مجموعة الإحصاءات البيئية في منطقة اللجنة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لغربي آسيا 2011-2010

45B
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION

FOR WESTERN ASIA
46B
COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

IN THE ESCWA REGION 2010-2011

2011-2010
United Nations
Distr.
GENERAL
E/ESCWA/SD/2011/4
15 September 2011
ORIGINAL: ARABIC/ENGLISH
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION
FOR WESTERN ASIA

48B
COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

IN THE ESCWA REGION 2010-2011

2011-2010
United Nations
New York, 2011

2011
11-0230
47B
Preface
Economic development in the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
(ESCWA) region is accompanied by an overexploitation of resources which has adverse effects on the
environment, particularly in terms of deteriorating air and water quality, diminishing water resources, land
degradation and desertification, and loss of biodiversity, all of which affect the sustainability and the quality
of life in the region.
Significant progress was observed in the compilation and dissemination of environment statistics,
indicators and reports. Basic environmental statistics and indicators are now produced by most member
countries. Pilot water reports are issued for Bahrain, Egypt and Oman and advanced reports are issued in
Jordan according to the System of Environmental Economic Accounting for Water (SEEAW), adopted by
the Statistical Commission in 2007. Improvements in the collection and dissemination of data on water and
environmental statistics were also observed, with a 14 per cent increase in the response rate of member
countries to the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) questionnaire on Environment Statistics in 2010,
with a 27 per cent increase in water indicators, and an 82 per cent increase in waste indicators. As a result,
ESCWA improved the quality and coverage of its Statistical Information System (ESIS) for environment,
water and energy statistics modules (http://esis.escwa.org.lb) thus increasing free accessibility and a wider
use of indicators.
U
However, the task of improving the availability of environmental and energy statistics and reports
remains fraught with challenges, due to its multidimensional nature and the interconnection of the different
sectors. Difficulties are mostly owing to the lack of institutional coordination between national
governmental offices who are concerned with environmental issues and national statistical offices; lack of
environmental monitoring systems; inadequate infrastructure; and insufficient resources, especially in
designing and conducting specialized environment, water and energy surveys.
ESCWA published the first issue of the Compendium of Environment Statistics in the ESCWA
Region in 2007, which contained comprehensive data and indicators on various environmental elements in
the ESCWA region. The second issue published in 2009 addressed eight themes including freshwater
resources and use, water accounts and environmental protection expenditure, waste management, energy
consumption, air pollution, and Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This third issue
covers seven chapters: (a) freshwater management; (b) fisheries; (c) biodiversity; (d) waste management;
(e) air pollution; (f) energy consumption; and (g) Goal 7 of the MDGs. Each chapter starts with an overview
of the main issues and describes briefly the statistical tables. The data presented in this publication covers the
14 member countries of the ESCWA region where available.
Data collection relied on the 2010 UNSD questionnaire on environment statistics, water and waste
sections. Data was compiled from national, regional and international publications and databases, with
priority given to official national sources. Preliminary tables were sent to ESCWA member countries for
review and editing where possible, whereas Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Qatar and Yemen sent updates and
amendments which were taken into account in the final version of the manuscript.
This publication was prepared by Wafa Aboul Hosn, Team Leader of environment and energy
statistics at the Statistics Division-ESCWA, Therese El Gemayel, Research Assistant, and Wassim
Hammoud, Research Assistant. It was reviewed by Giovanni Savio, Chief of the Economic Statistics
Section and Juraj Riecan, Director of the Statistics Division. We extend our gratitude to officials from
member countries for their collaboration; experts on environment statistics and accounts from the UNSD,
Eszter Horvath, Alessandra Alfieri, Ricardo Martinez, and Yongyi Min, from MedStat Ccile Roddier
Qufelec, and ESCWA professionals in water and environment for sharing data, reports and the responses to
the questionnaire on environment statistics as well as for the organization of workshops and idea-sharing;
and colleagues at ESCWA for providing peer review.
ESCWA strives to improve the quality of its publications through the suggestions and comments of
readers by completing the readership questionnaire that accompanies this publication to Ms. Wafa Aboul
Hosn, Team Leader, at: aboulhosn@un.org.
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iv

Page
Contents
49B
Preface.....................................................................................................
Symbols and abbreviations .....................................................................
iii
xiii
......................................................................................
..........................................................................
CHAPTER I. FRESHWATER RESOURCES .....................................
....................................................... -
Statistical Highlights.................................................................................
Conventional Freshwater Resources..........................................................
Non-Conventional Freshwater Resources ..................................................
Overview of Freshwater Abstraction and Use in the ESCWA Region........
Wastewater Treatment ..............................................................................
Water Market ...........................................................................................
Freshwater Quality ...................................................................................
Egypt Pilot Water Accounts ......................................................................
1
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
..........................................................................
................................................................
.........................................................
.......................
.....................................................................
..................................................................................
..........................................................................
...........................................................
CHAPTER II. FISHERIES ...................................................................
35
........................................................... -
Global fisheries production .......................................................................
Supply, demand and international trade.....................................................
Fish utilization and contributions ..............................................................
Aquaculture ..............................................................................................
Overexploitation .......................................................................................
35
36
36
38
38
39
...........................................................................
..........................................................
.....................................................
........................................
........................................................................
..........................................................................
61
........................................................ -
61
62
62
63
64
...........................................................................
..............................................
.....................................................................................
............................................................................
..............................................................................
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1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
9B
10B
1B
12B
13B
14B
15B
CHAPTER III. BIODIVERSITY..........................................................

16B
Overview of biodiversity and forests status ...............................................
Forests ......................................................................................................
Protected areas..........................................................................................
Species status ...........................................................................................
17B
18B
19B
20B
21B
50B
71B
70B
69B
68B
67B
6B
65B
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63B
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5B
54B
53B
52B
51B

Page
CHAPTER IV. AIR POLLUTION .......................................................
2B
79
23B
79
Climate Change: CO2 and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in the

ESCWA Region .......................................................................................
80
Ozone Depleting Substances .....................................................................
83
.............................................................. -
...........................................................................
:
...................................................................
CHAPTER V. ENERGY CONSUMPTION .........................................

25B
96
...........................................................................
................................................
CHAPTER VI. WASTE MANAGEMENT ..........................................

Overview of Waste Management in the ESCWA Region ..........................
106
106
107
.......................................................... -
...........................................................................
.............................................
CHAPTER VII. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7:

ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ......................
115
: 7 -
....................................................................
Overview of Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals ......................
Access to Safe Drinking Water .................................................................
Access to Sanitation..................................................................................
115
116
116
117
...........................................................................
...................................
....................................................
..................................................
31B
32B
3B
34B
35B
76B
........................................................ -
96
97
27B
30B
74B
...........................................................
Overview of the energy sector in the ESCWA region ................................
26B
29B
73B
75B
24B
28B
72B
84B
83B
82B
81B
80B
79B
78B
7B
LIST OF ANNEXES
8B
87B
86B
85B
36B
I. WHO Air Quality Guidelines ............................................................

II. UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire 2010 on Environmental Statistics ..........
L I ST OF T A B L E S
37B
38B
125
126
27B
vi
89B

Page
CHAPTER I. FRESHWATER RESOURCES

28B
Table I.1.
Average Volume of Precipitation .........................................
............................................
- I.1
Table I.2.
Total Freshwater Resources..................................................
............................................
- I.2
Table I.3.
Desalination Production and Total Non-Conventional Water
10
......................
- I.3
Table I.4.
Total Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources
12
...
- I.4
Table I.5.
Selected Indicators on Water Resources ...............................

Percentage and Number of Population Affected by Water
Scarcity in 2008 ...................................................................
.......................................

....... 2008
- I.5
Table I.6.
13
14
Table I.7.
Total Freshwater Abstracted.................................................
17
......................................
- I.7
Table I.8.
Total Freshwater Abstraction and Use ..................................
18
...........................
- I.8
Table I.9.
Sectoral Water Use...............................................................
20
..............................................
- I.9
Table I.10.
Water Use Indicators............................................................
24
................................................. - I.10
Table I.11.
Wastewater Management .....................................................
25
...................................................... - I.11
Table I.12.
Water Market 2011 ..............................................................
26
.......................................................2011 - I.12
Table I.13.
Municipal Water and Wastewater Capital Expenditure

Forecast ...............................................................................
26
Table I.14.
Water Market in the ESCWA Region ...................................
27
......................................... - I.14
Table I.15.
Selected Indicators for Surface Water Quality in Egypt ........

28
- I.15
....................................................................
- I.6
94B
93B
92B
91B
90B
......... - I.13
10B
10B
9B
98B
97B
96B
95B
105B
104B
103B
102B
Table I.16.
Selected Water Quality Indicators in Iraq .............................
Table I.17.
Water Quality Indicators in the Gulf Countries: Bahrain

and the United Arab Emirates (2008) ...................................
Pilot SEEAW Physical Water Use Table, Egypt, 2009..........
Table I.18.
28
29
........... - I.16
: - I.17
............................................ ( 2008)
........................ 2009 - I.18
108B
107B
106B
30
vii
109B

Page
Table I.19.
Pilot SEEAW Physical Supply, Egypt, 2009.........................
31
......................... 2009 - I.19
Table I.20.
Hybrid accounts for supply and use of water, Egypt, 2009 ....
32
.... 2009 - I.20
Table I.21.
Pilot Assets Accounts, Egypt, 2009 ......................................
33
..................... 2009 - I.21
Table I.22
Hypermatrix of Physical Water Flows in Egypt, 2009...........
34
.........................2009 - I.22
-
CHAPTER II. FISHERIES

39B
Table II.1.
Table II.2.
ESCWA Fisheries Production in Quantities and Values,

2000-2008............................................................................
13B
12B
1B
10B
40
- II.1
.............................................................2008- 2000
14B
15B
16B
ESCWA Fisheries Trade Volume, 2000-2008.......................

45
- 2000 - II.2
..................................................................... 2008
18B
17B
Table II.3.
Fisheries Trade contribution to GDP ....................................
49
.......... - II.3
Table II.4.
Fisheries Contribution to GDP .............................................
51
.......... - II.4
Table II.5.
Fisheries Production by inland and marine waters ................
53
..................... - II.5
Table II.6.
Food balance sheets for ESCWA region countries 2007 .......
58
...................... 2007 - II.6
Table II.7.
Export of fish by kind and destination for Oman...................
59
.......... - II.7
-
123B
12B
12B
120B
19B
CHAPTER III. BIODIVERSITY

40B
) III.1
........................................... (1- 7
124B
Table III.1. Proportion of land area covered by forest (MDG7

Indicator 7-1) .......................................................................
66
Table III.2. Primary designated functions of forest 2010 .........................
67
................................ 2010 - III.2
Table III.3. Forest management and legal status 2010 .............................
68
................................. 2010 - III.3
Table III.4. Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total area ...............
69
............. - III.4
Table III.5. Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area .....................
71
........................ - III.5
125B
126B
viii
130B
129B
128B
127B

Page
Table III.6. Marine areas protected to territorial waters ...........................
73
......................... - III.6
Table III.7. Percentage of area protected to maintain biological diversity

(MDG7 Indicator 7-4) ..........................................................
75
)- III.7
.................................... (4- 7
Table III.8. Nationally Protected Areas under IUCN Management

Category IVI ......................................................................
76
Table III.9. Proportion of species threatened with extinction ...................
77
.....................................
Table III.10. Status of ratification of international conventions and

agreements as of 1 January 2010 ..........................................
78
- III.10
............................................. 2010 / 1
13B
132B
13B
( IV-I) - III.8
................................
134B
135B
- III.9
138B
137B
136B
CHAPTER IV. Air Pollution

41B
Table IV.1. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) .....................................
85
........................................... - IV.1
Table IV.2. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide Per Capita ..............................
86
....................... - IV.2
Table IV.3. Number of Motorized Vehicles in the ESCWA Region.........
88
....................................... - IV.3
Table IV.4. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Egypt .........................
89
...................... - IV.4
Table IV.5. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Iraq ............................
89
..................... - IV.5
Table IV.6. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Kuwait .......................
90
..................... - IV.6
Table IV.7. Ozone-Depleting Substances Consumption ..........................
91
.............................. - IV.7
Table IV.8. CFC Consumption in the ESCWA region .............................

Table IV.9. HCFC Consumption in the ESCWA region ..........................
92
Table.IV.10. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Yemen .......................
94
93
........... - IV.8
- IV.9
........................................................
..................... - IV.10
-
CHAPTER V. ENERGY CONSUMPTION

42B
ix
146B
145B
14B
143B
142B
14B
140B
139B
150B
149B
148B
147B

Page
Table V.1.
Oil and Natural Gas Reserve, Production and Lifespan 2009
100
......2009 - V.1
Table V.2.
Total Oil Consumption and per capita Consumption in the

ESCWA Region ...................................................................
101
- V.2
............................................................
Total Natural Gas Consumption and per capita Consumption

in the ESCWA Region .........................................................
102
Total Electricity Consumption and per capita Consumption

in the ESCWA Region .........................................................
103
Total Energy Consumption and per capita Consumption in

the ESCWA Region .............................................................
104
Table V.3.
Table V.4.
Table.V.5.
Table V.6.
153B
- V.3
.......................................
154B
15B
Energy Efficiency per US$1,000 GDP..................................
105

......................................................
- V.4
156B

..........................................................
157B
- V.5

.................................................................
159B
158B
- V.6
160B
16B
CHAPTER VI. Waste Management

43B
Table VI.1.
Table VI.2.
Table VI.3.
Table VI.4.
Table VI.5.
152B
15B
Municipal Waste Generated and Collected ...........................

Municipal Waste Management .............................................
Total Waste Generation........................................................
Hazardous Waste .................................................................
Hazardous Waste Management ............................................
109
110
111
112
113
....................................
....................................................
................................................
.........................................................
..................................................
- VI.1
- VI.2
- VI.3
- VI.4
- VI.5
162B
: 7 -
167B
16B
165B
164B
163B
CHAPTER VII. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7:

ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
4B
169B
168B
Table VII.1. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (total) .............
118
- VII.1
...................................................... ( )
- VII.2
........................................... ( )
170B
17B
Table VII.2. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (urban) ...........

119
172B
173B
Table VII.3. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (rural) .............

120
- VII.3
..................................................... ()
175B
174B

Page
Table VII.4. Access to Improved Sanitation (total) ...................................
121
- VII.4
.............................................................. ()
17B
176B
Table VII.5. Access to Improved Sanitation (urban) .................................

122
- VII.5
................................................... ()
178B
179B
Table VII.6. Access to Improved Sanitation (rural) ..................................
123
- VII.6
....................................................... ()
18B
180B
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure I.1.
Available Surface and Groundwater as Percentage of Total

Renewable Water Resources ................................................
15
Total Conventional to non-Conventional Water Resources

for the year 2007 ..................................................................
15
Figure I.3.
Per Capita Water Resources from Available Water

Resources ............................................................................
16
Figure I.4.
Sectoral Water Use...............................................................
Figure I.5.
Figure I.2.

................................................................

................................................. 2007
- I.1
183B
184B
- I.2
185B
186B
.....................
- I.3
22
..............................................
- I.4
Per Capita Total Water Withdrawal ......................................
23
..............................
- I.5
Figure II.1. Fisheries Production 2008 ....................................................
43
................................. 2008
- II.1
Figure II.2. Fisheries commodity trade and production value 2008..........
............ 2008
- II.2
Figure II.3. Fisheries output and value added 2008 .................................
43
44
....... 2008
- II.3
Figure II.4. ESCWA fish trade volume ...................................................
47
......................................
- II.4
Figure II.5. ESCWA fishery supply by country .......................................
47
.....................
- II.5
Figure II.6. ESCWA fishery exports by country ......................................
....................
- II.6
Figure II.7. ESCWA fishery imports by country .....................................
48
48
.....................
- II.7
Figure II.8. Ratio of ESCWA to the World in Inland and Marine
57
- II.8
xi
182B
197B
196B
195B
194B
193B
192B
19B
190B
189B
18B
187B

Page
....................................
Fisheries Production.............................................................
198B
Figure II.9. Fish/animal proteins .............................................................
57
......................
- II.9
Figure III.1. Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total area ...............
70
............ - III.1
Figure III.2. Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area .....................
72
....................... - III.2
Figure III.3. Marine areas protected to territorial waters ...........................
74
......................... - III.3
Figure IV.1. CO2 Emissions in the ESCWA Region .................................
84
..................... - IV.1
Figure IV.2. Emission of Carbon Dioxide per Capita in the

ESCWA Region ...................................................................
87
- IV.2
......................................................
Figure IV.3. Total ESCWA CO2 Emissions and Percentage of World

Emissions ............................................................................
87
205B
- IV.3
...........................................
95
95
......... - IV.4
.................... - IV.5
Figure VI.1. Average Annual COED........................................................
114
.................................... - VI.1
Figure VII.1. Trends of access to Improved Water and Sanitation of

ESCWA Population .............................................................
124
- VII.1
.....................................
21B
210B
209B
208B
21B
LIST OF BOXES
Natural Gas Operating Vehicles in Egypt .............................
Carbon accounting methods .................................................
Iraq and Electricity...............................................................
Action Plan for Lebanon ......................................................
206B
207B
Figure IV.4. ODS Consumption in the ESCWA Region in ODP Tons ......
Figure IV.5. Total ODS Consumption ......................................................
Box IV.1.
Box IV.2.
Box V.1.
Box VI.1.
204B
203B
20B
201B
20B
19B
82
83
98
108
xii
.................. - IV.1
..................................................... - IV.2
...................................................... - V.1.
...................................................... - VI.1
217B
216B
215B
214B
213B
Symbols and abbreviations

Billion cubic metre
Chlorofluorocarbons
Cubic metre
Not Produced or Not Available
ESCWA: The Economic and Social
Commission for Western Asia comprises
Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the
Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United
Arab Emirates and Yemen
Bcm
CFC
m3
ESCWA
Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistical

Database
GCC: The Gulf Cooperation Council comprises
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
and The United Arab Emirates
FAOSTAT
Greenhouse gas
Gross domestic product
Hectare
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
International Standard Industrial Classification
of all Economic Activities
Kilogram
Kilometre
Kilowatt hour
Liquefied petroleum gas
Metre
Metric ton
Millennium Development Goals
Millimetre
Million cubic metre
Negligible/Zero
Number
Ozone depleting potential
Ozone depleting substance
Per cent
Purchasing power parity
Square kilometre
Square metre
Thousand
Tons of oil equivalent
United States dollar
World Health Organization
Year
GHG
GDP
ha
HCFC
ISIC
GCC
kg
km
kWh...
LPG
m
Mt
MDGs
Mm
Mcm
No.
ODP
ODS
%
PPP
Km2
m2
000
TOE
US$
WHO
Yr
xiii

:
: .

C H AP T E R I. F R E SH W A T E R R E SOUR C E S
-
Statistical Highlights
1.
In 2007, the ESCWA region contained 268.6 billion cubic metres (bcm) of conventional water
resources, mostly found in Egypt, Iraq, the Sudan, and the Syrian Arab Republic representing
0.49 per cent of the global renewable water resources.
2.
10 per cent of the total conventional water resources in the ESCWA region are groundwater.
3.
9 out of 14 ESCWA member have an acute scarcity situation, with less than 500 cubic metres
per capita.
4.
Conventional water resources per capita in the ESCWA region were estimated at 1,124 m3 in 2007
compared to 1,069 m3 in 2005.
5.
In the ESCWA region, the total quantity of water abstracted in 2008 was 216 bcm compared to 219
bcm in 2007.
6.
In the ESCWA region, the average per capita water abstracted was 980 m3 in 2007.
7.
In the ESCWA region, total water use was distributed in 2007 as follows: 90.8 per cent for
agriculture use, 5.9 per cent for domestic use, 3.2 per cent for industrial use and 0.1 for use in other
sectors.
8.
Average water use intensity was 87 per cent in the ESCWA Region in 2007 and as high as 3,242
per cent in Kuwait, 1,834 in Saudi Arabia and 788 in the United Arab Emirates.
9.
In 2007, water deficit was 1,630 cubic metres per capita per year in Saudi Arabia and 251 cubic
metres per capita per year in Kuwait.
10.
In 2008, wastewater produced amounted to 9,558 million cubic metres (mcm) in Egypt while the
treated wastewater reuse was at 582 mcm.
11.
In the ESCWA region, US$8.3 billion will be invested in municipal water services and US$4 billion
in the wastewater sector in 2011.

268.6 2007
0.49
.
. 10
. 500
-1
- 2
- 3
2007 1 124
- 4
. 2005 1 069
219 2008 216
- 5
. 2007
- 6
980 .2007
2007 90.8 5.9

- 7
3.2 0.1 .
87 2007 3 242
- 8
1 834 788 .
- 9
. 2007
1 630
251
- 10 2008 9 558
582 .
- 11
. 2011
8.3 4
Conventional Freshwater Resources

The ESCWA region is an arid region with a
low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rate.
The lowest precipitation in volume has been
recorded in Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar with a
decreasing trend since 2006 to less than 1,000 mcm
in 2008 compared to 894, 127 and 88 bcm in the
Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen respectively (table
I.1).

.

2006

2008
1 000
127 894
88
.( I.1 )
In most ESCWA countries, precipitation

water infiltrates to underground water or is
discharged as runoff water to the sea or rivers
without being used.
The highest surface water averages in 2007

2007
are recorded in Egypt (57 bcm), Iraq (33 bcm), the
( 57 )
Sudan (28 bcm) and the Syrian Arab Republic ( 28 ) ( 33)
(23 bcm). The rest of ESCWA countries have
.( 23 )
surface water quantities less than 4 bcm.
4
Groundwater recharge is at 32 bcm for the ESCWA

.
region, with the highest figures recorded in the
32
Sudan, at 7 bcm, and the lowest in Kuwait, at
7
0.02 bcm in 2007.
. 2007 0.02
Groundwater resources represent 12 per cent

of total water resources on average in the ESCWA
region and range between less than 50 per cent in
Egypt, Iraq, the Sudan and the Syrian Arab
Republic and as high as 97 per cent in Bahrain
(table I.2, figure I.1).
12

50
97
.( I.1 I.2 )
Total freshwater resources from conventional

sources varied from 112 bcm in Iraq in 2007 to 0.02
bcm in Kuwait. Table I.2 shows surface,
groundwater and total freshwater from conventional
sources in ESCWA countries. Water resources per
capita from conventional sources were only 1,124
cubic meter in 2007 for the ESCWA region, and
ranged between 8 m3 for Kuwait and 3,864 m3 for
Iraq (table I.5 and figure I.3).
2007
0.02 112
I.2 .

.
2007 1 124
3 864 8
.( I.3 I.5 )

Non-Conventional Freshwater Resources
Presently, some of ESCWA countries, and

more specifically all the GCC countries, have opted

for the desalination of seawater to compensate for .
the scarce water resources. The desalination 2005 2 883
production in the GCCs increased from 2,883 mcm 2008
3 759
in 2005 to 3,759 mcm in 2008 (table I.3). Total
.( I.3 )
non-conventional water resources which include

reused water, agricultural drainage and desalinated
water increased in the ESCWA region due to

increased desalination and wastewater reuse (table
I.3).

.( I.3 )
Total conventional and non-conventional

water resources in the ESCWA region increased by
10.8 per cent from 251 bcm in 2005 to 278 bcm in
2007 (table I.4). The ratio of conventional to nonconventional water resources for 2007 is
highlighted in figure I.2.

251 10.8
278 2005
I.2 .(I.4 )2007
. 2007
Per capita total conventional and non

conventional water increased from 1,108 to 1,162 2005 1 108
m3 per year between 2005 and 2007 indicating a 5 2007
1 162
five per cent increase (figure I.3). Detailed country I.5 .( I.3 )
data are presented in table I.5.
In 2008, 41 per cent of the total ESCWA

population was affected with scarcity, as shown in
table I.6 with Kuwait as the most highly affected
(98 per cent) and the Sudan as the least affected
(1 per cent).
41 2008
.
( 98 ) I.6
.( 1 )
Overview of Freshwater Abstraction and Use in

the ESCWA Region
Abstraction
of
surface
water
and
groundwater varies greatly within the ESCWA
region. Countries which have scarce groundwater
and surface water resources, adopted water
management strategies such as wastewater
treatment and desalination to meet the demand.
Other ESCWA countries with relatively abundant
water resources do not adequately manage the
resources leading to low per capita consumption
(i.e. Lebanon and Yemen).

.

.

)
.(
Groundwater abstraction increased by 13

13 per cent between 2005 and 2008 in the ESCWA . 2008 2005
region. At the national level, Bahrain and Kuwait

recorded a significant drop in the abstraction of 42
groundwater with a decrease of 42 and 13 per cent
13
respectively in three years, while Oman increased
77
its abstraction by 77 per cent over the same period
.( I.7 )
(table I.7).
The
difference
between
freshwater

abstraction and use is attributed to the quantity of

water abstracted and not used but returned to the I.9
.
environment or the economy. In table I.9, detailed )
figures are presented on the consumption of each
(
sector (domestic, agriculture, industry and other
2007 .2009 2006
sectors) per year between 2006 and 2009. In 2007,
90.6
the highest consumption recorded was that of the
6.6
agricultural sector with 90.6 per cent, followed by
4
0.2 2.6
.( I.4 )
domestic use with 6.6 per cent, industrial use with

2.6 per cent and other sectors use with 0.2 per cent
(figure I.4).
Average water abstracted per capita in the

ESCWA region was estimated at 914 m3 in 2007,
914
compared to 350 m3 in 2005 (figure I.5). However, )2005 350 2007
the high population growth rate in the region .( I.5
greatly exceeds the development rate of water
.
resources. As a result, the annual per capita share

of conventional water resources is decreasing

sharply leading to an overexploitation of
.
groundwater, higher production of desalinated
water and wastewater reuse.

