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72 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAJ/1: 2012
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cBoux pooutteu, KpaCHomanottHbtX KopollbKOBbtX MaHaKUHOB, ooHaKo KuM EocmBuK U3yttaem u ux- B HaoeJ/Coe
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KpacHozollOBbtu MaHaKUH, o6Jlaoamellb xapaKmepHozo ocmpoKoHettHozo xBocma, yxaJ/CuBaem 3a caMKou.
102
PIPRA FILICAUDA PIPRA ERYTHROCEPHALA
CnpaBa- necmpblU KopollbKOBblU Mm-taKUH ( BBepxy) omllutJaemCJT maKuMu J/Ce yBellutJeHHblMU MaxoBblMU nepbR-
MU Bmopozo nopRoKa, tJmo u KpacrtomanotJHblU KopollbKOBblU MartaKUH, 1-10 Kpblllb5CMU uJoaem mollbKO 3ByK,
noxoJ/Cuu rta J/CYJ/CJ/Cartue. CurtezolloBaR nunpa rtecnoco6rta uJoaBamb 3BYKU KpblllbRMU, a J/CellmozolloBblu rtacmoR-
w,uu MartaKUH ( 6HU3Y) 06U2aem Kpblllb5CMU, KaK U KpaCHOUlanotJHblU KOpOllbK06blU MartaKUH, - HO 6e336YtJHO.
MAHAKMHbl 103
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peKa Konopap;o nporphi3aeT my6oKyiO 113Jiyqi1HY
oT p;aM6bi KaHbOHa [neH K EoJibiiiOMY KaHboHy.
A npRMO nepep; BaMI1 Ha 900 11 6onee MeTpoB npo-
TRHYJICR np11qyp;n11BhiM ropHbiM MaCCI1B - cKaJihi
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Ml1 pacru;eJII1HaMI1 11 Ha,ll;BI1HYTbiMI1 p;pyr Ha p;py-
ra nnaCTaMI1, orpoMHbie KYCKI1 KOTopbiX nopotf
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CKOni1BIIII1eCR B OCHOBaHI111 3T0f0 fl1faHTCKOf0
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qTo6hi YB11p;eTh, KaK OT cKaJihi OTBaJII1TCR BanyH
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3TO MO)I(eT CJIYqi1TbCR B TOT )l(e p;eHb, Korp;a Bbl
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pbie cetfqac oTqeTJII1BO npocTynaiOT Ha CKJIOHax
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Tpyp;Ho noBep11Th, qTo o Hau;11oHaJihHOM naMRT-
HI1Ke, OKpy)l(eHHOM CKaJiaMI1, KOTOpbie 3aropaiOTCR
pa3HhiMI1 OTTeHKaMI1 KpacHoro no Mepe nepeMe-
ru;eHI1R COJIHD;a no He6y, p;a)l(e B AMep11Ke MallO KTO
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TomeMHblM cmo!l60M, 8038btUlaemcH Ha cfioHe HOfJHOZO He6a c oopoJICKaMU n a o a r o ~ u x 38e30.
108
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xop;MreR Bop;oxpaHMJIMru;e ITay::mrr e MHpMap;aMM
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reppHropHR. A 3p;elliHMe XMID;HMKM - 3TO )l{apa,
)l{a)l{p;a, HeBe)l{eeTBO M O,D;MHOqeeTBO (BITpoqeM,
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6epyr Mo6MJibHbie rerreoHbi, HeiTpoero HaMTM
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Koropy10 ITPMHeeelllb e eo6oM.
