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On the right-hand side of our building, a window occurs;
lessening the length of wall to resist shear to 2 - 17.5 ft segments.
Adjusting to ASD:
transverse:
F
p
= 476/1.4 = 340 lb/ft
longitudinal:
F
p
= 600/1.4 = 429 lb/ft
Comparing wind vs. seismic forces, it is apparent that seismic will govern the lateral
design of the diaphragm in both directions.
Transverse: 340 plf > 93 plf.
Longitudinal: 429 plf > 93 plf.
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5. Calculate the unit shear forces in the flexible diaphragm.
Flexible diaphragms are like deep, thin, uniformly-loaded beams that are simply
supported by the shear walls.
Consider the transverse direction:
Longitudinal force direction:
The transverse direction is often the more critical direction for rectangular
buildings due to the longer diaphragm span and the shorter shear walls.
In summary: the diaphragm spans between the supporting shear walls, transferring
the inertial affect of the perpendicular walls and itself to those walls located parallel
to force direction.
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1997 UBC Earthquake Design
Wall Forces
1. Shear walls (in-plane lateral forces):
The shear walls support the diaphragm by receiving the diaphragm reaction, R,
through proper connections at the diaphragm boundary.
See lateral load path for a review of the basic building's behavior.
If you have a masonry or concrete building supported by a flexible diaphragm,
the shear wall load (e.g. the diaphragm reaction) could be recalculated to
reflect the lower design requirement.
This comes from the R = 4.5 for vertical LFRS elements vs. R = 4.0 for
the horizontal LFRS.
In addition, the wall itself develops inertial forces that also act parallel to the wall and
must be accounted for.
This additional seismic force is assumed to be generated from the weight of
the top half of the wall
The shear wall is then usually evaluated for shear stress capacity at mid-height.
According to '97 UBC 2107.1.7 if in seismic zones 3 or 4, the shear wall must
be designed to resist 1.5 times v.
'97 UBC 2107.1.7
2107.1.7 Shear walls, design loads.
When calculating shear or diagonal tension stresses, shear walls which resist seismic forces in Seismic
Zones 3 and 4 shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the forces required by Section 1628.
2. Out-of-plane bending of walls (lateral forces perpendicular to wall):
Refer to '97 UBC 1632 - Lateral forces on elements of structures.
Applied forces on elements, (vs. the LFRS), may be larger in magnitude
because these elements respond dynamically to the motion of the structure
instead of the ground.
3. The strength-level design equation for elements and components has changed
considerably from earlier (pre-1997) versions of the code. It now is:
Where:
the subscript "p" refers to elements or components (e.g. parts) of the structure.
a
p
= in-structure component amplification factor found in '97 UBC Table 16-O
a
p
2.5
C
a
= seismic response spectrum value found in '97 UBC Table 16-Q.
R
p
= component response modification factor form '97 UBC Table 16-O
h
x
= the location (elevation) of the attachment point of the part taken with respect to grade
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h
r
= the structure's roof elevation with respect to grade
w
p
= the weight of the element or component under consideration
F
p
is at strength-level and must be adjusted by 1.4 to reduce it to ASD level.
= 1.0 for elements and components.
A common calculation that makes use of this element's provision is to determine the
seismic force normal to a wall as shown in the following figure. A sample calcualtion is
given in Example 2.
Please note that there appears to be a height mistake and a code interpretation
problem in Breyer's Example 2.17
1. Diaphragm anchorage:
Lateral forces acting perpendicular to the wall will tend to separate the wall from the
horizontal diaphragm.
Must provide a positive anchorage system connecting masonry walls to
diaphragms, shown above as the "specially designed anchor".
This anchorage must resist:
Wind forces on wall element.
Seismic force normal to the wall using UBC '97 Eqn 32-2. According to '97
UBC 1633.2.81:
In seismic zones 3 and 4 with a flexible diaphragm, R
p
= 3.0 and a
p
=
1.5. This a
p
factor essentially increases the design forces at the wall to
diaphragm by 50%.
In seismic zone 4, the F
p
for wall anchorage 420 lb/ft.
