Table of Contents 10400

The law of the sea
third edition
R. R. Churchill and A. V. Lowe
Juris Publishing
( ~
MANCHESTER
UNIVERSITY PRESS
p
List of tables
List of figures
Series editor's foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
Table of cases and incidents
Table of conventions
1 Introduction
Scope of the book
Contents
Early development of the subject
Sources of the modem law of the sea
Attempts at codi fication
International organisations
The present legal regime
2 Baselines
Introduction
The normal baseline
Straight baselines
Bays
River mouths
Harbour works
Low-tide elevations
Islands
Reefs
Charts and publicity
Present-day customary international law relating to baselines
Validity of baselines
3 Internal waters
Definition
Legal status
v
page x
xi
xm
xiv
xv
XIX
xxiii
I
I
3
5
13
22
24
31
31
33
33
41
46
47
48
49
51
53
53
56
60
60
60
Contents
The right of access to ports and other internal waters 61
Jurisdiction in internal waters 65
4 The territorial sea 71
Development of the concept 71
Legal status of the bed, subsoil and supeIjacent air space of
the territorial sea 75
The breadth of the territorial sea 77
The right of innocent passage 81
Rights and duties of the coastal State 92
5 Straits 102
Definition 102
The regime under customary law and the Territorial Sea 102
Convention
The regime under the Law of the Sea Convention 104
The LOSC regime and customary law 11O
Special regimes 114
6 Archipelagos 118
Development of a special regime for archipelagos 118
Definition of an archipelago and an archipelagic State 120
Archipelagic baselines 123
Archipelagic waters 125
Customary international law 129
Conclusions 130
7 The contiguous zone 132
Development of the concept 132
Breadth of the contiguous zone 135
Legal status of the contiguous zone 137
8 The continental shelf 141
Introduction 141
The legal status of the continental shelf 142
The seaward limit of the continental shelf 145
The continental shelves of islands 15O
The rights and duties of the coastal State 151
Non-independent territories 157
9 The exclusive economic zone 160
Evolution of the EEZ 160
Delimitation of the EEZ 162
The legal status of the EEZ 165
The rights and duties of the coastal State in the EEZ 166
vi
Contents
The rights and duties of other States in the EEZ
170
Relationship between the rights of the coastal State and the
rights of other States
175
The attribution of other rights in the EEZ
175
Significance of the EEZ
176
10 Delimitation of maritime boundaries
181
Introduction
181
Territorial sea boundaries
182
Continental shelf alld EEZ boundaries
184
State practice on delimitation
197
Co-operative arrangements
198
11 High seas
203
IntToduction
203
Defmition
203
The legal status of the high seas
204
Freedom of the high seas
205
Jurisdiction on the high seas
208
12 The international sea bed area
223
lntroduction
223
The background to the Law of tbe Sea Convention provisions
224
Resolutions ( and 1I : preparatory investment protection
230
Tlte Reciprocating States Regime
232
PrepCom, the LOSC regime and the 1994 Implementation
Agreement
236
Principles of the Law of the Sea Convention regime
238
The International Sea Bed Authority
239
The system of exploitation
248
The common heritage
252
13 Navigation
255
Introduction
255
Nationality of ships
257
Rights 'of navigation
263
Safety of shipping
264
Evaluation of IMO conventions
272
Other IMO conventions
276
14 Fishing
279
Background to the international law of fisheries
279
International fisheries law prior to the mid-I970s
284
Developments since the mid-1970s
287
The fisheries regime of the EEZ
289
The management of shared stocks
294
Vll
Contents
The regulation of fishing on the high seas 296
Straddling stocks 305
Rules for particular species 311
Conclusions 321
15 The prevention of marine pollution and protection of the
marine environment 328
Introduction 328
Sources of marine pollution 329
Marine pollutants 331
The framework of international law relating to marine pollution 332
Pollution from ships 338
Dumping 363
Pollution from sea-bed activities within national jurisdiction 370
Pollution from mining in the international sea bed area 377
Land-based sources of marine pollution 379
Atmospheric pollution 389
Protection of special areas 392
Other matters 395
Conclusions 395
16 Marine scientific researcb and tbe transfer of technology 400
Introduction 400
Scope of the competence to conduct marine scientific research 400
The legal status of research installations 412
International co-operation in marine scientific research 415
The transfer of marine technology 416
17 Military use. of the sea 421