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061liHpHOM ITyerbiHeM e fOHMMbiMM ITO HeM BerpOM
BOJIHaMM-6apxaHaMM, Ha ITpOTR)I{eHMM MMJIJIMOHOB
JieT ITOKpbiBaBilleM 3HaqJ1TeJibHYIO qaeTb reppHTO-
pHM, rp;e eeMqae Haxop;MreR ITJiaro Korropap;o. 9rM
reorrorMqeeKMe MeraMopo3bi ITorpReaiOT Boo6-
pa)l{eHMe. Eru;e 6oJibllle Bbi 6yp;ere ITOpa)l{eHbi, eeJIM
BaM ITOBe3eT YBMp;erb Y3MB- BOJIHy, eKpbiTYIO
Ha eeBepo-3aiTap;e ITJiaro ITapHR, B Meere, Koropoe
Ha3biBaereR oeraHIJ;bi KoMor.
Y 3MB - 3TO XaOTJ1qHoe eKOITJieHMe ITOJIOeaTbiX
OKaMeHeJibiX ,D;IOH, ITOXO)I{MX Ha 3aeTbiBiliMe BOJIHbl
ITpM60R - OHM BeqHo Ha6eraiOT, 3aKpyqMBaiOTeR M
B3,D;biMaiOreR 3a eeKyHp;y p;o roro, KaK paeebmarb-
eR. 9TH 6eeiTOpRp;OqHbie BOJIHbl OTITOIIHpOBaHHOfO
ITeeqaHMKa B qallleo6pa3HOM ITOJIHOM eBeTa KaHbO-
He - TO, qro OCTaJIOeb ITOeJie ,D;JIMTeJibHOfO B03p;eM-
erBMR 3p03MM Ha ITeeqaHMK, a y3opbi Ha HeM - pe-
3YJibTar XMMMqeeKMX ITpou;eeeOB, BbieBeTJIMBiliMX
O,D;HM yqaeTKM KaMHR M OKpaeMBiliMX MMHepaJiaMM
)l{eJie3a p;pyrMe. Errarop;apR BOJIHMeroM ITOBepxHo-
erM Y 3MB ITpep;eraBJIRer eo6oM eBoeo6pa3HYIO a3-
pop;MHaMMqeeKyiO rpy6y, KOTOpaR pa3rOHReT Be-
rep p;o 6oJiblliMX eKopoereM. I1oiTpo6ytire Ha3Barb
Bee IJ;BeTa, KOTOpbie Bbl BM,D;MTe Mepu;aiOID;MMM B
KaMHe. OHM M3MeHRTeR, ITpe)l{p;e qeM Bbi yeiTeere
MX ITepeqJieJIMTb. CorrHu;e KaTMTeR ITO He6y, o6rraKa
ryqHeiOT, xyp;eiOT M J1eqe3aiOT, a Y 3MB e)l{eMMHYTHO
M3MeHRer eBOM o6JIMK, HMKorp;a He MeHRReb.
qro6bi eoxpaHMTb 3TO YHMKaJibHOe o6pa3oBa-
HMe, E10po ITO yiTpaBJieHMIO 3eMJIRMM p;oiTyeKaer K
Y 3MB He 6orree 20 qeJIOBeK B p;eHb: B ITyeTbiHHOM
ITpoerpaHerBe, xpaHRru;eM MoHy JlM3Y reorrorMM,
Bbl OKa)l{eTeeb ITpaKTMqeeKM B O,ll;MHOqeerBe. 9TO
BaM He IO)I{HbiM o6Bop; nOJiblliOro KaHbOHa, rp;e
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MM rypMeroB. OeraBiliMeb Haep;MHe e eo6oM, Bbi
IToqyBeTByere, KaK HJ1qTO)I{H0 Mali OTBep;eHHbiM
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MHorocnoiiiHyiO l-1CTOPI-110APeBHero penbecpa. 3a
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TPHSCOBble
OTilO.IKeHHII
251- 199,6
M111111HOHOB
neT
feOJIOfMqeCKVIe ITpou;eCCbl, C03p;aBIIIVIe Y :'HIB, a
TaK>Ke CKaJibl, KaHbOHbl VI MVIpvrap;bi p;pymx <}>opM
penbe<}>a, ITpop;on:>KaiOTCJI vr ceifqac, He c6aBJIJIJI xo-
p;a. J1 BCe :>Ke OT HaC OHM CKpbiTbl 3a HaCTOJIIIJ;VIM.
