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Variable-Speed Wind Power Generation Using Doubly Fed Wound Rotor Induction MachineA Comparison With Alternative Schemes
Rajib Datta and V. T. Ranganathan, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, a wind energy conversion system (WECS) using grid-connected wound rotor induction machine controlled from the rotor side is compared with both fixed speed and variable speed systems using cage rotor induction machine. The comparison is done on the basis of (I) major hardware components required, (II) operating region, and (III) energy output due to a defined wind function using the characteristics of a practical wind turbine. Although a fixed speed system is more simple and reliable, it severely limits the energy output of a wind turbine. In case of variable speed systems, comparison shows that using a wound rotor induction machine of similar rating can significantly enhance energy capture. This comes about due to the ability to operate with rated torque even at supersynchronous speeds; power is then generated out of the rotor as well as the stator. Moreover, with rotor side control, the voltage rating of the power devices and dc bus capacitor bank is reduced. The size of the line side inductor also decreasesd. Results are presented to show the substantial advantages of the doubly fed system. Index TermsRotor side control, subsynchronous and supersynchronous generation, variable speed constant frequency operation, wind energy conversion system, wind turbine, wound rotor induction machine.

I. INTRODUCTION VEN THOUGH harnessing power from wind can be traced back approximately 4000 years, there has been a renewed interest in the subject in recent years. Wind power has proven to be a potential source for generation of electricity with minimal environmental impact [1][3]. With the advancement of aerodynamic designs, wind turbines that can capture several megawatts of power are available. When such wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are integrated to the grid, they produce a substantial amount of power, which can supplement the base power generated by thermal, nuclear, or hydro power plants. A WECS can vary in size from a few hundred kilowatts to several megawatts. The size of the WECS largely determines the choice of the generator and converter system. Asynchronous generators are more common with systems up to 2 MW, beyond which direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous machines are preferred. In this paper, we restrict our comparison to WECS within the power range of 100 kW to 2 MW and assume that the
Manuscript received July 25, 2000. R. Datta is with ABB Corporate Research Centre, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany (e-mail: rajib.datta@de.abb.com). V. T. Ranganathan is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India (e-mail: vtran@ee.iisc.ernet.in). Publisher Item Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2002.801993.

Fig. 1. Three WECSs under consideration.

systems considered are gear based, use asynchronous machines, and integrated to the power grid. It is obvious that grid-integrated WECS should generate at constant electrical frequency, determined by the grid. However, it is advantageous to vary the mechanical speed of the turbine/generator to maximize power capture with fluctuating wind velocities. Therefore, WECS is a classic example of a variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) system. Rotor side control of a grid-connected wound rotor induction machine is very attractive for such VSCF application, particularly when the speed range is limited. With a suitable integrated approach toward design of a WECS, use of a slip-ring induction generator is economically competitive, when compared to a cage rotor induction machine. The higher cost of the machine due to the slip rings is compensated by a reduction in the sizing of the power converters. The generator rating can also be reduced compared to other singly fed machines. Vs. curve, taken from [11], is shown in An idealized Fig. 2. It is observed that the power coefficient is maximum for a particular tip-speed ratio. The prime motivation for variable

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415

Fig. 2.

versus.  characteristics.

