INTRODUCTION

As well as making simple statements or asking questions, we may sometimes want to express our intentions and attitudes, talk about necessity and possibility, or make offers, requests, or suggestions. In English these uses of language are usually expressed by a set of verbs called modals. Modal verbs are considered special verbs in the English grammar, as they express such concepts as capability, possibility, necessity and obligation. Modal verbs give additional information about the mood of the main verb that follows. Modal verbs have no meaning by themselves as they help other verbs to express a meaning. These verbs have some common characteristics: 1. Modal verbs are defective verbs because some of their forms are missing, meaning they dont have long infinitive forms, they lack -ing forms and they dont have forms for all tenses. 2. Modal verbs are uninflected, they never add -s or
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es in the third person singular, Present Simple. e.g. He can play tennis. 3. Modal verbs are never used with other auxiliary verbs. The negative is formed by simply adding not after the verb and the interrogative is formed by inversion of the modal verb and the subject. e.g. Can I use your phone? She might not have even known we were going to be here. In the case of can the negation is written together with the modal verb: e.g. They cannot do that. 4. Modal verbs are followed by short infinitives, with the exception of ought to: e.g. I might play tennis on Sunday. You ought to tell her the truth. 5. In passive structures, a modal is followed by be or have been and a past participle: e.g. He ought to be disqualified. The door might have been locked when you came.

CAN&COULD

Can is used: To express a present or future mental and physical ability. e.g. My aunt can speak four foreign languages. Can you hear me? John can help us tomorrow. To ask or give permission for something , in informal English: e.g. Can I smoke here? No, you cannot smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden. To ask somebody to do something; but this is not a real question, since we do not really want to know if that person is able to do something, we expect them to do it. e.g. Can you open the window, please? Can you be quiet? To express a polite request: e.g. Can you give me a piece of advice?
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Can I have a glass of water? With verbs of perception, such as see, smell, hear, feel: e.g. Dont shout at me. I can hear you. To express present or future possibility: e.g. Smoking can seriously damage your health. Anyone can become rich and famous. Learning a language can be a real challenge. To express possibility within certain circumstances : e.g. If the weather is fine, we can go for a walk. If she comes, we can come to visit you. To express impossibility or disbelief: e.g. That man cant be your brother! Im afraid I cant come to your party.

Could is used: To express mental or physical ability in the past: e.g. I could play the piano well when I was 10 Could is used for general ability in the past. But when we talk about one special occasion in the past, we normally use be able to (positive) and couldnt (negative). e.g. A man fell into the river yesterday and the police were able to save him. My five year old niece disappeared last week. The police couldnt find her. I could speak Chinese when I was younger. To express a polite request ( more polite than can) e.g. Could I borrow your book? Could you speak up a bit please? To express past possibility: e.g. Mike could have been killed in the car crash. To express general possibility:

e.g. Women couldnt vote until just after the First World War. Could is sometimes used in the same way as might or may, often indicating something less definite. e.g. When I leave university I might travel around a bit, I might do an MA or I suppose I could even get a job. To make a suggestion: e.g. We could go for a walk. We could go to London tomorrow, but the forecasts not brilliant. To express criticism: e.g. You could at least apologize. To make logical assumptions: e.g. He couldnt be your teacher!

May&Might May is used: To express formal permission: e.g. May I open this window? You may go out after you have your cleaned your room. In this case may can be replaced by to be allowed to / to be permitted e.g. You were allowed to leave the table after you finished your dinner. You are not allowed to use mobiles in the examination room. To express present or future possibility: e.g. He may be in the next bus. Kate may be studying in her room. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth.
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In this case may can be replaced by perhaps/maybe/ it is possible: e.g. Maybe it will rain later. To express a polite request: e.g. May I have one more lump of sugar, please? May I make a phone call? May I use your bathroom? To express prohibition: e.g. You may not smoke in here. To express uncertainty: e.g. Who may that old man be? In subordinate clauses of concession: e.g. You may be right but its too late to express your point of view. To express wishes or hope: e.g. May all your dreams come true! May & might sometimes have virtually the same meaning; they are used to talk about possibilities in the past, present or future

May is sometimes a little bit "more sure" (50% chance), whereas might expresses more doubt (maybe only a 30% chance).

Might is used: To express present/future/past possibility: e.g. She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems. Grandpas glasses might be in the living room. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work. She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill will be able to give her a lift. To express a Conditional: e.g. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have won. If I won the lottery I might travel all around the world.
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 To express a request: e.g. Might I have something to drink? To express a suggestion: e.g. You might try the cheesecake. They might visit the botanical gardens during their visit To express uncertainty; e.g. I wonder who that boy might be. Two of the more troublesome modal verbs are may and might. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may. Might is considerably more tentative than may.

May I leave class early? If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early?

In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form:

She might be my advisor next semester. She may be my advisor next semester. She might have advised me not to take biology.
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Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the implication of might, that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might have been injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another example: a body had been identified after much work by a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking work, the body may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact, identified, might is clearly called for.