Introduction 421
The law of the sea and laws of war 421
Military uses of the sea in peacetime 426
Special treaties concerning military uses 428
Demilitarisation of the seas 430
18 Landlocked and geographically disadvantaged States 433
Introduction
433
The navigational rights of landlocked States 434
The access of landlocked and geographically disadvantaged
States to marine resources 435
The access of landlocked States to the sea
440
19 Settlement of dispute.
447
Settlement of disputes under general international law 447
Settlement of disputes under the Law of the Sea Convention 453
General principles applicable in dispute settlement
459
viii
F
Contents
Appendix I Claims to maritime zones 463
Appendix 2 Ratifications of the UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea, its implementation Agreements and the Geneva
Conventi ons 473
Index 481
IX
,
Index
Abu Dh.bi
arbitration 144
continental shelf arrangement with
Qatar 200
Admiral Flata SSR Kuznetzav (1991)
115
Aegean Sea
continental shelf delimitation 185, 459
Agenda 21 302- 3,308, 322, 336,380,
395
aircraft: see overnight
Amocu Cadiz 328, 329, 356
anadromous species 207, 316- 17
Antarctica
baselines in 33
EEl claims 165
fisheries 29B- 9, 320, 391
marine pollution 335, 343, 358
Antigua and Barbuda
archipelagic lcgislation 122
EEZ legislation 352
Arabian Gulf
marine pollution 333, 343, 356, 357,
373,375,387,391
archipelagic baselines 50, 52, 56, 119- 25
archipclagic sea lanes passage lOS,
127- 30, 429
see a/so transil passage
archipel'gic States 47, 52, 60, 120-3
archipelagic waters 125- 9,205
research 404- 5, 413
suspension of passage 127
archipelagos 50, 52, 118-31
definition 120-3
Arctic 106
marine pollution 335, 374
Argentina
baselines 47, 55
fisheries 308
2oo-mile claim 80
artificial islands 47, 50- I, 55, 153, 155,
167-8,203, 205,207,211
see alli;o installations; islands
Australia
Antarctic claims 165
maritime boundary with Indonesia 196,
199
maritime boundary with Papua New
Guinea 196, 295
Bahamas
archipeJagic legislation 122
Baltic
claims to sovereignly over 204
fisheries 296
368, 373, 375, 384- 5, 390, 393
research 40
straits 109-10, 114,268
Bangladesh
EEl legi,lation 172, 351
straight baselines 40
Barbados
EEl legislation 172
481
baselines 8, 31- 59, 123-5
customary rules 32, 53- 6
Hague Conference 32
harbour works 47-8, 55, 125
LOSe provisions 31_59
low-water mark 33
reef, 51 - 2, 55-6
TSe provision' 31- 59
index
see aLw archipelagic baselines; bays;
deltas; islands; low-tide elevations;
rivers; straight baselines
bays 32, 41 - 6, 53, 54- 5. 60, 125
see alsu historic bays and waters
Beira patrol 423
Belgium
maritime boundaries with France 197
Belize
baselines legislation 56
EEl legislation 172, 352
territorial sea legislation 86
biodiversity 336-7, 393- 4
Black Sea
fisheries 321
marine pollution 334, 368- 9, 386- 7,
391
blockade 217, 423, 425- 6
boundaries see delimitation
Brazil
lobster dispute with France 152, 427
territorial sea delimitation with
Uruguay 182
200-mile claim 80
bridges 3, 109-10
British seas 204
Bulgaria
EEZ legislation 352, 408
Byukershoek. C. van 5, 72, 77
cables and pipelincs
in archipelagic waters 126- 7
on continental shelf 156
in EEl 174
in territorial sea 94
under high seas 205, 207, 209,218
see alsu immersion, right of
Camcroon
Canada
bays 44
continental shelf jurisdiction 154- 5
fisheries 305- 6
maritime boundary with France 194
maritime boundary with USA (Gulf of
Maine) 193- 4,452
passage through Arctic 106
canals 64- 5
cannonshot rule 77
Cape Verdc
archipelagic legislation 122, 128
EEl legislation 172,174, 175,176,351
Caribbean
marine pollution 334, 3R5, 391, 393
Caspian Sea 60
catadromous specics 207, 316-17
charts and publicity 37, 53, 149
Chile
Civil Code 134
Presential sea 220, 308
200-mile claim 163
Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries see Food and Agriculture
Organisation
codification 13-18,26
see also Hague Conference; Harvard
Law School; Institute of
International Law; International Law
Association; International Law
Commission; UNCLOS I; UNCLOS
11; UNCLOS III
'cod wars' 284, 426, 449
see also Fisheries Jurisdiction cases in
Table Qf Cases
collisions 267-8
on the high seas 208-9
in territorial !:lea 98
Colombia
EEZ boundaries 197, 200
territorial sea boundaries 182
Commission for the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources
297, 298-9, 30 I
Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf 149, 190
common heritage of mankind 16,227.
229. 239, 252- 3
see also International Sea Bed Area;
International Sea Bed Authority
Comoros
constructive presence 133. 134.