KaK-ro p;HeM JI men ITO BhicoxrneMy p;Hy yiiJ;eJihJI
EaKCKVIH B ceBepo-3aiTap;Hoi1 qacrvr ITJiaro - ::nor
Maprnpyr HaqvrHaercJI pRp;OM c p;oporoif p;oJIVIHbi
Xayc-PoK. Ha HeBbiCOKVIX xonMax BoKpyr JI Bvrp;en
crpaHHhie B3p;yrvrJI VI3 ITecqaHvrKa, HaiTOMVIHaBrnvre
KYKOJIKVI KaKvrx -ro <}>aHracrvrqecKvrx HaceKOMbiX,
a rnapbl KycrapHVIKa ITepeKaTVI-ITOJie TOJIITVIJIV!Cb B
VI3rvr6ax BbiCoxrnero pycna, KaK ycraBrnvre cepbie
OBIJ;bl.
YIIJ;eJibe EaKCKVIH VI3BecrHo CBOVIM Y3KVIM KaHb-
OHOM, HO, ITpe:>Kp;e qeM JI p;ornen p;o Hero, MHe ITO-
Bcrpeqanach BbiCOKaJI, coBeprneHHO He rpoHyraJI
ochmh, cocrOJIIIJ;aJI VI3 KpacHoro ITecKa, raKoro
ITJIOTHOfO VI 3epHVICTOfO, KaKVIM 6biBaeT TOJibKO
ITecoK, KoropbiM ocraBJIJier 3a co6oi1 BOJIHa, or-
KarvrBrnvrcb c ITJIJI:>Ka Ha3ap; B Mope. Ka:>Kp;aJI ITec-
qvrHKa, Ka3aJiocb, 6bma Ha cBoeM Mecre. 3ro 6bmo
Haqano ITpou;ecca o6pa3oBaHVIJI ITecqaHvrKa, eiiJ;e
He oKaMeHeBrnero vr o:>Kvrp;aBrnero qepep;bi <}>vr3vr-
qecKvrx VI XVIMvrqeCKVIX ITpeo6pa30BaHVIM, KOTOpbie
ITpeBpaTJIT ero B orpOMHbiM KaMeHHbiM ITJiaCT.
Tpyp;Ho He 3aMervrrh BeprvrKaJihHYIO ITocnep;o-
BareJibHOCTb TaKVIX ITJiaCTOB B CKaJIVICTbiX orporax,
HO 3p;ecb ITpvrcyrcrByer vr ITocnep;oBareJibHOCTb
:>KV13HeHHbiX <}>opM: Ha ITOBepXHOCTVI ITecqaHVIKa
HaBaxo vr ITop;crvrnaiOIIJ;VIX ero cnoeB MO:>KHO yBvr-
p;erh CJiep;bl p;peBHVIX KpOKO,ll;VIJIO- VI IITVIIJ;eiTO,ll;06-
HbiX cyiiJ;eCTB, o6vrraBillVIX 3,ll;eCb B p;aJieKOM ITpO-
IllJIOM- 190 MVIJIJIVIOHOB JieT Ha3ap; VI paHee- ITpO-
IllJIOM, Korp;a 3TO 6biJI COBCeM p;pyroif MV!p.
Ecrb Ha ITJiaro vr ITPVI3HaKvr 6onee coBpeMeHHbiX
o6vrrareJieM - HeCKOJibKO KOpJIBbiX <}>epMepCKVIX
ITOCTpOeK BbiCOKO 3a ITpOBOJIOqHbiM 3a6opOM,
cpep;vr coceH vr MO:>K:>KeBeJibHVIKa B p;onvrHe Koppan.