speed control of WECS is to track the rotor speed with changing wind velocity so that is always maintained at its maximum Vs. curve of Fig. 2, the power-speed value. Using the characteristics are plotted for a commercially available turbine (Vestas V27) [12] by using a MathCAD program. In the following sections, these power curves, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4, are used for comparison between the different control schemes and designs. Constant speed constant frequency (CSCF) WECS using cage rotor induction machines [Fig. 1(a)] are most widely used because of their design simplicity and low cost. Variable speed systems with cage rotor induction generators [Fig. 1(b)] are also commercially available, where energy output can be substantially improved and unity power factor operation is possible [4], [5]. A grid-connected doubly fed induction generator [Fig. 1(c)] is an interesting option with a growing market demand and presently, research is active on the various control aspects for VSCF application. Vector control [6], [7], [10] or direct torque control [8][10] methods have been successfully employed to control the active and reactive powers handled by the generator. Although the individual technologies are well reported, so far a comparative study of these systems is not available. In this paper, a VSCF system using wound rotor induction machine is compared against the existing fixed speed and variable speed systems using cage rotor machines on the basis of i) major hardware components required, ii) operating region, iii) energy output due to a defined wind function. This exercise clearly brings out the superiority of the doubly fed induction machine in terms of generator sizing, generated energy and the cost of power electronics involved. II. COMPARATIVE STUDY A. Wind Turbine Characteristics A wind turbine is characterized by its power-speed characteristics. For a horizontal axis wind turbine, the amount of power that a turbine is capable of producing is given by (1) where is the air density, is the swept area (cross-sectional is called the area) of the turbine and is the wind velocity. power coefficient and is dependent on the ratio between the ) and the wind velocity linear velocity of the blade tip ( ( ). This ratio, known as the tip-speed ratio, is defined as (2) where is the radius of the turbine.

Fig. 3. Power curves of the wind turbine against turbine shaft r/min (v 1 5 m/s, v 2 = 6 m/s . . . v 10 = 14 m/s).

Fig. 4. Power curves of the wind turbine against generator shaft r/min with gear ratio of 1:23.4.

B. Conventional Fixed Speed System A commercially available system is considered where a Vestas V27 turbine is coupled to a 225 kW, 50-Hz induction generator [Appendix]. The machine has two stator windings; one with six poles with a rated shaft speed of 1008 r/min and the second with eight poles corresponding to a shaft speed of 750 r/min. The maximum speed of the turbine shaft is 43 r/min. This requires a gearbox with a ratio of 43:1008 (i.e., 1:23.4). Once the rated power of the generator is reached, the turbine goes into pitch control mode (where the pitch angle of the blade is mechanically adjusted to limit the turbine power transfer). In Fig. 3, power curves of the turbine are plotted for wind velocities from 5 m/s to 14 m/s against the turbine shaft r/min and Fig. 4 shows the same curves against the generator shaft r/min with the gear ratio of 1:23.4. The operating locus for the constant speed system is given by the line A-B. The salient features of the fixed speed system are as follows. i) It is designed for lower shaft speeds where the turbine power curves (for different wind velocities) are close to each other. Thus, natural protections against over-slip and overload is provided for the generator, but utilization of the turbine capability is poor.

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(a)

Fig. 5.

0 ! plane.

Operating region of WECS with cage rotor induction machine in the

(b)

Fig. 6. Operating region of WECS with wound rotor induction machine in the P ! plane.

ii) The lagging reactive power is compensated by the addition of a large capacitor bank across the machine terminals. The switching of the capacitor banks gives rise to undesirable transients in the line currents and voltages. iii) In order to boost the generated power under low wind conditions, another winding of reduced power capacity (50 kW) is added to the motor with four pole pairs, with a synchronous speed of 750 r/min. The controller switches over from one winding to the other depending upon the wind condition. This feature makes the machine nonstandard and expensive. Design compromises are also associated with this addition of a separate winding. It is seen that the no-load current for the main generator winding is approximately 235 A (0.59 PU) (see the Appendix), which is very high for a machine of 225-kW rating.

(c) Fig. 7. (a) Wind velocity function. (b) Turbine shaft speed for CSCF system. (c) Generator power for CSCF system.

C. Variable-Speed System Using Cage Rotor Induction Machine A variable speed WECS enables enhanced power capture as compared to a constant speed constant frequency system. The power limit is governed by the choice of generator rating, while the speed limit is dictated by the mechanical design of the turbine and the tower. Selection of the generator can be judiciously made based on the average wind velocity during the peak wind