215- 16
contiguous zone 49-50, 132- 40, 152,
169, 175
482
breadth of 135-7
development of concept 132-5, 152,
218, 426
d
I
Index
jurisdiction in 137-9
see also Table of Claims in Appendix
continental shelf 7, 11,49-50, 141-58,
206
character and resources 141-2
delimitation 31 , 147-8, 184-92, 197-8
development of concept 142-5
fisheries 285, 286, 320
of islands 150-1
outer continental shelf 156, 204- 7,
220
overlap with EEZ 145, 148, 166, 179
pollution 155, 369-70, 371-7
provisional exploitation arrangements
192
research 153, 157,402- 3,405-12,
413-14
righlS of coastal State 151-7
seaward limit 145-51
sedentary species 142, 151- 3, 156,
207, 285, 320
shared (cross boWldary) oilfields 153,
198- 200
see also deep sea bed; International Sea
Bed Area; sea bed; Table oJ Claims,
in Appendix
conventions see treaties
Corfu Channel incident 83, 88, 103-4,
426, 453
see also Corfu Channel case, in Table
oJCases
Costa Rica
EEZ boWldary with Colombia 197
fisheries legislation 92, 292
Cote d' lvoire
CRISTAL 361, 377
Cuba
baselines 123
territorial sea claims 93, 135
and US ships 87
Cuban quarantine 217, 425- 6
customary international law 7-12, 18,26
in municipal courts 447- 8
and treaties 7-8
see also treaties
customs zones 78, 132- 5
see also contiguous zone; Hovering
Acts; 'Liquor laws' ; Table of Claims
in Appendix
Declaration of Principles Governing the
Sea Bed 227-8, 234-5
Declaration of Santo Domingo 22, 160
deep sea bed 15-21,223-54
deep sea-bed mining 223- 4, 230, 246,
251
effect on land-based miners 223-4
LOSC regime 238-53
Reciprocating States Regime 232-5
see also Internationa1 Sea Bed Area;
International Sea Beal Authority
Deep Sea Ventures Inc. claim 226
deep-water ports 21 - 1 9
delimitation between opposite and
adjacent States 181-202
contiguous zones 136, 181
continental shelf 147, 184- 92,197-8
EEZ 192-8
settlement of disputes concerning
191- 2, 196,449, 455- 6
territorial sea 182- 3
see a/so continental shelf; exclusive
economic zone: territorial sea
deltas 37- 8, 47
demilitarisation of Ihe seas 226, 430-1
Denmark
archipelagic claim 121
continental shelf delimitation 184,
186
maritime boundary with Norway 189.
194-5
Sweden fisheries arrangement 196
territorial sea delimitation 182
see also Nordic States
De Visscher, C. 11
diplomatic protection 257-g, 448-9,
459- 60
dispute settlement 21,309,447- 62
arbitration 450-1 , 457-8
concerning delimitation 191-2, 196,
449,455-6
fact-finding and conciliation
commission 450, 454, 457
International Sea Bed Authority 252,
454, 458-9
local remedies rule 451
locus standi 451
under LOSC 453-61
concerning military activities 455-6
negotiations 449-50
483
Index
see also exclusive economic zone;
International Court of Justice;
International Sea Bed Authority;
International Tribunal for the Law of
the Sea
distress
right of entry to port in case of 63
right to anchor in territorial sea in case
of81,107
drug trafficking
in the contiguous zone 133, 139
in the EEZ 171
on the high seas 213-14, 218-20
in the territorial sea 97
dumping see marine pollution
East Africa
East Asia
marine pollution 334
Ecuador
archipelagic claim 121
baselines 39, 40
maritime boumdarics 182, 197
EEZ see exclusive economic zone
Egypt
Ekofi,k blow-out 328, 330
Enterprise, the (Deep Sea Bed) 229,
231 , 239, 244, 248, 250, 253, 454,
458
constitution 244
financing 248
see also International Sea Bed
Authority
estuaries
baselines in 46- 7, 60
European Community 18, 19,23, 63
fisheries 284, 29 1, 295, 296, 301, 306,
321- 2
LOSe participation 18, 23
shipping 263, 269, 275
exclusion zones 424--5
Falkland Islands/Malvinas 424-5
exclusive economic zone 18, 31, 136,
160- 80, 205
cables and pipelines 174
coastal State rights 166-9
delimitation 162-5, 192-8
development of concept 160- 1
disputes concerning fisheries 289, 309,
455
disputes concerning unattributed rights
152,175- 6,215
fisheries 167,289- 96,305,309
installations 167-8
legal status 161- 2, 165-6
military activities in 171, 173, 427-8
navigation 170- 3
non-coastal State rights 170-4
non-independent territories 164-5
non-living resources 166
overflight 172-3
overlap with continental shelf 145, 148,
166
pollution control 169, 347-52, 354,
364-5, 3 6 ~ 7 0
relationship between coastal and other
States rights 175
research 168-9, 405-12, 413-14
unattributcd rights 175- 6
see also Tuble of Claims, in Appendix
exclusive fi shing zone 15,31,49,79,
135, 139, 161, 167, 192-8,204,284,
286, 309
research in 403, 409-10
see also Table 0/ Claims, in Appendix.