Regardless of governing lateral force (wind vs. seismic) the code specifies a
minimum, strength-level, anchorage force of 280 lb/ft for concrete and masonry
walls ('97 UBC 1605.2.3 and 1611.4)
Requirements about anchorage detailing for concrete or masonry walls:
In seismic zones 3 and 4 ('97 UBC 1605.2.3)
Use embedded straps that attach or hook around reinforcing steel or
ensure effective transfer of forces to steel.
Limit anchor spacing to 4' unless wass are designed to resist bending
between anchors.
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In seismic zones 2, 3, and 4('97 UBC 1633.2.9.5)
Anchorage shall not use nails in withdrawal or toe nails.
Ledgers or framing shall not be used in cross-grain bending/tension,
which is shown in the following figure.
To avoid these problems, use specially designed seismic ties that are
known as purlin anchors by Simpson Strong-Tie, a manufacturer of
prefabricated, light-gauge, steel connectors for wood construction.
1997 UBC Earthquake Design
Example 2
Continue with the previous example, Example 1, and examine the following:
6. Shear wall design force.
7. Lateral forces normal to the wall.
8. Shear wall overturning.
9. Shear wall drift.
6. Shear wall forces
a. Consider seismic loading in the transverse direction.
From example 1, step 5, the diaphragm force (at ASD level) supported by one
of the 50' endwall was determined to be 17000 lbs.
Recall, however, that this was developed from F
px
based upon a R = 4.0, and
not F
x
with a R = 4.5. Since the shear wall is a vertical element of the LFRS, it
is permissible to reduce this reaction force by 89%; accounting for this
difference between 4.0 and 4.5.
Calculate the top half of the wall's inertia force assuming no openings in the
wall:
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Total unit shear, applied at mid height:
v` = (15111 + 5582) / 50 = 414 lb/ft.
Since this building is located in seismic zone 4, increase v by 50 %:
v` = 414 (1.5) = 621 lb/ft
b. Similarly, for seismic movement in the longitudinal direction:
c. The above unit shear shear wall forces were developed for the 50' end wall that had
no openings. What happens when the wall has openings, like th 15' on on the other
end wall?
The lateral load must be carried by the effective wall segments known as shear
panels if wood walls or piers if concrete or masonry walls.
Different procedures are used to distribute the horizontal diaphragm reaction to
the effective wall segments, depending if wood or masonry walls.
In shear panels, the unit shear is the same in every panel due to the
assumption that the panel force is inversely proportional to the panel
length.
In piers, the pier force in inversely proportional to pier rigidity. The unit
shear in wider pier will be greater than the unit shear in a narrow pier.
In this example, however, the endwall piers are the same with the same
rigidities. The unit shear in each 17.5' pier will be:
7. Lateral forces normal to walls:
It is assumed that the walls perpendicular to the ground motion span vertically
between the roof diaphragm and foundation.
a. Force on main wall using '97 UBC Eqn 32-2:
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Also note: F
p
= .587W
p
is greater than .7(.44) (1.0)W
p
= .308W
p
and less than 4.0
(.44)(1.0)W
p
= 1.76 W
p
according to '97 UBC 1632.2
b. Force on cantilvered parapet:
c. Anchorage design force at diaphragm:
Recall that if in seismic zones 3 or 4, a
p
for the main wall is increased to 1.5.
This increases the main wall force by 50% for use in anchorage force
calculation.
This exceeds the code minimum requirement of 420/1.4 = 300 lb/ft (at ASD
level).
Therefore, provide an anchorage system capable of resisting 520.8 lb/ft.
8. Overturning check on shearwalls:
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Ls>o s>I _
,'=' --= -= --=-
A lower factor of safety is permitted in seismic design vs. that used in wind because
of the transient and reversing nature of the seismic forces.
The factor of safety is accounted for by reducing the resisting moment to dead
load by .9.
Consider overturning of the short walls due to seismic forces acting in the transverse
building direction.
9. Story drift, :
According to '97 UBC 1630.10.2, the maximum in elastic displacement
M
, should
not exceed .025h for structures with T < .7 seconds.
A serviceability consideration.
M
is a strength level inelastic displacement due to a design earthquake.
M
= .7R
S
where R is from Tabe 16-N and
S
is static story drift due to
strength-level forces.
Consider the following calculation for the 50' shear wall:
_IV >sI
.oI I..V .> . oI _o. I _>. ,.l>oI l.Vc\ I lcVL.. ,.iI ,.I
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