2007 79
2 243
)314 903
I.10 .( I.10

.
The average rate of water use intensity in the

ESCWA region was 79 per cent in 2007, with the
highest rate in Saudi Arabia at 2,243 per cent,
followed by Oman at 903 per cent, and then Yemen
at 314 per cent (table I.10). Water deficit,
representing the difference between water resources
available per capita per year and the water
abstracted per capita per year, is shown in table
I.10.
Wastewater Treatment
The lack of available data on wastewater in
ESCWA countries constitutes a challenge to
reporting management techniques and the benefits
of treating and reusing this water.
Table I.11 summarizes the management of

wastewater in ESCWA countries, with available
data referring to 2008 for wastewater produced and
treated, and to 2007 for treated wastewater reuse.
I.11
2008
2007
.

Water Market
The total value of water markets for ESCWA 2010

countries amounted to US$20.6 billion in 2010 ( I.12
)20.6
(table I.12), with its highest rates in Saudi Arabia, 5.8
the United Arab Emirates and Egypt at US$5.8 3.8
billion, US$3.8 billion and US$3.2 billion
. 3.2
respectively.
The capital expenditure of the water sector
reached US$8.3 billion and the operational
expenditure US$6.9 billion. Saudi Arabia has the
highest capital expenditure at US$2.6 billion,
followed by Qatar at US$1.4 billion and the United
Arab Emirates at US$ 1.4 billion.
8.3
. 6.9

2.6
. 1.4
The wastewater sector capital expenditure

reached US$4 billion and the operational
expenditure was at US$1.3 billion (table I.12).
4

1.3
.(I.12 )
During the next five years, water sector

expenditure is expected to quintuple in the United
Arab Emirates and will be 78 per cent higher in the
78
ESCWA region by 2016. However, two ESCWA
. 2016
countries are expected to decrease their
51 2016
expenditures by 2016, namely Palestine with a
. 24
51 per cent decrease and Qatar with 24 per cent.
The wastewater expenditure is expected to double

in Bahrain, Iraq and Saudi Arabia and to decrease
.( I.13 )2016 83
in Qatar by 83 per cent by 2016 (table I.13).

3.64

.(I.14 )2.16
The highest water cost in ESCWA countries

was observed in Jordan (US$3.64 per cubic metre),
and the United Arab Emirates (US$2.16 per cubic
metre) (table I.14).
Freshwater Quality
Water quality indicators are based on the
physical, chemical and biological measurements of
a defined water body, period and amount of
samples. Countries decide which standards to
adopt, whether the World Health Organization
(WHO) standards for water quality or they develop
their own standards based on the specificities of
water in the country.

.

.
Several physical, biological and chemical

parameters are usually measured to determine the
quality of water. At the ESCWA level,
measurements for water quality are published for
Egypt (table I.15) and Iraq (table I.16), based on
different parameters.

.
)

( I.15 ( )I.16
.
Egypt monitors the chemical content of the

water with Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) for
surface water only (table I.15). Whereas Iraq
measures the level of nitrate, conductivity,
chlorides and TDS for surface water and measures
sulfates, chlorides, calcium, magnesium and Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) for groundwater (table
I.16).

.( I.15 )

.( I.16 )
In the ESCWA region, the GCC countries

have developed their own indicators, as shown in
table I.17. Water quality standards for the GCC
countries were published in the Compendium of
Environment Statistics for the years 2008-2009.
However, the indicators of Bahrain and the United
Arab Emirates were published in this compendium
since they are the only two GCC countries that
made changes to their standards.

.I.17
2009- 2008

.
Egypt Pilot Water Accounts

For three years, ESCWA worked on
completing a development account project to
strengthen national capacities in environment
statistics and accounts. As a result, several ESCWA
countries were able to produce water accounts to
serve as a statistical tool for water-related policies.

.

.
Egypt and Jordan were two of the 14 member

countries that benefited from the support provided
by UNSD, ESCWA and Medstat to produce water
accounts at the national level. Tables I.18 and I.19
show the supply and water use for Egypt in 2009,
from the environment and within the economy.
Tables I.20 and I.21 show the hybrid accounts for
supply and water use which is expressed in billion
Egyptian pounds, as well as the assets accounts in
million cubic meters. A hypermatrix presented in
table I.22 shows, in a simplified manner, the
physical flow of water in Egypt in 2009.

( )-
I.19 I.18 .

. 2009
I.21 I.20

I.22 .
. 2009
T able I .1
Average V olume of P recipitation (MCM/yr)
( / )
Bahrain
Egypt
2004
2005
a/
a/
59.8
74.2
a/
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
a/
a/
3,863
Lebanon
h/, 1
Oman
Palestine
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
212.1
47.3
1,027,157c/, 1
a/
a/
96,636
64,801
f/
a/
63.1b/
492,513
(2009)d/, 1
e/
54,921
6,258
7,683
5,194
2,047
1,374
907
e/
...
...
6,907
6,907
24,863
23,144
28,068
41,679
14,615
b/
b/
2,420
e/
e/
1,071
Saudi Arabia
3,343
2008
a/
...
...
Qatar
a/
59,980
9,304
2007
a/
75,050
6,951
g/, 1
2006
...
e/
...
1,053
b/
...
e/
2,420
e/
2,108
...
1,013
126,800
i/
442
b/
...
i/
b/
i/
b/
j/
126,800
...
885,950
1,070,980
1,196,170
894,184
6,397k/
5,405k/
41,991k/
39,059k/
...
...
6,521b/
6,521b/
...
...
b/
...
88,170
b/
88,170
Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.

b/ Aquastat Database, accessed on 17 April 2011.
c/ Environment Statistics Report 2007, CAPMAS, 2007.
d/ Environment Statistics Report 2009, CAPMAS, 2009.
e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
f/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006.
g/ Annual Statistical Abstract 2009, Edition 46, State of Kuwait, December 2010.
h/ Oman Statistical Yearbook 2010, Ministry of National Economy, Issue 38, November 2010.
i/ The Sudan Statistical Yearbook, 2007.
j/ The Sudan Statistical Yearbook for the year 2009.
k/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008 Syria (preliminary version).
Notes: These figures are long term averages.
1. ESCWA Calculation.
T able I .2
T otal F reshwater R esources (MCM/yr)
( / )
Notes: 1.
2.
3.
4.
Ratio of Underground to total water

resources %

(%)
97%
9.8%
2.9%
55%
71.1%
92.9%
89.6%
91.7%
10.9%
6,170a/
16,800a/
36.7%
80%
71.4%
11.8%
(%)
Groundwater Recharge

2007
4a/
56,800b/
32,700e/, 1
345f/
...
3,803a/
1,050a/
45g/
...
a/, 2
2,200
28,000a/
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
22,700a/
The United Arab
a/
Emirates
150
Yemen
2,000a/
ESCWA
149,7974
h/
World
ESCWA share of World total (%)
Sources: a/
b/
c/
d/
e/
f/
g/
h/

2007
112a/
6,200c/
3,280a/
421f/
20a/
3,200a/
1,300a/
241g/
58a/
a/
2,200
7,000a/
Total Freshwater from

Conventional Sources

2007
116a/
63,000c/
111,906d/
766f/
20a/
4,503a/
2,100a/, 2
3353
40d/
a/, 2
2,400
64,500a/, 2
Total Surface Water
a/
120
1,500a/
31,822
a/
150
2,100a/, 2
268,736
54,336,558
0.49
Aquastat Database, accessed on 17 April 2011.

Available Water Resources and Usage in Egypt, CAPMAS, June 2009.
CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
Environment and Sustainable Development Indicators of Priority in Iraq, COSIT, September 2010.
Water for Life, Water Strategy- Jordan, 2008-2022, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2009.
Palestine in Figures 2010, PCBS, Ramallah- Palestine, May 2011.
Global Environment Outlook Data Portal. UNEP.
Surface water from storage basins such as lakes, basins and rivers is not accounted for in this figure.
FAO Estimate.
Including water purchased from Israel.
Excluding Kuwait and Qatar.
Table I.3
Desalination Production and Total Non-Conventional Water
Bahrain1
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab Republic
The United Arab Emirates
Yemen
2005
110a/
60b/
...
10e/
469h/
47e/
...
...
128i/, 1
1,025k/
...
...
1,151b/
...
Desalination Production (MCM)

( )
2006
2007
2008
2009
123a/
132a/
172a/
203a/
b/
c/
c/
60
60
60
...
19d/, 2
40f/
10g/
12b/
480h/
508h/
548h/
...
109e/
...
...
136i/, 1
312j/
1,033k/
1,093k/
1,093k
1,014l/
...
0.4e/
...
-e/, 3
1,262b/
1,380b/
1,635b/
25e/, 3
29B
Sources: a/ Ministry of Electricity and Water website, Kingdom of Bahrain.
230B
Total Non-Conventional Water (MCM/yr)

(/ )
2005
2006
2007
2008
126.31
1232
1322
1722
3
3
3
6,660
7,060
9,360
9,3603
2
19
93.61
120.31
1011
1131
4691
4801
5081
5481
2
4
4
47
2
2
1461
1711
1362
3122
1,0252
1,1991
1,0932
0.42
1,1512
1,2621
1,3801
1,6351
252
231B
23B
23B
234B
Source: ESCWA calculation.
b/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
Notes: 1. Includes Reused water and Desalinated water production only.
c/ CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of

Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
2. Includes Desalinated water production only.

3. Includes reused water, agricultural drainage reuse and
desalinated water production.
d/ Environmental Statistics in Iraq Report 2008, COSIT, 2009.

e/ Aquastat Database, accessed on 17 April 2011.
4. Includes reused water only.
f/ An Environmental Profile for Jordan 2006. Ministry of Environment.

g/ Water for Life, Water Strategy- Jordan, 2008-2022, Ministry of Water and
Irrigation, 2009.
h/ Kuwait Statistical Yearbook 2009, Statistics Department and Information
Center.
j/ Advancing Sustainable Development, Qatar National Vision 2030, General
Secretariat for Development Planning, July 2009.
i/ Qatar Annual Statistical Abstract 2007, The Planning Council, the General
10
Secretariat.
k/ Saudi Arabia Annual Report, Ministry of Water and Electricity, 2007.
l/ Annual Report (1430-1431 h) 2009, Ministry of Water and Electricity, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia.
Notes: 1. Value converted from Million Imperial Gallons per day- 1IG=0.004546 m3.
2. Data are for 2007-2008.
3. FAO estimate.
11
T able I .4
T otal C onventional and Non-C onventional W ater R esources (MCM/yr)
( / )
2008- 2005
()
Ratio of NonConventional to
Conventional
Water
Resources 2007
(percentage)

2007
()
Change
2005-2008
(percentage)
Bahrain
b/, 1
Egypt
2005
2006
2007
a/
a/
a/
2008
159
171
173
201
26
76.3
74,960
75,660
153,2782,
81,175
78,924
12.9
70,084
c/
936
-7
-1
0.02
11.6
95.5
2, 3
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwaitc/
75,000
c/
941
507
Lebanon
Omane/
a/
2, 3
925
521
111,925
d/
867
532
4,300
136
151
4,503b/
155
160
18
0.04
Palestine
Qatar
315f/, 4
154h/
319f/, 4
164i/
335g/, 4
168i/
309g/, 4
-2
Saudi Arabia
3,425
2,011
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emiratesc/
Yemen
ESCWA
3
c/
j/
-41
54.4
16,800b/, 2
1,501
1,769
64,500
26,0002
1,264
1,377
4,000
65,000
250,761
2,100
2,010
k/, 5
b/
b/, 2
40
235B
91.9
236B
237B
277,930
Sources: a/ Ministry of Electricity and Water website.

b/ ESCWA calculation.
c/ UNSD/UNEP Environment Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
d/ Water for Life, Water Strategy- Jordan, 2008-2022, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2009.
e/ Oman Statistical Yearbook 2010, Ministry of National Economy, Issue 38, November 2010.
f/ Palestine in Figures 2009, PCBS, Ramallah- Palestine, May 2010.
g/ Palestine in Figures 2010, PCBS, Ramallah- Palestine, May 2011.
h/ Qatar in Figures, 26th Issue, October 2008. Statistics Authority.
i/ Statistical Bulletin, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, No. 18, 2010.
j/ Annual Report (1427-1428 h) 2007, Ministry of Water and Electricity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
k/ Annual Report (1430-1431 h) 2009, Ministry of Water and Electricity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Notes: 1. Includes freshwater from conventional and non-conventional sources.
2. Includes freshwater from conventional sources only due to unavailability of freshwater from non-conventional
sources data.
3. Freshwater from conventional sources is taken from the renewable freshwater sources only.
4. Including water purchased from Israel.
5. Data are for the year 2009.
12
T able I .5
Selected I ndicators on W ater R esources
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab
Republic
The United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Per Capita Water

Resources from
Conventional Resources
(cubic meters/yr)

(/)
2005
2007
138
125
849
819
2,741
3,864
187
135
9
8
987
1,089
412
820
225
90
122
34
Per Capita Water Resources

from Conventional and
Non-Conventional
Resources
(cubic meters/yr)

(/)
2005
2007
219
187
937
940
2,7411
3,865
176
153
224
217
1,061
1,0891
562
612
1
89
901
188
143
Per Capita Total

Water Resources
Change
(percentage)

( )
2005-2007
-14.8%
0.3%
41%
-13.2%
-2.9%
2.6%
8.1%
1.1%
-24.0%
100
1,692
94
1,598
142
1,6921
792
1,5981
-44.7%
-5.6%
1,407
870
1,4071
8701
-38.2%
49
194
793
28
96
1,124
311
1941
1,108
278
961
1,162
-10.6%
-50.6%
5.0%
Source: ESCWA calculations, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.
Notes: 1. Values are the same due to unavailability of Non-Conventional Water Resources data.
2. Figure is smaller than the one for the per capita water resources from conventional resources because of the
difference in sourcing. ESCWA used the figure from national source for total conventional and non-conventional water to abstract
the per capita value.
13
T able I .6
Percentage and Number of Population Affected by W ater Scarcity in 2008
2008
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA Total
Scarcity Percentagea/
( )
8%
24%
86%
98%
49%
67%
59%
68%
1%
Scarcity Populationb /

62,364
18,219,502
25,476,528
2,847,384
2,025,058
1,770,773
502,490
17,265,312
363,302
76%
15,512,313
47%
40%
41%
2,082,704
6,670,015
95,445,815
Sources: a/ ESCWA calculation

b/ Global Water Market 2011, Global Water Intelligence.
Note: ESCWA total excluding Jordan and Palestine.
14
F igure I .1
Available Surface and G roundwater as Percentage of T otal R enewable W ater R esources
Figure I.2
Total Conventional to non-Conventional Water Resources for the year 2007*
2007
*
ESCWA, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Syria and Yemen percentages are not represented in this graph due to unavailability of
total non-conventional water resources data.
15
F igure I .3
Per C apita W ater R esources from A vailable W ater R esources
Limit of acute water scarcity
16
T able I .7
T otal F reshwater Abstracted (MCM/yr)
( / )
Surface Water Abstraction

2005
2007
2008
53,100a/
54,030a/
56,150a/
51,442a/, 1
58,919a/, 2
55,345a/, 3
a/
a/
351
345
336a/
b/
b/
563c/
-c/
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Groundwater Abstraction

2005
2007
2008
50d/, 5
40d/, 5
29d/, 5
5,884a/
6,474a/
7,500a/
506a/
504a/
499a/
164e/, 5
156e/, 5
142e/,5
c/
700
53f/
94g/
268a/, 6
286a/, 6
251a/, 6
a/
1
16f/
1,100c/, 4
920h/
958h/
-a/
-a/
-a/
114a/
130a/, 7
7,8708
121a/
140a/, 7
8,6419
133a/
142a/, 7
9,76410
Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.

b/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.
c/ Aquastat Database, accessed on 17 April 2011.
d/ Ministry of Electricity and Water website.
e/ Kuwait Statistical Yearbook 2009, Statistics Department and Information Center.
f/ Water Statistical Book for the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, First Edition, 2008.
g/ Water Statistical Book for the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Second Edition, 2010.
h/ Annual Report (1430-1431 h) 2009, Ministry of Water and Electricity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Notes: 1. Includes surface water abstracted by the water supply industry (ISIC 36) and agriculture, forestry and fishing only.
2. Includes surface water abstracted by the water supply industry (ISIC 36), households, agriculture, forestry and
fishing and manufacturing (ISIC 10-33) only.
3. Includes surface water abstracted by the water supply industry (ISIC 36), agriculture, forestry and fishing,
manufacturing (ISIC 10-33) and electricity industry (ISIC 351) only.
4. FAO Estimate. Data for the year 2006.
5. Value converted from Million Imperial Gallons per day- 1IG=0.004546 m3.
6. Includes groundwater abstracted by the water supply industry (ISIC 36) only. Includes water extracted from
underground wells and the annual flow of water springs. Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2009. Water Statistics in the
Palestinian territories, Annual Report 2008 Ramallah Palestine.
7. Includes groundwater abstracted by the water supply industry (ISIC 36) for household usages only.
8. Excluding Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
9. Excluding Iraq, Lebanon, Oman and Qatar.
10. Excluding Iraq and Lebanon.
17
T able I .8
T otal F reshwater Abstraction and Use (MCM)
( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian
Arab
Republic
United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Total Freshwater Abstraction

2006
2007
2008
2009
a/, 1
b/, 1, 2
b/
b/
167
173
201
217
c/, 1
c/, 1
c/, 1
c/, 1
59,484
60,504
63,649
64,149
d/, 1
e/, 1
42,700
66,000
925g/
8494
835b/
645h/, 3
661h/, 3
678i/, 3
688i/, 3
d/, 1
e/, 1
1,400
1,300
d/, 1
e/, 1
...
1,400
1,400
j/, 1
j/, 1
j/, 1
k/, 1
319
335
309
316
d/, 1
e/, 1
...
300
400
2006
a/, 1
167
b/
69,250
c/, 2
4,689
489d/, 1
b/
1,407
a/, 1
151
e/
199
a/, 1
164
Total Freshwater Use

2007
2008
a/, 1
a/, 1
173
191
b/
b/
70,230
70,230
c/, 2
c/, 2
6,077
6,827
799b/
d/, 1
514
546d/, 1
a/, 1
a/, 1
154
160
e/
227
a/, 1
f/
168
288
2009
4,311a/, 1
4,366a/, 1
1,991f/
2,122g/
16,700e/, 1
794h/, 3
805h/, 3
804h/, 3
829h/, 3
212,472
1,240e/
1,361e/
92i/, 4
83,940
1,548e/
95i/, 4
83,706
45,1005
...
45,1006
37,300d/, 1
23,700e/, 1
37,300e/, 1
...
19,900d/, 1
1,249m/, 4
1,369m/, 4
6,600d/, 1
218,591
Sources: a/ Annual Report, Statistics 2007, Bahrain

Electricity and Water Authority website.
Sources: a/ Statistical Bulletin, the Cooperation Council

for the Arab States of the Gulf, No. 18, 2010.
b/ Bahrain Ministry of Energy and Water
b/ ESCWA calculation based on the sum of

the sectoral freshwater consumption.
Website.
c/ UNSD/UNEP
Environment Statistics 2010.
Questionnaire
on
c/ Iraq
Statistical
Yearbook
2008-2009,
COSIT.
d/ Global Water Market 2008.
d/ Kuwait Statistical Yearbook 2009, Statistics

Department and Information Center.
e/ Global Water Market 2011.

f/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for
e/ UNSD/ UNEP Environment Questionnaire

on Environment Statistics 2010.
g/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and

Irrigation, Jordan, 2006.
f/ Water Statistical Book for the Cooperation

Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Second Edition,
2010.
h/ Kuwait Annual Statistical Abstract 2007,

Central Statistical Office.
g/ Annual Report (1430-1431 h) 2009,

Ministry of Water and Electricity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
i/ Kuwait Annual Statistical Abstract 2009,

edition 46, Central Statistical Bureau.
h/ Syria Statistical Abstract for 2010, Central

Bureau of Statistics, No. 63.
j/ Palestine in Figures 2009, PCBS, RamallahPalestine, May 2010.
i/ Implementation rate report for the Ministry

of Water and Environment for the year 2008, Ministry of
Water and Environment, May 2009.
2005, Jordan.
k/ Statistical Abstract of Palestine, No 11,

PCBS, 2010. Ramallah- Palestine.
l/
Notes: 1. Value converted from Million Imperial Gallons

per day- 1IG=0.004546 m3.
Aquastat Database, accessed on 17 April
2011.
2. Except Kurdistan Region.
m/ Yearly Statistical Report for Electricity and

Water, The United Arab Emirates, 2003-2007.
3. Freshwater consumed is only that of drinking

water due to unavailability of data.
Notes: 1. Value as reported by source.
4. Freshwater consumed is only that of freshwater
18
238B
2. Value converted from

Gallons per day- 1IG=0.004546 m3.
Million
Imperial
supplied by water supply industry (ISIC 36) for household

usages only.
3. Includes potable and brackish water.

4. ESCWA calculation: sum of surface and
groundwater values.
5. ESCWA Calculation: Groundwater values
only.
6. Estimated same as 2006.
19
Table I.9
Sectoral Water Use (MCM/yr)
(/ )
2006
100a/
6,500b/
...
291d/, 1
371f/
380f/, 2
...
160f/
...
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Domestic Water Use

2007
2008
77a/
110a/
b/
6,600
6,600b/
c/
1,700
1,300c/
e/
210
315.2f/
f/
379
462e/
98e/
176f/
186f/
...
2009
183h/
Agricultural Water Use

2006
2007
2008
2009
59,300b/ 60,000b/ 60,000b/
...
47,300c/ 38,500c/
431d/
499g/
581.5f/
19f/
20f/
887f/, 2
938e/
...
1,274e/
...
239h/
...
...
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
...
...
1,730e/
1,119e/
...
...
15,397e/
36,181e/
Syrian Arab
Republic
...
597e/
...
18,905e/
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
175i/, 3
...
197i/, 3
264e/
13,6094
218i/, 3
230i/, 3
...
...
6,270f/
187,0235
Share of Total
Water Use 2007
6.6
90.6
2007
239B
Sources: a/ Bahrain Statistical Abstract 2008.

b/ CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
c/ Environment and Sustainable Development Indicators of Priority in Iraq, CSO, Iraq, September 2010.
d/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006.
f/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
g/ Water for Life, Water Strategy- Jordan, 2008-2022, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2009.
h/ Palestine in Figures 2010, PCBS, Ramallah- Palestine, May 2011.
i/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority website. The United Arab Emirates.
Notes: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Includes drinking water.

Data are for the year 2005.
This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates are not available.
Excluding Qatar.
Excluding Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.
20
Table I.9 ( continued)
2006
2a/
1,150b/
...
40d/
41f/
140f/, 2
...
19f/
...
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Industrial Water Use

2007
2008
43a/, 1
12a/, 1
1,330b/
1,330b/
c/
2,800
2,200c/
e/
40
39.4f/
e/
42
14e/
28e/
19g/
15f/
...
2009
10f/
Other Sectors Use

(Commercial, Government...)
(... )
2006
2007
2008
2009
10.9a/
200b/
200b/
200b/
...
...
...
...
...
...
55f/
56f/
...
...
...
...
19f/
19g/
26f/
30f/
...
...
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
...
...
173e/
373e/
...
...
...
...
Syrian Arab
Republic
...
398h/
...
...
15i/, 3
...
16i/, 3
66e/
5,342
15i/, 3
14i/, 3
105i/, 3
...
117i/, 3
...
132i/, 3
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Share of total water
use 2007
2.6
0.2
136i/,

2007
Sources: a/ Bahrain Statistical Abstract 2008.

c/ Environment and Sustainable Development Indicators of Priority in Iraq, CSO, Iraq, September 2010.
d/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006.
f/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
g/ Country paper presented in the ESCWA-MEDSTAT training on Water Accounts, Jordan, March 2008.
Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
h/ ESCWA calculation.
i/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority website. The United Arab Emirates.
Notes: 1.
2.
3.
4.
Includes industrial and commercial water consumption.

Data are for the year 2005.
This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates are not available.
Excluding Qatar.
21
F igure I .4
)Sectoral W ater Use (percentage
) (
22
F igure I .5
Per C apita T otal W ater W ithdrawal
23
T able I .10
W ater Use I ndicators
Per Capita Total Water

Abstracted
(cubic meters/p/yr)

(/)
Water Deficit1
(cubic meters/p/yr)
Water Use Intensity2

(percentage)

(/)

()
2005
2007
2005
2007
2005
2007
Bahrain
224
187
-4
102%
100%
Egypt
795
786
143
154
85%
84%
Iraq
235
1,474
2,506
2,390
9%
38%
Jordan
161
150
16
91%
98%
Kuwait
224
270
-53
100%
124%
Lebanon
308
339
753
750
29%
31%
Oman
547
56
-486
903%
Palestine
89
90
100%
100%
Qatar
322
255
-134
-112
171%
179%
Saudi Arabia
1,768
142
-1,689
2,243%
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
924
1,692
674
58%
451
1,030
956
-160
32%
118%
281
253
29
24
91%
91%
Yemen
301
194
-205
314%
ESCWA
350
914
758
248
32%
79%
240B
241B
Source: ESCWA calculation.

