Brocas

Drilling Bits
Topics of Interest:

5.1 Bit types available (classification). 5.2 Rock Failure Mechanism 5.3 Bit selection and Evaluation. 5.4, 5.5 & 5.6 Factors affecting bit wear, drilling speed & Bit Termination. 5.7 & 5.8 Factors Affecting Penetration Rate (ROP) & Bit Operation
Instructor: Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Majed; dept of petroleum engineering, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Definition of Bit:
A drilling bit is the cutting or boring tool which is made up on the end of the drillstring. The bit consists of: i. a cutting element (Cutters) and ii. a fluid circulation element (nozzles) The bit drills through the rock by scraping, chipping, gouging or grinding the rock at the bottom of the hole. Drilling fluid is circulated through passageways in the bit to remove cuttings and apply hydraulic power to improve penetration rates. The penetration rate of a bit is a function of several parameters including weight on Bit (WOB), RPM, mud properties and hydraulic efficiency.
Instructor: Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Majed; dept of petroleum engineering, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 3
5.1 Types of Bits

There are basically three types of drilling bit
1. Drag Bits (no longer in use) 2. Rolling Cutter Bits (most common) 3. Diamond bits
1. Drag Bits:
These were the first bits used in rotary drilling but are no longer in common use. A drag bit consists of rigid steel blades shaped like a fish-tail which rotate as a single unit. Consist of fixed cutter blades that are integral with the body of the bit and rotate as a unit with the drill string (since the beginning of Rotary drilling in early 19th century). Due to the dragging/scraping action of this type of bit high RPM and low WOB are applied. The decline in the use of drag bits was due to: 1.The introduction of roller cone bits which could drill soft formations more efficiently. 2.If too much WOB was applied excessive torque led to bit failure or drill pipe failure 3.Drag bits tend to drill crooked hole, therefore some means of controlling deviation was required 4.Drag bits were limited to drilling through uniformly, soft, unconsolidated formations where there were no hard abrasive layers.
2. Rolling Cutter Bits:

Roller cone bits (or rock bits) are still the most common type of bit in use world wide. The cutting action is provided by cones having either steel teeth or tungsten carbide inserts which drill hole predominantly with a grinding and chipping action. Rock bits are classified as milled tooth or insert depending on the cutting surface of the cones. The first successful rock bit was designed by Hughes in 1909. this was a major innovation since it allowed rotary drilling to be extended to hard formations. The first design was a two or more cones containing the cutting elements which rotate about the axis of the cone as the bit is rotated at the bottom of the hole.
3. Diamond bits:
The hardness and wear resistance of diamond made it an obvious material for a drilling bit. The diamond bit is really a type of drag bit since it has no moving cones and operates as a single unit. The cutting action of a diamond bit is achieved by scraping away the rock using high RPM. The diamonds are set in a specially designed pattern and bonded into a matrix on a steel body. Despite its high wear resistance diamond is sensitive to shock and vibration, therefore great care must be taken when running a diamond bit. Effective fluid circulation across the face of the bit is also very important to prevent overheating of the diamonds and matrix material and to prevent the face of the bit becoming smeared with rock cuttings (bit balling)
Common Types of Drilling Bits

Special Types of Drilling Bits

Instructor: Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Majed; dept of petroleum engineering, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi 9 Arabia
5.1.1 Drag Bits