Exxon Valdez 328, 329, 353
Falkland Islands
exclusion zones 424-5
fi shing zones 31, 295, 3 0 ~
Faroes
baselines 121
Fauchille, P. 72, 76
Federal Republic of Gennany
dcep sea-bed mining legislation 232-3
straits 112
territorial sea claim 48, 80
Fiji
islands and EEZ 164
reef< 52, 56
fisheries 177--9, 2 7 ~ 3 2 7
anadromous species 314- 16
archipelagic waters 126
avoidance of gear conflicts 287
484
rl
lndex
catadromous species 316-17
conservation 285-7, 2&9, 296-7
continental shelf 285, 286, 320
dri n nets 299-30 I
EEZ 167, 289- 96, 305, 309
fish catches 279-80
highly migratury species 311-14
high seas 285, 286, 296-305, 322
internal waters 284, 286
management objectives 282- 3
marine mammals 317- 20
sedentary species 142, 151-3, 156,
207,285,286,320
straddling stucks 305 - I 0
territorial sea 84, 85, 94, 284, 286
()'ee aLso exclusive economic zone;
exclusive fishing zone; intemational
fisheries commissions
Fitzmaurice, G, G, 80, 83
flags of convenience 255-6, 258- 61,
273- 4, 301-4 passim, 315, 318, 346
see also ships, nationality of
flag State jurisdiction 203, 208-9, 257,
273-4, 286, 303, 309-10
see also marine pollution
Food and Agriculture Organisation 23.
260,297, 302,303, -304,313,321-2,
415,418
Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries 303, 304, 322
force
in innocent passage 85
threat or use of 107. 208, 422
in transit passage 107
Forum Fishcries Agency 293, 300, 312
France
Brazil , lobster dispute with 152
coutinental shelf arrangement with
Spain 200
continental shelf boundary with UK
186, 188, 189
deep sea-bed mining legislation 232
EEZ boundary with T onga 197
islands and EEZ 164
maritime boundaries with Belgium 197
maritime bowuiary with Canada 194
maritime legislation 72, 86, 133
straits 113
temporary delimitation with Tuvalu
192
Fean",is, J. P. A. 14, 15,75,135
freedom of the high seas 4, 170-4,
205- 8, 225- 6
see also fisheries: immersion, right of;
marine scientific research;
navigation; overflight; weapons
testing
F rigg Field 200
see also 1976 NorwayUK agreement
in Table of COllventions
Gabon
EEZ legislation 408
Gambia
EEZ boundary with Senegal 197
GA TTIWTO 64, 113, 250, 292, 319
General Assembly resolutions
legal eITeet of9- 10, 227- 8, 234-5
see also Declaration of Principles
Governing the Sea Bed; Moratorium
Resolution
General Belgrano ( 1982) 424
General Fi sheries Council for the
Mediterranean 297, 416
general prinCiples of international law
12
Gentilis, A. 4, 72, 204
geographically disadvantaged States
433- 40, 445
access to EEZ resources 290, 437--40
access to high-seas resources 436
definition 438
and international sea-bed regime 228,
241, 436-7
see a/so landlocked States
GESAMP 328, 330, 341, 370, 415
Ghana
EEZ legi slation 408
200-mile claim 80
Gidel, G_ 13, 79, 135
global c1imatc change 38, 53, 400
Grenada
EEZ legislation 172
Grotius, H. 4, 71, 72, 77, 204
Group of 77 17, 228, 234-5
Guinea
maritime boWldary with Guinea Bissau
194
Guinea Bissau
maritime boundary with Guinea 194
485
Index
Guyana
EEl legislation 171- 2
Hague (League of Nations Codification)
Conference (1930) 14-15, 17,26,
32, 74, 76, 82- 3, 88, 93, 96, 134- 5
Haiti
EEl boundary with Colombia 197
US interdiction of refugees 217
harbour works
baseline around 47- 8, 55, 125
Harvard Law School 14
highly migratory species 311- 14
high seas 203 -22
definition 203-4
fisheries 285, 286, 296-305, 322
legal status 204- 5
peaceful use of 208, 430-1
research 401, 404, 414
see also freedom of the high seas;
sea bed
historic bays and waters 24, 41, 43-5,
205, 455- 6
Honduras
leghdation on research in EEZ 408
hot pursuit 133,134,137,169,214-16
Hovering Acts 132
see also customs zones
Iceland
baselines 119, 123
fishing limits 284, 285
legislation on research in EEZ 408
see also <cod wars'
IMCO see International Maritime
Organisation
inunersion, right of 205-7, 455
see also cables and pipelines
Imperial Conference (1923) 74
India
EEl legislation 171- 2
maritime boundary with Sri Lanka 183,
197
territorial sea claims 50
Indonesia
archipelagic claims and legislation 118,
122, 123, 124, 126- 8
maritime boundary with Australia 196,
199
innocent passage 61, 72, 81- 92
in arehipelagic waters 127-8
jurisdiction over ships in 95- 100
meaning of 'innocent' 82- 7
nuclear-powered ship$; 91- 2
and pollution control 85, 344, 345,
347, 349
prevention of non-innocent passage
R7- 8
and research 85
in straits
submarines 89,
suspension 87-8, 103
warships 88-91, 429
installations
on the continental shelr 47, 51,
211
dumping of 366, 367, 368
in the EEZ 167- 8
on the high scas 207, 220
military 427-8
removal 155
research 412-14
see also anificia1 islands; eominental
shelf; deep-water ports
Institute of International Law 14
Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission 311,319,416