Notes: 1. Water deficit is the difference between water resources available per capita per year and the water abstracted
per capita per year.
2. Water use intensity is the ratio of water abstracted per capita per year to the water resources available per capita
per year.
24
Table I.11
Wastewater Management
Wastewater
Produced
(MCM/yr)

)
(/

(/)
Treated
Wastewater Reuse
(MCM/yr)

(/)
2008
2007
a/
16.3a/
Wastewater Treated
(MCM/yr)
2008
Bahrain
...
24B
Egypt
Iraq
b/, 1
9,558
608
Jordan
76.3
d/, 3
(2009)
e/
114 (2007)
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
United Arab Emirates
f/
100
a/, 2
...
581.5
(2009)
239
2 (2006)
Saudi Arabia
308
g/
h/
Qatar
d/, 3
...
c/, 2
(2008)
f/
91
a/
a/, 2
4 (2006)
41.5
66.4
a/, 2
618.9
a/, 2
454.1
g/
248 (2005)
Sources: a/ Water Statistical Book for the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Second Edition, 2010.
b/ Environmental Indicators for 2006/2007-2008/2009, CAPMAS.
c/ Egypt in Figures 2010.
d/ Iraq Statistical Yearbook 2008-2009.
e/ Water Authority of Jordan, Annual Report 2007.
f/ Water for Life, Water Strategy- Jordan, 2008-2022, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2009.
g/ Aquastat Database, accessed on 17 April 2011.
h/ Qatar Annual Abstract 2007
Notes: 1. Data are for 2008-2009.
2. ESCWA Calculation.
3. Except Kurdistan Region.
25
243B
Table I.12
Water Market 2011 (Million US$)
( ) 2011
Municipal Water
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan

Capex2
1
Opex 2010
2010
167.6
287.1
1,225.5
749.4
111.2
279.2
101
213.0
481.3
948.1
39.8
32.2
212
239.1
29.9
16.1
689.6
1,383.6
2,136.8
2,606.9
166.5
104.4
Syrian Arab Republic

Yemen
ESCWA3
118.3
1,360.6
90.2
6,930.3
Municipal Wastewater

Total Water
Market

Opex 2010
17.9
545.4
8.3
27.8
34.9
30
40.5
3.1
144.9
290
5.7
Capex 2010
248
718.4
9.5
34.3
82.6
52.2
499.8
9.7
505
813.4
2.1
2010
720.6
3,238.7
408.2
376.1
1,546.9
154.2
991.4
58.8
2,723.1
5,847.1
278.7
20.5
148.4
5.2
1,322.6
49.8
973
19
4,016.8
268.3
3,851.7
130.5
20,594.3
79.7
1,369.7
16.1
8,324.6
Source: Global Water Market 2011.

Notes: 1. Opex is the Operation Expenditure.
2. Capex is the Capital Expenditure.
3. ESCWA calculation.
Table I.13
Municipal Water and Wastewater Capital Expenditure Forecast (Million US$)
( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
ESCWA
Water Capital Expenditure

2012
2014
2016
434.2
511.8
718.4
2,935.7
2,824.3 4,505.3
1,123.5
1,283.5 1,447.5
3,080.3
6,912.3 7,426.0
2,884.8 4,736.3 3,361.5
134.5
156.9
182.9
1,067.9
1,116.0 1,745.4
248.3
382.4
120.9
3,478.7
5,250.2 2,643.1
7,258.5
9,382.8 12,284.2
389.2
405.5
434.1
392.1
459.7
534.4
1,908.3
3,700.6 9,423.7
392.1
1,024.1
842.0
25,728.0 38,146.5 45,669.4
Wastewater Capital Expenditure

2012
2014
2016
66.6
540.8
127.6
2,140.1
882.9
2,368.5
19.6
24.6
37.5
82.1
102.7
133.9
195.3
232.0
276.9
123.6
146.8
174.8
1,036.5
1,602.3
1,845.4
22.3
27.8
37.7
2,300.0
2,300.0
400.0
2,631.3
4,401.8
5,039.6
4.7
5.0
5.4
135.4
153.3
227.7
2,167.6
2,764.6
4,036.8
44.8
59.3
70.2
10,970.0
13,243.9
14,782.1

Note: ESCWA calculation.
26
Table I.14
Water Market in the ESCWA Region
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
Average
Tariffa1
(US$)

()
0.07
3.64
1.53
1.21
0.03
2.16
Water Coverage
(percentage)

()
100%
73%
93%
82%
86%
27%
82%
93%
22%

Note: Price of 1 m3/month for the first 15 m3. Price as of June 2007.
27
Wastewater
Coverage
(percentage)

()
88%
49%
26%
62%
48%
30%
6%
59%
60%
18%
T able I .15
Selected I ndicators for Surface W ater Quality in E gypt

2006
Name of Site 1
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
of Surface Water in Site 1 (mg O2/I)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) of Surface
Water in Site 1 (mg O2/I)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of
Surface Water in Site 1 (mg O2/I)
Total dissolved solids (TDS) of
Surface Water in Site 1 (mg/l)
2008
Cairo
2009
1

1 ( BOD)
( DO)
1
( COD)
1
( TDS)
1
3.3
3.3
3.7
2.5
6.7
6.8
6.9
14
16.3
13.8
13
229
231
213
Alexandria
246
2.9
2.9
3.6
5.7
5.8
19.5
18.7
20.39
23
204
188
169
257
Name of Site 2
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
of Surface Water in Site 2 (mg O2/I)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) of Surface
Water in Site 2 (mg O2/I)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of
Surface Water in Site 2 (mg O2/I)
Total dissolved solids (TDS) of
Surface Water in Site 2 (mg/l)
2007
2

2 ( BOD
( DO)
2
( COD)
2
( TDS)
2
Source: CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
Note: Samples are taken from the Nile River in these locations.
T able I .16
Selected W ater Quality I ndicators in I raq

Concentration of Nitrate in Surface Water in
Site 1 (mg/l)
Conductivity level of Surface Water in Site
1 (micromhos per centimetre (mhos/cm)
Total dissolved solids (TDS) in Surface
Water in Site 1 (mg/l)
Concentration of Sulfates of Groundwater in
Site 1 (mg/l)
Concentration of Chlorides in Groundwater
in Site 1 (mg/l)
Concentration of Calcium in Groundwater in
Site 1 (mg/l)
Concentration of Magnesium in
Groundwater in Site 1 (mg/l)
Total Suspended Solids in Groundwater in
Site 1 (mg/l)
2008a/
2009b/
1,077
0.56
698
244
104
103
82
80
38
37
504
1

1
Sources: a/ Environmental Statistics in Iraq Report 2008, COSIT, 2009.

b/ Environmental Statistics in Iraq Report 2009, COSIT, 2010.
28
Table I.17
Water Quality Indicators in the Gulf Countries: Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (2008)
( 2008) :
Pollutant
Bahrain
Magnesium (mg/l) (Mg)
Calcium (mg/l) (Ca)
Total Dissolved Solids TDS (mg/l)
Sodium (mg/l) (Na)
Chlorides (mg/l)
Sulfates (mg/l) (SO4)
Aluminum (mg/l) (Al)
Iron (mg/l) (Fe)
Copper (mg/l) (Cu)
Manganese (mg/l) (Mn)
Zinc (mg/l) (Zn)
Average
2.7
40
230
23
18
1
0.007
0.01
0.02
0.001
0.013
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )
(/ )


pH unit
5.7
Calcium (mg/l)
23.1
( )
218B
219B
Magnesium (mg/l) (Mg)
30
(/ )
Sodium (mg/l) (Na)
13
(/)
20B
21B
Chlorides (mg/l)
18.3
(/ )
Bicarbonate (mg/l) (HCO3)
52.2
(/ )
2B
23B
Aluminum (mg/l) (Al)
30
24B
(/ )
Iron (mg/l) (Fe)
0.02
(/ )
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/l)
120
(/ )
25B
26B
Source: Water Statistical Book for the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Second Edition, 2010.
29
24B
Table I.18
Pilot SEEAW Physical Water Use Table, Egypt, 2009 (BCM)
( ) 2009
61.6
0.7
8.6
187.0
8.2
8.2
61.6
0.7
8.6
187.0
8.2
56.2
0.7
8.6
187.0
4.3
266.1
7.1
259.6
259.6
1.1
5.4
0.02
0.7
61.6
1.4
5.1
8.6
187.0
8.2
Source: Technical Mission Report to Egypt, April 2010, ESCWA.
30
4.4
271.2
10.9
-
5.8
- 1-- 1
2-- 1
5.8
1.1
-
4.4
- 1-- 1
- 1-- 1
5.4
0.020
- 1
1-- 1
:
8.2
- 1
266.1
1.1
Total
266.1
1.1
i.b.2 From other sources

i.b.2 Collection of
precipitatio
n
Total use of water
266.1
8.2
i.b.1.IV Soil water
i.b.2.II Abstraction
from the
sea
ii Use of water received from
other economic units
(ii.a+ii.b)
ii.a of which: Reused
water
Households

277.0
- 2-- 1
- 2-- 1
- 2
- 2

Within the
economy
(i+ii)
i.a Abstraction for own use

i.b Abstraction for
distribution
i.b.1 From water
resources:
i.b.1.I Surface
water
i.b.1.II
Groundwater (shallow)
i.b.1.III
Groundwater (deep)
Total
Rest of
the
world

From the environment
Industries by ISIC Categories

Industry
and
services
Electricity
Public
5-33,
Electricity
(only
Water
38,39,41
(hydroelectric)
cooling)
Supply
-43,45Agriculture
Sewerage 37
35
35
36
99
ISIC 1-3

)
(
()

T able I .19
Pilot SE E AW Physical Supply, E gypt, 2009 (BCM)
( ) 2009
i. Supply of water to other

economic units (i.a+i.b+i.c))
of which:
i.a Reused water
i.b Desalinated water
0.7
i.c Wastewater to sewerage
5.7
0.020
6.4
Households

3.7
10.1
- 1
(- 1+- 1) :
- 1
- 1
- 1
4.4
229.5
0.4
229.9
(- 2+- 2 ) - 2
187.0
12.9
187.0
12.9
Mine water
Urban runoff
8.6
8.6
4.4
16.0
4.4
16.0
4.4
229.5
Other
ii.a To water resources
ii.a.1 Surface water
ii.a.2 Groundwater
ii.a.3 Soil water

ii.b To other sources
(e.g. sea water)
Total supply of water (i+ii)
Consumption
of which: Losses in distribution not
because of leakages
27.0
8.6
187.0
2.5
4.4
187.0
12.9
8.6
13.5
27.0
2.5
12.9
14.1
0.0
27.0
34.6
0.7
0.7
8.6
187.0
2.5
4.4
8.6
187.0
1.8
0.7
4.4
8.6
-
187.0
-
8.2
-
4.4
-
31
229.5
214.7
14.8
214.7
14.8
235.9
35.3
-
0.4
4.1
1.7
0.4
240.0
37.0
0.5
3.7
Cooling water
Losses in distribution because
of leakages
Treated wastewater
0.7
Total
0.7
ii. Total returns (ii.a+ii.b)

Hydroelectric power
generation
Irrigation water
To the environment
Total
Rest of
the
world
Within the economy
Agriculture
ISIC 1-3
Industries by ISIC Categories

Industry &
Electricity
Electricity
Public
services
(only
(hydroelectric)
Water
Sewerage
5-33, 38, 39,
cooling) 35
35
Supply 36
37
)
)

41-43, 45-99

(
(
- 2
1-- 2
2-- 2
3-- 2
- 2
()
( 2 + 1)
Table I.20
Hybrid accounts for supply and use of water, Egypt, 2009 (Billions Egyptian Pounds, MCM)
1. Total output and supply (Billions EP)

of which:
1.a. Natural water (CPC 1800)
1.b. Sewerage services (CPC 941)
2. Total intermediate consumption and use
(Billions EP)
of which:
2.a. Natural water (CPC 1800)
2.b. Sewerage services (CPC 941)
3. Total value added (gross) (= 1-2) (Billions EP)
4. Gross fixed capital formation (Billions EP)
of which:
4.a. for water supply
4.b. for water sanitation
5. Stocks of fixed assets for water supply (Billions
EP)
6. Stocks of fixed assets for water sanitation
(Billions EP)
ISIC
5-33,
41-43
749.0
of
which:
Hydro
3.3
ISIC
36
1.7
ISIC
37
9.0
1.7
-
9.0
72.9
419.4
9.9
1.1
1.1
1.7
64.7
6.6
329.5
65.7
12.2
13.1
1.8
0.6
11.8
7.3
10.5
11.8
0.0
10.5
197.1
0.0
Total
22.1
1.7
9.0
-0.1
-
157.8
664.0
403.0
622.4
131.4
1,719.4
1.6
9.0
452.8
53.6
0.1
146.0
1,719.4
622.4
131.4
11.8
11.8
132.5
61.6
1.4
8.6
7. Total use of water (Millions m3)
61.6
0.7
8.6
7.a. (U1) Total Abstraction
8.6
of which: 7.a.1- Abstraction for own use
7.b. Use of water received from other economic
0.7
0.0
units
27.0
0.7
8.6
8. Total supply of water (Millions m3)
0.7
8.a. Supply of water to other economic units
27.0
8.6
8.b. Total returns
9. Total (gross) emissions of COD (Thousand of
1,026.8
27.7
157.2
tons)
209.2
23.7
Total
Rest
of the
world
363.0
ISIC
38,39,
45-99
367.0
Government
ISIC
1-3
137.6
Actual final
consumption
Households
Total
industry
1,286.4
Taxes
less
subsidies
on
products,
trade and
transport
margins
70.0
Industries (by ISIC categories)

ISIC 35
Capital Formation
( ) 2009
8.2
8.2
-
4.4
-
4.4
8.2
5.7
2.5
4.4
4.4
95.0
32
235.9
6.4
229.5
5.8
10.8
5.8
4.1
3.7
0.4
366.7
240.0
10.1
229.9
Table I.21
Pilot Assets Accounts, Egypt, 2009 (MCM)
( ) 2009
EA.131 Surface water
1. Opening Stocks
Increases in stocks
2. Returns from the economy
3. Precipitation
4. Inflows
4.a. from upstream territories
4.b. from other resources in the territory
Decreases in stocks
5. Abstraction
6. Evaporation/Actual evapotranspiration
7. Outflows
7.a to downstream territories
7.b to the sea
7.c to other resources in the territory
8. Other changes in volume
9. Closing Stocks
EA.1311 Artificial
Reservoirs
1,500
EA.1312 Lakes
2,700
EA.1313 Rivers
5,000
300
275
1,054
430
339
1,054
339
53
230
20,890
17,650
3,240
300
346
1,000
520
100
1,000
100
141
333
20,773
9,430
10,000
1,343
1,483
2,849
4,926
33
EA.1314
Snow, Ice and
Glaciers
-
EA.132
Groundwater
100,000
EA.133 Soil
water
500
15
237
22,500
-
237
1
87
20,125
2,340
87
2,340
100,164
535
Total
109,700
230
23,435
22,520
17,650
4,870
266
21,324
24,300
9,430
10,000
4,870
109,957
Table I.22
Hypermatrix of Physical Water Flows in Egypt, 2009
1.9
1.0
#REF!
0.7 21.9 266.1
- 4.9
0.02
Sea
Rest of the world (The
Sudan)
0.2
228.9
SUMS ARE EQUAL
2.1
286.7
#REF!
0.7
34
286.7
#REF!
55.5
Economic system
SUMS ARE EQUAL
Difference in stock
Consumption
Economic system
Rest of the world
Sea
1.3
Atmosphere
Inland water system
Inland water system
km3/year
Atmosphere
2009
0.4
5.1
36.6
75.6
22.3
75.6
36.6
#REF!
C H AP T E R I I . F I SH E R I E S
-
Statistical H ighlights
In the ESCWA region, total fisheries production increased from 1.2 million tons in 2000 to 1.7
million tons in 2008 compared to a world production of 52.5 million tons.
1.
In the ESCWA region, the value of fisheries production increased from US$2,086 million in 2000 to
US$3,410 million in 2008.
2.
The supply in ESCWA region reached 914,227 tons in 2008, increasing by 39 per cent from 2000.
3.
In 2008, ESCWA region produced 1.1 million tons of inland waters fisheries.
4.
The agriculture and fishing sector contributes to more than 31 per cent and 23 per cent of GDP in
the Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic respectively, 16 per cent in Egypt, and less than 10 per cent
in other ESCWA countries.
5.
Fish products continue to be the most traded of food commodities, worth a record US$102 billion in
2008, nine per cent more than in 2007.
6.
Since 2000, about 32 per cent of world fish stocks are estimated to be overexploited, depleted or
recovering and need to be urgently rebuilt.
7.

- 1
2008 52.5 .
1.2 2000 1.7
- 2
. 2008
2 086 2000 3 410
- 3
. 2000
- 4
914 227 2008 39
2008 1.1 .
31
- 5
23 16 10
.
- 6
2008 9 . 2007
102
2000 32
- 7
.
35
Global fisheries production
Global production of fish, crustaceans and

molluscs continued to increase and reached 142 . 2008 142
million tons in 2008. While capture production still
90
hovers around 90 million tons since 2001,
2001
aquaculture production grew steadily at an average
38.9 6.2
annual growth rate of 6.2 per cent from 38.9 million
2008 52.5 2003
tons in 2003 to 52.5 million tons in 2008, and was
( 1)
estimated at US$98.4 billion. 1 Aquaculture remains . 98.4

the fastest-growing animal-food-producing sector
.
and is set to overtake capture fisheries as a source
of food.
0F
Overall, fisheries and aquaculture support the

livelihoods of an estimated 540 million people, or
8 per cent of the world population.

540

. 8
In the ESCWA region, the value of

commodity trade and fisheries production increased 2000 2 086
from US$2,086 million in 2000 to US$3,410 .( II.1 )2008 3 410
million in 2008 (table II.1). Egypt recorded the 2008

highest production in 2008 reaching 1 million tons
)
followed by Oman and Yemen (figure II.1). There
.(II.1
were no production quantities provided for Saudi

Arabia, but the production values indicate higher
.( II.2 )
production quantities (figure II.2).
Supply, demand and international trade
As the demand for fish and fish products

increased, the supply of fish as human food reached 2008
a record level in 2008, contributing significantly to
food security and high-quality affordable sources of

nutrition in particular animal protein.
International trade in fish also increased,

contributing to economic expansion and human
well-being. 2 Total world exports of fish and fish
products reached a record value of US$102 billion
in 2008, an 82.8 per cent increase from 2000.
World fish imports rose 78.3 per cent between 2000
and 2008, reaching the new record of more than
US$107.1 billion in 2008. 3
1F
2F

.( 2)

2008 102
. 2000 82.8
2008 2000 78.3
107.1

.( 3) 2008
Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations. FAO Yearbook: Fishery and aquaculture statistics 2008.
Rome; 2010. Accessed on 15 February 2011 from: http://www.fao.org/publications/en/.
2
Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations. Fish consumption reaches all-time high: No improvement in
level of global fish stocks FAO report reviews latest data and trends. Rome; 31 January 2011. Accessed on 15 February 2011
from: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/50260/icode/.
3
36
However, this quickly growing commodity is
causing increasingly serious ecological and

management problems. 4

.( 4)
3F
Supplies in the ESCWA region reached 914 914

thousand tons in 2008, increasing by 39 per cent
2008

from 2000 (table II.2, figure II.4). This increase in II.2 )2000
39
supply was mainly due to an increase in imports
.( II.4
(585,160 tons) in 2008 compared to 97,306 tons in 2008 ( 585 160 )
production (table II.2). Both exports and imports
.(II.2 )97 306
increased in the region, reaching 220,214 tons and
589,565 tons respectively in 2008, representing an 145 2000

220 214
increase of 145 per cent for exports and 24 per cent
for imports since 2000 (table II.2, figure II.4). In II.2 )589 565 24
2008, exports were highest in Yemen (115,452 2008 .( II.4
tons) (figure II.6) and imports were highest in ( II.6 ( )115 452 )
Egypt (218,191 tons) (figure II.7). Jordan exported ( )218 191 )
only 43 tons and the Sudan imported only 937 43 .( II.7
tons. 5
.( 5) 937
4F
Oman and Yemen had the highest values of

exports, and Egypt the highest supply and imports.
Overall fisheries imports and exports represented
less than 1 per cent of GDP in all ESCWA member
countries with Jordan having the highest imports
representing 0.6 per cent of GDP and Yemen the
highest exports representing 1.6 per cent of GDP
(table II.3).
.

1

0.6
)1.6
.(II.3
Detailed exports of fish are published only by

the Ministry of National Economy in Oman (table
II.7).

)
.(II.7
The agriculture sector contributes to more 31

than 31 per cent and 23 per cent of GDP in the 23
Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic respectively 14 ( II.4
)
(table II.4), between 14 per cent and 16 per cent in 10 16
Egypt, and less than 10 per cent in other ESCWA
2008 .
countries. The fisheries sector contribution to the
34
37
agriculture sector was 37 per cent in Bahrain in
2008, 34 per cent in Oman, 13 per cent in Kuwait 10 13
.
and less than 10 per cent in Yemen and Iraq. No

data were available for other countries (table II.4).
.( II.4 )
Fish utilization and contributions
4
Delgado, C.L, Wada, N., Rosegrant, M.W., Meijer, S. and Ahmed M. (2003). Fish to 2020: Supply and demand in
changing global markets. Technical Report 62. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC and WorldFish
Centre, Penang. Accessed on 15 February 2011 from: http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/books/fish2020/oc44front.pdf.
5
level of global fish stocks FAO report reviews latest data and trends. Rome; 31 January 2011. Available on
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/50260/icode/.
37
About 81 per cent of total fishery production

(115.1 million tons; and 17 Kg per capita on
average in 2008) was used for direct human
consumption. 6 Fish contributed significantly to
global diets supplying over three billion people with
at least 15 per cent of their average animal protein
intake. 7 The remaining 19 per cent of total fishery
production, or 27.2 million tons, were destined for
non-food products, mainly for the manufacture of
fishmeal and fish oil.8
5F
6F
7F
81

17 115.1)
.( 6) ( 2008

15
19 .( 7)
27.2

.( 8)

Aquaculture
Aquaculture production is playing an

increasing role in supplying fish for human
.
consumption. In 2008, the share of aquaculture
2008
production in total fish food supply was estimated .( 9) 46

at 46 per cent 9. Aquaculture policies and

government interventions can lead to growth, food

security and better living standards.
8F
Inland fisheries play an important role in

providing significant potential economic benefits,

particularly in many small communities where they
make a vital contribution to poverty alleviation and 61
.
livelihood security. Inland fisheries support 61
.( 10)
million people worldwide. 10
9F
In 2008, the ESCWA region comprised 3.21 3.21 2008

per cent of the world inland waters, producing

1,057,193 tons of inland waters fisheries (table
.( II.5 )1 057 193
II.5). Large inland fisheries productions are 2008

observed in Egypt with 931 thousand tons in 2008, 49 ) ( 62 ) 931
followed by the Sudan (62 thousand tons), Iraq (49
( 12 ) (
thousand tons) and the Syrian Arab Republic (12

thousand tons) with the highest increase since 2000 338 ) 2000
.(
recorded in Iraq (338 per cent). Smaller inland
fisheries are found in Lebanon, producing around 155
.(II.8 II.5 )2000
one thousand tons with an increase of 155 per cent
6
7
8
9
10
38
since 2000 (table II.5 and figure II.8).
Overexploitation
80 per cent of the worlds commercial fish

80

stocks are depleted or have been fished beyond

their biological carrying capacity, with economic

losses due to over-capacity and over-fishing 2000 .( 11) 50
estimated at US$50 billion per year. 11 Since 2000,
32
about 32 per cent of world fish stocks are estimated

to be overexploited, depleted or recovering and
15 .
need to be urgently rebuilt. However, 15 per cent

of the stock groups monitored by the Food and
( 3 )
Agriculture Organization (FAO) were estimated to
be underexploited (3 per cent) or moderately .( 12)
exploited (12 per cent). Tighter controls are needed
.
to better manage the entire fisheries sector and

reduce levels of overexploitation. A recent study
.( 12) 23.5 10
estimates the cost of illegal and unreported fishing
alone at US$10 to 23.5 billion per year.12
10F
1F
Government subsidies have been recognized

as one of the primary causes of this excessive
exploitation, which in turn has threatened the
integrity of the marine environment. 13
( 13)
12F
A sustainable management of aquatic

resources is needed through an ecosystem approach
to fisheries, which is an integrated approach for
balancing societal objectives with the state of the
fishery and its natural and human environment. 14

.( 14)
13F
11
United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP report highlights role of subsidies reform in ocean sustainability.
23 December 2010. Accessed on 15 February 2011 from: http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/News/PressRelease/tabid/428/
language/fr-FR/Default.aspx?DocumentID=653&ArticleID=6875&Lang=en.
12
13
United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP report highlights role of subsidies reform in ocean sustainability.
23 December 2010. Accessed on 15 February 2011 from: http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/News/PressRelease/tabid/428/
language/fr-FR/Default.aspx?DocumentID=653&ArticleID=6875&Lang=en.
14
39
Table II.1
ESCWA Fisheries Production in Quantities (tons) and Values (thousand US$), 2000-2008
2008- 2000 ( )( )
Year
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestinef/
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
Production
(tons)a/
()
11,730
11,855
15,592
15,015
14,179
724,407d/
889,300d/
970,923d/
1,008,007d/
1,067,630d/
1,092,888d/
22,512
47,870
74,126
73,589
53,718
1,119
1,071
1,057
1,015
1,040
7,353
5,222
6,203
4,721
4,733
4,066
4,601
4,614
4,614
4,614
120,421
157,544
147,782
151,754
151,092e/, 2
157,028e/, 2
2,623
2,995
2,323
2,701
2,843
Commodity trade
and production value
(thousand US$)b/

