Respiration (151)

1) Respiration - How is energy in sugars (and other biomolecules) released for cellular use? - cellular respiration (basically the reverse of PS) - there are three basic steps to respiration a) Glycolysis b) Krebs cycle c) Electron transport chain 2) Glycolysis - What happens in glycolysis? - takes place in the cytoplasm - a series of enzymatic steps - glucose is first converted into fructose bisphosphate (FBP) at the expense of 2 ATP - this is then split into 2 3-carbon molecules (3GP), each of which is eventually converted into pyruvate - these steps also generate 4 ATP (net 2) and 2 NADH - for some organisms, ATP from glycolysis alone is enough to exist on - however, they need to regenerate the NAD+ to keep glycolysis going (otherwise that step is limited by NAD+ supply) - respiration that doesnt use oxygen is called anaerobic respiration - the process of regenerating NAD+ is called fermentation - the two major types of fermentation produce either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol 3) Aerobic Respiration - How can we get more energy out of our glucose molecule? - the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in the mitochondria (aerobic respiration) - mitochondria also have an internal membrane called the cristae - pyruvate can enter the mitochondria, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA - acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, a series of enzymatic conversions - the carbon from the acetyl-CoA molecules is released in the form of CO2 - several steps pass e- on to NADH and FADH2 - e from these molecules can be passed on to an electron transport chain, similar to photosynthesis

- components reside in the inner membrane - process of passing e- pumps H+ into the outer space - gradient flow of H+ back in powers ATP generation via ATP synthase - O2 is the terminal e- acceptor - frees the chain to continue flowing - fermentation doesnt use O2, so it anaerobic - C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy (opposite of photosynthesis)