Types
(a) Steel cutter bits (Fig. 5.1) (b) Diamond bits (Fig. 5.2) (c) Polycrystalline diamond bits (Fig. 5.3)
10
Advantages of Drag Bits:
No rolling parts which require strong clean bearing surfaces Because it is made from one solid piece of steel there is less chance of bit breakage, which would leave junk in the bottom of the hole.
11
Advantages of Drag Bits:
Steel Cutter Bits: Best for soft, uniform unconsolidated formations. Now, replaced by other types in all area. Diamond Bits: Best for hard non-brittle formations. The face or crown of the bit consists of many diamonds set in a tungsten carbide matrix. Fluid courses are provided in the matrix to direct the flow of drilling fluid over the face of the bit.
Drag Bits Hydraulics:
Pressure drop required across the Experimentally determined by Manufacturers:
face
of
the
bit:
1. Approx 22.5 Hyd. HP per Sq-Inch of hole-size 2. pbit = 500 1,000 psi, given approx. as follows: = (Pump pressure measured with the bit off bottom) - (Pump pressure with the bit drilling)
Manufacturer usually provide estimate of approximate circulating rate required establishing the needed pressure drop across the bit.
13
Diamond Bits:
Shape of crown profile is important 1. Step type 2. Long taper (straight hole, high wt.) 3. Short taper (easier to clean) 4. Non taper (directional drilling) Size and number of diamonds, depend on the hardness of the formation. For hard formations: many small stones (0.07-0.125 carrot) For soft formations: few large stones (0.75-2.0 carrot)
Diamond cutter drag bit

14
Diamond cutter drag bit - design nomenclature

15
5.1.2 PolyCrystalline Diamond (PCD) Bits

A new generation of diamond bits known as polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits the mid 1970s a new family of drag bits has been made possible by the introduction of a sintered polycrystalline diamond drill blanks as a bit cutter element.
The Since
drill blanks consist of a layer of a synthetic polycrystalline diamond about (1/64)-inch thick that is bonded to a cemented tungsten carbide substrate in a high-pressure high-temperature process. contains many small diamond crystals bonded together.
It
Instructor: Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Majed; dept of petroleum engineering, KFUPM, 14 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
The PCD is bonded either to a tungsten carbide bit-body matrix or to a tungsten carbide stud that is mounted in a steel bit body. They perform best in soft, firm, and medium-hard, non-abrasive formations that are not gummy (to avoid bit-balling) Good results are obtained in carbonates or evaporates that are not broken up with hard shale stringers. Also good in a sandstone, siltstone, shale. Design of crown profile is important, double-cone and flat profile.
Diamond cutter drag bit- radial and feeder collectors
18
5.1.3 ROLLING CUTTER BITS

The three-cone rolling cutter bit is by far the most common bit. Available with a large variety of tooth design and bearing types. Tooth types:

Steel Tooth (milled tooth) Carbide Tooth (tungsten carbide insert)
5.1.3 ROLLING CUTTER BITS

Shape of teeth: long widely spaced steel teeth are used for drilling soft formations As the rock type gets harder the tooth length and cone offset must be reduced to prevent tooth breakage Tooth action Scraping and twisting Zero offset cones action Crushing Smaller tooth more room for the construction of stronger bearings.
Bit Offset
Wear Characteristic of milled-tooth bits

Instructor: Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Majed; dept of petroleum engineering, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi 22Arabia
ROLLING CUTTER BITS
The major advantages in rock bit design since the introduction of the Hughes rock bit includes:

For any type of formation there is a suitable design of rock bit Can handle changes in formation Acceptable life and drilling rate Reasonable cost Improved cleaning action by using jet nozzles Use of tungsten carbide for hardfacing and gauge protection Introduction of sealed bearings to prevent the mud causing premature failure due to abrasion and corrosion of the bearings.
Classification of Tricone Bits
(a) Milled tooth cutters (b) Tungsten carbide insert cutters
Tungsten Carbide Insert Bit
Milled Tooth Bit
(a) Milled tooth cutters
Inner rows of teeth are intermeshing advantageous (inner rows). Outer-row of teeth (Heel teeth) (no intermeshing); very difficult job it wears it leads to out of gauge bit (hole).
(a) Milled Tooth Bit (Steel Tooth)
Long teeth for soft formations Shorter teeth for harder formations Cone off-set in soft-formation bit results in scraping gouging action Self-sharpening teeth by using hard-facing on one side High drilling rates - specially in softer rocks
Proper bottomhole cleaning is very important
Fluid flow through jets in the bit (nozzles)
Milled Tooth Bit (Steel Tooth)
(b) Tungsten Carbide Insert Bits
Long life cutting structure in hard rocks Hemispherical inserts for very hard rocks Larger and more pointed inserts for softer rock Can handle high bit weights and high RPM Inserts fail through breakage rather than wear Tungsten carbide: very hard, brittle material
Fig. 5.9: Example tungsten carbide insert cutter used in rolling cutter Bits
10
Tungsten Carbide Insert Bits
11
Roller Cone Bearings
Cheapest bearing assembly consist of:

Roller-type outer bearing Ball-type intermediate bearing Friction-type nose bearing
All standard bearings are lubricated by drilling fluids.
Intermediate cost bearing assembly is the sealed bearing assemblylubricated by grease. Expensive assembly: Journal bearing must have effective grease seals. It gives long bearing life.
13
5.2 ROCK FAILURE MECHANISM

Basic mechanisms of rock removal : Wedging Scraping and Grinding Erosion by jet action Crushing Torsion or twisting
14
ROCK FAILURE MECHANISM Cont..
DRAG BITS
Cut rock by WEDGING More efficient than crushing and grinding
15
DIAMOND DRAG BITS
Cut rock by GRINDING

ROLLER CONE BITS
Cut rock by CRUSHING, WEDGING AND TWISTING
Table 5.4 Tooth Design Characteristic for Roller-Cutting Bits
18
Measure of Formation Hardness: UCS

Hardness Ultra Soft Very Soft Soft Medium Hard Very Hard UCS (psi) < 1,000 1,000 - 4,000 4,000 - 8,000 8,000 - 17,000 17,000 - 27,000 > 27,000 Examples
gumbo, clay unconsolidated sands, chalk, salt, claystone coal, siltstone, schist, sands sandstone, slate, shale, limestone, dolomite quartzite, basalt, gabbro, limestone, dolomite marble, granite, gneiss
UCS = Uniaxial Unconfined Compressive Strength
Drilling Bit Design

The design features of the most widely used bits are discussed here. The bits are: 1.Roller Cone Bits 2.PDC Bits
1. Roller Cone Bits

There are two elements in the design of rock bits which will be dealt with in detail i.Cutting structure ii.Fluid circulation i.Cutting Structure: its design is based on the hardness of the formation - Soft formation: long, thin, and widely spaced teeth - Moderately hard formation: teeth height is decreased and teeth width increased, spacing must be sufficient - Hard formation: teeth are short and stubbier, spacing is not critical ii. Fluid Circulation: Use of three jet nozzles for efficient cleaning - Jet nozzles: Small rings of standard outer diameter and various inner diameter Made of tungsten carbide Less than 7/32 are not recommended
2. PDC Bits
The five major components of PDC bit design are:
i.Cutting materials ii.Bit body materials iii.Cutting rake iv.Bit profile v.Cutting density vi.Cutting exposure vii.Fluid circulation
2. PDC Bits Cont..

i. Cutting materials: Polycrystaline diamond 90 95% is pure diamond compact set into body of bit ii. Bit body materials Steel body bit: cheaper but facing erosion problems iii. Cutting rake can be set at various rack angles iv. Bit profile three basic types of crown profile flat or shallow cone, tapered or double cone, and parabolic
2. PDC Bits Cont..

v. Cutting density - Numbers of cutters per unit area - Control the amount of load per cutter vi. Cutting exposure - Amount by which cutters protrude from bit body - to ensure good cleaning of the bit face and mechanical strength vii. Fluid circulation - Same as roller cone bit - More than three jets are used on a PDC bit
5.3 Bit Selection and Evaluation