()
14,420
24,068
20,884
24,682
26,530
1,556,868d/
1,300,183d/
1,618,338d/
1,896,819d/
2,005,591d/
2,116,291d/
353
2,492
2,684
2,187
7,426
23,503
40,331
51,234
57,878
84,355
30,918
41,036
52,250
67,554
81,668
44,007
58,209
64,810
76,751
91,554
56,922
116,599
124,584
120,246
114,725
10,394
7,029
20,554
6,082
10,054
40
Output
(thousand
US$) c/, 1
)
(
28,723
23,223
28,561
29,798
32,457
13,584
72,681
120,286
144,284
29,336
23,973
34,483
146,656
231,564
220,965
228,403
245,224
Value added
(thousand US$)c/, 1

()
21,064
19,213
23,333
24,343
26,516
1,437,764d/
1,181,032d/
1,479,826d/
1,734,501d/
1,789,636d/
12,226
61,967
102,556
123,017
22,817
17,123
24,138
31,690
33,457
126,410
196,317
192,778
199,219
214,063
Table II.1 ( continued)
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
Production
(tons)a/
()
7,140
13,958g/
16,946g/
15,183g/
17,688g/
55,084
74,782
81,062
84,589
90,874
54,010
60,608
58,608
67,466
70,602
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
13,369
16,980
17,166
17,881
15,591
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
105,456
87,305
83,070
78,870
75,281
114,750
238,400
229,660
179,916
127,132
1,244,040
1,612,491
1,709,132
1,705,321
1,697,017
Year
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA**
Commodity trade
and production value
(thousand USD)b/

()
7,378
16,646
21,306
26,179
42,698
117,803
251,521
292,444
312,660
277,191
1,449
1,504
2,599
2,899
2,644
Output
(thousand
USD)c/, 1
)
(
Value added
(thousand USD)c/, 1

()
52,014
281,652*
346,349*
41,127
23,794
37,486
42,681
55,770
154,496
437,496
283,344
351,507
392,656
26,418
122,574
158,494
183,956
217,231
2,086,056
2,443,482
2,751,011
3,172,081
3,410,093
118,877
97,953
219,329
218,569
205,006
221,949
Sources: a/ FAO Global Production Statistics Database 1950-2009, accessed on 30 May 2011
http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabSelector?tb_ds=Production&tb_mode=TABLE&tb_act=SELECT&tb_grp=COUNTRY.
U
from:
b/ FAO Fishery Commodities Global Production and Trade (online quesry), accessed on 30 May 2011 from:
http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-commodities-production/query/en.
U
c/ National Accounts Official Country Data Database, UNSD, accessed on 30 May 2011 from:
http://data.un.org/Explorer.aspx?d=SNAAMA.
U
d/ CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
e/ Oman Statistical Yearbook 2010, Ministry of National Economy, Issue 38, November 2010.
f/ PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
g/ Qatar Statistics Authority reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
Statistics 2010-2011.
41
Notes: 1. Values are taken as local currency from the database and converted to US$ by the exchange rate available in the
National Accounts Studies of the ESCWA Region, Bulletin No. 30, United Nations, New York, 2010. These values are current
prices values.
2. Production accounts fish landed by traditional fishermen and commercial fishing.
*
**
2006 and 2007 values seem to be overestimated. The Sudan was contacted for verification. No reply.
Excluding Saudi Arabia for production.
42
Figure II.1
Fisheries Production 2008 (tons)
( )2008
Figure II.2
Fisheries commodity trade and production value 2008 (thousand US$)
( ) 2008
43
Figure II.3
)Fisheries output and value added 2008 (thousand US$
) 2008 (
44
Table II.2
ESCWA Fisheries Trade Volume (tons), 2000-2008
)(2008- 2000
)*(
)(
2008
6,174
3,706
1,298
11,178
6,982
218,191
11,412
236,585
100
2,379
2,479
43
30,407
1,945
32,395
532
25,907
100
26,539
720
23,360
24,080
55,401
17,166
21,367
250
94,184
2,451
15,119
33
17,603
16,275
110,388
19,950
146,613
12,954
937
1,375
15,266
2007
9,342
4,637
1,579
6
15,564
4,439
276,276
11,156
291,871
100
875
975
23,901
668
24,569
348
22,433
100
22,881
426
23,477
23,903
37,151
12,848
17,373
1,169
68,541
2,548
10,049
53
12,650
17,344
160,523
10,173
777
188,817
11,266
1,693
12,959
2006
7,857
4,798
1,249
1
13,905
4,374
259,606
11,264
275,244
104
1,398
1,502
2
25,201
1,052
26,255
216
21,932
103
22,251
230
22,867
23,097
49,793
11,386
24,275
1,089
86,543
3,143
7,663
9
10,815
15,028
158,121
8,480
662
182,291
7,500
391
1,998
9,889
2005
7,036
5,357
1,150
9
13,552
5,474
243,189
11,476
260,139
10
1,297
1,307
16
22,309
1,105
23,430
138
16,178
88
16,404
167
22,455
22,622
56,582
15,153
29,462
74
101,271
4,962
5,887
81
10,930
14,173
141,739
8,660
567
165,139
7,500
2,714
386
10,600
) (continued Table II.2
45
2000
4,726
3,144
1,024
15
8,909
1,016
261,154
10,764
272,934
104
65
169
1,180
14,729
15,909
610
11,035
292
120
12,057
38
18,203
18,241
37,568
11,415
27,186
76,169
1,509
2,405
19
3,933
2,288
78,061
8,761
84
89,194
5,000
616
973
6,589
Fishery
Trade flow
)(Tons
Export
Import
Production
Reexport
Supply
Export
Import
Production
Supply
Export
Import
Supply
Export
Import
Reexport
Supply
Export
Import
Production
Reexport
Supply
Export
Import
Supply
Export
Import
Production
Reexport
Supply
Export
Import
Reexport
Supply
Export
Import
Production
Reexport
Supply
Production
Export
Import
Supply
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
*Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Fishery
Trade flow
(Tons)
Export
Import
Supply
Production
Export
Import
Reexport
Supply
Export
Import
Production
Reexport
Supply
Export
Import
Production
Reexport
Supply
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
Total
**
ESCWA
2000
54
21,210
21,264
21,083
13,544
44,944
9,303
88,874
26,673
3,748
11,825
1
42,247
89,926
471,086
85,935
9,542
656,489
2005
157
14,013
14,170
16,410
16,513
53,676
16,371
102,970
81,156
6,207
12,977
1
100,341
189,098
547,846
87,723
18,208
842,875
2006
153
22,692
22,845
16,435
24,283
60,035
82
100,835
90,874
10,147
14,169
89
115,279
196,448
607,844
83,475
2,984
890,751
2007
367
23,665
24,032
16,433
14,882
89,998
8,467
129,780
100,903
8,947
12,961
714
123,525
187,850
659,322
81,041
11,854
940,067
Source: FAO Global Production Statistics Database 1950-2009,

http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-commodities-production/en.
U
2008
33
20,112
20,145
16,380
15,114
105,716
9,318
146,528
115,452
11,334
13,845
1
140,632
220,214
585,160
97,306
11,547
914,227
accessed

()
on
30
May
2011
from:
Note: * Qatar Statistics Authority reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
**
Excluding Palestine.
46
Figure II.4
ESCWA fish trade volume

2000-2008
Figure II.5
ESCWA fishery supply by country

2000-2008
47
Figure II.6
ESCWA fishery exports by country

2000-2008
Figure II.7
ESCWA fishery imports by country

2000-2008
48
Table II.3
Fisheries Trade contribution to GDP
Exports out
of GDP
(%)c/

)
(
0.11%
0.13%
0.12%
0.01%
...
...
...
0.01%
0.04%
0.01%
0.77%
0.60%
0.55%
0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
Imports out of
GDP (%)c/

) (
0.06%
0.05%
0.05%
0.12%
0.12%
0.12%
...
...
...
0.42%
0.44%
0.59%
0.03%
0.03%
0.03%
0.18%
0.17%
0.15%
0.08%
0.08%
0.09%
0.23%
0.21%
0.20%
0.06%
0.06%
0.05%
Total fish
exports
(thousand
USD)b/
)
(
12,640
16,070
16,070
3,360
4,470
11,240
...
...
...
10
790
4,940
2,990
2,990
2,990
460
460
460
183,030
152,170
156,610
180
180
180
12,740
10,490
11,690
49
Total fish
imports
(thousand
USD)b/

)
(
6,620
6,590
6,590
156,920
166,640
166,640
...
...
...
47,170
53,860
77,360
18,920
18,920
18,920
37,410
37,410
37,410
17,950
21,490
25,780
9,960
9,960
9,960
16,220
23,760
23,760
GDP
(Million
USD)a/, 1

)
(
11,491
12,454
13,241
126,688
135,772
142,113
19,226
19,514
21,368
11,234
12,187
13,114
58,609
61,166
65,078
20,915
22,484
24,575
23,836
25,439
28,706
4,400
4,636
4,908
29,270
37,101
46,534
Year
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
Imports out of
GDP (%)c/

()
0.06%
Exports out
of GDP
(%)c/

)
(
0.02%
Year
2006
GDP
(Million
USD)a/, 1

)
(
234,423
Total fish
imports
(thousand
USD)b/

)
(
135,000
Total fish
exports
(thousand
USD)b/
)
)
47,100
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
239,152
249,265
18,265
20,009
21,566
26,272
135,000
135,000
2,920
2,620
4,500
35,620
60,400
60,400
830
830
830
80
0.06%
0.05%
0.02%
0.01%
0.02%
0.14%
0.03%
0.02%
-
2007
2008
27,763
29,006
37,840
39,170
130
130
0.14%
0.14%
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
119,683
126,978
136,315
12,882
13,485
14,093
181,860
220,280
220,280
8,670
9,890
9,820
31,510
37,150
37,150
257,630
216,050
227,930
0.15%
0.17%
0.16%
0.07%
0.07%
0.07%
0.03%
0.03%
0.03%
2.00%
1.60%
1.62%
Sources: a/ National Accounts Studies of the ESCWA Region, Bulletin No. 30, United Nations, New York, 2010.
b/ Arab Agricultural Statistics Yearbook, Arab Organization for Agricultural Development, Volume 29, 2009.
c/ ESCWA calculation
Note: 1. Gross Domestic Product refer to GDP at constant prices and base year 2000.
50
Table II.4
Fisheries Contribution to GDP

GDP by
Agriculture,
Agriculture Fishing out
hunting, forestry Gross
of GDP
of
and fishing
value
(%)c/
Agriculture Fishing out of
(%)c/
industrya/
added
GDP (%)c/

b/
fishing

Current GDPa/

)
)
)

(
(
(
5,060,600
19,700
7,224
0.39%
37%
0.14%
5,960,300
19,800
8,773.3
0.33%
44%
0.15%
6,945,600
25,300
9,153.2
0.36%
36%
0.13%
8,328,700
27,200
9,970.1
0.33%
37%
0.12%
7,263,700
31,700 10,902.2
0.44%
34%
0.15%
568,192,000
89,401,000
15.73%
642,986,000
98,660,000
15.34%
744,807,000
101,247,000
13.59%
905,794,000
1,049,493,000
53,386,429,000 5,064,158,000 91,216,100

9.49%
2%
0.17%
151,270,30
80,459,422,000 5,568,986,000
6.92%
3%
0.19%
0
155,862,20
93,981,672,000 5,494,212,000
5.85%
3%
0.17%
0
155,982,258,000 5,716,815,000
3.67%
116,391,633,000 6,132,735,000
5.27%
8,925,400
246,200
2.76%
11,092,700
275,800
2.49%
12,595,600
307,100
2.44%
16,108,200
373,600
2.32%
17,815,600
459,900
2.58%
23,593,200
71,100 5,000,000
0.30%
7%
0.02%
29,469,500
69,700 7,000,000
0.24%
10%
0.02%
32,580,600
69,500 9,000,000
0.21%
13%
0.03%
39,990,500
71,900 9,000,000
0.18%
13%
0.02%
31,500,100
73,200
0.23%
32,944,000,000 1,675,000,000
5.08%
33,916,000,000 2,023,000,000
5.96%
37,926,000,000 2,345,000,000
6.18%
45,346,000,000 2,646,000,000
5.84%
52,650,000,000 2,574,000,000
4.89%
11,882,900
183,100 75,385.6
1.54%
41%
0.63%
14,151,200
191,400 74,026.9
1.35%
39%
0.52%
16,110,900
210,100
76,500
1.30%
36%
0.47%
23,287,800
244,000
82,200
1.05%
34%
0.35%
18,019,700
258,600
1.44%
4,634,400
253,400
5.47%
4,619,100
267,500
5.79%
5,182,400
292,800
5.65%
6,108,200
355,700
5.82%
6,667,300
51
Currency
(thousand) Year
)(
2005
2006
BHD
2007
.
2008
2009
2005
2006
EGP
2007
.
2008
2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
IQD
.
JOD
.
KWD
.
LBP
.
OMR
.
USD
.
Country
Bahrain
Egypt
*Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Country
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The
Sudan
Syrian
Arab
Republic
United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
Currency
(thousand) Year
( )
2005
2006
QAR
2007
.
2008
2009
2005
2006
SAR
2007
2008
.
SDG
.
SYP
.
AED
.
YER
.
GDP by
Agriculture,
Agriculture Fishing out
hunting, forestry Gross
of GDP
of
and fishing
Agriculture Fishing out of
value
(%)c/
added
(%)c/
industrya/
GDP (%)c/

b/
fishing

Current GDPa/

)
) )

(
(
(
154,564,000
216,000
0.14%
206,644,000
233,000
0.11%
259,411,000
250,000
0.10%
365,483,000
268,000
0.07%
357,860,000
315,000
0.09%
1,182,514,000
38,280,000
3.24%
1,335,581,000
39,373,000
2.95%
1,442,571,000
40,154,000
2.78%
1,786,143,000
41,136,000
2.30%
2009
1,409,123,000
41,419,000
2.94%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
85,707,000
98,292,000
119,837,000
135,512,000
151,561,000
1,506,439,000
1,704,974,000
2,017,825,000
2,445,060,000
...
...
32,985,000
37,481,000
46,860,000
312,230,000
358,018,000
394,220,000
456,776,000
...
...
32.99%
31.53%
27.52%
27.66%
30.92%
20.73%
21.00%
19.54%
18.68%
2009
2,519,152,000
571,675,000
22.69%
2005
2006
2007
2008
506,780,000
643,503,000
758,026,000
934,262,000
8,839,000
8,671,000
8,692,000
8,852,000
1.74%
1.35%
1.15%
0.95%
2009
914,339,000
8,963,000
0.98%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
3,646,557,000
4,495,179,000
5,144,564,000
6,203,046,000
6,069,597,000
346,188,000 41,984,000 9.49%

415,600,000 43,069,000 9.25%
503,487,000 40,786,000 9.79%
605,928,000 44,341,000 9.77%
732,577,000
12.07%
12%
10%
8%
7%
1.15%
0.96%
0.79%
0.71%
Sources: a/ National Accounts Studies of the ESCWA Region, Bulletin No. 30, United Nations, New York, 2010.
b/ National Accounts Official Country Data Series, UNSD, UNdata website, accessed on 30 May 2011 from:
http://data.un.org/Explorer.aspx?d=UNODC.
U
c/ ESCWA calculation.
52
Table II.5
Fisheries Production by inland and marine waters (Tons)a/
) (
2008/

2000
57%
-12%

155%

21%
21%
63%

-49%

46%
97%
113%

57%
41%
-2%
2008
2007
2006
2005
2000
7,065
6,041
5,648
4,363
4,486
298
6,274
199
6,792
76
9,596
15
6,943
7,159
325
217
334
224
343
229
358
176
85
14,179
13,590
15,892
11,855
11,730
14,179
7,965
13,590
6,910
15,892
7,933
11,855
9,903
11,730
4,884
Species
Fisheries
Production
By Ocean
Area
Marine areas Crustaceans

Diadromous
fishes
Marine fishes
Miscellaneous
aquatic
*animals
Molluscs
1,102
2,269
4,138
976
2,148
668,125
252,248
1,947
573,440
292,650
1,990
559,966
277,019
2,262
573,080
195,747
2,142
457,662
127,953
916
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Inland waters Crustaceans
Diadromous
fishes
Freshwater
fishes
Marine fishes
Molluscs
931,387
877,259
851,318
781,848
593,563
Sub-total
Inland waters
15,433
113,063
10,175
113,724
7,515
105,797
7,612
94,843
10,929
115,631
82%
7,747
7
6,842
6
6,288
5
4,993
20
4,264
4%
136,244
130,749
119,607
107,454
130,845
Egypt

Marine fishes
Miscellaneous
aquatic animal
products
Miscellaneous
aquatic
animals
Molluscs
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
47%
1,067,631
1,008,008
970,925
889,302
724,408
338%
44,349
4,883
59,570
1,700
59,496
1,671
36,440
5,071
10,123
Freshwater
Inland waters fishes
Marine fishes
386%
49,232
61,270
61,167
41,511
10,123
Sub-total
Inland waters
65
388
59
-71%
793
3,628
1,611
10,320
126
12,774
459
5,900
12,389
-64%
4,486
12,319
12,959
6,359
12,389
-64%
4,486
12,319
12,959
6,359
12,389
53
Bahrain

Diadromous
fishes
Marine fishes
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Iraq

2008/
2000
2008
2007
2006
2005
2000
-8%
890
859
910
911
969
0%
150
156
147
160
150
-7%
1,040
1,015
1,057
1,071
1,119
900%
300
293
557
185
30
-14%
1,540
1,540
2,245
1,890
1,794
-88%
-42%
78
2,815
78
2,810
136
3,265
154
2,993
650
4,879
-39%
4,433
4,428
5,646
5,037
7,323
-36%
4,733
4,721
6,203
5,222
7,353
77%
708
708
708
708
400
1725%
365
365
365
370
20
155%
1,073
1,073
1,073
1,078
420
4%
-3%
0%
57
3,434
50
57
3,434
50
57
3,434
50
55
3,418
50
55
3,541
50
-3%
3,541
3,541
3,541
3,523
3,646
13%
4,614
86
4,614
85
4,614
4,601
4,066
86
85
-5%
15%
253%
793
134,517
10,355
825
140,176
10,833
842
137,739
9,234
943
145,038
11,558
834
116,651
2,936
13
21%
145,665
151,834
147,815
157,539
120,434
21%
145,751
151,919
147,815
157,544
120,434
54
Fisheries
Production
By Ocean
Area
Species
Freshwater
Marine areas Marine fishes
Total
Fisheries
Production
Freshwater
Diadromous
fishes
Marine fishes
Jordan
Kuwait
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Diadromous
Freshwater
fishes
Sub-total
Inland waters
Lebanon Marine areas Crustaceans
Marine fishes
Molluscs
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Inland waters Crustaceans
Freshwater
fishes
Sub-total
Inland waters
Marine fishes
Molluscs
Whales, seals
and other
aquatic
mammals
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Oman

36
36
36
11
26%
61,810
61,760
53,600
55,400
49,000
Freshwater
Freshwater
26%
61,810
61,760
53,600
55,400
49,000
Sub-total
Inland waters
14%
5,690
5,699
5,000
5,200
5,000
-20%
10
Fisheries
Production
By Ocean
Area
2008/
2000
2008
2007
2006
2005
2000
36
36
36
11
Species
Freshwater
474%
146%
176%
178
17,452
58
139
15,000
51
95
16,223
58
110
13,789
36
31
7,088
21

Marine fishes
Molluscs
148%
17,688
15,190
16,376
13,935
7,140
148%
17,724
15,226
16,412
13,946
7,140
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Marine areas Marine fishes

Miscellaneous
The Sudan
aquatic animal
products
14%
5,698
5,707
5,008
5,208
5,010
25%
67,508
67,467
58,608
60,608
54,010
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
15%
12,379
14,500
13,771
13,303
10,788
Freshwater
147%
23%
-20%
148
2,989
75
148
3,105
128
137
3,143
115
215
3,334
128
60
2,427
94
24%
3,212
3,381
3,395
3,677
2,581
17%
15,591
17,881
17,166
16,980
13,369
-49%
870
750
630
512
1,710
33%
-28%
-34%
77
74,009
325
70
77,770
280
65
82,149
226
61
86,547
185
58
103,197
491
-29%
75,281
78,870
83,070
87,305
105,456
-29%
75,281
78,870
83,070
87,305
105,456
55
Qatar

Syrian
Marine fishes
Arab
Molluscs
Republic
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Diadromous
fishes
Marine fishes
Molluscs
United
Arab
Emirates
Sub-total
Marine areas
Total
Fisheries
Production

Fisheries
Production
By Ocean
Area
Yemen
Species

Marine fishes
Miscellaneous
aquatic
animals
Molluscs
Sub-total
Marine areas
Inland
waters
Crustaceans
Diadromous
fishes
Freshwater
fishes
Marine fishes
Molluscs
Total inland
waters

Diadromous
ESCWA**
fishes
Marine fishes
Miscellaneous
aquatic
animals
Molluscs
Miscellaneous
aquatic animal
products
Whales, seals
and other
aquatic
mammals
Total Marine
areas
Total
Fisheries
Production
Fish,
crustaceans,
molluscs, etc.
Inland
waters
Marine
waters
World
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
735
104,835
1,633
212,497
1,714
211,117
1,141
169,228
1,008
120,093
2008/

2000
37%
15%
9,180
130
24,140
32
16,797
11
9,536
11
6,020
-34%
114,750
238,400
229,660
179,916
127,132
11%
4,884
9,903
7,933
6,995
8,051
2,548
1,684
4,846
2,977
1,810
528,592
127,953
916
679,705
200,818
2,142
688,701
278,690
2,262
710,823
294,350
1,990
788,254
257,131
1,947
664,893
894,252
982,432
1,017,135
1,057,193
59%
20,634
17,333
18,942
21,204
27,157
32%
708
482,947
689
580,662
403
590,384
1,958
548,214
1,246
484,114
76%
0%
20
17,121
493
41,266
381
32,997
352
27,944
336
24,847
1580%
45%
11
-18%
521,454
640,452
643,116
599,681
537,709
3%
1,186,347
1,534,704
1,625,548
1,616,816
1,594,902
34%
32,416,110
44,305,528
47,351,066
49,903,636
52,546,205
62%
19,304,875
26,837,433
28,703,622
30,667,373
32,885,635
70%
13,111,235
17,468,095
18,647,444
19,236,263
19,660,570
50%
Source: a/ FAO Global Production Statistics Database

http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-commodities-production/en
1950-2009,
accessed
*
**
13
Notes:

-29%

49%
101%
113%
65%
Values for 2006 and 2007 were calculated as average of 2006 and 2008 values.
Palestine and Saudi Arabia are excluded.
56
on
30
May
2011
from:
Figure II.8
)Ratio of ESCWA to the World in Inland and Marine Fisheries Production (%
) (
2000-2008
Figure II.9
Fish/animal proteins
57
Table II.6
Food balance sheets for ESCWA region countries 2007
2007
Production
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Non-Food
Uses
(Tons in live weight )

()
11,857
27
1,008,007
1
73,589
1,015
37
4,721
53
4,614
5
151,834
44,408
2,702
0
15,226
101
Total Food
Supply
Per Capita
Supply

11,581
1,337,778
74,694
33,954
35,323
38,972
77,066
2,702
28,750
(kilograms)
()
15.2
16.7
2.5
5.7
12.4
9.4
28.3
0.7
25.3
Fish
Animal
Total
Proteins Proteins Proteins
(grams per capita per day)

)
(
3.9
34
78.3
4.6
21.4
92.8
0.7
9.8
56.2
1.6
27.4
78.2
3.3
48.1
94.4
2.5
33.4
83.2
7.9
36.1
69.9
0.2
15.9
53.8
6.7
42.5
108.8
Fish/Animal
Proteins
Fish/Total
Proteins
(%)

11.4
21.7
7.6
5.7
6.9
7.4
21.8
1.4
15.8
(%)

4.9
5
1.3
2
3.5
3
11.2
0.4
6.2
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
88,410
67,459
231
-
267,953
70,656
10.9
1.7
3
0.5
35
28.5
88.6
72.7
8.5
1.8
3.4
0.7
17,881
60,101
2.9
0.8
23.9
79.4
3.5
1.1

Yemen
ESCWA
87,570
179,916
1,714,801
74,862
119,725
121,712
102,251
2,263,493
27.9
4.6
11.73
7.4
1.3
44.40
57.4
12.2
425.60
102
55.8
1,114
12.8
11
10.43
7.2
2.4
3.99
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations. FAO Yearbook: Fishery and aquaculture statistics 2008. Rome; 2010. Accessed on 15 February 2011 from:
http://www.fao.org/publications/en/.
U
58
Table II.7
Export of fish by kind and destination for Oman
Other (inc.Canned, salted

) &cooked fish
(
Total
Fresh fish

Frozen fish

4,465.6
2,250.6
973.4
56.6
30.6
11.9
70.7
35.6
12.7
92.7
543
65
754 56
6,398 97.7
344 41.7
71.9
97.7
33.7
27.3 71.4 5,244 57 4,325.8

104.3 12.3 2,142 24 1,560.1
108.6 8.4 2,192 8.6 659.1
30.6
76.1
63.8
7,883.5
7,354.2
8,163.1
24.8 8,674 23.4

