Fluids in motion

Viscosity It is the property of the liquid by virtue of which an opposing force comes into play to destroy the relative motion that exist between the different layers of the liquid The force which oppose the relative motion between two layers is known as viscous force The force act tangentially to the surface of liquid layer Co-efficient of viscosity

Let us consider any two layer of liquid P and Q, moving with velocity and Let A = Area of each liquid layer dx = Separation between the two layers The viscous force (F) acting on the liquid layer is So, directly proportional to directly proportional to (Velocity Gradient)

Definition of co-efficient of viscosity If A = 1 m2, dv = 1, then F =

Where = co-efficient of viscosity of the fluid

Co-efficient of viscosity of a liquid can be defined as the amount of viscous force acting per unit area of the liquid layer to maintain unit velocity gradient between the two layer of liquid CGS unit of = poise SI unit = Decapoise

1 decapoise = 10 poise Dimension = Stokes Law Suppose a spherical ball of radius R is falling through a fluid. The liquid molecule on the two side of the ball stick to it and move along with the velocity of the ball. However the layer of the liquid formed at a larger distance from the ball are moving with gradually less velocity. Thus the falling of the ball produce relative motion between the different layers of the liquid. To oppose the relative motion an opposing force F comes into play. The viscous force F acting on the ball depends on Radius of the ball r Velocity of the ball v Co-efficient of viscocity between the layer

By comparing values,

It is experimentally found that the value of So,

Terminal velocity When a body is falling through a viscous fluid, the various kind of forces acting on the body are Weight of the body

Upthrust

Viscous force

After falling through some distance a stage is reached when the net upward force acting on the body is equal to the net downward force. From this moment the body fall down with a constant velocity known as terminal velocity So, at equilibrium,

Different kind of the flow of liquid There are two different kind of flow of liquid Streamline flow Turbulent flow

Streamline flow If the velocity of all the liquid molecule at a given point concide with the velocity of its preciding molecule, the flow of liquid is said to be streamline Characteristics The path over which the liquid molecule move is known as streamline Streamline can be defined as a straight line or a curved path, such that the tangent drawn to it any point gives the direction of liquid molecule at that point. Two streamlines intersect each other at a point Reason - When two streamline interect each other at a point P. then at the point P two tangents can be drawn. The two tangents represent the two different direction of the liquid molecule at a point P, which is impossible The liquid flows in the form of layers

Turbulent flow If the velocity of liquid molcule at a given point do not concide with the velcoity of its presiding molecule and the motion of the liquid become irregular, then the flow of the liquid is turbulent flow. Critical velocity The maximum velocity of the flow of liquid, upto which the flow of liquid is streamline is known as critcial velocity ( ) When the velocity is more than The critical velocity ( Let, , the flow of liquid is turbulent

) of the liquid depend on

Diameter of the pipe ( ) Density of the liquid ( ) Co-efficent of viscocity of the fluid

where R = a constant known as Reynolds constant Taking dimension on both sides

By comparing values

So,

Significance of Reynolds constant When R < 2000, the flow of liquid is streamline When R > 3000, the flow of liquid is turbulent When the value of R is between 2000 to 3000, the flow of the fluid is unstable i.e. switched off from one form to other Equation of continuity Suppose an incompressible and a non-viscious liquid of density flowing through the pipe. Let Let is

area of cross section and velocity of liquid at the end A area of cross section and velocity of liquid at the end B

Distance covered by the liquid entering the end A in 1 sec

Distance covered by the liquid entering the end B in 1 sec

So, volume of liquid entering the end A in 1 sec

So, the mass of the liquid entering the end A in 1 sec

Similiarily, the mass of the liquid entering the end B in 1 sec

Since the liquid is incompressible

Bernoullis equation An ideal fluid is non-viscous, incompressible, streamline and irrotational flow For an ideal liquid (non-viscous and incompressible) the sum total of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit mass of the liquid remained constant throughout the flow of the liquid. Suppose an ideal gas of density is flowing through a pipe Let And = Pressure, area of cross section, velocity and height of liquid at the end A = Pressure, area of cross section, velocity and height of liquid at the end B

Force acting on the liquid at the end

Displacement of the liquid in 1 sec

Work done by the liquid in one second

Work done by the liquid in one second

Net work done

But according to equation of continuity, So, Increase in Kinetic Energy of the liquid in going from A to B