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organisation see International
Maritime Organisation
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission 328, 412-14, 415, 418
internal economy doctrine 65- 8, 92-3
internal waters 31, 32, 55, 60- 70, 125
access to
definition 60
fisheries 284, 286
innocent passage in 61
jurisdiction in 65-9
legal status 60- 1
research in 40 1
see also ports
International Atomic Energy Agency 23
International Civil Aviation Organisation
173
International Commission for the
Conservation of Atlantic Tuna 314
486
d
\
J
Index
International Commission for the
Scientific Exploration of the
Mediterranean 416
International Council for the Exploration
of the Sea 24, 295, 411, 416
International Court of Justice 5- 6, ]91,
235, 450- 3, 457
see also Table of Cases and
Cunventions
international fisheries commissions
286-7,297- 9,311- 16 pa.<sim
international Hydrographic Organisation
415-16
International Labour Organisation 270
international law 5-13
and municipal law 73, 75, 447-8
International Law Association 13
International Law Commission J 5, 26, 32,
51 , 83, 88, 93, 97, 135, 184, 225,
258, 262
International Maritime Committee 277
International Maritime Organization 23,
95,106, 108, 127, 128, 209,259,
276- 7
marine pollution 333, 334, 339- 56
passim, 365, 375, 394- 5
ocean data acquisitions systems 412-14
shipping safety conventions 265- 74
tacit amendment procedure 272, 340,
361,363
technical assistance 396, 418
International North Pacific Fisheries
Commission 297, 300
International Pacilic Halibut Commission
295
[ntentational Sea Bed Area 148, 204,
220-54
definition 224- 5
pollution in 330, 377-9
research in 404
International Sea Bed Authority [9-20,
[56, 190,207,228- 54,377- 9, 404
Assembly 240
Commissions 242- 3
Council 240- 2
dispute settlement procedures 454,
458- 9
financing 243-4, 247-8
organs 240- 4
pioneer investors 230- 1
Preparatory Investment Protection
230- [, 237
procedure 244- 7
review conference 247
see also deep sea bed; Enterprise;
Reciprocating States Regime
International Tribunal for the Law of thc
Se. 19, 236, 457- 8
international waterways 64-5
International Whaling Commission
3[7- 18
IOMAC 4[6
[ran
maritime legislation 55, 87, 172-3, 427
straits [02. 112
Ireland
i s l a l l d ~
and baselines 32, 43, 47, 49-5[, 55
and continental shelf 150- 1
and EEZ [63- 4
forming straits 105
and rocks 49- 50, 163- 4
see also archipelagos; artificial islands;
straight baselines
Italy
historic bay claim 45
legislation on research on continental
shelf 409
Ixtoc blow-out 328, 330
Jamaica
joint exploitation zone with Colombia
200
maritimc [egis[atiioD 86, [22, [72, 175
Japan
continental shelf arrangement with
South Korea [99
USA king crab dispute [52
judicial decisions
as a source of intematioOilI law 13 , 27
jurisdiction
legislative - and enforcement -
distinguished 11- [2, 92- 4, [08- 9,
[37-9,212,344
and property rights 71 - 3
see also flag State jurisdiction;
maritime zones; port State
jurisdiction
Jus cogens 6. 235
487
Kiev (1976) lIS
Kiribati
archipelagic legislation 122
baselines 56
Korea see South Korea
Kuwait
landlocked States 17, 228, 433-46
access to EEZ resources 290, 437-40
access to high-seas resources 436
access to the sea 440-5
international sea-bed regime 228, 241,
436- 7
navigation rights 434--5
La Pradelle, P. G. de 72
League of Nations
Conferences on Communications and
Tntnsit 434
see also Hague (League of Nations
Codification) Conference
Libya
continental shelf boundaries 187-90
historic bay claim (Gulf of Sidra) 45,
57
Lima Declaration on the Law of the Sea
160
Index
marine pollution 328- 99
accidental 353, 374-6
archipeJagic waters 127-8
atroo<phere 330-f, 389- 92
bilateral agreements 337
coastal State intervention 216, 353-5
continental shelf 157, 369-70, 371-7
co-operation in emergencies 355-8
definition 328- 9
dumping 155,208,329- 30,363-70,
372, 390
EEZ 169, 347-52, 354, 364-5, 369-70
flag State jurisdiction 344- 53
ice-covered areas 348, 349
land-based 330-1, 379- 89
liability 358- 63, 365, 376- 7, 389
major pollutants 331- 2
oil 329, 331 , 339--40, 359--61, 371-7
port State jurisdiction 344-53
radioactive matter 33 1, 362-3, 364,
365- 6, 368, 369, 38f , 392
sea bed 155, 330, 370- 9
shipping 329, 338-63
sources of 329- 31
specially protected arcs 392-5
'Liquor laws' of the United States 68, 74,
straits 107- 8, 109,347,349
territorial sea 91, 94, 99, 344-51
UNEP regional seas treaties 334, 343,
93,95, 134,218
load on top system 329, 339, 340
local remedies rule 451
low-tide elevations 32, 37, 39, 47, 48-9,
50, 52, 53, 55
low-water line 32, 33, 53
Malacca straits 102, 105, 109, 111,268
MaJaysia
archipelagic arrangements with
Indonesia 126-8
Maldives
EEZ legislation 171, 292, 408