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(a)

transformer. Assuming the available grid voltage to be 6.6 kV, the transformer can be rated for 375 kVA with a voltage turns ratio of 6.6 kV: 415 V. With the designed gear ratio, the V27 power curves are plotted in Fig. 5. The operating region is also marked on the characteristics. Once the cut-in wind velocity (3 to 4 m/s) is reached, the system is connected to the grid and it starts generation. Up to the rated operating point of the generator corresponding to 300 kW, 1000 r/min, the system runs in peak-power tracking mode. Beyond this point, the power is kept constant with increasing speed. This is achieved by reducing the torque through field weakening. With 33% reduction, the speed can be increased upto 1500 r/min, the corresponding shaft speed being 1500/13.3 [i.e., 113 r/min (within the allowable limit)]. At this speed, the system goes into pitch-control mode, which restricts further increase of speed and power. D. Variable-Speed System Using Wound Rotor Induction Machine The system arrangement is shown in Fig. 1(c). In this case, the rotor circuit is capable of bidirectional power flow allowing subsynchronous and supersynchronous modes of operation. During subsynchronous generation, the rotor circuit absorbs a fraction of the power generated by the stator, whereas under a supersynchronous condition, both the stator and the rotor feed in power to the grid. Thus, if the stator generates 1 PU at a slip of PU., ) PU. the total generated output is ( With the same assumptions regarding wind conditions and speed range, a six-pole slip-ring induction machine of 300 kW is selected. One important design criterion for slip ring induction machines is the choice of rotor and stator turns ratio. It is advantageous to put lesser number of turns on the rotor side. However, this increases the current rating of the rotor winding. A compromise can be achieved by using a delta-connected stator winding and a star-connected rotor winding. The rotor turns can be made times the stator turns to make the effective turns ratio 1:1; 1/ the current rating for the rotor winding is also not largely enhanced. The synchronous speed being 1000 r/min and assuming that rated stator power is reached at the rated frequency, the selected gear ratio remains same (i.e., 13.3:1). The converter rating in this case depends on the range of operating speed. Assuming 0.5 PU slip on either side of the synchronous speed, the converter rating can be half the power rating of the stator. Allowing the same amount of overloading as earlier, the converter can be rated for 375 0.5 (i.e., 187.5 kVA). The transformer connecting the system to a 6.6-kV grid should have two secondaries; one winding connecting the stator being rated at 415 V and the second winding, connecting the front end converter being rated at 415/2 (i.e., 208 V). Without this voltage reduction on the rotor side, it is not possible to operate at a lower dc bus voltage. Consequently, the voltage ratings for the devices and the capacitor bank cannot be optimized. The rating of the transformer also has to be increased by 50% due to the extra power being generated from the rotor side during supersynchronous operation. Therefore, a 375 1.5 (i.e., 560kVA transformer is to be used with two windings having turns ratio of 6.6 kV:415 V/ 208 V).

(b) Fig. 8. (a) Turbine shaft speed for VSCF system using cage rotor induction machine. (b) Generator power for VSCF system using cage rotor induction machine.

season. To present a comparative picture, the same turbine characteristics (Vestas V27) are considered. It is assumed that the turbine shaft speed is allowed to vary up to 120 r/min. (This implies a maximum tip speed of 170 m/s, which is reasonable for a system of few hundred kilowatts rating [14].) It is also assumed that the average wind velocity during the peak wind season is 12 m/s. From Fig. 3, it may be noted that the maximum power that can be delivered by the turbine at the wind velocity of 12 m/s is approximately 290 kW corresponding to the shaft speed of 75 r/min. On this basis, a 300-kW, 415-V squirrel cage induction machine is selected. The synchronous speed of the machine is kept at 1000 r/min by using a six-pole machine. Assuming that the rated power is reached at the rated frequency, the gear ratio works out to be 1000:75 (i.e., 13.3:1). For variable speed control, the back-to-back PWM converter configuration as shown in Fig. 1(b) is used on the stator side. The stator side converter supplies the required reactive power and also handles the full active power generated by the machine. The line side converter transfers the generated active power to the grid at unity power factor and regulates the dc bus voltage. With a provision for 25% overloading, the ratings of the converters can be taken as 375 kVA. Potential wind sites are usually remote and the transmission grid is available at a higher voltage. The line side converter is interfaced to the power grid through a

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(a)