3ro MeCTO He TaK :>KVIBOITVICHO, KaK Y 3MB, C KOTO-
poif, ITO:>KaJiyif, HVIqTO He CMO:>KeT cpaBHVITbCJI, HO
vr B HeM ecrh CBOJI crporaJI Kpacora. Ymy6neHVIJI
B ITecqaHvrKe co6vrpa10r p;o:>Kp;eBhie KaiTJIVI, Bee p;o
ep;VIHOM. 3p;eCb eCTb HV13V!Hbl, ITOpOCillVIe BbiCOX-
rneif rpaBoif, vr ocrarKvr crapbiX orpap;, Koropbie,
Ka:>KeTCJI, CyiiJ;eCTBYIOT, TOJibKO qro6bi cp;ep:>KVIBaTb
ITepep;BVI:>KeHVIJI ITepeKaTVI-ITOJIJI.
TbiCJiqvr ner Ha3ap; 3TVI 3eMJIVI ITpvrHap;ne:>KaJivr
p;peBHVIM ITJieMeHaM OXOTHVIKOB VI C06vrpareJieM,
MHO:>KecrBo pa3 ITepeceKaBrnvrM ITJiaro. J1M Ha cMe-
HY ITpvrrnnvr Hapop;bi ITy36Jio, a 3areM - ITaMIOT, KO-
rophie ITOp;eJIVIJIVICb qaCTbiO CBOVIX 3HaHVIM 06 3TVIX
KpaJIX C MOpMOHCKVIM MVICCVIOHepOM
X3M6JIVIHOM. lloceJIVIBillVICb B p;onvrHe Xayc- PoK,
OH Y3HaJI cKaJibi BepMVIJIVIOH nyqrne, qeM JII06oi1
p;pyroif 6eJibiM qeJioBeK ero BpeMeHvr. J1ccnep;o-
BareJib Y 3CJIVI I1ay3JIJI OITVICbiBaJI X3M6nvr-
Ha KaK MOJiqaJIVIBOfO, cp;ep:>KaHHOfO qeJIOBeKa,
p;o6aBJIJIJI, qro KOrp;a TOT fOBOpVIJI, TO p;eJiaJI 3TO
Mep;JieHHO VI TVIXO, qro BHyrnaJIO co6ecep;HVIKY
6naroroBeHvre.
3a BCeMVI JIIO,ll;bMVI - ITyrerneCTBeHHVIKaMVI VI
ITOCTOJIHHbiMVI :>KVITeJIJIMVI - Ha6JIIOp;aJIVI ITTVIIJ;bl,
V13BeCTHbie ITO,ll; Ha3BaHVIeM KaJivr<}>opHVIMCKVIM
KOHp;op (Gymnogyps californianus). lloKoJieHvre 3a
ITOKOJieHVIeM, OHM HeCJIVI CBOM ,ll;030p ITO KpaifHeM
Mepe ITOCJiep;HVIe 20 TbiCJiq JieT - a MO:>KeT 6biTb,
p;a:>Ke OKOJIO 100 TbiCJiq JieT, ITOCTeiTeHHO yMeHb-
rnaJICb B qvrcJieHHocrvr, ITocne roro KaK vrcqe3JIVI
KpyiTHbie MJieKOITVITaiOIIJ;VIe ITJieMCTOIJ;eHOBOM 3ITO-
XVI. KoHp;opbi ITpoiTaJivr B cKaJiax BepMVIJIVIOH eiiJ;e B
Haqane ITpornnoro BeKa, HO c 1996 rop;a OHM CHOBa
ITOJIBVIJIV!Cb 3p;eCb, 3aBe3eHHbie JIIO,ll;bMVI, KOTOpbie
BOCITOJIHJIIOT MaJiyiO qvrcJieHHOCTb 3TVIX ITTVIIJ;,
Ka:>Kp;biM rop; BbiiiYCKaJI Ha BOJIIO HOBbiX oco6eif.