reefs 56
Malta
continental shelf boundary with Libya
187, 189, f90
Malvinas see Falkland Islands
manganese nodules 179, 223
sce also international Sea Bed Area
marine mammals 317- 20
488
357,368-9,373- 4,385- 7,391,
3923, 395- 6
see also Antarctica; Arabian Gulf;
Arctic; Baltif,;j Caribbean; East
Africa; East Asia; Mediterranean;
Nordic States; North Sea; Red Sea;
South Asia; South-east Pacific; South
Pacific; West Africa
marine scientific research 400-20
archipclagic waters 404- 5, 41 3
continental shelf f53, 402- 3, 405-12,
413- 14
disputes concerning 406, 455
EEZ 168- 9,405-12,413- 14
exclusive fishing zone 403, 409-10
high seas 203, 207, 401, 404, 414
internal waters 401
international co-operation 415-16
International Sea Bed Area 239-40,
404
research installations 412- 14
straits 405
I
territorial sea 8S, 94, 108, 401, 404-5,
413
maritime zones see archipelagos;
contiguous zone; continental shelf;
exclusive economic zone; exclusive
fishing zone; high seas; internal
waters; Itltemational Sea Bed Area;
straits; territorial sea
For claims, see Appendix
Marshall Islands
archipelagic basel ines 122
Martens, G, F. von 5
Mauritius
EEZ Iegi,lation 171-2
McNair (Lord) 80
Mediterranean
fisheries 297, 301
368. 373-5, 377. 386, 390
specially protected areas 392- 3
Memoranda of Understanding on Port
State Control 274- 6
merchant ships see ships
Mexico
EEZ legislation 408
islands 163-4
Micronesia
military activities 226. 421- 32, 455
in EEZ 171 , 173,427- 8
see also naval manoeuvres; navies;
weapons testing
Montevideo Declaration on the Law of
the Sea 160
Moratorium Resolution (G A Res. 2574)
(XXIV) 227-8
Morocco
EEZ legislation 175, 408, 439
Myanmar
Namibia
EEZ legislation J 36, 172
national liberation movements 18
nationality of ships 257-63
ships of uncertain nationality 213
stateless ships 213- 14
Index
Nauru
baselines legislation 52, 56
naval manoeuvres 206, 426, 427
navies 421-32
limitations Oft size etc. 428
navigation 263- 4
archipelagic waters 127-9
EEZ 170- 3
freedom of navigation on high seas
204- 6
through 'traits 105, 110-11
see also archipelagic sea lanes passage;
freedom of the high seas; ilU10cent
passage; ships; transit passage
necessity
as ground for intervention on high seas
216- 17
negotiating texts
at UNCLOS III 17
Netherlands
neutrality 422
neutrality zones 74, 78, 134
New International Economic Order 417
New Zealand
Cook Islands maritime zones
legislation 56
non-nuclear policy 429
Tokelau Islands maritime zones
legislation 52. 56. 165
Nigeria
EEZ legislation 172
non-independent territories
participation in UNCLOS 1II 18
maritime zones of 157, 164- 5
Nordic States
North Atlantic Marine Manunal
Commission 318
North Atlantic Salmon Conservation
Organisation 301,315-16
North-east Atlantic see North Sea
North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission
297
North Pacific Anadromous Fish
Commission 316
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission 320
North Sea
continental shelf delimitation 185- 6
489
Index
marine pollution 334-5, 357-8, 372- 3,
374,375,376- 7,381 - 3,389,390,
393- 4
North Sea Conferences 323, 335, 367- 8,
372, 382-3, 390, 393- 4
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation
297- 8, 301, 305- 6, 416
Nonvay
fisheries arrangements with EC 291, 295
fisheries arrangements with USSR 199,
295
maritime boundary with Denmark 189,
194-5
straight baselines 33-5, 40, 57
territorial sea boundary with Sweden
182
nuclear-powered ships
and innocent passage 91-2
liability for damage 362- 3
pollution 343
nuclear waste see marine pollution,
radioactive matter
nuclear weapons
deployment of 428- 31
nuclear-weapon-free zones 429-31
testing of 428-9
Ocean Data Acquisition Systems 412- 14
oil and gas offshore 141, 146, 151,
178- 9,192
cross-boundary deposits 153, 200
see also continenta1 shelf; marine
pollution
open registry see flags of convenience
OPOL 377
opposability of rules of customary
intemational1aw 8-9, 79-80, 198,
227,234-5
for Economic Co-operation
and Development 23
Oslo Commission 367- 8
overflight 4, 455
of archipelagos 127- 8
of the EEZ 173-4, 427-8
of the high seas 204, 207
of straits 104, 108-10
of the territorial sea 75- 6
transit rights 443
pacific blockade 87, 217, 422- 5
Pacific Salmon Commission 316
Pakistan
EEZ legislation 172
territorial legislation 71, 84
Panama
canal 65
territorial sea boundary with Colombia
182
Papua New Guinea
maritime boundary with Australia 196,
295
Pardo, A. 16,226
Paris Commission 372, 382- 4, 390
Paris Memorandum see Memoranda of
Understanding on Port State Control
peaceful use of the seas 208, 431
Persian Gulf sce Arabian Gulf
persistent objection to rules of customary
law 8- 11 , 78-80,235
Peru 308

archipelagic claims and legi slation 118.