45.8 24,513 24
38.7 28,384 25.1
1,049 5.2 165.4

6,549 56.3 555.5
1,019 16.9 155.7
23.8
95.6
24.9
89.2 61.8 7,348 43 7,586.4

137.1 76.9 17,468 38 6,434
170.1 86.6 25,966 56 7,625.1
1
1.3
1.3
Value
)(000 O.R
) .(
)Qty.(Tons
) (
Value
)(000 O.R
) .(
)Qty.(Tons
) (
Value
)(000 O.R
) .(
)Qty.(Tons
) (
Value
)(000 O.R
) .(
)Qty.(Tons
) (
Value
)(000 O.R
) .(
2,760
4,360.3
6,081.7
22 1,907 35
52.1 12,768 59.3
72.5 20,576 74.5
36.8
12.6
89.8
160 22.2
151 2.3
668 57.7
15.2
2.3
65.6
14.1 22.7 1,671 36 2,707.2

16.2 71.4 12,464 66 4,254.4
37.2 76.2 19,787 78 5,952
445.8
580.9
896.6
5.7
7.9
11
345.2
2,405
3,401
4
9.8
12
1.8
0.8
1.1
0.5
15.3
6.9
1.5
0.7
6,136
8,732
3,595
)Qty.(Tons
) (
172.4
146
210.8
2.2
2
2.6
261.6
596.5
811.6
3
2.4
2.9
34.2
0.1
120 20.7
0.1 0.1
39.9
16.6
0.6
0.5
0.2
-
24.4
11.2
0.3
0.1
Crustaceans and Molluscs

0.1
28.8
16.6
32.3
12.1
20
11.2
8
5.5
11.1
0.6
0.1
4.4
0.2
0.5
1
1
1.2
0.4
0.5
1.4
1.6
0.5
0.7
11.4
137.7
145
209.7
1.9 141.6 1.8

3.4 595.1 2.3
3.1 809.9 2.8
26
118.2
10.3
10.1
20.4
106.3
67.8
66.1 17 47.9
47.3 138 46.7
43.8 99.4 32
404.6
474.6
803.7
19
3.9 286.9 5.3
13 2,268 7.4
24.3 12.2 3,177 11
21.3
14.3
30.3
17.2
9.9
1.9
77.1
2.7
4.5
33.9
1.3
1.2 0.3
40.3 118
1.9 4.4
15.8
11.8
21.9
76.1
35.2
116.6
19.8
43.2
140.7
32.7 8.4 46.5

11.9 34.6 19
53.6 122 66.3
129.4
157.8
937.5
51.5
77.3
80
42.5
227.6
212.2
2.6 25.8
14.2 291
3.9 227
251.5
204.2
1,172
1.4
0.9
3.5

59
1
9
4.4
Destination
Bahrain
2007
2008
2009
Kuwait
2007
2008
2009
Qatar
2007
2008
2009
Saudi
Arabia
2007
2008
2009
United Arab
Emirates
2007
2008
2009
GCC
2007
2008
2009
Qty.(Tons)
( )
45.4
51.7
30.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
111.7
132.1
52.9
0.6
25
0.2
7.7
0.4
0.1
0.1
124.1
78.1
50.2
0.5
0.5
0.2
153.8
166.9
66
0.2
3.8
6
7
96
289.3
14.2
6.3
2.1
2,514
1372
686.4
20.7
13.9
5.8
1,817.6 32.6 3,873

1,433.4 13.4 1,046
767.2 6.3 1,881
53
49
37
9,217.3
8,162.5
5,009.9
3.8
0.4
0.1
165
25
2.8
4
2.9
0.8
128.2
28.5
7.5
18.7
8.4
3.9
6,554
4,489
2,846
33.2
31.8
18.7
11,170.1
9,720.4
6,073.9
98.8
85.8
89.6
4,076.7
2,164.5
4,321.3
84.1 14,872
92.8 20,290
94.4 31,634
77.9 6,842.4 5.3

84.8 8,733.6 9.4
92.8 12,286.6 7.1
627 3.7
2,142 12
2,116 6.6
649.7
2,058.4
892.2
71.9
4
75.1
3,164 90.6
276 40.8
3,077 82.3
2,900
401.9
760.8
56.1 19,613
45.6 24,403
57.4 42,137
43
43.7
56.1
14,469
13,358.4
18,260.9
100
100
100
4,126.2
2,522.9
4,822.8
100 17,691
100 21,866
100 33,513
100 8,783.6 100 11,893 100 17,565.1

100 10,304.1 100 22,708 100 16,787
100 13,237 100 29,993 100 13,580.1
100
100
100
4,403 100 3,201.8 100

6,850 100 985.9 100
4,099 100 924
100
100
100
100
33,676.7
30,599.9
32,563.9
Source: Oman Statistical Yearbook 2010, Ministry of National Economy, Issue 38, November 2010.
60
34,965
53,482
73,416
Qty.(Tons)
( )
0.4
0.2
0.1
34.4
13.1
Value
(000 O.R)
(. )
0.4
0.1
Value
(000 O.R)
(. )
53.7
20
Value
(000 O.R)
(. )
Qty.(Tons)
( )
0.3
0.1
Total
34.8
Value
(000 O.R)
(. )
1.4
Value
(000 O.R)
(. )
Fresh fish

Qty.(Tons)
( )
Frozen fish

%
America
2007
2008 1.3 26.4

2009
Europe
2007 0.2
1.5
2008 2.2 45.9
2009 4.7 275
Others
2007 97.2 950
2008 82.3 1,694
91.4 5,310
Total
2007 100 977
2008 100 2,058
2009 100 5,812
Destination
Qty.(Tons)
( )
Crustaceans and Molluscs

Other (inc.Canned, salted

&cooked fish
)
(
CHAPTER III. BIODIVERSITY
-
1.
In 2010, 10.3 per cent of land in the ESCWA region was covered by forests; with the highest forest
cover reaching 29 and 13 per cent in the Sudan and Lebanon respectively.
2.
12.3 per cent of the total terrestrial land in the ESCWA region was categorized as protected areas in
2010, with the largest protected areas located in Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Oman at 31, 15 and
11 per cent, respectively.
3.
A total of 136 species of mammals were threatened with extinction in the ESCWA region in 2010,
with a sharp 24 per cent increase since 2006.
4.
A total of 146 species of birds were threatened with extinction in the ESCWA region in 2010, with a
10 per cent decrease since 2006.
5.
A total of 54 species of reptiles were threatened with extinction in the ESCWA region in 2010.
6.
A total of 241 species of fish were threatened with extinction in the ESCWA region in 2010, with a
sharp 70 per cent increase since 2006.
7.
All ESCWA member countries, with the exception of Palestine, have ratified international
conventions and agreements concerning the conservation of biodiversity.

10.3 2010
. 13 29
-1
12.3
2010
- 2
. 11 15 31
2010 136
- 3
. 2006 24
2010 146
- 4
. 2006 10
.2010 54
2010 241
- 5
- 6
. 2006 70
- 7
.
61
Overview of biodiversity and forests status

Biodiversity is the natural resource base on
which life on Earth depends. Its conservation and
sustainable use rely on integrating conservation
with economic development and on ensuring that
the benefits of biodiversity are continually
developed and equitably shared.

.

.
Until now, the economic value of the

diversity of animals, plants and other forms of life,
and their role in healthy and functioning ecosystems
including forests, freshwater, soil, oceans, and even
the atmosphere are still not accounted for in most
countries. For example, annual losses as a result of
deforestation and forest degradation alone may
equate to losses of US$2 trillion to over US$4.5
trillion.15
( 15)
. 4.5 2
14F
The system of Integrated Environmental

Economic Accounting (SEEA) developed by the
Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2012 2003
(DESA) in 2003, and being revised for 2012,
provides the framework for accounting for the
.( 16)
economic value of biodiversity resources in the
economic output. 16
15F
Forests
The ESCWA region is very arid. Only
10.3 per cent of total surface area was covered by
forests in 2010, with the highest percentage in the
Sudan (29 per cent), followed by Lebanon
(13 per cent) (table III.1). Forests provide many
services. In fact, available data for less than half
member countries in 2010 suggest that 13.2
per cent of forests were used for production
purposes, 37.9 per cent for the protection of soil and
water, 3.7 per cent for the conservation of
biodiversity, 0.1 per cent for social services and
42.7 per cent for different uses. In Bahrain and
Kuwait, all forests are used for the protection of soil
and water, while Oman uses its total forest area for
production (table III.2).
10.3
2010

( 13 ) ( 29 )
.( III.1 )

13.2 2010
37.9
0.1 3.7
42.7
.

.( III.2 )
In 2010, 87.5 per cent of forest areas in the

ESCWA region were in permanent estates with the
lowest percentage in Lebanon (15 per cent). 18.5
per cent of forest areas were within protected areas
with Jordan having the largest area (35 per cent).
87.5 2010

.( 15)
18.5
15
Global Biodiversity Outlook 3.
16
Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003; Handbook of National Accounting; United Nations,
European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank.
62
13 per cent of forest areas possess a management

plan with the highest percentage in the Syrian Arab 13 .( 35)
Republic (51 per cent) (table III.3).

.( III.3 ( )51)

Protected areas
Marine and terrestrial protected areas in the

ESCWA region were at a modest percentage of 16 2010 16
per cent in 2010, with the largest protected areas

located in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt at 35,
35
32, and 24 per cent respectively (table III.4). .( III.4 )24 32
Protected areas increased by 2 per cent since 2000.
2
Terrestrial protected areas reached 903 thousand
2
2
903 2000
km in 2010 (table III.5).
.( III.5 )2010
Egypt has legally protected about 5,614 km2
(9.3 per cent) of its territorial waters in 2010 ( 9.3 ) 2 5 614
(table III.6) and declared many marine protected ( III.6 ) 2010
areas (MPAs), including: Ras Mohammed National :
Park, Nabq, Abu Galum and Elba. 17
( 17)
16F
In Jordan, a proposal is considered to

establish one MPA at the northern tip of the Gulf of
Aqaba in the light of its high diversity of coral and
associated fauna (158 species of coral and more
than 280 species of fish); and of the threat to the
area by pollution from industry, mainly phosphates
and fertilizers. 18 In 2010, 30 per cent of Jordan
territorial waters were considered as MPAs
(table III.6).
17F

158 )
( 280
.( 18)
30
2010
)
.( III.6
In Oman, the MPA at the Daymaniyat Islands

National Nature Reserve is being assessed as a
candidate for a World Heritage site. 19 In 2010, 2010 .( 19)
1.3 per cent of territorial waters were classified as
. 1.3
MPAs (table III.6).
18F
In Saudi Arabia, the protection of marine

habitats started in 1977, with the Asir National Park
on the small island of Umm al-Qamari. A total of
46 coastal areas have been identified for inclusion
in coastal protected scenes. Moreover, the country
has established a number of extensive marine
protected areas, with the following MPAs: the
Farasan Islands, with an area of 3,310 km2, which
17

1977
46
.
.
:
2 3 310

N. Pilcher and M. Abou Zaid, The status of coral reefs in Egypt (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN),
2000).
18
N. Pilcher and S.M. Al-Moghrabi, The status of coral reefs in Jordan (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network
(GCRMN), 2000).
19
S. Wilson et al., Status of coral reefs of the Persian/Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea region, in Status of coral reefs of the
world, 2002, ed. C.R. Wilkinson (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) and Australian Institute of Marine Science,
2002), chapter 3, pp. 53-62.
63
represents an important habitat for mangroves,

seagrass, coral reefs, marine mammals, marine
turtles, seabirds and endemic gazelle, and which is
threatened by fishing, development and recreation
activities; the Yanbu Royal Commission, with an
area of 5 km2, which contains fringing reefs,
mangroves and seabird nesting sites; and the Umm
al Qamari, with an area of 2 km2, which is a habitat
for seabirds. A plan to protect areas in Saudi Arabia
is intended to place 12.8 per cent of land under
conservation management.20

2 5

2 2
.
12.8
.( 20)
The United Arab Emirates established a large

MPA on the islands of Bazm al Gharbi and

Murawwa, which are being managed by the 2010 .( 21)
Environmental Resource and Wildlife Development

Administration. 21 In 2010, the United Arab
.( III.6 )2.6
Emirates protected about 2.6 per cent of their
territorial waters (table III.6).
20
19F
20F
In Yemen, the Socotra Islands, with an area

of 362,500 km2, is home to diverse terrestrial plants
and animals. Additionally, the Government is
planning the following MPAs: Belhaf and Bir Ali
Area, which is an important seabird and marine
turtle nesting site, with a saltwater crater and
fringing mangroves; Ras Isa on Kamaran Island,
which is threatened by chronic pollution from the
nearby oil terminal, and reef fisheries for the
aquarium trade; Khor Umaira, which is a mixed
seagrass and coral reef habitat and consists of a
partially enclosed lagoon that supports marine turtle
feeding; Ras Sharma, which is a regionally and
possibly internationally significant nesting site for
marine turtles; Dhobba, Bab al-Mandab and Perim
Island. 22 In 2010, 1.8 per cent of territorial waters
were assigned as MPAs.

. 2 362 500
:

2010

.( 22)
. 1.8
21F
Species status
The status of animal species threatened with

extinction in 2010 in the ESCWA region was as 136 ( ): 2010
follows: (a) 136 species of mammals, which is an 25
increase of 25 per cent since 2006; (b) 146 species
146 ( )2006
of birds, which is a decrease of 10 per cent since 241 ( )2006 10
2006; (c) 241 species of fish, which represents a
70
20
L. de Vantier and N. Pilcher, The status of coral reefs in Saudi Arabia (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network
(GCRMN), 2000).
21
H. Rezai et al., Coral reef status in the Ropme Sea area: Arabian/Persian Gulf, Gulf Of Oman and Arabian Sea in Status
of coral reefs of the world, 2004, ed. C.R. Wilkinson (Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2004), pp. 155-170.
22
M. Kotb et al., Status of coral reefs in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden in 2004 in Status of coral reefs of the world, 2004,
ed. C.R. Wilkinson (Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2004), pp. 137-154.
64
54
70 per cent increase since 2006, and (d) 54 species

of reptiles (table III.9).
( ) 2006

.( III.9 )
This negative trend in biodiversity and

genetic resources in the ESCWA region can be
attributed to the following factors: (a) increased
food production, coupled with wide land-use as a
result of rapid population growth and density;
(b) increased demand for energy and for natural
resources, and development of urban centers with
modern facilities; (c) development of oil
exploitation and use of fossil fuels; (d) construction
of highways and their impact on ecosystems; and
(e) severe deterioration of vegetation cover induced
by the increasing pressure on land resources.

) ( :
( )

) (
) (
) (

.
The rich and diversified genetic heritage of

the region is highly endangered.23 Consequently,
and up till 1st of January 2010, all ESCWA member
countries, with the exception of Palestine, had
ratified international conventions and agreements
concerning biodiversity conservation (table III.10),
and initiated numerous activities, taken measures
and adopted management issues. However, more
concerted efforts are needed to establish an
integrated approach to biodiversity conservation,
ecosystem management and protected areas in order
to ensure the conservation of the genetic resources
of the region.

/ .( 23)
2010

.(III.10 )
.

.
2F
23
Statement by Mr. A. Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity to the International
Symposium on the Advancement of Science in the Arab world and the role of international cooperation (Damascus, December 2006).
65
Table III.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest (MDG7 Indicator 7-1) (%)
( ( ) 1- 7 )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
2000 2001 2002

0.5c/
...
...
0.1c/
...
0.1d/
1.9c/
...
1.9d/
c/
g/, 1
1.0 0.84
1.0d/
c/
0.3
...
0.3d/
e/
12.8
...
0.01e/
...
...
1.5h/
1.5h/ 1.5h/
-c/
...
0.1d/
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
1.3c/
...
0.7d/
...
2.5i/
...
3.0i/
3.8c/
5.9j/
...
...
1.1
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
average2
2003 2004 2005

...
...
0.6c/
c/
...
0.1
0.1e/
...
...
1.9c/
1.0e/
...
...
0.3c/
...
... 13.2e/
...
... 0.01e/
h/
1.5
1.5h/ 1.5h/
...
...
-c/
2006
1.0a/
-a/
2.0a/
1.0a/
-a/
13.0a/
-a/
1.5h/
...
2007
1.0a/
-a/
2.0a/
1.0a/
-a/
14.0a/
-a/
1.6h/
...
2008 2009
...
...
5.4f/
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.6h/ 1.6h/
...
...
2010
1.0b/
5.4b/
2.0b/
1.0b/
-b/
13.0b/
-b/
1.6h/
-b/
...
1.3c/
1.0a/
28.0a/
1.0a/
28.0a/
...
...
...
...
-b/
29.0b/
...
2.5 i/
2.5e/
3.0a/
3.0a/
...
...
3.0b/
3.8d/
1d/
...
...
...
...
3.8c/
1.0c/
4.0a/
1.0a/
4.0a/
1.0a/
...
...
...
...
4.0b/
1.0b/
0.7
10.2
10.2
10.3
Sources: a/ World databank, World Development Indicators (WDI) and Global Development Finance (GDF), the World
Bank, accessed on 15 February 2011 from http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do.
U
b/ FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, accessed from http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/.

U
c/ MDG Database, 2006.

d/ 2004 World development Indicator The World Bank ISBN 0-8213-5729-8.
e/ FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005, accessed from http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/32089/en/.
U
f/ Egypt MDG National Report 2008: Egypt Achieving The Millennium Development Goals & A Midpoint
Assessment, Ministry of Economic Development 2008.
g/ The Millennium Development Goals, Jordan Report 2004, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation.
h/ PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
i/ Syria CSO Env. Questionnaire 2005.
j/ Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
Notes: 1. Wooded Areas.
2. ESCWA calculation.
66
Table III.2
Primary designated functions of forest 2010
2010
Total forest
area
(thousand ha)

)
(
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
1
70
825
98
6
137
2
9
-
Annual change rate

2005-2010
Thousand
ha/yr
/
1
-
%*
3.3
0.9
2.4
0.1
Primary designated function

(%)
Production
2
6
100
Protection
of soil and
water

100
49
80
98
100
25
Conservation
of biodiversity

3
20
1
3
Soc ial
services
Multiple
use
46
66
Other
None or
unknown

Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
977
69,949
--
100
-54
50
17
30
Syrian Arab
Republic
491
1.3
100
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
317
549
73,431
1
-4.18
0.3
1
13.17
37.92
3.67
0.08
100
100
42.67
2.50
Source: Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, FAO, FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome, 2010.
Note:
Rate of gain or loss in per cent of the remaining forest area each year within the given period.
67
Table III.3
Forest management and legal status 2010
2010
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Permanent forest estate

Thousand ha
% of forest area

70
100
825
100
98
100
20
15
Forest within protected areas

Thousand ha
% of forest area

20
28
35
35
4
3
Forest with management plan

Thousand ha
% of forest area

4
6
59,400
85
13,346
19
14,855
21
491
100
100
20
250
51
317
100
549
61,770
100
87.5
31
13,536
6
18.5
15,109
13
Source: Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, FAO, FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome, 2010.
68
Table III.4
Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total area (% and sq. km)
( )
2000
sq.km
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine**
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
9
45,836
232
1,712
277
54
33,823
515
290
%
1.40
10.20
0.10
31.90
1.60
0.60
12.00
8.60
2.60
sq.km
38
63,600
232
1,720
277
54
33,823
515
312
%
2.10
15.20
0.10
31.90
1.60
0.60
12.00
8.60
2.80
sq.km
38
63,600
232
1,720
277
54
33,823
515
312
%
2.10
15.20
0.10
31.90
1.60
0.60
12.00
8.60
2.80
sq.km
38
63,600
232
1,720
277
54
33,823
515
312
%
2.10
15.20
0.10
31.90
1.60
0.60
12.00
8.60
2.80
sq.km
38
63,600
232
1,720
277
54
33,823
515
312
%
2.10
15.20
0.10
31.90
1.60
0.60
12.00
8.60
2.80
sq.km
38
154,790*
232
1,720
277
54
33,823
515
312
%
2.10
24.20
0.10
31.90
1.60
0.60
12.00
8.60
2.80
sq.km
38
154,790*
232
1,741
277
54
33,823
515
312
%
2.10
24.20
0.10
31.90
1.60
0.60
12.00
8.60
2.80
607,879
105,424
34.70
4.30
607,879
105,424
34.70
4.30
607,879
105,424
34.70
4.30
607,879
105,424
34.70
4.30
607,879
105,424
34.70
4.30
607,879
105,424
34.70
4.30
607,879
105,424
34.70
4.30
628
0.90
1,228
1.20
1,228
1.20
1,228
1.20
1,228
1.20
1,228
1.20
1,228
1.20
295
3,625
0.60
2.30
4,757
3,625
8.20
2.30
4,757
3,625
8.20
2.30
4,757
3,625
8.20
2.30
4,757
3,625
8.20
2.30
4,757
3,625
8.20
2.30
4,757
3,625
8.20
2.30
800,599
13.9
823,484
14.7
823,484
14.7
823,484
14.7
823,484
14.7
914,674
15.9
914,695
15.9
Source: MDG Database, accessed on 13 July 2011.

*
CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011. Year 2010 is estimated by ESCWA to be the same as
2009.
**
PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
69
Figure III.1
Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total area (percentage)
( )
70
Table III.5
Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area (% and sq.km)
( )
2000
sq.km
%
9
1.4
42,257
4.3
232
0.1
1,683
1.9
276
1.6
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine**
Qatar
2005
sq.km
9
57,986
232
1,691
276
%
1.4
5.9
0.1
1.9
1.6
2006
sq.km
9
57,986
232
1,691
276
%
1.4
5.9
0.1
1.9
1.6
2007
sq.km
9
57,986
232
1,691
276
%
1.4
5.9
0.1
1.9
1.6
2008
sq.km
9
57,986
232
1,691
276
%
1.4
5.9
0.1
1.9
1.6
2009
sq.km
9
149,176*
232
1,691
276
%
1.4
14.9*
0.1
1.9
1.6
2010
sq.km
%
9
1.4
149,176* 14.9*
232
0.1
1,712
1.9
276
1.6
49
33,138
0.5
10.7
49
33,138
0.5
10.7
49
33,138
0.5
10.7
49
33,138
0.5
10.7
49
33,138
0.5
10.7
49
33,138
0.5
10.7
49
33,138
0.5
10.7
515
8.6
515
8.6
515
8.6
515
8.6
515
8.6
515
8.6
515
8.6
263
2.3
285
2.5
285
2.5
285
2.5
285
2.5
285
2.5
285
2.5
604,590
31.3
604,590
31.3
604,590
31.3
604,590
31.3
604,590
31.3
604,590
31.3
604,590
31.3
105,412
4.2
105,412
4.2
105,416
4.2
105,416
4.2
105,416
4.2
105,416
4.2
105,416
4.2
603
0.3
1,203
0.6
1,203
0.6
1,203
0.6
1,203
0.6
1,203
0.6
1,204
0.6
215
0.3
3,981
5.6
3,981
5.6
3,981
5.6
3,981
5.6
3,981
5.6
3,981
5.6
2,374
791,616
0.5
10.8
2,374
811,741
0.5
11.1
2,374
811,745
0.5
11.1
2,374
811,745
0.5
11.1
2,374
811,745
0.5
11.1
2,374
902,935
0.5
12.3
2,374
902,957
0.5
12.3
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA

*
CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011. Year 2010 is estimated by ESCWA to be the same as
2009.
**
71
Figure III.2
Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area (percentage)
( )
72
Table III.6
Marine areas protected to territorial waters (% and sq.km)
( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
2000
sq.km
%
3,579
5.9
29
30
1
5
0.1
685
1.3
-
2005
sq.km
30
5,614
29
1
5
685
-
%
0.7
9.3
30
0.1
1.3
-
2006
sq.km
30
5,614
29
1
5
685
-
%
0.7
9.3
30
0.1
1.3
-
2007
sq.km
30
5,614
29
1
5
685
-
%
0.7
9.3
30
0.1
1.3
-
2008
sq.km
30
5,614
29
1
5
685
-
%
0.7
9.3
30
0.1
1.3
-
2009
sq.km
30
5,614
29
1
5
685
-
%
0.7
9.3
30
0.1
1.3
-
2010
sq.km
30
5,614
29
1
5
685
-
%
0.7
9.3
30
0.1
1.3
-
28
0.3
28
0.3
28
0.3
28
0.3
28
0.3
28
0.3
28
0.3
3,290
3.4
3,290
3.4
3,290
3.4
3,290
3.4
3,290
3.4
3,290
3.4
3,290
3.4
12
0.1
12
0.1
12
0.1
12
0.1
12
0.1
12
0.1
12
0.1
24
0.6
24
0.6
24
0.6
24
0.6
24
0.6
24
0.6
24
0.6
80
0.3
775
2.6
775
2.6
775
2.6
775
2.6
775
2.6
775
2.6
1,251
3,338
1.8
0.38
1,251
6,491
1.8
0.67
1,251
8,984
1.8
3.1
1,251
11,744
1.8
3.6
1,251
11,744
1.8
3.6
1,251
11,744
1.8
3.6
1,251
11,744
1.8
3.6
73
Figure III.3
Marine areas protected to territorial waters (percentage)
( )
74
Table III.7
Percentage of area protected to maintain biological diversity (MDG7 Indicator 7-4) (%)
( ( ) 4- 7 )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
2000
0.18a/
8c/
-b/
...
1.2f/
...
11f/
8.6g/
...
3.8h/
2001
0.18b/
8c/
-b/
0.44d/
1.2f/
...
11f/
8.6g/
...
3.8h/
2002
10a/
9.1c/
...
1.4
1.2f/
2a/
11f/
8.6g/
0.6b/
3.8h/
2003
10a/
9.9c/
-b/
1.23e/
1.2f/
...
11f/
8.6g/
0.6
3.8h/
2004
10a/
9.9c/
-b/
1.24
1.2f/
...
11f/
8.6g/
0.6b/
3.8h/
2005
1.28b/
13.3b/
-b/
...
...
...
...
8.6g/
...
...
1.1b/
1.2b/
1.7b/
1.9b/
1.9b/
1.9b/
0.3b/
...
2.94
4b/
...
3.07
4b/
0.89i/
3.88
4b/
0.89i/
3.79
4b/
0.99i/
3.80
4b/
...
4.10
Sources: a/ Millennium Development Goals, First Report, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain, Octover 2003.
b/ MDG Database, 2006.
c/ CAPMAS Egypt Environment Questionnaire 2005.
d/ The Millennium Development Goals, Jordan Report 2004, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation.
e/ Department of Statistics (DOS) Jordan Reply to ESCWA Questionnaire on Environment 2006.
f/ UNSD Millennium Goals.
g/ PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
h/ Millennium Development Goals, Report of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2002, United Nations Riyadh.
i/ Yemen CSO Environment Questionnaire 2005.
75
Table III.8
Nationally Protected Areas under IUCN Management Category IVI
( IV-I)
Total Number

Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA*
Protected Areas

Land
protected of
Areaa/
total land
areaa/
Thousand ha
Per cent

Number of
Marine
Areasa/, 1

Wetlands of Int'l Importance

Number of
Wetlandsa/
Area

Thousand ha

Biosphere Reserves Area

Area
Thousand ha

19922003
35
8
11
5
3
6
2006a/
2
21
11
1
10
2
2006
0.8
5,320.2
934.5
0.3
4.6
22
0.1
2006
3.4
5.3
10.7
0
0.4
0.1
2006
2
25
1
5
1
4
2002
105.7
..
7.4
..
1.1
2004
105.7
7.4
1.1
2007
2
2
1
1
2002
2,456
..
30.8
2004
2,577
30.8
78
26
81,826.5
42.3
4
1
124.4
0.7
10
10
148
7
2
93
18.8
88,252
0.3
5.7
52
124
2.5b/
127
1
5b/
17
2,487
2,608
Source: a/ Earth Trends website, World Resources Institutes, Biodiversity and Protected Areas, Searchable database, accessed on 30 May 2011 from:
http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=7.
U
b/ Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
Notes: 1. Includes both marine and littoral areas with substantial terrestrial components that reach the shore.
*
ESCWA calculation.
76
Table III.9
Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian Arab
Republic
United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA**
Number of threatened
mammal species

2006 2008
2010
2
3
3
14
17
17
12
13
13
12
13
13
5
6
6
9
10
10
13
9
9
3
3
1
2
2
bird species

2006 2008 2010

7
4
4
18
10
10
18
18
18
15
8
10
12
8
9
10
6
7
14
9
10
4
7
8
7
4
5
reptile species

2006 2008 2010
4
4
4
11
11
10
2
2
2
5
5
5
2
2
2
7
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
1
amphibian species

2006 2008 2010
2
1
1
1
1
-
fish species

2006 2008 2010

6
6
8
17
24
36
5
6
11
12
14
13
9
10
11
10
15
21
21
20
24
1
6
7
11
plant species

2006
2008
2010
2
2
2
1
1
6
6
6
-
12
9
14
9
15
18
14
13
14
14
2
3
2
3
13
16
13
22
17
3
17
3
18
10
16
16
14
13
13
22
27
33
7
13*
110
7
13*
135
7
13*
136
12
14
163
8
13
135
10
14
146
2
2
54
2
3
55
2
3
54
1
3
1
3
1
3
8
13
142
9
18
186
13
21
241
159
170
159
187
159
193
Source:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version 2010.4, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, accessed on 13 June 2011 from:
http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics.
U
Note:
*
**
Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
ESCWA calculation.
77
Table III. 10
Status of ratification* of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
2010 / 1
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
Syrian
Arab
Republic
United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
World
Heritage
Convention8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CBD1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
UNFCCC2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Kyoto
Protocol3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
UNCCD4
X
X
ITTA5
CITES6
Ramsar7
X
X
X
X
X
NLBI9
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Source: MDG Database, accessed on 19 April 2011.

Notes: * Ratification in this table also covers accession, acceptance and approval. Ratification by a country also covers its
dependent territories. However, to avoid double-counting these territories appear without an X in the table.
1. Convention on Biological Diversity, accessed from http://www.cbd.int/.
U
2. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, accessed from http://unfccc.int/.

U
3. Kyoto Protocol, accessed from http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/.

U
4. UN Convention to Combat Desertification, accessed from http://www.unccd.int/.

U
5. International Tropical Timber Agreement, accessed from http://www.itto.int/itta/.

U
6. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, accessed from
http://www.cites.org/ .
U
7. Convention on Wetlands, accessed from http://www.ramsar.org/.

U
8. World Heritage Convention: http://whc.unesco.org/.

U
9. Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests, accessed from http://www.un.org/esa/forests/

U
index.html.
U
78
C H A PT E R I V . A I R POL L UT I ON
-
1.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions amounted to 1,142 million tons in 2007 in the ESCWA region with
an increase of 26.4 per cent since 2000.
2.
ESCWA average per capita CO2 emissions reached 4.8 tons in 2007, compared to a worldwide
average of 4.3 tons per capita.
3.
The consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) in the ESCWA region reached 6,182 tons
Ozone-Depleting Potential (ODP) in 2008 with a decrease of 3.4 per cent from 2005.

1 142 2007
-1
.2000 26.4
2007 4.8
-2
. 4.3
6 182 2008
-3
.2005 3.4
79
Climate Change: CO2 and Greenhouse Gas

(GHG) Emissions in the ESCWA Region
CO2 emissions and ODS such as

Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC)
and
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), are known to
deteriorate the ozone layer with a direct effect on
climate change. Since the Montreal Protocol, the
phase out of CFCs has been almost completed and
the use of HCFCs is being reduced. 14 According to
the Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 2009,
the phase-out of CFCs and Halons should have
been completed by January 1st 2010. However,
more than a year later CFCs and Halons are still
being produced and consumed.

.

.(14)

2009

.2010 /
.
0F
The report of the World Meteorological

Organization 2010 15 showed that the concentration ( 15)2010
of CFCs is declining; bromide remained constant 2008 2005

between 2005 and 2008 while the methyl bromide

decreased during the same period; HFC, which is

the substitute of CFCs and HCFCs, is following an
.
increasing trend.
1F
CO2 emissions which account for more than

half of the GHG emissions increased 41 per cent 41
worldwide in 2007 compared to the 1990 average. 16
2007

The highest emissions were observed in developed . .(16)1990
countries.
2F
At the regional level, in all ESCWA member

countries, CO2 emissions have been increasing in
comparison with the 1990 baseline data, up till
2007, as shown in table IV.1 and figure IV.1. CO2
emissions vary greatly between ESCWA member
countries due to the differences in surface area,
population and economy of each country.
Therefore, three categories can be distinguished
(figure IV.1). 17 The first one includes seven
countries with CO2 emissions varying between zero
and 50,000 thousand tons per year (figure IV.1.
top); the second one comprises three countries
(Kuwait, Qatar, and the Syrian Arab Republic
figure IV.1. middle) with CO2 emissions ranging
between 50,000 thousand and 100,000 thousand
3F
14

1990
.IV.1 IV.1
2007

.
.(17)(IV.1 )
000
( IV.1 )50
)
( IV.1
100 000 50 000
) 100 000
The United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2008, New York, 2008.
15
World Meteorological Organization, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and
Monitoring Project- Report No. 52.
16
ESCWA Calculation based on data taken from the UNSD Millennium Development Goals Database, accessed on 10 May
2011.
17
This categorization is not to simplify a classification from the IPCC or the UNFCCC, it is a meant to simplify
representative of data.
80
tons per year; and the third category covers IV.1

countries with CO2 emissions exceeding 100,000 IV.3 .(
thousand tons per year (Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,

the United Arab Emirates, figure IV.1. bottom).
.
Figure IV.3 shows the CO2 emissions in the
ESCWA region compared to the CO2 emissions in
the world throughout the years.
CO2 emissions, which represent the main
2000

greenhouse gas, have increased in the ESCWA 26.4
region since 2000 by 26.4 per cent to reach 1,142 2007 1 142
million tons in 2007, as shown by the latest
)
available data (table IV.1). The national average of
82 .(IV.1
82 million tons per year increases to 156 million
156
tons when weighted by surface area given that the
two largest countries in ESCWA, namely, Egypt
and Saudi Arabia, emitted 154 and 402 million tons 402 154
.2007
respectively in 2007. At the subregional level, CO2
emissions in the GCC region have increased by 31 31
per cent since 2000 to reach 747 million tons
)747 2000
per year (table IV.1).
.(IV.1
Per capita CO2 emissions in the ESCWA

region reached 4.8 tons per year in 2007, 2007 4.8
representing an increase of about 6 per cent since 2000 6
2000, compared to the world average of 4.33 tons 18 IV.2 ( )18) 4.33
(table IV.2; figure IV.2). The average of CO2
.(IV.2
emissions per capita in the GCC region was almost
20

5 times higher than the average in the ESCWA
.
region at 20 tons per capita. Qatar, Kuwait, the
United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, are emitting 35 54

respectively 54, 35, 25 and 24 tons per capita. 24 25
.
They figure in the world top five countries in per
capita CO2 emissions with Qatar emissions being

the highest in the world for 2007.
.
4F
.2007

.

.

.
CO2 emission inventories from fuel

combustion are calculated directly from reported
energy data statistics. However, even sources
citing the same energy data source provide
different estimates of the resulting GHG emissions.
Some include or not industrial emissions, land-use
change emissions resulting from bunker fuels
consumption, or emissions from cement
production.
18
World Average calculated by ESCWA, based on the CO2 Emissions from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis
Center (CDIAC), accessed on January 2011 and Population from the UN World Population Prospects: the 2008 Revision.
81
Cities such as Sanaa, Damascus, Baghdad

and Manama, among other major cities in the
ESCWA region, suffer from air pollution levels
that sometimes exceed the World Health
Organization (WHO) guidelines. 19

.(19)

.
48
)25 30
.(IV.3
Box IV.1 Natural Gas Operating Vehicles

in Egypt
IV.1

Tremendous efforts are being made to shift

diesel operating vehicles to natural gas operating
vehicles in Egypt. Between 2005 and 2008, the
number of vehicles operating on natural gas
increased by 110 per cent, as per the summarized
table:

2005 .
110
2008
:
Year
2005/2006
2006/2007
2007/2008
2008/2009

8 388
11 417
11 715
17 595
Number of Vehicles
8,388
11,417
11,715
17,595
_______________
2006/2005
2007/2006
2008/2007
2009/2008
____________
:
.2011-2010
Source: CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the

preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
The quality of air in the main cities of Egypt,

Iraq and Kuwait differs between countries.
.
However, the one common factor between these IV.5 IV.4
)
countries is the high concentration of selected ( IV.6
pollutants (tables IV.4, IV.5, IV.6), when compared
.(1 )
to WHO air quality guidelines (annex 1).
19
Y. Meslmani, Some trends related to air pollution in Damascus, Management of Environmental Quality, vol. 15, No. 4
(2004), pp. 353-363; and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), State of environment in the Arab region: A progress
report (UNEP/Regional Office for West Asia, 2003).
82
I V .2
Box IV.2. Carbon accounting methods
Differences in carbon emission data from

similar energy data result from the energy
accounting methods utilized.
-
Reference Approach: A top-down approach

to determine CO2 emissions using the
apparent consumption of energy.
This
approach can be applied on the basis of
relatively easily available energy supply
statistics, and can serve as an upper limit for
Sectoral Approach emissions.
Sectoral Approach: A bottom-up approach to

For energy
determine CO2 emissions.
included in the International Panel on
Climate Change category 1A Fuel
Combustion, energy consumption data from
each individual sector are summed to give a
more detailed picture of how much energy
has been consumed, and in what form. This
approach
requires
availability
of
disaggregated and sector-specific activity
data and emission factors.
0B
: .

.
Carbon intensity: A measure of the amount

of carbon contained in various energy forms.
It is commonly expressed in units of carbon
emitted per unit of energy (e.g., in tons of
CO2 per MJ).
Ozone Depleting Substances

1B
:
.
" 1"

.

.
:
.
)
.(

.

IV.7 )3.4 2008 2005
.(IV.5IV.4
2 740 2 391 14.6
.
Since the Montreal Protocol, concerted

efforts led to reductions in the consumption of ODS
throughout the world. From 2005 to 2008, the
consumption of ODS decreased in the ESCWA
region by 3.4 per cent (table IV.7; figures IV.4 and
IV.5). In the GCC region, consumption increased
by 14.6 per cent, namely, from 2,391 to 2,740 ODP
tons.
Moreover, CFC consumption in the ESCWA

region decreased by 30 per cent between 2005 and 2008 2005 30
2008 while the HCFC consumption increased by

153 per cent for the same period (tables IV.8 and
.(IV.9 IV.8 )153
IV.9).
Disaggregated data on selected indicators,

including Halons and CFCs are only provided by

Yemen (table IV.10).
.(IV.10 )
2B
Challenges in the region require significant

efforts to decrease CO2 emissions and phase out
CFCs and HCFCs.
83
F igur e I V . 1
While few
ESCWA member countries monitor air pollution
levels systematically, available data and reports
indicate that the main causes include industrial
processes, inappropriate disposal of solid and
hazardous waste, vehicle emissions and the burning
of oil in electric power production. The number of
vehicles in ESCWA member countries increased
between 2006 and 2009. This number increased 48
per cent in the Syrian Arab Republic, 30 per cent in
Egypt and 25 per cent in Yemen (table IV.3).
84
Table IV.1
Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (Thousand tons per year)a/
( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab
Republic
The United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWAc/
13B
GCCsc/
2000
19,758
141,330
74,539
15,508
71,107
15,354
22,057
799
34,730
2003
17,580
131,961
82,504
17,492
73,263
18,929
31,943
1,280
30,564
2004
18,056
144,054
91,360
19,237
81,338
16,839
30,971
1,870
40,286
2005
19,684
163,354
96,904
21,335
89,878
17,547
34,176
2,743
56,820
2006
21,294
152,000b/
103,695
20,726
86,343
15,031
39,717
2,266
49,541
2007
22,464
154,000b/
100,127
21,452
86,145
13,355
37,319
2,325
63,054
2000/07
per cent
change

13.7
9.0
34.3
38.3
21.1
-13.0
69.2
191.0
81.6
297,749
5,534
323,697
8,999
346,047
10,374
369,067
11,001
384,386
10,814
402,450
11,522
35.2
108.2
63,344
69,772
71,617
72,541
64,349
69,893
10.3
126,754
14,628
903,191
106,365
17,305
931,654
112,878
18,881
1,003,808
115,628
20,044
1,090,722
121,462
20,792
1,092,416
135,540
21,976
1,141,622
6.9
50.2
26.4
572,155
583,412
629,576
685,253
702,743
746,972
30.6
Sources: a/ MDG Database, taken from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), accessed on January
2011.
c/ ESCWA Calculation.
Note: Emission of Carbon Dioxide is one of the indicators of target 7A of Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals on
Ensuring Environmental Sustainability.
85
Table IV.2
Emissions of Carbon Dioxide Per Capita (Tons/capita)
( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
ESCWA average
GCC average
14B
2000
31.0
2.1
3.1
3.2
36.6
4.1
9.7
0.2
58.8
14.9
0.2
4.0
41.8
0.8
4.5
2003
27.2
1.8
3.2
3.4
34.4
4.8
13.7
0.4
46.8
14.5
0.2
4.0
31.3
0.9
4.3
2004
26.9
2.0
3.4
3.7
37.1
4.2
13.0
0.5
56.3
14.9
0.3
4.0
30.9
0.9
4.6
2005
27.2
2.2
3.5
4.0
39.7
4.3
14.1
0.8
69.2
15.4
0.3
3.9
28.4
1.0
4.8
2006
26.2
2.0
3.7
3.8
36.7
3.7
15.9
0.6
50.6
15.5
0.3
3.4
26.0
1.0
4.7
2007
24.3
2.0
3.5
3.8
35.2
3.2
14.6
0.6
53.5
15.8
0.3
3.6
25.1
1.0
4.8
19.6
2000/07
per cent
change

-21.6
-4.2
10.7
17.8
-3.9
-21.3
49.6
149.6
-8.9
6.2

76.3
-8.7

-40.0

21.3
6.0

Source: ESCWA calculations, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
and the CO2 Emissions are based on the CO2 emissions figures from the MDG database.
Note: Emission of Carbon Dioxide Per Capita is one of the indicators of target 7A of Goal 7 of the Millennium
Development Goals on Ensuring Environmental Sustainability.
86
F igur e I V .2
E mission of C ar bon Dioxide per C apita in the E SC W A R egion
F igur e I V .3
T otal E SC W A C O 2 E missions and Per centage of W or ld E missions
Note: Left axis represents the ESCWA CO2 Emissions and the right axis represents ESCWAs percentage of CO2 emissions
out of the world.
87
Table IV.3
Number of Motorized Vehicles in the ESCWA Region (1,000 cars)
( )
2006
Bahraina/
Egyptb/
Iraqc/, 1
Jordand/
Palestine
The Syrian Arab
Republic3
The United Arab
Emiratesi/
Yemen4
15B
3,891.8
36.7
116.6e/
2007
345.4
4,183.0
44.8
841.9
77.6e/, 2
1,068.1g/
1,118
572.2j/
2008
2009
4,616.6
905.6
96.7e/, 2
5,073.5
994.8
123.6f/, 2
1,217.7g/
1,383g/
1,578.8h/
622.2k/
670.3l/
713.2l/
Sources: a/ State of the Environment in the Kingdom of Bahrain, 2009.

c/ Environmental Statistics in Iraq Report 2009, COSIT, 2010.
d/ Jordan in Figures 2009. DOS, September 2010.
e/ Palestine in Figures 2009. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 2010.
f/ Palestine in Figures 2010. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, May 2011.
g/ Syria Statistical Abstract for 2009, Central Bureau of Statistics, No. 62.
h/ Syria Statistical Abstract for 2010, Central Bureau of Statistics, No. 63.
i/ UAE in Figures 2009, National Bureau of Statistics.
j/ Yemen Statistical Yearbook 2008, Central Statistical Organization, July 2009.
k/ Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
l/ Yemen in Figures 2009, Central Statistical Organization, 2010.
Notes: 1.
2.
3.
4.
Except Kurdistan Region.

Data do not include Gaza Strip.
Excluding Other various vehicles.
Excluding all vehicles before the year 1996.
88
Table IV.4
Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Egypt
2001
Cost of Environmental
Degradation of Air (000 US
Dollars)a/
City Nameb
Annual Mean Concentrations
of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in
Ambient Air in Urban City
(g/m3)
of Lead (Pb) in Ambient Air
in Urban City (g/m3)
of Suspended Particulate
Matter (<10 m) (SPM10) in
(g/m3)*
City Nameb/
of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in
(g/m3)
of Lead (Pb) in Ambient Air
in Urban City (g/m3)
of Suspended Particulate
Matter (<10 m) (SPM10) in
(g/m3)*
8,856,000
2006
2007
2008
11,881,000
12,721,000
Alexandria
17.31
20.94
16.75
17.3
0.199
0.085
0.087
0.13

( SO2)

18.9
29.3
21.06
11.05
0.541
0.128
0.118
0.13

( SO2)

545.27
257.61
284.99
346.35
Greater Cairo
348.7
466.45
582.38
295.95
Sources: a/ Egypt in Figures 2010

b/ Egypt Annual Statistical Abstract 2010, CAPMAS.
*
CAPMAS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
Table IV.5
Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Iraq
Annual Mean Concentrations of Sulfur

Dioxide (SO2) in Ambient Air in Urban City
(ppm)
Annual Mean Concentrations of Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM) in Ambient Air in
Urban City (g/m3)*
2005
2006
2007
2008
0.033
0.033
0.039
0.033

( SO2)
988.4
558.4
550
786
Source: Environment and Sustainable Development Indicators of Priority in Iraq, COSIT, September 2010.
Note:
Urban City is Baghdad.
89
Table IV.6
Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Kuwait

2007
Name of Site
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxide (NO)
(ppb)
Annual Mean Concentrations of
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in Ambient
Air in Urban City (ppb)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in Ambient Air
in Urban City (ppb)
Emissions of Methane (CH4) (ppm)
Emissions of Carbone Dioxide (CO2)
in Ambient Air in Urban City (ppm)
Emissions of Ozone (O3) (ppm)
Annual Mean Concentration of
Carbon Monoxide (CO) in Ambient
Air in Urban City (ppm)
Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10)
in Ambient Air in Urban City
(g/m3)
2008
2009

Al-Mansouria

( NO2)

( SO2)

24
21
19
24
28
31
1.831
1.82
1.69
352.45
349.29
26
22
21
0.942
0.64
0.64
(O3)

( CO)

218.6
168.79
Source: Annual Statistical Abstract 2009, Edition 46, State of Kuwait, December 2010.
90
(CH4)

( CO2)

Table IV.7
Ozone-Depleting Substances Consumption (ODP tons)
( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab
Republic
The United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Total
ESCWA
average
16B
2005
86
1,349
201
374
355
74
52
2006
61
1,092
1,581
150
393
290
58
46
2007
43
861
1,836
120
428
112
30
37
2008
51
726
1,752
92
409
58
33
44
2009
790
98
426
43
80
1,145
187
1,613
122
1,616
71
1,644
92
1,649
73
1,100
711
372
290
659
818
541
535
513
428
561
431
6,400
7,193
6,467
6,183
533
553
497
476
...
Source: Ozone Secretariat website, the Data Access Center, accessed on 04 January 2011.
Note: Consumption of Ozone-Depleting is one of the indicators of target 7.A of Goal 7 of the Millennium Development
Goals on Ensuring Environmental Sustainability.
91
Table IV.8
CFC Consumption (ODP tons) in the ESCWA regiona/
) (
Bahrain
Egyptb/
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab
Republic
The United
Arab
Emirates
Yemenc/
ESCWA*
World*
Share of
ESCWA
out of
World
2005
59
227
60
153
287
54
37
2006
32
355
1,414
22
107
224
26
31
2007
15
127
1,686
24
68
75
10
13
2008
12
64
1,597
6
33
34
9
5
2009
60
28
1
-
Share of
ESCWA
total
(per cent)

2008
0.5
2.4
60.6
0.2
1.3
1.3
0.3
0.2
879
185
850
120
658
61
365
45
190
21
13.8
1.7
5.1
0.6
-48
-53
870
541
282
166
6.3
2.3
265
717
3,793
45,429
132
403
4,257
37,634
79
271
3,369
16,277
53
253
2,642
7,123
133
2.0
9.6
100
-
0.7
3.6
37.0
100
11
21
37
Share of
world total
(per cent)

2008
0.2
0.9
22.4
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
Per cent
change
2008/09
-6
-15
-84
-100
Source: a/ Ozone Secretariat website, the Data Access Center, accessed on 04 January 2011.
c/ Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
Note:
ESCWA calculation.
92
T able I V .9
H C F C C onsumption (ODP tons) in the E SC W A r egion
) (
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar*
Saudi
Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab
Republic
The United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA**
World**
ESCWA
Share of
World
Share of
world
total
(per cent)
2008
0.10
0.86
0.26
0.14
0.92
0.06
0.06
0.36
Per cent
change
2008/20
09
13
20
6
68
28.9
2005
27
174
28
221
19
20
-
2006
29
256
96
47
286
21
32
-
2007
29
433
109
56
360
20
20
35
2008
39
352
107
59
376
24
25
149
2009
397
71
398
42
192
Share of
ESCWA
total

2008
1.3
11.3
3.4
1.9
12.1
0.8
0.8
4.8
239
736
897
9
1,175
45
1,362
51
37.9
1.4
2.86
0.11
16
13
60
49
45
97
3.1
0.24
370
70
1,228
31,927
397
103
2,052
37,323
426
122
2,561
41,836
503
153
3,104
41,013
16.2
4.9
100
-
1.23
0.37
7.57
100
Source: Ozone Secretariat website, the Data Access Center, accessed on 04 January 2011.
*
Qatar Statistics Authority reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
Note:
**
ESCWA Calculation.
93
Table IV.10
Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Yemen
Consumption of ozone-depleting
CFC-11 (metric tons per year)
CFC-12 (metric tons per year)
Halon-1211 (metric tons per year)
Halon-1301 (metric tons per year)
HCFC-22 (metric tons per year)
2005
2006
2007
2008
58.0
51.8
50.9
40.0
643.3
330.4
215.2
200.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
1,264.0
1,853.0
2,211.8
2,761.0
Source: Yemen Statistical Yearbook 2009.
94
11-
( )
12-
( )
1211-
()
1301-
()
22-
( )
F igur e I V .4
ODS Consumption in the ESCWA Region in ODP Tons
( )
Figure IV.5
Total ODS Consumption
Note: The left axis represents the ESCWA ODS Consumption and the right axis represents the total world ODS
consumption.
95
C H A PT E R V . ENERGY CONSUMPTION
-
1.
In 2009, oil consumption per capita in the ESCWA region varied between 108 kg of oil equivalent
in the Sudan and 7,885 in Kuwait, while the ESCWA average was 1,175 kg of oil equivalent.
2.
Natural gas consumption per capita ranged between 133 kg of oil equivalent in the Syrian Arab
Republic and 43.6 tons of oil equivalent (TOE) in Saudi Arabia with ESCWA average consumption
per capita at 1,254 kg of oil equivalent in 2009.
3.
Electricity consumption per capita was 119 kwh in the Sudan, 17,610 kwh in Kuwait and 2,274 kwh
as the average consumption per capita in the ESCWA region in 2009.
4.
In 2009, energy consumption per capita varied between 127 kg of oil equivalent in the Sudan and
18.4 TOE in Qatar, with an average consumption of 2.1 TOE in the ESCWA region.
5.
The average energy efficiency in ESCWA is 220 kg oil equivalent per US$1,000 PPP.
6.
In 2007, energy efficiency in the GCC region was 275 kg oil equivalent per US$1,000 PPP,
compared to 185 kg oil equivalent per US$1,000 PPP in for ESCWA member countries.