(b)

rated torque condition. From 1000 to 1500 r/min, the machine operates at constant rated torque with power being recovered from the rotor circuit as well. The total generated power follows a straight-line locus above the synchronous speed with an additional 150 kW being regenerated from the rotor side at 1500 r/min. Therefore, operation upto a higher wind velocity can be achieved before the system goes into pitch control mode. The loci for the stator and rotor powers are also shown in Fig. 6. Table I summarizes the design results for the three systems. On this basis, the following conclusions can be drawn regarding variable speed WECS with wound rotor induction machine. The ratings of the converters are significantly reduced. This is manifested in the lower voltage ratings required for the devices. The stator flux is constant over the entire operating region. Therefore, the torque can be maintained at its rated value above the synchronous speed. This results in higher power above the synchronous speed (i.e., at high wind velocities) when compared to a cage rotor induction generator of the same frame size. Thus, the machine utilization is substantially improved. A lower dc bus voltage is required. This reduces the voltage rating of the capacitor bank resulting in significant savings in the cost of the capacitor. The line side inductance value is also reduced (with reduced input voltage, for the same PU reactance, the actual value of the inductance is lower). III. ENERGY CAPTURE

(c)

(d)

Fig. 9. (a) Turbine shaft speed for VSCF system using wound rotor induction machine. (b) Stator power of wound rotor induction machine for VSCF system. (c) Rotor power of wound rotor induction machine for VSCF system. (d) Total generated power for VSCF system using wound rotor induction machine.

The operating region of the WECS with rotor side control is shown in Fig. 6. The speed of operation is limited to the range of 500 to 1500 r/min. When the wind velocity exceeds the cut-in value, the system is allowed to accelerate until the generator shaft speed reaches 500 r/min. The system is connected to the grid at this point and rotor side control is activated. While in operation, if the generator power falls below 40 kW (corresponding to 6 m/s of wind velocity), the rotor speed is maintained at 500 r/min by operating in the speed control mode. Once the power exceeds 40 kW, the system goes into peak-power tracking mode upto the synchronous speed of 1000 r/min. At this operating point, the stator power has reached its limit and the rotor power is zero (zero slip). This also corresponds to the

The basic objective of this exercise is to compare the energy capture for the three systems under consideration. A simplified model of the electromechanical system is taken for simulation of the different WECS. The simulation is done on MatlabVs. Simulink platform. The turbine is modeled with the characteristics and (1) and (2). The electrical and mechanical losses of the system are neglected. The limits of power and speed are imposed. In case of the converter-fed systems, it is assumed that the dynamic response of the torque controller is much faster compared to the mechanical time constant of the system [7][9]. Therefore, in the simulation, the dynamics of the current-control loops are neglected and the generated torque is assumed equal to the reference torque. A wind function is defined and all the three WECS are subjected to this function to determine the energy capture in each case. Wind is a randomly fluctuating variable. Therefore, it is difficult to model and evaluate the performance of a WECS theoretically without implementing it and subjecting it to actual environmental conditions. Some theoretical predictions are possible with the statistical data of wind variations at a particular location [14]. However, these are more appropriate for optimal planning of WECS in terms of cost, overall energy output per unit land area, etc. [15], rather than evaluating the relative performances of the different generating schemes. For effective performance evaluation, the system has to be operated over the entire range of wind variations so that all of the design limits are reached. This is simulated by defining a wind function as follows: (3)

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TABLE I SUMMARY OF THE DESIGN RESULTS FOR THE THREE WECSS

Fig. 7(a) shows the wind profile; it is observed that the wind varies between maxima and mimima with a periodicity of 20 s and these peaks and troughs are modulated over a longer period with a periodicity of 10 mins. The minimum touches the cut-in speed of 3 m/s, whereas the global maximum reaches 25 m/s. All three systems are subjected to this wind function and the shaft speed, generator power, and generated energy are plotted. A. Fixed Speed System In this case, the generator shaft speed is kept constant at 1000 r/min (since the allowable slip is only 8 r/min, which can be neglected). When the turbine input power falls below 50 kW, the second winding with eight poles is brought into operation, in which case the speed is fixed at 750 r/min. Since the turbine shaft speed is constant, there is no change in the stored energy of the system and the blade inertia does not come into picture. Neglecting losses, the turbine and generator powers are the same. The total energy output due to the defined wind function over a period of 10 min. is 21.5 kWh (Fig. 10). The simulated waveforms for the shaft speed and generated power are given in Figs. 7(b) and 7(c). B. Variable Speed System Using Cage Rotor Induction Machine The system is designed to track the peak power by varying the rotor speed up to the rated operating point corresponding to 300 kW, 1000 r/min. From 1000 to 1500 r/min, the power is kept constant by reducing the generator torque through field weakening. Beyond this point, the speed and power are held constant through pitch control. Optimum operating point tracking in torque control mode is employed in the present simulation for energy calculation.