Selection of the best bit is by trial-and-error method.
Formation characteristics (drillability & abrasiveness) and Cost per foot analyses are the help in bit selection.
5.3 Bit Selection and Evaluation Cont
Drillability of a formation: It is a measure of how easy the formation is to drill. Drillability is inversely proportional to the Compressive strength of the rock formation. Drillability generally decreases with depth in a given area. Abrasiveness of a formation: It is a measure of how rapidly the teeth of milled-tooth-bit will wear when drilling the formation. Abrasiveness generally increases as drillability decreases.
Bit Selection Criteria depend on the following two situations: Situation-1: Bit Records for a Formation are NOT available Situation-2: Bit Records for a Formation are available

Situation-1: When Bit Records are NOT Available
Several Rules of Thumb are often used for initial bit selection:
If formation hardness is known, then use the IADC Charts (Tables 5.1 through 5.3). Table 5.5 shows the bit types often used in various formation types.
Situation-1: Absence of Prior Bit Records
Bit cost consideration: For selecting initial bit type and features.
the shallow portion of the well. TCR bits are most versatile.
Use the longest tooth size possible
Tricone Roller Bits: Good initial bit type for
Diamond Bits: Perform best in
Non-brittle formations (having a plastic mode of failure) Bottom portion of well (due to longer bit life, minimizes high-cost tripping operations)
PCD Drag Bits: Perform best in
Uniform sections of Carbonate formations (without thin stringers of brittle rocks or hard shales)
PCD Drag Bits: Should NOT be used in
Gummy formations (gluey shales, tending to cause bit balling)
10
Carefully evaluate a dull bit when it is removed from the well. Maintain carefully well-written records of the performance of used bits for future references.
11
5.3.1 Grading Tooth Wear
Tooth wear of milled tooth bits is graded in terms of fractional tooth height (in 1/8-ths) that has been worn away and is reported to the nearest eighth.
Example: Half original tooth height has been worn away, the bit will be graded as T4, i.e. the teeth are 4/8 worn. See Fig. 5.22
BT: Broken teeth in a remarks column.
Fig. 5.22 Tooth Wear guide chart for milled-tooth Bits
13
Tooth wear of Insert bits is reported as the fraction of the total number of inserts that have been broken or lost to the nearest eighth.
Example: Half the inserts broken or lost it would be graded T4. i.e. 4/8 of the inserts are broken or lost.
14
5.3.2 Grading Bearings Wear

Difficult to evaluate in the field. Bit must be disassembled to determine bearing wear.
Bearing failure results in;

Cones do not rotate locked Extremely loose cones.
Alternative technique: MTBF Bearing wear can be estimated from the number of hours left in the bearing. MTBF Mean Time Between Failure
15
IADC BIT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
A large variety of bit designs are commercially available. How to identify similar bit types from various manufacturers? The IADC Classification System adopted a Code: 3-Digit + 1-Letter
3-Digit Code 1st Series Number 2nd Type Number 3rd Bearing & Gauge Number 1-Letter Code Features
Example 135M
or
447X
or
637Y
The 3-digit code is defined as follows:

Series Type Bearing & Gage
1st digit 2nd digit 3rd digit 4th character
The 1-Letter code is defined as follows:
Features Available
IADC BIT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 1. Notes: For Diamond or PCD bits, the letter D is written before the 3-digit code! Series D1 through D5 are reserved for Diamond & PCD bits as follows:
D1 Soft formation D2 Medium-soft formation D3 Medium formation D4 Medium-hard formation, and D5 Hard formation categories. D7 Core bits in Soft formation D8 Core bits in Medium formation D9 Core bits in Hard formation
18
Milled tooth bit
1st
digitSeries
MTB = Milled Tooth Bit
Tungsten carbide insert bit
Series 1 MTB for Soft formations Series 2 MTB for Medium formations Series 3 MTB for Hard formations Series 4 Reserved for future use with special category (e.g., Universal bit)
The higher the series number, the harder/more abrasive the rock
1st digit Series

TCI = Tungsten Carbide Insert
Series 5 TCI bit for Soft formations Series 6 TCI bit for Medium formations Series 7 TCI bit for Hard formations Series 8 TCI bit for Extremely Hard formations The higher the series number, the harder/more abrasive the rock
2nd digit Type

