 shows the comparison of the experimental results and the design codes. The tests results are higher by 20-35% than the predictions using BS 5950. This demonstrates that the BS5400 is more conservative in determining the ultimate load. This under prediction could be because BS5400 accounts the slenderness of the column, by incorporating the reduction factors, which depend on L/D ratio. EC4 predicted the highest values among all codes. This is because it gives higher value of concrete strength enhancement for all the specimens. It is observed that the EC4 provides a better prediction for concrete strength of 30MPa. However as the concrete strength increases, the EC4 predicts higher values than the experimental load. The EC4 over prediction is by 10%. Similar results were also observed by [9], who concluded that the Eurocode 4 was unconservative for thin-walled steel tubes filled with high-strength concrete. The ACI, AS and AIJ, which ignore the concrete strength enhancement due to confinement, provided values relatively closer to the experimental results (the ratio of experimental results to code predictions were close to one). However there is a tendency of over prediction, when the concrete strength increases. For instance the NExp/NAS/ACI ratio is 0.94 for specimens with concrete grades 60MPa and 80MPa. The reason is that, the specimens fail by elastic buckling. The strength gain of patch corroded member infilled with concrete or grout varies from 3.52 % to 64.71%, the largest gain being for the grout infilled corroded member (Table 7). Comparing column 4 and column 3, the strength reduction of CFST due to corrosion can be determined. The ratio varies from 0.52 to 0.57 (column 6).

5. CONCLUSIONS From the comparisons, it may be concluded that: 1. The reduction of ultimate loads for bare steel tubes due to patch corrosion varied between 5 to 23%. 2. The ultimate strength values predicted by BS5400 for CFST were 30% lower than the experimental results, as it neglected the added concrete strength due to confinement.

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3. The ultimate strength of CFST predicted by ACI, AS and the AIJ, showed same trend. The predicted strength of CFST was 5% higher than the experimental results when concrete infill of 60MPa and 80MPa was used. 4. Although, the diameter-to-thickness ratios are low (11 and 14), the confinement of concrete had less effect on the specimens because the experimental result had lower values than the predicted by the EC4 that takes consideration of confinement. 5. Overall, the behaviour of the high strength CFST intermediate length columns is characterized by elastic buckling, and although there is no confinement, the strength of concrete adds compression capacity of the column. 6. Comparison between the code prediction (EC4) for CFST and experimental strength of the concrete-filled corroded steel tubes shows that the strength concrete-filled steel tubes were reduced by 40-50% due to the corrosion. This indicates that strength reduction due to corrosion is a major problem for concrete-filled column. 7. The rehabilitation methods used showed a significant increase of strength for the damaged steel tubes. Repair methods using grout showed higher strength gain on patch corroded steel tube than by concrete infill. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out with support from the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS under STIRF Grant No.50/08.09 for project Rehabilitation of Intermediate Length Damaged Steel Columns in Offshore Applications and STIRF Grant No:04/08.09:Concrete Filled Short Steel Columns for Offshore Applications. 7. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Mursi, M. and Uy, B., 2004, Strength of slender concrete filled high strength steel box column, Journal of construction steel research, Vol.60, p. 1825-1848. Xiao, Y., He, W., Mao, X., Choi, K., and Zhu, P., 2005, Confinement design of CFT columns for improved seismic performance, Hunan University, China. ACI Committee 318. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete (ACI 18-95) and commentary (ACI 318R-99), Detroit: American Concrete Institute; 1999. Architectural Institute of Japan. Recommendations for design and construction of concrete filled steel tubular structures. October 1997 British Standards Institution, BS-5400, Part 5, 1979, Steel, concrete, and composite bridges, Part 5.Code of practice for design of composite bridges, London British Standards Institution, BS-5950, Part 1, 2000, Structural use of Steel work in building, London Eurocode 4.Design of steel and concrete structures, Part1.1, General rules and rules for building DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1996. London W1A2BS: British Standards Institution; 1994 Ricles, J.M., and Hebor, M.F., 1994, Residual Strength and Epoxy-Based Grout Repair of Corroded Offshore Tubulars, BOSS94, Seventh International Conference on Behaviour of Offshore Structures, Vol.3, Structures. OShea, M.D. and Bridge, R.Q, 2000, Design of circular thin-walled concrete filled steel tubes. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, 126 (11):1295303.

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[10] Narayanan Sambu Potty, Aznan Ismail and Kurian V John, 2009, High Strength Concrete Filled Square and Circular Steel Tubes Under Axial Load, 10th International Conference on Concrete Engineering and Technology CONCET, 2-4 March, Malaysia.

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