122,123,124,128-9
pioneer investors see I ntemational Sea
Bed Authority
pipelines see cables and pipelincs
piracy 209-11
'pirate' broadcasting 211-12
Poland
EEZ legi slation 408
territorial sea boundary with USSR 182
pollution See marine pollution
ports
access to 61- 4, 134,435
egress from 64
jurisdiction in 65-9, 344- 51
see also deep-water ports; internal
waters; port State jurisdiction
port State jurisdiction 64
fisheries 303 - 4, 310
pollution 344-53
shipping safety 265, 270, 274-6
Portugal
precautionary approach/principle 301,
309, 323, 336, 365, 366, 380, 382,
388, 394
490
<
Index
Preparatory Conunission (PrepCom) 19,
26, 230, 235- 6
PrepaI'dtory J nvestment Protection see
I ntemational Sea Bed Authority
Presential Sea' (Chile) 220, 308
Qatar
continental !theIf arrangement with Abu
Dh.bi 200
iddioaclive waste see marine pollution
Reciprocating States Regime 232-5
see also International Sea Bed Authority
Red Sea
marine pollution 333-4, 357, 391
reefs 51- 2, 55-6, 125
research see marine scientific research
reservations to LOSe 20, 22
Res nulliuslres communis controversy
143,225
review conference see lntemational Sea
Bed Authority
ri vers
delta, 3 7 - ~ , 47
mouths as baselines 32, 46- 7, 53, 55, 125
pollution of 387- 9
rights of navigation 64-5, 441, 443
see also canals; estuaries; internal
waters; international waterways
roadsteads 48
rocks see islands
Romania'
maritime legislation 86, 93, 100,352,408
routeing systems and sea lanes 91, 95,
108,267-8
see also ships
Russia see USSR
St l(jtts
St Lucia
EEZ legislation 352
St Vincent
archipel.gic legislation 122
sahnon 314- 16
salvagc 277, 356
Samoa
EEZ legislation 172
Santo Domingo Declaration 22, 160
Sao Tome e Principe
EEZ Icgislation 174
Saudi Arabia
baselines legislation 40, 55
Schiicking, W. 14, 82
sea bed 141- 51, 204
res nullius/res communis controversy
143, 225
see also continental shelf; deep sea
bed; exclusive economic zone;
International Sea Bed Area;
territorial sea
Sea Bed Committee 15- 17,226-8
Sea Bcd Disputes Chamber (ITLOS) 245,
247,457, 459
sea lanes see (autei ng systems
sea level rise 38, 53, 392
seal s 320
security zones 138, 424-6
see also Cuban quarantine; ex.clusion
zones; neutral ity zones
Selden, J. 4, 204
self-defence 85, 99,107,111.216- 17,
422- 5
Senegal
EEZ boundary with Gambia 197
EEZ legislation 408
200-mile claim 80
Seychelles
EEZ legislation 172
ships
collision avoidance 94- 5, 208- 9, 267- 9
crewing standards 269- 70
nationality of 257- 63
navigation aids 80. 100, 270-1
routeing systems 91, 95, 108.267- 8
safety of 264- 76, 353
seaworthiness 64, 265- 6
see also navies; nuclear-powered ships;
State-operated ships; submarines;
warships
Sidra (Sirte), Gulf of 45, 57
slave trading 212
smuggling ~ j e e contiguous zone; customs
zones; 'Liquor laws'
Solomon Islands
491
Index
Sound
delimitation in the 182
marine pollution in the 337
passage through 110, 114
South Asia
South-earit Pacific
marine pollution 333, 369, 386-7, 391,
393
South Korea - Japan continental shelf
arrangementri 199
South Pacific
marine pollution 334, 343, 368-9, 391,
393
nuclear-free zones 429-30
research 416
Soviet Union see USSR
Spain
continental shelf arrangements with
France 200
customs zones 72, 78, 132-3
EEZ legislation 40R
maritime legislation 92
special circumstanceri
in continental shelf and EEZ
delimitation 184, 187-90, 193-5
in territorial sea delimitation 183
Sri Lanka
historic bay claim 44
maritime boundary with India 183,
197
Stateless ships 213- 14
State-operated ships
immunity of 98- 9
State practice as element in fomtation of
customary intemationallaw 11-12
str.lddling fi sh stocks 305- 10
str.ight baselines 33-41 , 53, 54, 55-6,
60, 61,118- 19,123-5
see also archipelagic baselines
straits 88, 102- 17
jurisdiction in 105, 107-8,347,349
research in 405
special Conventions concerning 106,
114- 15
see also archipelagic sea-lanes passage;
innocent passage; transit passage
Suarez, F, 4
submarine cables and pipelines see cables
and pipelines
submarines 89, 90- 1, 109, 110, 111-13,
115, 430
Sudan
Suez Canal 2, 65
Sweden
delimitation of the Sound 182
Denmark fisheries arrangement 196
EEZ legislation 352
Norway territorial sea delimitation 182
Syria
maritime claims 136
taci t amendment procedure see
International Maritime Organisation
Tanzania '
EEZ legislation 408
territorial sea 31, 71 - 101 , 132
air space above 75 --6
bed of 76- 7
delimitation of 182-3
development of concept 71- 4
duties of coastal State in 80-1, 100
fisheries in 84, 85, 94, 284, 286
jurisdiction of coastal State 92-100
legal status 71- 5, 92
pollution in 91, 94, 99,108,344-51
research in 85, 94, 108,401, 404-5,
413
width of 15, 74, 77- 81 , 111-12
see also innocent passage; straits
For claims, see Appe'ldix
territorial waters see territorial sea
Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 73.