KaK p;omo ITpvrp;ercJI :>Kp;aTh, qro6hi yBvrp;erh
KOHp;opa? CITerny o6pap;oBaTb: o:>Kvrp;aHvre ITpo-
p;nvrrcJI B Macrnra6e ITPVIBbiqHoro BaM BpeMeHvr, a
orHIOp;b He reonorvrqecKvrx qacoB. lloKa Bbi :>Kp;ere,
anoe conHu;e cKaJI cyrnvrr Barny Ko:>Ky, a Bbi MO:>Kere
ITpep;craBVITb CBVICT Berpa, KOTOpbiM CJibiillVIT KOH-
p;op, B03HOCJICb B He6o C BOCXO,ll;JIIIJ;VIM ITOTOKOM
B03p;yxa, VI ITaHOpaMy, KOTOpaJI OTKpbiBaeTCJI eMy,
KOrp;a OH, qyrb ITOBOpaqvrBaJI fOJIOBy, CHOBa HeCeT
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oonuHa, HO cKopo cyJ/CaemcH, u Bbt oKa3btBaemecb 8 mecHou zny6oKou pacenuHe. B 3aBucuMocmu om
BpeMeHU zooa mypucmo8 nOOJ/CUOaiOm pa3Hbte Hanacmu: om o6e380J/CU8aHUJC 00 8He3anHOZO Ha800HeHUJC.
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npo HaXOAKY ABYX nonaBWI-1X B wropM
1-1 3aTOHYBWI-1X BpeMeH
1812 rDAa. lt1CTOPI-1s:l KpyweHI-1s:l
OAHOro 1-13 3TI-1X nerna
B OCHOBY pOMaHa aMep!-1KaHCKOrO
nl-1carens:J-Knacci-1Ka Kynepa
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pJ,1qAP,Il, IIIJIEXT
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HaKJIOHeHO BIIepep;, - Ka3aJIOCh,
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MHe YBMp;eTb TO, qTo .H MCKarr qeTbrpe ro,n;a. KTo-To y MeH.H 3a crrM-
HOM TMxo cKa3aJI: Herrrroxo - rrocrre Bceti rrpoBep;eHHOM pa6oThi.
,IJ,::m, MHe Ka)l(eTC.H, Tbl TO)I(e MO)I(elllh IIOKJIOHMTbC.H.
KrraH.HTbC.H .H He CTaJI, HO MbiCJieHHO OTBeCMJI COTHM IIOKJIOHOB -
Ka)l(,ll;OMY M3 BCeX TeX, KTO IIOMOfaJI BbiBeCTM Ha MOHMTOp 3TOT
o6pa3. To 6hma pe3Ha.H <l>Mrypa, c,n;erraHHa.H c rropTpeTa 6pMTaH-
cKoro ap;MMparra fopau;Mo HerrhCOHa. Kor,n;a-To oHa KpacoBarrach
Ha Tpo<l>eMHOM KOpa6Jie aMepMKaHCKOfO <PrroTa - CTpOMJIM ero
KaHap;u;hr, Ha3hiBaJic.H OH M3HaqaJihHO Jlop,n; HeJihCOH (KaHap;a
Torp;a 6bma KOJIOHMeM BerrMKo6pMTaHMM), HO aMepMKaHu;hr rrepe-
MMeHoBaJIM ero B CKep,ll;)l(, a 6pMTaHCKOfO ap;MMparra Ha Hocy
ocTaBMJIM. CKep,n;)l( 3aToHyrr BMecTe c ,n;pyroti BOeHHOM IIIXYHOM,
X3MMJITOHOM, BO BpeM.H IliTOpMa Ha 03epe 0HTapMO 6orree IIO-
JiyTopa BeKOB Ha3ap;. Jlyqiiie BCero 06 3TOM 3HaMeHaTeJibHOM ,ll;Jl.H
MeH.H co6biTMM B cBoe BpeM.H paccKa3arr He,n; MaM.epc, ero Herro-
cpe,n;cTBeHHhiM yqaCTHMK.