885 108 2009
-1
. 1 175 7
133 2009
-2
43.6
. 1 254
17 610 199 2009
-3
. 2 274
18.4 127 2009
-4
. 2.1
1 000 220
-5
.
275 2007
-6
. 1 000 185
96
Overview of the energy sector in the ESCWA

region
In 2009, the ESCWA region was endowed

2009

with 627,726 million barrels of oil, representing
47 627 726
approximately 47 per cent of the world oil 48 790
resources and 48,790 billion cubic meters of natural 26
gas resources representing 26 per cent of the world
.(V.1 ( )20)
natural gas resources 20 (table V.1). In some areas,

however, the population still has no access to
.
electricity, and relies on non-commercial fuels to
meet energy needs.
6F
The sustainable production and consumption

of oil and natural gas are required to ensure a
.
longer lifespan of existing resources. Reserve life- 16 7
time varies between 7 years in Bahrain, 16 years in 127
Egypt, and 127 years in Iraq considering that the
)2009

yearly production quantity remains the same as the
.(V.1
2009 production (table V.1). The lifespan of natural
gas reserves varied between 7 years in Bahrain, 284 2 757 284
.(V.1 )
years in Qatar and 2,757 years in Iraq (table V.1).

)
(

.

.
Energy consumption in the region is driven

mainly by accelerated economic growth and
extreme climatic conditions (high temperatures and
aridity), which requires intensive use of air
conditioning and energy-rich processes for
desalination. As a result, and mainly in the Gulf
region, the highest per capita commercial energy
consumption in the world is observed accompanied
by a rise in GHG emissions.
Oil consumption was estimated at 296 296 2009

million TOE in 2009 compared to 278 million TOE
278
in 2008. It varied greatly in 2009 between ESCWA
.2008
member countries, from 2.2 million TOE in 2.2 2009
Bahrain to 119 million TOE in Saudi Arabia
119
(table V.2).
.(V.2 )
The highest per capita oil consumption in the
ESCWA region is reported in Kuwait, Qatar and
Saudi Arabia at 7,885; 6,514 and 4,856 kg of oil
equivalent respectively in 2009. On the other hand,
the lowest per capita oil consumption was in the
Sudan, Palestine and Yemen at 108, 126 and 344 kg
of oil equivalent respectively. As for the ESCWA
region, the consumption per capita was 1,175 kg of
oil equivalent in 2009 compared to 1,133 kg of oil
equivalent in 2008 (table V.2).

7 885
6 514
.2009 4 856

108
. 344 126

2009 1 175
.(V.2 )2008 1 133

In 2009, natural gas consumption in the

20
ESCWA, Statistical abstract of the ESCWA region, Issue 30 (2011).
97
ESCWA region ranged between 3.1 and 69.7 69.7 3.1 2009
million TOE in Jordan and Saudi Arabia

respectively, while the total consumption for the 228.6
ESCWA region was 228.6 million TOE.
.
Box V.1 Iraq and Electricity
V.1
The majority of power plants in Iraq were

built between the mid seventies and eighties, with
a few small gas-fired plants commissioned in
2003. The majority of the existing power plants
are thermal plants that use crude oil supported by
gas-fired and hydro plants.

.2003

.
As of April 2010, the output of the

electricity sector in Iraq averages less than 8,000
MW, while the demand is typically more than
14,000 MW.

2010
/
8 000
. 14 000

In 2006, the average peak electricity

supply was 4,280 MW falling short of demand
averaged 8,180 MW by about 3,950 MW.
2006

180 4 280
. 3 950 8
In the last decade, two trends for the

production of electricity as a percentage of the
demand can be found, the first is ascending (20002002) from 73 per cent to 84 per cent, the second
is descending (2002-2010) from 84 per cent to 68
per cent with a minimum of 52 per cent in 2007.

84 73 ( 2002-2000)
68 84 ( 2010-2002 )
.2007 52
____________
_______________
Source: Iraqi Ministry of Electricity (ESCWA
calculations)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_
sector_in_Iraq.
( ) :
. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Iraq
The highest per capita natural gas

consumption in 2009 was 43.6 tons of oil 43.6 2009
equivalent in Saudi Arabia while the lowest

consumption was 133 kg of oil equivalent in the . 133
Syrian Arab Republic. The per capita average in
1 271
the ESCWA region slightly decreased from 1,271
2009 1 254 2008
kg of oil equivalent in 2008 to 1,254 kg of oil
.(V.3 )
equivalent in 2009 (table V.3).
Electricity consumption increased in the

ESCWA region from 541.2 thousand Gwh in 2008 573.8 2008 541.2
to 573.8 thousand Gwh in 2009. The highest
.2009
consumption was found in Saudi Arabia at 193.5 193.5
thousand Gwh while the lowest consumption was in
3.5

Palestine at 3.5 thousand Gwh in 2009. The per
.2009
capita electricity consumption increased by 3.2 per
2008

cent between 2008 and 2009 in the ESCWA region
from 2,203 Kwh to 2,274 Kwh with the lowest 2 203 3.2 2009
consumption being reported in the Sudan at 119 119 2 274
98
.(V.4 )2009
kwh per capita for 2009 (table V.4).
2003

68 2002 84
.(V.1 )2010
After 2003 war in Iraq, the production of

electricity decreased from 84 per cent in 2002 to 68
per cent in 2010 (box V.1).
Energy consumption in the ESCWA region is

following an increasing trend, such is the world. .
Total energy consumption in the ESCWA region
511.4
increased from 511.4 million TOE in 2008 to 532.5 .2009 532.5 2008
million TOE in 2009. As well, the average
2.08
ESCWA per capita consumption increased from
2.11 2008
2.08 tons of oil equivalent in 2008 to 2.11 tons of
.2009
oil equivalent in 2009. The lowest energy
.(V.5 )2009 127
consumption was observed at 127 kg of oil
equivalent in the Sudan for 2009 (table V.5).
Primary energy consumption in the countries
of the GCC region was estimated at 364.6 million
tons of oil equivalent for the year of 2009, which
represented 3 per cent of the total world energy
consumption. Similarly, commercial energy used
per US$1,000 of GDP 21 was relatively high in those
countries, reaching 275 kg of oil equivalent per
US$1,000 PPP in 2007, which is 1.5 times higher
than the average energy use in the remaining
ESCWA member countries, excluding Iraq and
Palestine. In 2007, the region overall average
energy efficiency amounted to 230 kg of oil
equivalent per US$1,000 PPP, with an average
annual decrease of 1.9 per cent since 2004. The
rise in energy efficiency was observed in Bahrain,
Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia and Yemen (table V.6).
7F

364.6

2009

. 3
1 000
275 ( 21)
1 000
2007
.
230 2007
1 000

.2004 1.9

.(V.6 )
21
Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per US$1,000 GDP (PPP) is commercial energy use measured in units of oil equivalent
per US$1,000 of GDP converted from national currencies using purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors.
99
Table V.1
Oil and Natural Gas Reserve, Production and Lifespan 2009
2009
Oil
Natural gas
Production
(billion
cubic
meters)
Reserve
life
(years)
Reserve
(million
barrels)
Production
(000 b/d)
Reserve
life (years)
Reserve
(billion
cubic
meters)
)
(
125a/
4,400b/
115,000b/
1
101,500b/
5,600b/
26,800b/
)
(/
48.56a/
742a/
2,482
0.02
2,481c/
810d/
1,345c/
()
7
16
127
137
112
19
55
)
(
90b/
2,190b/
3,170b/
6
1,780b/
980b/
25,370b/
)
(
12.80b/
62.70b/
1.15f/
0.22
12.50b/
24.80b/
89.30b/
()
7
35
2,757
27
142
40
284
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab Republic
The United
Arab Emirates
Yemen
264,600b/
6,700b/
9,713c/
490
75
37
7,920b/
84a/
77.50b/
102
2,500b/
376d/
18
280b/
5.80b/
48
97,800b/
2,700/
2,599c/
274h/
103
27
6,430b/
490b/
48.80b/
132
ESCWA
627,726
21,361
48,790
335.6
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Sources: a/ Energy Information Administration, 2010.

b/ BP Statistical Review 2010.
c/ BP Statistical Review 2010 and OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report August 2010.
d/ BP Statistical Review 2010 and Annual statistical bulletin 2009 OPEC.
e/ Energy Information Administration, 2010 and Oil and Gas Journal.
f/ Annual statistical bulletin 2009 OPEC.
g/ OAPEC Annual Statistical Report 2010.
h/ Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
Note: Reserve life is calculated by dividing the reserve over production.
100
Table V.2
Total Oil Consumption and per capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region
Oil consumption per capita

(kg of oil equivalent)b/

()
2008
2009
2,082
1,916
441
450
1,022
1,031
809
793
7,231
7,885
1,111
1,163
1,926
2,112
97
126
7,063
6,514
Oil consumption (000 TOE)a/
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestinec/
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
( )
2008
2009
2,191
2,241
34,511
35,856
30,478
31,673
4,731
4,781
18,426
20,866
4,631
4,880
5,080
5,727
372
497
9,860
10,408
119,022
4,283
130,177
4,582
4,549
103
4,856
108
13,695
14,093
695
703
23,655
7,420
278,355
22,659
8,018
296,458
3,811
328
1,133
3,266
344
1,175
3B
Sources: a/ BP Statistical Review 2010 and OAPEC Annual Statistical Report 2010.
b/ ESCWA Calculation, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.
c/ PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
101
Table V.3
Total Natural Gas Consumption and per capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region

Natural gas consumption
(000 TOE)a/

()
2008
2009
12,775
13,286
36,800
38,300
8,278
9,045
2,795
3,066
11,500
12,100
5,263
5,263
18,200
19,000
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab Republic
The United
Arab Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA*
Natural gas consumption per

capita (kg of oil equivalent)b/

()
2008
2009
12,139
11,360
470
480
278
294
478
509
4,513
4,572
1,996
1,941
13,037
11,892
72,400
69,700
51,860
43,623
4,083
5,652
99
133
53,500
225,594
53,200
228,612
2,717
1,271
2,653
1,254
4B
Sources: a/ BP Statistical Review 2010 and OAPEC Annual Statistical Report 2010.
b/ ESCWA Calculation, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.
Note:
Excluding Lebanon, The Sudan and Yemen.
102
Table V.4
Total Electricity Consumption and per capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region

Electricity consumption
(Gwh)

()
2008
2009
9,719a/
10,180b/
106,595a/
111,714b/
a/
19,595
26,121b/
a/
11,509
11,956c/
a/
45,233
46,601b/
d/
10,624
10,815d/
a/
12,850
14,483e/
3,054
3,516
18,387a/
21,768b/
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestinef/
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab Republic
The United
Arab Emirates
Yemenh/
ESCWA
Electricity consumption per capita

(Kwh)

()
2008i/
2009i/
9,235
8,704
1,361
1,401
657
850
1,968
1,984
17,750
17,610
2,550
2,577
4,873
5,340
798
798
13,171
13,624
181,098a/
4,286a/
193,472b/
5,045b/
6,921
103
7,217
119
27,528a/
27,184b/
1,398
1,356
86,260a/
4,497
541,235
86,260g/
4,644
573,759
13,898
199
2,203
12,432
199
2,274
5B
Sources: a/ Arab Union of Electricity, Statistical Bulletin 2008, Issue 17.

b/ Arab Union of Electricity, Statistical Bulletin 2009, Issue 18.
c/ Ministry of Energy and Water Resources.
d/ EDL, Annual report 2009.
e/ Authority for Electricity regulation, annual report 2009.
f/ PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
g/ Figure of the year 2009 assumed to be the same as 2008.
h/ Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
i/ ESCWA Calculation, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.
103
Table V.5
Total Energy Consumption and per capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Energy consumption
(000 TOE)

()
2008
2009
14,966
15,527
76,322
78,864
39,612
41,510
7,541
7,861
29,926
32,966
4,725
5,037
10,343
10,990
811
982
28,060
29,408
Energy consumption per capita

(kg of oil equivalent)

()
2008
2009
14,221
13,276
974
989
1,328
1,351
1,289
1,305
11,743
12,457
1,134
1,200
3,922
4,052
212
249
20,099
18,406
191,422
4,643
199,877
5,376
7,315
112
7,456
127
18,484
20,218
939
1,008
77,155
7,420
511,430
75,859
8,018
532,493
12,431
328
2,081
10,933
344
2,110
6B
Source: ESCWA calculation, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.
104
Table V.6
Energy Efficiency (kg oil equivalent) per US$1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP)1, a/
( )
(2005 )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestineb/
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA
Averagec/
GCC Averaged/
2004
3691, a/
1751, a/
...
2851, a/
2491, a/
1371, a/
2271, a/
199
3121, a/
2801, a/
2671, a/
2005
3691, a/
1831, a/
...
2831, a/
2491, a/
1401, a/
2511, a/
185
2911, a/
2831, a/
2491, a/
2006
3821, a/
1791, a/
...
2691, a/
2131, a/
1191, a/
2741, a/
185
2911, a/
2871, a/
2191, a/
2007
3731, a/
1761, a/
...
2601, a/
2081, a/
951, a/
2651, a/
188
2911, a/
2881, a/
1931, a/
Average
annual change
(per cent)
2004-2007
0.4
0.2
-3
-5.6
-11
5.5
-5.5
-2.2
0.9
-10.2
2471, a/
2311, a/
2341, a/
2371, a/
-1.3
2281, a/
1411, a/
2151, a/
1421, a/
2071, a/
1441, a/
2221, a/
1471, a/
-0.7
1.4
240
236
231
226
-1.9
278
276
276
275
-0.4
Sources: a/ MDG Database 2010.

b/ PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
c/ ESCWA calculation, excluding Iraq.
d/ ESCWA calculation.
Note: 1. Energy Intensity is the indicator of target 7A of Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals on Ensuring
Environmental Sustainability.
105
C H A PT E R V I . W A ST E M A NA G E M E NT
-
1.
In four years, the Sudan doubled the municipal waste collection from 573 thousand tons in 2005 to
1,355 thousand tons in 2009.
2.
Total waste generation decreased in Kuwait and Qatar over the years, while the average in Palestine
doubled and in Yemen was multiplied by 2.7 between 2005 and 2009.
3.
The majority of solid waste is landfilled in ESCWA member countries.
4.
Most of the hazardous waste in ESCWA member countries is not managed.

1 355 2005 573
2.7
-1
.2009
-2
.2009 2005
.
.
-3
-4
106
Over view of W aste M anagement in the E SC W A

R egion
To date, open dump sites are most widely
used as a waste management option in most of
ESCWA member countries. Since this method of
waste management is not considered environmental
friendly and is very harmful to the environment,
several countries, depending on their financial
means and government priorities, are shifting
towards composting, recycling and reusing solid
waste.

.

.

.

.
Several solid waste treatment plants have

been planned for, are under construction, or are
already operational to handle the municipal waste in
ESCWA countries. Yet, the solid waste disposal
method has not yet emerged as a critical issue for
countries to take drastic measures to solve this
environmental problem.
Although waste management is a major
problem in most ESCWA countries, and the
statistics on waste management are considered of
priority by ministries of environment and statistical
offices, waste data are still scarce and unreliable. In
many cases, waste data are estimated or data are
compiled for certain cities and territories and do not
represent the entire country.

.

.
Some of ESCWA member countries have

published data on solid waste generation and
collection (table VI.1), on the management of
municipal waste, i.e. disposal method, recycling,
composting, etc., (table VI.2) and the total waste
generation at the country level (table VI.3). The
years covered represent years where data are
available, which explains the inconsistency in the
years of data representation.

(VI.1
)

( VI.2 ).
.(VI.3 )

.
Available data on hazardous waste in

ESCWA countries cover Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine, Qatar and the United
Arab Emirates but for different years, therefore the
regional estimate cannot be calculated. Tables VI.4
and VI.5 show hazardous waste generation,
management and methods of disposal for available
years.

.
VI.5 VI.4
.
ESCWA countries are becoming more aware

of the problems that can be caused by the

mismanagement of solid waste such as the pollution .
of underground water and soil, and coastal and

terrestrial ecosystems. Related health problems

caused by open municipal waste dumps and loss of

biodiversity are highly costly at the economic and
107
social levels in addition to

the cost of
environmental degradation of water resources, land
degradation and air pollution, as well as the
pollution of the coastal zone and global environment
(Figure VI.1) 22. Estimated macro-economic damage
costs and resource inefficiencies in the MENA
countries remain substantial and range between 4
and 6 per cent of GDP. Estimated meso-economic
damage costs and resource inefficiencies in
industrial sectors and urban communities can reach
20 per cent of value added, constituting more than
half of that total cost. 23
8F

.(22)(VI.1 )

. 6 4

20
.(23)
9F
(*)
Box VI.1 Action Plan for Lebanon*
VI.1
Due to the lack of political will and the

unclear plan of the Lebanese government towards
protecting the environment, and more specifically,
solving the 25 year old issue of municipal solid
waste, US$1 billion has been estimated as the cost
of environment degradation and damage while 670
illegal open dumps have been created over the past
15 to 20 years.

25
670 .
. 20-15
Among these 670 dumps, 166 sites are for

construction and demolition waste, while the other
504 sites are used for household solid waste. The
largest open dump in Lebanon is the Sidon site
which includes around 1.2 million cubic meters of
waste.
166

504

.
1.2
.
An action plan has been prepared to be

submitted to the council of ministers for approval.
It includes the management of the biggest 20 opendump sites, which account for 70 percent of
household waste, for the cost of around US$34
million; as well as 75 percent of construction and
demolition waste for the cost of US$5.6 million.
The rehabilitation and/or closure of all illegal
dumps in Lebanon will be at the cost of US$51.7
million.

20
70
75 34
. 5.6
/
. 51.7
____________
_______________
)*(

/
. 2011
ELARD, Provision of Consultancy Services for

the Preparation of a Master Plan for The Closure and
Rehabilitation of Uncontrolled Dumps Throughout the
Country of Lebanon, May 2011, Beirut, Lebanon.
22
Environmental Degradation, Remedial and Averted Cost (EDRAC). In: EGM On Environmental Economic Accounting,
ESCWA Region, MNSSD, The World Bank-METAP. Fadi Doumani. Beirut October 15, 2009.
23
Meso Environment-Economic Analyses Methodology and Main Results Industry and Urban Communities in Arab
Countries. Pillet, G., Maradan, D., Mayor, K. Stephani, E. and Zein, K. JEL: q5 environmental economics, q51, q53 and q24, q25,
q26.
108
T able V I .1
M unicipal W aste G ener ated and C ollected (thousand tons)
( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian
Arab
Republic
The United
Arab
Emirates
Yemen
Municipal waste generated

2005
2007
2008
2009
15,500a/
...
5,446b/, 1
...
2,359c/
...
3,864c/
1,922c/
837d/
1,001d/
1,310d/
1,153d/
...
...
996d/
...
1,045d/
848d/
...
715d/
743d/
782d/
2005
5,446d/, 4
2,359c/
1,060d/
1,474d/, 5
Municipal waste collected

2007
2008
2009
29,306d/
3,864c/
1,922c/
1,560d/
2,175d/
1,723d/
1,720d/
719d/
745d/
789d/
...
...
573d/, 6
866d/, 6
967d/, 6
1,355d/, 6
...
1,273d/, 2
...
1,447d/, 2
3,422d/, 3
3,525d/, 3
1,273d/, 2
1,447d/, 2
1,369d/, 2
10,875d/, 7
1,410d/, 2
Sources: a/ Environment Statistical Report 2007, CAPMAS, August 2009.

b/ Iraq Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology (COSIT) Environment Questionnaire 2006.
c/ DOS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
d/ UNSD/UNEP Environment Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
Notes: 1. Data include waste, demolitions and scrab collected by Municipalities except in governorates of Irbil and Dhook.
2. Data refer to household waste that is collected from centres (capitals) of governorate only (does not include rural
areas, nor other directorates, nor other areas in the governorates). It is waste that is collected from houses, commercial shops and
street cleaning. It is collected through municipal official cars and deported to official landfills in governorates to be buried there.
3. Municipal waste data from households include a total of garbage generated in the urban and rural areas of the
country, and is calculated by estimating the amount of waste for each of the urban and rural population by calculating the average
daily intake per capita. It is estimated at 0.60 kg/person per day in urban areas and 0.35 kg/person per day in rural areas. These
calculations are based on the study from the Yemeni German waste management project (GTZ) of the Ministry of Local
Administration.
4. According to the Environmental Survey for Iraq for 2005 (water, wastewater, municipal services).
5. Report by Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) 2004.
6. Data include only Khartoum state. Khartoum state cleaning project commenced work in 2002.
7. Data are compiled from the following sources: Waste Management Centre in Abu Dhabi, Dubai Municipality,
Sharjah Municipality, Municipality of Umm Al Quwain, Ajman Municipality, Fujairah Municipality and Works of Ras Al Khaimah.
109
Table VI. 2
Municipal Waste Management (thousand tons)
( )
Municipal solid waste

composted

2007
2008
2009
1,850
(2003)
0
0
0
202
(2004)
241
47
47
47
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen

incinerated

2005
2008
2009
670

landfilled

2007
2008
2009

recycled

2004
2008
2009
3,103
(2003)
0
0
0
2,641*
2,175
1,083*
1,723
1,560
1,123
(2004)
672
698
1,341
742
111
Municipal solid waste disposed

in other methods

2004
2005
2009
2,146
1,164*
838*
133
1,447
1,369
1,410
Sources: UNSD/UNEP Environment Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.

*
DOS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
110
T able V I .3
T otal W aste G ener ation (thousand tons)
( )
2005
183,000a/, 1
5,446b/, 3
6,093b/, 5
996b/, 6
2007
50,859b/, 2
8,160b/, 5
3,103b/
2008
6,596b/, 5
1,913b/
2,879b/
2009
49c/, 4
5,330b/, 5
1,785b/
3,007b/
3,183d/
3,618d/
3,422b/, 8
32,735b/, 7
3,525b/, 8
7B
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
8B
9B
10B
Sources: a/ Environment Statistical Report 2007, CAPMAS, August 2009.

b/ UNSD/UNEP Environment Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
c/ Environmental Statistics in Iraq Report 2009, COSIT, 2010.
d/ Central Statistical Organization reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment
Notes: 1. Includes waste generated from hospitals for the amount of 110,000 thousand tons.
2. Waste generated from agriculture, forestry and fishing, manufacturing industries and other activities only.
Calculated by ESCWA.
3. According to the Environmental Survey for Iraq for 2005 (water, wastewater, municipal services).
4. Waste generated from manufacturing industries only. Calculated by ESCWA.
5. Waste generated from agriculture, forestry and fishing, construction and municipal waste only. Calculated by
ESCWA.
6. Waste generated from municipal waste only. Calculated by ESCWA.
7. Data are compiled from the following sources: Waste Management Centre in Abu Dhabi, Dubai Municipality,
Sharjah Municipality, and Works of Ras Al Khaimah.
8. Waste generated from Municipal Waste only. Calculated by ESCWA. Municipal waste data from households
include a total of garbage generated in the urban and rural areas of the country, and is calculated by estimating the amount of waste
for each of the urban and rural population by calculating the average daily intake per capita. It is estimated at 0.60 kg/person per day
in urban areas and 0.35 kg/person per day in rural areas. These calculations are based on the study from the Yemeni German waste
management project (GTZ) of the Ministry of Local Administration.
111
T able V I .4
Hazardous Waste (tons)
( )
Hazardous waste generated (tons)

( )
2007
2008
2009
Bahrain
35,008a/
b/
Egypt
692,000
c/, 1
Iraq
2,338
373d/, 2
Jordane/
224,437 1,293,8043 108,403
Kuwait
...
Lebanon
...
Oman
...
Palestine
4,548c/
11,886c/
14,423c/
Qatar
7,224c/
11,898c/
Saudi Arabia
...
The Sudan
...
The Syrian Arab

Republic
...
The United Arab

Emirates
...
272,855c/
Yemen
...
Hazardous waste managed (tons)

( )
2007
2008
2009
...
...
...
...
...
...
224,437 1,293,804
108,403
60,000c/
...
...
...
...
4,548a/
11,886c/
14,423c/
7,224c/
11,098c/
...
...

...
...