The target power is set according to the following equation:

(4) Hence, the torque corresponding to the peak-power locus varies as the square of the rotor r/min (5) From Fig. 5, it can be seen that beyond the rated speed, the generator torque is varied as (6) The system is simulated with the same turbine data (see the Appendix). It is observed that due to constant variation in the wind velocity, the system is always in the transient state searching for the optimum operating point. The large inertia of the rotating blades tends to reduce the fluctuations in torque and power to a substantial extent. The relevant plots are given in Fig. 8(a) and (b). The system starts with an initial speed of 10 r/min. (Before this point, the turbine torque is approximately zero and the system fails to accelerate in the simulation model.) The generator power is limited to 300 kW and the generator shaft speed is limited to 1500 r/min (corresponding to a turbine shaft speed of 113 r/min). It is seen that the energy output for the defined wind function (3) over 10 minutes is 28.5 kWH (Fig. 10), an increment of 32.5% with respect to the previous case.

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for a machine of similar rating, energy capture can be significantly enhanced by using a wound rotor induction machine. In this case, the rated torque is maintained even at supersynchronous speeds whereas, in a system using cage rotor machine, field weakening has to be employed beyond synchronous speed, leading to reduction of torque. It is therefore possible to operate the proposed system up to higher wind velocities. The voltage rating of the power devices and dc bus capacitor is substantially reduced. The size of the line side inductor also decreases. It can, therefore, be concluded from this comparative study that a variable speed system using wound rotor induction machine is superior because of higher energy output, lower rating (hence, lower cost) of converters, and better utilization of a generator when compared to the existing systems using a cage rotor induction machine.
Fig. 10. Generated energy for the three systems.

APPENDIX A. Rotor Diameter: 27 m Swept Area: 573 m Rotational speed, generator 1: 43 r/min Rotational speed, generator 1: 33 r/min Number of blades: 3 Cut-in speed: 3.5 m/s Rated wind speed (225 kW): 14 m/s Cut-off wind speed: 25 m/s Survival wind speed: 56 m/s B. Gearbox Nominal power: 433 kW Ratio: 1:23.4 C. Generator1 225 kW, 400 V, 396 A, 50 Hz, 1008 r/min, 163 kVAR D. Generator2 50 kW, 400 V, 101 A, 50 Hz, 760 r/min, 48 kVAR REFERENCES
[1] D. F. Warne, Generation of electricity from the wind, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 124, pp. 963985, Nov. 1977. [2] C. V. Nayar, Wind powerThe near term commercial renewable energy source, Australi. Sci., Summer Issue, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2526, 1995. [3] Getting ConnectedIntegrating Wind Power With Electric Utility Systems, Rep. Ameri. Wind Energy Assoc., 1997. [4] A. Miller, E. Muljadi, and D. S. Zinger, A variable speed wind turbine power control, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 12, pp. 181187, June 1997. [5] A. K. Unnikrishnan, R. Sudeepkumar, P. S. Chempakavally, G. Poddar, A. Joseph, and S. Bindu, A variable speed power controller for wind turbines, in Proc. Workshop Wind Power Generation Power Quality Issues, Thiruvananthupuram, India, 1999. [6] BR. Pena, J. C. Clare, and G. M. Asher, Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 143, pp. 231241, May 1996.

