Second order differential equations of the type

a
Steps: 1) First find the solution of the reduced differential equation a This is called the COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION (C.F.). 2) Second, find any function that satisfies the equation a This is called the PARTICULAR INTEGRAL (P.I.) 3) The general solution of the equation a y = C.F. + P.I. Types of particular integral The particular integral depends on the function f(x). We will consider three types of function f(x): Polynomial Exponential Trigonometric

d2y dy +b + cy = f ( x) 2 dx dx

d2y dy +b + cy = 0 . 2 dx dx

d2y dy +b + cy = f ( x) . 2 dx dx

d2y dy +b + cy = f ( x) is 2 dx dx

Case 1: Solution of differential equations of the form a polynomial

d2y dy +b + cy = f ( x) , where f(x) is a 2 dx dx

If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n, the particular integral will also be a polynomial (usually, but not always, of degree n). Example 1: Solve

d2y dy + 5 + 4 y = 8x 6 2 dx dx

(1) (2)

d2y dy + 5 + 4y = 0 2 dx dx 2 Step 2: Write down the auxiliary equation: m + 5m + 4 = 0

Step 1: Write down the equivalent homogeneous equation:

Step 3: Solve the auxiliary equation to find the two values of m. Hence write down the complementary function (i.e. the solution of equation (2))

Step 4: Find a particular integral (i.e. a function that satisfies the original differential equation). Because equation (1) has a linear function on the right hand side, we try a function of the form y = ax + b. dy d2y = and = dx dx 2 Substitute these into equation (1) in order to find the values of a and b. If y = ax + b, then

Step 5: Put the complementary function together with the particular integral in order to get the overall solution. You should find that it is y = Ae x + Be 4 x + 3 x 4 .

Example 2: Solve the differential equation

d 2x dx + 4 + 13x = 13t 2 + 8t 63 2 dt dt

(*)

Solution:

Reduced equation: Auxiliary equation:

d 2x dx + 4 + 13x = 0 2 dt dt

Now solve the aux. equation:

Therefore, the C.F. is We try finding a P.I. of the form x = at 2 + bt + c Then

dx = dt

and

d 2x = dt 2

Substituting these into equation (*) gives Comparing coefficients gives: (coefficients of t2) (coefficients of t) (coefficients of units) We therefore get: a= b= c= So the particular integral is Therefore the general solution is x =

Solution of differential equations of the form a function

d2y dy +b + cy = f ( x) , where f(x) is an exponential 2 dx dx

d2y dy +4 + 4 y = 2e 3 x 2 dx dx d2y dy Step 1: Reduced equation: + 4 + 4y = 0 2 dx dx 2 Step 2: Auxiliary equation: m + 4m + 4 = 0

Example: Solve Step 3: Solve the auxiliary equation to find the values of m.

(1) (2)

So the complementary function is y = ( Ax + B )e 2 x Step 4: Find a particular integral. Because equation (1) has an exponential function on the right hand side, we try a function of the same form, i.e. we try y = ae 3 x dy d2y If y = ae 3 x , then = and = dx dx 2 Substitute these into equation (1) in order to find the values of a:

Therefore a particular integral is: y = 2e 3 x . Step 5: Put the complementary function together with the particular integral in order to get the overall solution. We find that it is y = ( Ax + B )e 2 x + 2e 3 x .

Question: Solve

d2y dy +6 + 25 y = 10e x 2 dx dx

(1) (2)

Solution: Step 1: Reduced equation: Step 2: Auxiliary equation:

Step 3: Solve the auxiliary equation to find the values of m. Write out the complementary function.

Step 4: Find a particular integral. Because equation (1) has an exponential function on the right hand side, we try a function of the same form, i.e. we try y = ae x

dy = dx Substituting into equation (1) gives: If y = ae x , then

and

d2y = dx 2

So a particular integral is y = Step 5: The overall solution is y = e 3 x ( A cos 4 x + B sin 4 x ) + 0.5e x .

Solution of differential equations of the form a function Example: Solve the differential equation 2 Solution: Step 1: Reduced equation: 2

d2y dy +b + cy = f ( x) , where f(x) is a trigonometric 2 dx dx

dx d 2x dx = 3 when t = 0. + 5 + 2 x = 5 sin t given that x = 2 and 2 dt dt dt (2)

d 2x dx + 5 + 2x = 0 2 dt dt

Step 2: Auxiliary equation: Step 3: Solve the auxiliary equation to find the values of .

So the complementary function is x = Ae 2t + Be 0.5t Step 4: Find a particular integral. Because equation (1) has a trigonometric function on the right hand side, we try a function of the form, x = a sin t + b cos t . When x = a sin t + b cos t , . Therefore substituting into equation (1): Comparing coefficients of sint: Comparing coefficients of cost: So, a particular integral is x = -cost Step 5: Therefore the overall solution is x = Ae 2t + Be 0.5t cos t Step 6: Use the boundary conditions to find A and B: x = 2 when t = 0, so substituting gives: 2 = A + B 1 i.e. A + B = 3 (*) i.e. b = -1 i.e. a = 0 dx = dt and

d 2x = dt 2

The second boundary condition is: Since

dx = 3 when t = 0. dt -3 = -2A 0.5B + 0 i.e. -6 = -4A B (**)

dx = 2 Ae 2t 0.5 Be 0.5t + sin t , we get: dt Solving equation (*) and (**) gives A = 1 and B = 2. So the overall solution is: x = e 2t + 2e 0.5t cos t

Question: Solve the differential equation Step 1: Reduced equation: Step 2: Auxiliary equation:

d 2x x = 4 cos t . dt 2

(1)

Step 3: Solve the auxiliary equation to find the values of m.

So the complementary function is x = Step 4: Find a particular integral. Because equation (1) has a trigonometric function on the right hand side, we try a function of the form, x = a sin t + b cos t . dx = dt Therefore substituting into equation (1): When x = a sin t + b cos t , and

d 2x =. dt 2

So, a particular integral is x = Step 5: Therefore the overall solution is x = Ae t + Be t 2 cos t