...
...
...
...
...
1B
Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP questionnaire on environment statistics 2008.

b/ Egypt State of the Environment Report 2008, June 2009.
c/ UNSD/UNEP Environment Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
d/ Environmental Statistics in Iraq Report 2009, COSIT, 2010.
e/ DOS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
Note: 1. Results of the Environment Survey for medical services activities in Iraq for 2008.
2. Refer to manufacturing hazardous waste generation only.
3. Waste is generated from manufacturing of chemicals, rubber and plastic industrial activities which was called
hazardous industrials activities which means that not all the waste is hazardous (DOS comment).
112
Table VI.5
Hazardous Waste Management (tons)
( )
Bahrain
Hazardous Waste Exported
Hazardous Waste Incinerated
Hazardous Waste Landfilled

2006
2007
2008

2006
2007
2008

2006
2007
2008
2009
25
(2004)
Jordan
Hazardous Waste Recycled

2003
2005
2008
Hazardous waste going to other

treatment option

2003
2004
2008
0 (2004)
384 (2004)
0 (2004)
383
40,245
17,152
32,819
33,048
1,276,238
28,760
22,048
12,480
12,48
0
32
Kuwait
17,30
1
6,720
8,040
20,000
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Egypt
Iraq
Qatar
29,687
4,548
11,886
14,423
800
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
The Syrian Arab
Republic
The United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
Source: UNSD/UNEP Environment Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2010.
113
F igur e V I .1
A ver age A nnual C OE D (per centage of G DP)
( )
MENA Country COED (% of GDP)
6
Global Environment
Waste Management
CZ Degradation
Land Degradation
(% of GDP)
Water and Sanitation

Air Pollution
3
2
1
Algeria
Egypt
Lebanon
Morocco
Country
114
Syria
Tunisia
C H A PT E R V I I . M I L L E NNI UM DE V E L OPM E NT G OA L 7:
E NSUR I NG E NV I R ONM E NT A L SUST A I NA B I L I T Y
: 7 -
1.
74 per cent of the population in the ESCWA region had access to safe water in 2008 compared to
84 per cent in 2000.
2.
93 per cent of the population in the GCC region had access to safe water in 2000.
3.
Urban access to safe drinking water in the ESCWA region was estimated at 91 per cent in 1990 and
93 per cent in 2005.
4.
Rural access to safe drinking water in the ESCWA region was estimated at 74 per cent and
72 per cent in 2000 and 2005 respectively.
5.
63 per cent of the population in the ESCWA region had access to improved sanitation in 2000.
6.
Constant percentages were recorded in the GCC urban areas for access to improved sanitation from
1990 till 2008.
7.
55 per cent of the rural population in the ESCWA region had access to improved sanitation in 2000
compared to 87 per cent of the urban population.
8.
Over 60 per cent of the rural population in the Sudan and Yemen lacked access to improved
sanitation in 2008.

74
.2000 84
-1
. 2000 93
-2
1990 91
.2005 93
-3

.2005 72
-4
.2000 63

.2008 1990
-5
2000 55
. 87
-7
60 2008
.
-8
2008
2000 74
115
-6
Overview of Goal 7 of the Millennium

Development Goals
Since the launch of the Millennium
Declaration in September 2000, during a worldwide
meeting that brought together all countries
represented in the General Assembly, reports on the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are
published annually to monitor the progress made in
achieving the goals.
The first report, Implementation of the
United Nations Millennium Declaration- Report of
the Secretary General, published in 2002,
highlighted the major events and activities
undertaken, on a yearly basis, to achieve the set
goals, and included a statistical annex on the set
indicators. As of 2005, the report became a
statistical report, including statistical tables, charts
and analysis data tackling the major events and
activities for the achievement of the goals. 27

2000 /

.
"
2002
"

2005 .

(27)
.
10F
At the regional level, three MDGs in the

Arab Region reports have been published in 2005, 2005
2007 and 2010 under the leadership of ESCWA in
2010 2007
coordination with United Nations regional offices
.(28)
and the League of Arab States. 28
1F
At the country level, all ESCWA countries

have published at least one report on the progress
made in the achievement of the MDGs.
Goal 7 of the MDGs addresses the issue of

7
ensuring environmental sustainability and sets
.
several targets. This chapter addresses the Goal 7 7

indicators related to the access to safe drinking

water and sanitation in the ESCWA region.
Access to Safe Drinking Water

)
(

.
In the ESCWA region, data extending from
1990 till 2008 are available. At the national level, .2008 1990
disaggregated data are not available for rural areas VII.2 VII.1
)
(tables VII.1, VII.2 and VII.3).
.(VII.3
Data availability on access to safe drinking
water at a national and local level (urban and rural)
is a powerful tool for policy makers, pointing out
the specific areas where additional efforts to
improve access are required.
27
UN Millennium Development Goals website, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml.
28
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Arab States, http://arabstates.undp.org/subpage.php?spid=20.
116
The access of the population to safe drinking

water in the ESCWA region reached 74 percent in
74
.2008 65 2008. In the Sudan, it dropped from 65 percent in
1990 57 2008 1990 to 57 percent in 2008; and in Yemen from 65 65
percent in 2000 to 62 percent in 2008.
2000 62 .2008

2 91
1990 93 .2005

.
1990
90 .
84
1990 92 .2008

.

.
1990 .2008

34 .

74
1990 89 .2005

100
97 98
1990.2008
55
.2000
50
2008
.
6
1990 33 .2008
23 1990 18
.2008
VII.4 VII.5 VII.6
1990

.2008 VII.1
.
At a disaggregated level, urban coverage in

the ESCWA region increased by two percent from
91 in 1990 to 93 in 2005. The descending trend
was observed in the Sudan and Yemen. In 1990, all
GCC countries had a coverage of more than 90
percent except Oman. Access to safe drinking
water increased in Oman from 84 percent in 1990 to
92 percent in 2008.
At the rural level, access to water in ESCWA
member countries slightly improved except in the
Sudan and Yemen.
Access to Sanitation
18B
Access to sanitation remains lower than

access to safe drinking water, particularly in rural
areas where considerable efforts are still needed.
Some ESCWA member countries did not witness
any changes between 1990 and 2008. The lowest
access to sanitation was measured in the Sudan at as
low as 34 percent.
Access to improved sanitation in urban areas
in the ESCWA region increased from 74 percent in
1990 to 89 percent in 2005. All GCC countries
reported 100 percent of coverage except Oman and
the United Arab Emirates which reported 97 and 98
percent respectively from 1990 till 2008.
55 percent of ESCWA rural population had
access to sanitation in 2000. At the national level,
all ESCWA countries exceeded 50 percent of
access in 2008 except for the Sudan and Yemen.
Yemen made significant efforts to increase the
access to sanitation from 6 percent in 1990 to 33
percent in 2008. In the Sudan, the access to
sanitation decreased from 23 percent in 1990 to 18
percent in 2008.
19B
Tables VII.4, VII.5 and VII.6 contain

disaggregated data regarding each ESCWA country
from 1990 till 2008. Figure VII.1 shows the trend
of improvement in the ESCWA region in terms of
access to water and sanitation.
117
20B
T able V I I .1
A ccess to I mpr oved Dr inking W ater Sour ces (total) (% ) 1
( )( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine*
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
ESCWA2
GCC2
1990
90
81
97
99
100
80
100
89
65
85
100
883
2000
96
80
96
99
100
83
96
100
95**
61
87
100
65
843
933
2005
98
80
96
99
100
86
96
100
59
89
100
63
744
2008
99
79
96
99
100
88
96
100
57
89
100
62
744

*
**
Joint Arab Economic Report September 2005.
Notes: 1. All values are estimated by their sources.
2. ESCWA calculation weighted average by the population. If data for more than two countries are missing, no
average is calculated.
3. Excluding Bahrain.
4. Excluding Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.
118
T able V I I .2
A ccess to I mpr oved Dr inking W ater Sour ces (ur ban) (% ) 1
( ) ( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
ESCWA2
GCC2
1990
100
96
97
99
99
100
84
100
97
85
96
100
...
913
97
2000
100
99
95
98
99
100
87
100
97
73
95
100
82
924
97
2005
100
100
93
98
99
100
90
97*
100
97
68
95
100
75
93
97
2008
100
100
91
98
99
100
92
96*
100
97
64
94
100
72

*
average is calculated. Urban population figures are based on the World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, UNSD.
3. Excluding Palestine and Yemen.
4. Excluding Palestine.
119
T able V I I .3
A ccess to I mpr oved Dr inking W ater Sour ces (r ur al) (% )
( ) ( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestinec/
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
ESCWA2
GCC2
12B
1990a/, 1
86
44
91
99
100
72
100
63
58
75
100
...
675
2000
100b/
93
49
91
99
100
74
100
64d/
55
79
100
59
743
70
2005a/, 1
...
96
53
91
99
100
76
91
100
53
82
100
58
724
2008a/, 1
98
55
91
99
100
77
90
100
52
84
100
57
Sources: a/ MDG Database, accessed on 19 April 2011.

b/ Joint Arab Economic Report. September 2002 and 2003.
c/ PCBS reply to ESCWA on the preliminary tables for the Compendium of Environment Statistics 2010-2011.
d/ ESCWA MDG questionnaire.
average is calculated. Rural population figures are based on the World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, UNSD.
5. Excluding Bahrain.
120
T able V I I .4
A ccess to I mpr oved Sanitation (total) (% ) 1
( )( )
1990
2000
2005
2008
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine*
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
72
...
...
100
85
...
100
...
34
83
97
18
86
69
98
100
98
87
100
100
34
89
97
37
...
93
71
98
100
98
...
99
100
34
93
97
46
94
73
98
100
99
100
34
96
97
52
ESCWA2
633

*
average is calculated.
121
T able V I I .5
A ccess to I mpr oved Sanitation (ur ban) (% ) 1
( ) ( )
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine*
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
ESCWA2
GCC2
1990
100
91
...
98
100
100
97
100
100
63
94
98
59
743
100
2000
100
95
76
98
100
100
97
100
100
58
95
98
81
874
100
2005
100
97
76
98
100
100
97
99
100
100
56
96
98
89
89
100
2008
100
97
76
98
100
100
97
100
100
100
55
96
98
94
(*)

*
average is calculated. Urban population figures are based on the World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, UNSD.
3. Excluding Iraq and Palestine.
122
(1)
T able V I I .6
A ccess to I mpr oved Sanitation (r ur al) (% ) 1
( ) ( )
1990
2000
2005
2008
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine*
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
The Sudan
Yemen
...
57
...
100
61
...
100
23
72
95
6
...
79
54
96
100
87
61
100
72**
20
82
95
21
...
90
61
96
100
87
...
100
100
19
90
95
29
92
66
97
100
98
100
18
95
95
33
ESCWA2
553
733
17B
GCC2
Sources: MDG Database, accessed on 19 April 2011.

*
**
Millennium Development Goals, Report of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2002, United Nations Riyadh.
average is calculated. Rural population figures are based on the World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, UNSD.
3. Excluding Bahrain and Palestine.
123
Figure VII.1
Trends of access to Improved Water and Sanitation of ESCWA Population
Note: Regional average for total population was calculated as weighted adjusted average by population size.
124
Annex 1
WHO Air Quality Guidelines
Parameter
PM2.5
PM10
O3
NO2
SO2
Concentration
10
25
20
50
100
40
200
20
500
Unit
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
Time of exposure
Annual mean
24-hour mean
Annual mean
24-hour mean
8-hour mean
Annual mean
1-hour mean
24-hour mean
10-minute mean
Source: WHO, WHO Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Global
Update 2005, 2006.
125
Annex 2
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Questionnaire 2010 on Environment Statistics
Water Section
Table W1: Renewable Freshwater Resources
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
Category
Precipitation
Actual
evapotranspiration
Internal flow (=1-2)
Inflow of surface and
groundwaters
Renewable freshwater
resources (=3+4)
Outflow of surface and
groundwaters
Unit
mio m3/y
Long
term
annual
average
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
Notes:
Precipitation figures should be based on representative precipitation measurements from across the country and the countrys climatic zones.
Long-term annual average is the arithmetic average over at least 20 consecutive years. Please provide average over the available period and indicate the length of the
time period in the footnotes.
If the requested data are not available, please leave the cell blank. If the requested variable is not applicable (the phenomenon is not relevant) to the country or the
value is less than half the unit of measurement, the cell should be filled with 0.
Please provide in the Footnotes Section below information on the source and data collection methodology for the values provided, such as estimation methods (if any),
and the titles of the original sources (e.g., surveys or administrative records).
Data can also be viewed/edited for years 1996-1999. Select column H to column T, right-click, and select Unhide.
126
: 1
1
2
3
4
5
6

)(= 1- 2

)(= 3+ 4

1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
.
20 .
. ) (
.
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
127
Table W2: Freshwater Abstraction

Line
Catergory
Unit
1990
1995
Water abstracted
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Gross freshwater abstracted (=11+21)

(=2+3+4+5+6+7+8)
Of which abstracted by:
Water supply industry (ISIC 36) (=12+22)
Households (=13+23)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ISIC 01-03)
(=14+24)
Manufacturing (ISIC 10-33) (=15+25)
Electricity industry (ISIC 351) (=16+26)
Other economic activities (=17+27)
Surface water abstracted
Gross fresh surface water abstracted
(=12+13+14+15+16+17)
Water supply industry (ISIC 36)
Households
Manufacturing (ISIC 10-33)
Electricity industry (ISIC 351)
Other economic activities
Groundwater abstracted
Gross fresh groundwater abstracted
(=22+23+24+25+26+27)
Water supply industry (ISIC 36)
Households
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
128
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
: 2
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

)(= 8+ 7+ 6+ 5+ 4+ 3+ 2) (= 11+ 21
:
)( ISIC 36) (=12+22
)(=13+23
)(=14+24) (ISIC 01-03
)(=15+25) (ISIC 10-33

)(=16+26) (ISIC 351
)(=17+27

)(= 17+ 16+ 15+ 14+ 13+ 12
:
)( ISIC 36

)( ISIC 01-03
)( ISIC 10-33
)( ISIC 351

)(= 27+ 26+ 25+ 24+ 23+ 22
:
)( ISIC 36

)( ISIC 01-03
)( ISIC 10-33
)( ISIC 351

1990
129
1995
200
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Notes:
This table covers water abstraction from water bodies (rivers, lakes, groundwater etc.) by the abstractor.
Water for hydroelectricity generation purposes should be excluded from electricity industry.
:
. ) (
) ( .
. ""
) ( )
.(
. Unhide T E . 1999- 1996 /
130
Table W3: Freshwater Available for Use

Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Category
Gross freshwater abstracted (=W3,1)
Water returned without use
Net freshwater abstracted (=1-2)
Desalinated water
Reused water
Imports of water
Exports of water
Total freshwater made available for use
(=3+4+5+6-7)
Loss during transport (=W4,4)
Total freshwater use (=8-9) (=W4,1)
Unit
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
Notes:
Gross freshwater abstracted is water removed from any source, either permanently or temporarily. Includes abstraction by the water supply industry (ISIC 36) and
direct abstraction by other activities, and water abstracted but returned without use, such as mine water and drainage water.
Water returned without use is water discharged into freshwaters without use, or before use. Occurs primarily during mining and construction activities. Excludes
discharges into the sea.
Losses during transport includes evaporation and should be greater than or equal to Table W5, line 2 (which pertains to ISIC 36 only).
131
: 3
)(= W3-1

)(= 1- 2

)(= 7- 6+ 5+ 4+ 3

)=( W4,1=) ( 9- 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
. . .
5 2 ) 36-( .
. ) (
"" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
132
) (CISI 36
Table W4: Total Water Use

Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Category
Total freshwater use (=2+3+5+6+7)
(=W3,10)
of which used by:
Households
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
(ISIC 01-03)
of which for irrigation in agriculture
Unit
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1990
1995
2000
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
Notes:
This table covers all water uses, including self-abstracted water, water supplied by public or private water industries, and water received from other parties.
133
: 4
2
3
4
5
6
7
)=( 7+ 6+ 5+ 3+ 2
)=( W3,10
:

)( ISIC 01-03

)( ISIC 10-33
)( ISIC 351

1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
. ) (
"" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
134
Table 5: Water Supply Industry (ISIC 36)

Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Category
Gross freshwater supplied by water
supply industry (ISIC 36)
Losses during transport by ISIC 36
of which: Losses by evaporation
Losses by leakage
Net freshwater supplied by water
supply industry (ISIC 36) (=1-2)
(=6+7+8+9+10)
of which supplied to:
Households
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
(ISIC 01-03)
Population supplied by water supply
industry (ISIC 36)
Total population supplied by water
Urban population supplied by water
Rural population supplied by water
Unit
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
mio m3/y
%
%
%
Notes:
This table covers water supplied by water supply industries, whether under public or under private control. It corresponds to what was called public water supply in
previous questionnaires.
135
: 5 )(ISIC 36
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
)( ISIC 36

)( ISIC 36) (= 1-2) (=6+7+8+9+1
:

)( ISIC 01-03
)( ISIC 10-33
)( ISIC 351

)( ISIC 36
)( ISIC 36

)( ISIC 36

)( ISIC 36
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

%
%
%
. .
. ) (
"" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
136
Table W6: Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Line
Category
Unit
URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Primary wastewater treatment
1
Number of plants
Number
2
Design capacity (Volume)
1000 m3/d
3
Design capacity (BOD)
1000 kg O2/d
4
Actual occupation (Volume)
1000 m3/d
5
Actual occupation (BOD)
1000 kg O2/d
Secondary wastewater treatment
6
Number of plants
Number
7
1000 m3/d
8
1000 kg O2/d
9
1000 m3/d
10
1000 kg O2/d
Tertiary wastewater treatment
11
Number of plants
Number
12
1000 m3/d
13
1000 kg O2/d
14
1000 m3/d
15
1000 kg O2/d
INDEPENDENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
16
Number of plants
Number
17
1000 m3/d
18
1000 kg O2/d
19
1000 m3/d
20
1000 kg O2/d
OTHER WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Primary wastewater treatment
21
Number of plants
Number
22
1000 m3/d
23
1000 kg O2/d
24
1000 m3/d
25
1000 kg O2/d
Secondary wastewater treatment
26
Number of plants
Number
27
1000 m3/d
28
1000 kg O2/d
1990
1995
2000
137
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Line
29
30
Category
Tertiary wastewater treatment
31
Number of plants
32
33
34
35
SEWAGE SLUDGE PRODUCTION
36
Sewage sludge production (dry
matter)
Unit
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
29
30
Number
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 t
Notes:
To avoid double counting, water subjected to more than one type of treatment should be reported under the highest level of treatment only.
138
: 6

1

2
)(
3
) (
4
)(
5
) (

6

7
)(
8
) (
9
)(
10
) (

11

12
)(
13
) (
14
)(
15
) (

21

22
)(
23
) (
24
)(
25
) (

26

27
)(
28
) (
29
)(
30
) (

31

32
)(
1990
1995
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
139
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
33
) (
34
)(
35
) (

36
) (
1000 kg O2/d
1000 m3/d
1000 kg O2/d
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1000 t
. ) (
"" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
140
Table W7: Population Connected to Wastewater Treatment

Line
1
2
3
4
5
Category
Population connected to
wastewater collecting system
Population connected to
wastewater treatment
of which
at least secondary treatment
Population with independent
wastewater treatment (e.g. septic
tanks)
of which at least secondary
treatment
Population not connected to
wastewater treatment (100 per
cent - (2)-(4))
Unit
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
%
%
%
%
%
Notes:
141
: 7

) (

))( 100%-( 2)-( 4
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
. ) (
"" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
142
Table W8: Supplementary Information Sheet

Please insert the national definition for freshwater below:
Please provide supplementary information below, such as: calculation method used for various inflows and outflows; the reference period covered in the
long-term annual averages; the methodology used for estimating evapotranspiration, additional categories of national water use statistics, etc.
Please describe the difficulties encountered in filling in the questionnaire.
: 8
:
:
.
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
143
Questionnaire 2008 on Environment Statistics

Waste Section
Table R1: Generation of Waste by Source
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Category
Mining and quarrying (ISIC 05-09)
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (ISIC 35)
Construction (ISIC 41-43)
Other economic activities (ISIC 36-39, 45-99)
Households
Total waste generation (8 = 1+ + 7)
Unit
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Notes:
Waste generated by an economic activity includes all kinds of waste generated by economic units within this activity. If data are not collected according to ISIC,
please provide data for household waste generation (line 7) and total waste generation (line 8). If data do not cover all waste sources, please leave the total waste
generation cell blank (line 8).
144
: 1
) ( ISIC 01-03
)( ISIC 05-09
)( ISIC 10-33
)( ISIC 35
)( ISIC 41-43
)( ISIC 36-39, 45-99

)( 7 + + 1 = 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
.
) (7 ) .( 8
) .( 8
. ) ( "" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
145
Table R2: Management of Hazardous Waste

Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Category
Stock of hazardous waste at the beginning of the year
Hazardous waste generated during the year
Hazardous waste imported during the year
Hazardous waste exported during the year
Hazardous waste treated or disposed of during the year
Amounts going to:
Recycling
Incineration
Landfilling
Other, please specify in the footnote
Stock of hazardous waste at the end of the year (=1+2+3-4-5)
Unit
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
Notes:
Please note that the unit in this table is tonnes (metric tons).
146
: 2
10
)= ( 5- 4- 3+ 2+ 1
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
" ) (".
. ) ( "" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
147
Table R3: Management of Municipal Waste

Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Category
Municipal waste collected from households
Municipal waste collected from other origins
Total amount of municipal waste collected (=1+2)
Municipal waste imported for treatment/disposal
Municipal waste exported for treatment/disposal
Municipal waste managed in the country (=3+4-5)
Amounts going to:
Recycling
Composting
Incineration
of which: with energy recovery
Landfilling
of which: controlled landfilling
Total population served by municipal waste collection
Urban population served by municipal waste collection
Rural population served by municipal waste collection
Unit
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
Notes:
For line 1-13, if the requested data are not available, please leave the cell blank. If the requested variable is not applicable (the phenomenon is not relevant) to the
country or the value is less than half the unit of measurement, the cell should be filled with 0.
For line 14-16, if the requested data are not available or the country does not have rural (or urban) population, please leave the cell blank.
148

)( 2 + 1 = 3
/
/
) ( 5+ 4+ 3
:

:

.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

%
%
%
13- 1 . ) (
"".
16- 14 ) ( .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
149
Table R4: Composition of Municipal Waste

Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Category
Paper, paperboard
Textiles
Plastics
Glass
Metals
Other inorganic material
Organic material
of which: food and garden waste
TOTAL
Unit
1990
199
5
200
0
200
1
2002
200
3
200
4
200
5
200
6
200
7
200
8
200
9
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Notes:
150
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
. ) ( "" .
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
151
Table R5: Management of Municipal Waste City Data

Line
Category
Unit
Total population of the city
Percentage of city population served by

municipal waste collection
Municipal waste collected from

households
1000 t
Municipal waste collected from other

origins
1000 t
Total amount of municipal waste

collected (=3+4)
1000 t
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1000 inh.
%
Amounts going to:

6
Recycling
1000 t
Composting
1000 t
Incineration
1000 t
9
10
of which: with energy recovery

Landfilling
11
12
of which: controlled landfilling

1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
1000 t
Notes:
Countries are kindly asked to provide data for the most populous cities of the country. Please duplicate this table if you can provide data for additional cities.
152
: 5 -
)( 4 + 3 = 5
10
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
11
12
. .
. ) ( ""
.
) ( )
(.
/ . 1999- 1996 E T . Unhide
153
Table R6: Supplementary Information Sheet

Please insert national definitions for waste, hazardous waste, municipal waste and other complementary information on waste.
Waste:
Hazardous waste:
Municipal waste:
Please insert any additional information that can help the interpretation of your data, such as survey methods applied, quality statements on the data, etc.
: 6
.
:
:
:
.
154

مجموعة الإحصاءات البيئية في منطقة اللجنة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لغربي آسيا 2011-2010

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45B

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION

COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

CHAPTER I. FRESHWATER RESOURCES .....................................

CHAPTER II. FISHERIES ...................................................................

CHAPTER III. BIODIVERSITY..........................................................

Climate Change: CO2 and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in the

Ozone Depleting Substances .....................................................................

CHAPTER V. ENERGY CONSUMPTION .........................................

CHAPTER VI. WASTE MANAGEMENT ..........................................

CHAPTER VII. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7:

I. WHO Air Quality Guidelines ............................................................

CHAPTER I. FRESHWATER RESOURCES

Average Volume of Precipitation .........................................

Total Freshwater Resources..................................................

Desalination Production and Total Non-Conventional Water

Total Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources

Selected Indicators on Water Resources ...............................

Total Freshwater Abstracted.................................................

Total Freshwater Abstraction and Use ..................................

Sectoral Water Use...............................................................

Water Use Indicators............................................................

Wastewater Management .....................................................

Water Market 2011 ..............................................................

Municipal Water and Wastewater Capital Expenditure

Water Market in the ESCWA Region ...................................

Selected Indicators for Surface Water Quality in Egypt ........

Selected Water Quality Indicators in Iraq .............................

Water Quality Indicators in the Gulf Countries: Bahrain

Pilot SEEAW Physical Supply, Egypt, 2009.........................

......................... 2009 - I.19

.... 2009 - I.20

Pilot Assets Accounts, Egypt, 2009 ......................................

..................... 2009 - I.21

Hypermatrix of Physical Water Flows in Egypt, 2009...........

CHAPTER II. FISHERIES

ESCWA Fisheries Production in Quantities and Values,

ESCWA Fisheries Trade Volume, 2000-2008.......................

Fisheries Trade contribution to GDP ....................................

Fisheries Contribution to GDP .............................................

Fisheries Production by inland and marine waters ................

Food balance sheets for ESCWA region countries 2007 .......

...................... 2007 - II.6

Export of fish by kind and destination for Oman...................

CHAPTER III. BIODIVERSITY

Table III.1. Proportion of land area covered by forest (MDG7

Table III.2. Primary designated functions of forest 2010 .........................

................................ 2010 - III.2

Table III.3. Forest management and legal status 2010 .............................

................................. 2010 - III.3

Table III.5. Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area .....................

Table III.7. Percentage of area protected to maintain biological diversity

Table III.8. Nationally Protected Areas under IUCN Management

Table III.9. Proportion of species threatened with extinction ...................

Table III.10. Status of ratification of international conventions and

CHAPTER IV. Air Pollution

Table IV.1. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) .....................................

Table IV.2. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide Per Capita ..............................

Table IV.3. Number of Motorized Vehicles in the ESCWA Region.........

Table IV.4. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Egypt .........................

Table IV.5. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Iraq ............................

Table IV.6. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Kuwait .......................

Table IV.7. Ozone-Depleting Substances Consumption ..........................