C. Variable-Speed System Using Wound Rotor Induction Machine The same method of control to track peak power is used in this case. The generator speed is restricted between 500 and 1500 r/min (0.5-PU slip). Therefore, for wind velocities lower than 6 m/s, the system operates in constant speed mode at 500 r/min. The peak power is tracked from 500 to 1500 r/min corresponding to wind velocities of 6 to 12 m/s, respectively. Below 50 kW, the system is run in speed control mode at a constant speed of 500 r/min. When the generator power exceeds this threshold value, it switches over to peak-power tracking by torque control as discussed in the previous section. From 1000 until 1500 r/min, the torque is kept constant at the rated value, beyond which pitch control becomes effective. Thus, the stator power is limited to 300 kW beyond 1000 r/min, whereas the rotor generates an additional amount depending on the slip. The question of flux weakening does not arise in this case because the stator flux is dictated by the grid voltage and frequency. The relevant simulated waveforms are shown in Fig. 9(a) through Fig. 9(d). The energy output in this case for the same wind cycle for 10 minutes is found to be 35 kWh (Fig. 10), an increase of 22.8% with respect to the variable speed system using cage rotor machine and 62.7% with respect to the conventional fixed-speed system. The improvement in energy capture is due to the rated torque capability of the machine up to the maximum speed. Above the synchronous speed, although thestator power is saturated to 300 kW, the rotor, in addition, generates a substantial amount of power, so that the net power captured is largely enhanced. The advantage of this scheme lies in the fact that this excess power is obtained from the same frame size of the generator. IV. CONCLUSION A fixed speed system, even though more simple and reliable, severely limits the energy output of a wind turbine. Since there is no torque control loop, fluctuations in generated power are more. In case of variable speed systems, comparison shows, that

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[7] R. Datta and V. T. Ranganathan, A simple position sensorless algorithm for rotor side field oriented control of wound rotor induction machine, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 48, pp. 786793, Aug. 2001. , Method for direct control of active and reactive power from the [8] rotor side for a grid connected doubly-fed slip-ring induction machine without position encoder, Indian Patent applied (application number 797/MAS/99, dated 6/8/99), 1999. , Direct power control of grid-connected wound rotor induction [9] machine without rotor position sensors, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, pp. 390399, May 2001. [10] R. Datta, Rotor side control of grid-connected wound rotor induction machine and its application to wind power generation, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Electr. Eng., Indian Inst. Sci., Bangalore, India, 2000. [11] L. J. Fingersh and P. W. Carlin, Results from the NREL variable-speed test bed, in Conf. Rec. AIAA Wind Energy Sym., 1998, pp. 233237. [12] Vestas, Danish Wind Technology V27-225 kW, 50 Hz Windturbine Product Brochure, Vestas Wind Systems, Denmark, 1994. [13] S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. New York: Wiley, 1998. [14] D. S. Zinger and E. Muljadi, Annualized energy improvement using variable speeds, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 33, pp. 14441447, Nov./Dec. 1997. [15] S. Roy, Optimal planning of wind energy conversion systems over an energy scenario, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 12, pp. 248254, Sept. 1997.

Rajib Datta received the B.E. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, and the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, in 1992 and 1994, respectively. From January 1995 to July 2000, he was a research scholar in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, from where he received the Ph.D. degree. Currently, Dr. Datta is employed with GE Global Research Center, Schenectady, NY, in the Electronic Power Conversion Lab. From 2000 to 2001, he worked on converter topogies for large-scale wind parks at ABB Corporate Research Center, Ladenburg, Germany. His research interests include the design, modeling, and control of power-electronic systems, particularly related to alternative energy and distributed energy resources.

V. T. Ranganathan (SM92) received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Science, (IIS), Bangladore, and the Ph.D. degree from Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. He joined the Electrical Engineering Department at IIS in 1984. Currently a Professor, he has published several papers in the areas of vector control of ac drives, pwm techniques, split-phase induction motor drives, and rotor side control of slip ring induction motors. He is also a consultant to industry in the areas mentioned and has participated in a number of research-and-development projects. His research interests are in the area of power electronics and motor drives. Dr. Ranganathan received the Prize Paper Award of the IEEE-IAS Static Power Converter Committee, the Tata Rao Prize of the Institution of Engineers, India, the VASVIK award in Electrical Sciences and Technology, and the Bimal Bose Award of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, India.