93
Thailand
bays 44
Togo
EEZ legislation 439
Tonga
baselineri legislation 56
EEZ boundary with france 197
Torrey CanyoII 2 I 6, 328, 329, 354, 355
TOVALOP 361, 377
transfer of technology 229, 233, 249,
416- 19
492
Index
transit passage 105-10, 127
airerall 107- 11
and marine pollution 108-9
and research 108
warships 109, Ill, 114-15,429
see also an::hipelagic sea lanes passage;
innocent passage; ovcrflight; straits
treaties 6- 7
and customary international law 17- 18
in municipal courts 448
interpretation 460- 1
Trinidad and Tobago
EEZ legislation 409
maritime boundary with Venezuela
143, 184, 197
Truman Proclamation on the continental
shelf 7, 143-4, 146, 160
tuna 311- 14
Tunisia
continental shelf boundary with Libya
188,189, 190
Turkey
maritime zones legislation 133
straits 102, 107, 110, 115
Tuvalu
temporary delimitation with France
192
Ukraine
maritime legislation 87, 352,409
unauthorised broadcasting 211-12
UNCLOS I I, 15, 17,26 passim
archipelagos 118-19
contiguous zone 135
continental shelf 144, 147
high seas 203
landlocked States 434
territorial sea 79, 88, 136
see also International Law Commission
For the Conventions adopted by
UNCLOS 1 in 1958 see Table of
Conventions
UNCLOS 11 15, 17, 26, 79, 284
UNCLOS 1II 15-20, 26, 79, 228, 288
passim
see a/so Sea Bed Committee
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics see
USSR
United Arab Emirates
maritime boundaries 183, 188
United Kingdom
continental shelf boundary with France
186, 188- 9
FalklandslMalvinas exclusion zones
424-5
fisheries 284
islands 49, 164
straight baselines 41, 61 . 118
straits 113
Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 73,
93
three-mile limit 71-5, 78, 132-5
United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development
(UNCED) 302-3, 308, 322, 336,
380
United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development
and landlocked States 434
and open registry shipping 260
United Nations Environment Programme
334,336,371,380-1 , 415
see also marine pollution
United Nations General Assembly
resolutions see General Assembly
resolutions
United States of America
bays 44
contiguous zone claims 134, 138- 9
fisheries 301, 312, 391
high seas jurisdictional claims 214,
218-19
Japan king crab dispute 152
maritime boundary with Canada 193-4
maritime zones legislation 87, 353
scientific research 407. 410
strdight baselines 35, 57
and three-mile limit 8- 9, 80
see also Deep Sea Ventures Inc.; deep-
water ports; ' Liquor laws';
Reciprocating States Regime;
Truman Proclamation
493
Index
Uruguay
47
territorial sea boundary with Brazil 182
lOO-mile claim 79
USSR/ Russia
bays 44
fisheries 199, 295, 307
territorial sea boundary with Poland
182
Vanuatu
EEl legi slation 172
VaNel, E. de 5, 72, 81
Venezuela
islands and EEl 164
maritime boundary with Trinidad and
Tobago 143, 184, 197
straits 113
Vietnam
bays 44
visit and search
of foreign ships on high seas 210-13,
218,422
Vitoria, F. de 4
494
war, laws of 421- 3
warships 421-32
immunity of 65. 98- 9
innocent passage of 89- 91, 429
transit passage 109, Ill , 114-15,429
see also archipelagic sea-lanes passage;
innocent passage; naval manoeuvres;
navies; submarines; transit passage;
weapons testing
weapons testing
in EEZ 171,427- 8
on the high seas 206. 426
temtori.l sea 85, 88
Welwood. W. 4, 71
West Africa
marine pollution 334, 385, 391, 393
whaling 317- 18
WOlff, C. 5
World Meteorological Organisation 415
wrecks 152-3, 175
WTO/GATT see GATTIWTO
Yaounde seminar on the law of the sea 160
Yemen
territorial sea 84) 86
Yugoslavia
Zouche, R. 5

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The law of the sea

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