135M or 447X or 637Y Each Series divided into 3 or 4 Types

Type 0 Reserved for PCD drag bits Type 1 Softest Formation in a Series
Increasing Rock Hardness
Type 4 Hardest Formation in a Series

3rd digit Bearing & Gage

135M

or
447X
or
637Y
Bearing Design and Gage Protection Seven (7) Categories

1. Non-Sealed (Open) Roller Bearing 2. Roller Bearing Air Cooled 3. Non-Sealed (Open) Roller Bearing Gage Protected 4. Sealed Roller Bearing 5. Sealed Roller Bearing Gage Protected 6. Sealed Friction Bearing 7. Sealed Friction Bearing Gage Protected
Examples Three bits from 3 different manufacturing companies 135M or 447X or 637Y
Examples
135M
4
447X
4
637Y
Soft formation: Milled tooth bit; roller bearings with Motor application
Soft formation: Insert bit; friction bearings Chisel inserts
Medium-hard Insert bit; Friction bearing with gage protection; Conical inserts
gage protection;
4
with gage protection;

4

Brocas

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Brocas

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Drilling Bits

5.1 Types of Bits

2. Rolling Cutter Bits:

Common Types of Drilling Bits

Special Types of Drilling Bits

5.1.1 Drag Bits

Advantages of Drag Bits:

Advantages of Drag Bits:

Drag Bits Hydraulics:

Pressure drop required across the Experimentally determined by Manufacturers:

Diamond cutter drag bit

Diamond cutter drag bit - design nomenclature

5.1.2 PolyCrystalline Diamond (PCD) Bits

Diamond cutter drag bit- radial and feeder collectors

5.1.3 ROLLING CUTTER BITS

Steel Tooth (milled tooth) Carbide Tooth (tungsten carbide insert)

5.1.3 ROLLING CUTTER BITS

Wear Characteristic of milled-tooth bits

ROLLING CUTTER BITS

Classification of Tricone Bits

(a) Milled tooth cutters (b) Tungsten carbide insert cutters

Tungsten Carbide Insert Bit

Milled Tooth Bit

(a) Milled tooth cutters

(a) Milled Tooth Bit (Steel Tooth)

Proper bottomhole cleaning is very important

Fluid flow through jets in the bit (nozzles)

Milled Tooth Bit (Steel Tooth)

(b) Tungsten Carbide Insert Bits

Tungsten Carbide Insert Bits

Roller Cone Bearings

Cheapest bearing assembly consist of:

Roller-type outer bearing Ball-type intermediate bearing Friction-type nose bearing

All standard bearings are lubricated by drilling fluids.

5.2 ROCK FAILURE MECHANISM

ROCK FAILURE MECHANISM Cont..

ROCK FAILURE MECHANISM Cont..

DIAMOND DRAG BITS

Cut rock by GRINDING

ROCK FAILURE MECHANISM Cont..

Cut rock by CRUSHING, WEDGING AND TWISTING

Table 5.4 Tooth Design Characteristic for Roller-Cutting Bits

Measure of Formation Hardness: UCS

UCS = Uniaxial Unconfined Compressive Strength

Drilling Bit Design

1. Roller Cone Bits

2. PDC Bits Cont..

2. PDC Bits Cont..

5.3 Bit Selection and Evaluation

5.3 Bit Selection and Evaluation Cont

5.3 Bit Selection and Evaluation Cont

5.3 Bit Selection and Evaluation Cont

Situation-1: Absence of Prior Bit Records

Situation-1: Absence of Prior Bit Records

Tricone Roller Bits: Good initial bit type for

Situation-1: Absence of Prior Bit Records

Diamond Bits: Perform best in

Situation-1: Absence of Prior Bit Records

PCD Drag Bits: Perform best in

Situation-1: Absence of Prior Bit Records

PCD Drag Bits: Should NOT be used in

Gummy formations (gluey shales, tending to cause bit balling)

Situation-1: Absence of Prior Bit Records