Increase in Potential Energy of the liquid in going from A to B

According to work energy principle,

Cohesive force The force of attraction between the molecule of the same kind is known as cohesive force In case of solid, the force of cohesion is very large and hence solid has definte shape and size. The force of cohesion in case of the liquid is weaker than the solid. Hence, liquid do not have any shape but have definte volume. The force of cohesion is negligible in case of gas and therefore, it has neither any shape nor volume Force of adhesion The force of attraction between the molecule of different kind is known as force of adhesion. Adhesive force helps us to write on the paper with ink Due to adhesive force, water stick to the surface of the glass.

Molecular range The maximum distance upto which the force of attraction between the two molecule is effective is known as molecular range. It is of the order of 10-9m (for liquid molecule) Sphere of influence A sphere drawn with a molecule as the centre and molecular range as the radius is known as sphere of influence Surface tension It is property of the free surface of liquid by virtue of which a liquid tries to occupy the minimum surface area and behaves like a stretched membrane Measure of surface tension The tangential force acting per unit length of an imaginary line drawn on the free surface of the liquid is the measure of surface tension If,

Then, SI unit of surface tension = N/m Consequences Due to surface tension property, that the liquid tries to occupy the mimimum surface. In case of sphere the surface area is minimum andhence raindrop are spherical Surface energy We know that the liquid molecule on the surface of the liquid experience a net downward force known as surface tension force So, to increase the surface area of the liquid some work must be done against the inward surface tension force. Then the work done per unit increase in surface area of the liquid is the measure of surface energy If,

Then,

Relation between Surface Tension and surface energy

Let us consider a rectangular frame of wire ABCD such that the arm AB is movable. When the frame is dipped in the soap solution a soap film ABCD is formed If

Then, net inward force acting on the arm AB has two surface area.]

[Since, a soap film

Now, suppose the arm AB is displaced to a new position AB through a distance x Work done

Increase in surface area of the film We know that surface energy

This prove that surface energy is numerically equal to surface tension. Tube of insufficient length Let r be the radius of the capillary tube Let R be the radius of the meniscus

It means if the length of the tube (h) is less than h then the radius of meniscus increases so that and the liquid will never flow from the tube Excess pressure inside a liquid drop Let us consider a liquid drop of radius and surface tension T. Let Po = Atmospheric pressure outside the liquid drop Po + P = Pressure inside the liquid drop P = Excess of pressure Force on the liquid drop due to excess of pressure

Due to this force, let R be the increase in radius of liquid drop. Work done by excess of pressure

Increase in surface area of the liquid drop

Since R is a very small, the higher power of R can be neglected

We know that, So,

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Excess of pressure inside a soap bubble Since , the soap bubble has two surface area

We know that So,

Angle of contact The angle between the tangent drawn to the liquid surface at the point of contact and the solid surface inside the liquid is called angle of contact Case 1 For water and glass Note o o Case 2 For mercury and glass Note o The angle between mercury and glass is 140 >90 Adhesive force < Cohesive force Meniscus of the liquid is concave downward It never wet the glass Angle of contact between water and glass is 8 For pure water the angle is taken as 0 <90 Adhesive force > Cohesive Force This type of liquid always wet the surface of solid Meniscus of the liquid is always concave upward

Capillary tube A tube having a very fine bore through out the length is known as capillary tube Capillarity The phenomenon of the rise or fall of liquid column in a capillary tube is known as capillarity

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The capillary action of a liquid is due to surface tension property Ex o o Ink is absorbed by blotting paper due to capillary action Water rise upto the top of the leaf of the tree by capillary action

Height of liquid column in a capillary tube

Let us consider a capillary tube of radius r be dipped in a liquid column in capillary tube Let us consider any two liquid molecule A and B in the meniscus. The force experienced by the glass molecule due to water molecule [The molecule occupies unit length] Then, the reaction force exerted by the water molecule due to the glass molecule is R = T. Resolving R = T in two components Acting upward direction and is responsibe to rise the liquid column It has no effect in the rising of liquid in the tube

Net verticle force acting on the meniscus At equilibrium, The net upward force = The weight of the liquid column

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