PepeeJCHHaJC ifiuzypa Ha Hocy Kopa6Jlff CKepoJK, Komopbtu noKoumcJC
Ha OHe 03epa 0Hmapuo, noooepJICU6aemcJC 6yumpumoM u 6aJlKaMU. C/Jomo-
zpaifyuJC COeJlaHa C nOMOUI,biO OUCmaH4UOHHblX 3JleKmpOHHbl X meXHOJlO-
ZUU. IIooHJCmb Kopa61lb co aHa o3epa noKa He yoa!locb, eeob CKepoJK,
KaK u X3MUllmOH, - COllUOHbte mxyHbt OllUHou no 18 u 22,5 Mempa.
BCE HAMILTON-SCOURGE FOUNDATION/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC STOCK
M
AMEPC EhiJI MATPOCOM aMepMKaH-
CKoro <>nora B 1812 ro,n;y, Kor,n;a pa3ro-
pencR KoH<!>JIMKT Me)K,n;y EpMraHMeM M
CiliA. Op;HOM M3 ITpMqMH BOeHHoro croJIKHOBe-
HMR crana 6noKa,n;a EpMraHMeM roproBJIM Me)K,n;y
CiliA M HaiToJieOHOBCKOM BoMHa 6hma
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JiyM3MaHhi, or BeJIMKMX o3ep ,n;o oKeaHa.
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6hi M He BCITOMHMJI, eCJIM 6hi He ,D;Ba 06CTORTeJihCT-
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ITO MMeHM ,IJ;)KeMMC <DeHMMop KyiTep, HO o6 3TOM
qyTh IT03)Ke.
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rpaHMIJ;eM Ha BOeHHOM rnxyHe CKep,D;)K, KOTOpaR
B COCTaBe aMepMKaHCKOM 3CKap;pbi, BKJIIoqaBIIleM
B ce6R eiiJ;e o,n;Hy BOeHHYIO rnxyHy X3MMJITOH,
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rOBhiM Kopa6neM ITO,D; Ha3BaHMeM ,Il;MaHa, HO era
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cy,n;ax 6bma ITJIOXOM Mp;eeM: raKoe ITepeo6opy,n;oBa-
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PaHHMM yrpoM 8 aBrycra 1813 ro,n;a X3MMJI-
TOH M CKep,D;)K, ITpMrnBaproBaHHhie B 3aiTa,D;HOM
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06a KOpa6JIR Mcqe3JIM MrHOBeHHO - 3aKpyrMJIMCh
B BMXpe, 6biJIM 3aJIMThl BO,D;OM M ITOIIlliM KO ,D;Hy.
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HeycroMqMBhiMM. Bhi)KMJIO JIMIIlh ITO BoceMh qe-
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Ha ITPOTJI)KeHMM cne,n;yiOIIJ;MX rpMp;IJ;aTM ner era
ITaMRTh xpaHMJia Bee MeJihqaMrnMe ITo,n;po6HocrM
roM y)KaCHOM HoqM, B 1843 ro,n;y MaMepc pa3hiCKaJI
cBoero IToiTyrqMKa ITO ,n;oBoeHHOMY ITJiaBaHMIO, Ky-
ITepa, KOTOpbiM K TOMY BpeMeHM y)Ke CTaJI O,D;HMM
M3 Bep;yiiJ;MX aMepMKaHCKMX ITMCaTeJieM.
06Jiap;aBIIlMM, KaK y)Ke 6biJIO CKa3aHO, 3aMe-
qareJihHOM ITaMRThiO, MaMepc B ITo,n;po6HocrRx
paccKa3aJI KyiTepy o cBoeM ITOJIHOM rpy,n;HocreM M
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JlhiMM BeiiJ;aMM, KOTOpbie CKaTMJIMCh BHM3, KOrp;a
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