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MUST Must is used: To express obligation, command or necessity: In this case must can be replaced by have to. The difference in meaning between the two is that whereas must expresses an internal obligation, that is imposed by the speaker, have to expresses an external obligation imposed by circumstances that the speaker cannot control. e.g. Ive put on a lot of weight lately. I must go on a diet. (internal obligation- Im obliged because I say so)
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Ive put on a lot of weight lately and the doctor said I have to go on a diet. (external obligation- Im obliged because the doctor says so) I must buy a new coat.(internal obligation-I say so) He has to put some petrol in his car.(external obligation, coming from outside the speaker) I must write to Anne: I havent written to her for ages! (the speaker personally feels that he or she must do it) I have to go to my dentist. (I have an appointment) You must show me your driving licence.(command) Mark must study really hard if he wants to pass his exams.(necessity) To express a strong recommendation: e.g. You must take some time off and get some rest. You mustn't smoke so much. It's not good for your health. To express a deduction, a logical assumption: e.g. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with brown hair. To express prohibition, in negative form: e.g. You mustnt park your car here.
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You must not walk on the grass.

SHALL&SHOULD Shall is used: To indicate future action. It is commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" Shall is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination. Shall is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English;
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Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language. e.g. Shall we dance?(suggestion) I shall be there by the time you arrive. (future action) To express volunteering: e.g. I shall take care of everything for you. I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry. To express a future action that is inevitable: e.g. Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe. We shall overcome oppression. In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?" Will would be used in the simple future for all other persons. Using will in the first person would express determination on the part of the speaker, as in "We will finish this project by tonight!. Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable, although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction between
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the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs.

Should is used: To express obligation, advice, recommendation in the opinion of the speaker; this obligation is weaker than the one expressed by must: e.g. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods. You should learn this poem by heart. He should have locked the door when he left the house.
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Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her health. We should return the video before the video rental store closes. Should also expresses something between recommendation and obligation. "Be supposed to" expresses a similar idea and can easily be used in the past or in negative forms. To express supposition: e.g. If he is in town he should be here by now. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to. Father should be in Chicago by next week. His new job starts on Monday. In direct object clauses after verbs such as: to suggest, to propose, to recommend, to advise , to insist: e.g. I insist that you should be present at the meeting. I insist that they should leave. In subject clauses after impersonal constructions such as it is/was essential/ advisable/ important/ fair/ better/ necessary: e.g. It is necessary that he should arrive here by noon.
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It is essential that we should make a decision right now. In conditional clauses to emphasize the fact that it is unlikely for the action to happen: e.g. If you should see my brother, will you give him this message? To omit if in conditional sentences: e.g. You would buy that book if mother gave you money. Should mother gave you money, you would buy that book. After expressions such as: dont know why/ see no reason why/ cant think why: e.g. She doesnt see any reason why you should make such a requirement. In British English and very formal American English, should can be used with the first-person pronouns in expressions of liking such as "I should prefer spring mineral water and in tentative expressions of opinion such as:

I should imagine they'll vote Conservative. I should have thought so.

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OUGHT TO Ought to is used to advise or make

recommendations. Ought to also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved. Ought not (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although sometimes it is preferred the less formal forms should not or had better not. Ought to is used:
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 To express duty or moral obligation: e.g. You ought to mind the traffic rules. We ought to phone our parents at once. The advice constructed with ought to is much less forceful than the one constructed with must. e.g. You ought to mind the traffic rules. You must mind the traffic rules. Ought to followed by Perfect Infinitive may express an unfulfilled duty: e.g. Sue ought to have called her mother for her birthday. Ought to and had better are synonymous with one of the senses of should: it is used to express an ideal behavior or occurrence or suggested obligation. In dialects that use shall commonly, should has a wide array of meanings, so ought is very common (as it is more precise), as is ought not (or oughtn't). In other dialects, ought may or may not be common, but ought not is generally quite rare: the opposite of "You ought to tell him how you feel" is generally "You should not tell him how you feel," or "You had better not tell him how you feel." There is no negative contraction for had better. Had
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better not is used at all times. In speech, the had in had better is generally disregarded. To express something that is probable or something that is expected: e.g. The weather forecast says it ought to be fine today. In this case when ought to is followed by Perfect Infinitive it refers to something expected in the past which was or was not accomplished. e.g. . She ought to have received the package yesterday. There ought to have been lots of people at the meeting. This sentence may have two meanings: the first one could be that indeed there were many people at the meeting and that was what I had expected, or the second one could be that there were not many people and this was not what I had expected.

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WILL &WOULD Will is used: To express promises: e.g. I promise that I will marry you. I wont tell anyone your secret. To express future voluntary actions: e.g. I will prepare dinner tonight. I will take care of everything for you. I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. I'll get you some coffee.
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 To make predictions about the future: e.g. Mother thinks it will rain. The river will overflow its banks every spring. To express a request: e.g. Will you help me with this problem? The contracted form 'll is very frequently used for will.

Would is used: To express polite requests: e.g. Would you pass me the salt please? Would you be so kind as to help me with this suitcase? The requests built with would are considered more polite than the ones with will. To express a desire followed by the verbs to like or to care. e.g. I would like to read that novel. Jane would like to visit you.
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 To express preference, followed by rather/sooner: e.g. I would rather watch a film than go out. To express a habit, a repeated action in the past: e.g. After classes I would meet my friend for a walk in the park. He would wash his car every week. Would is preferred when willingness is implied. Therefore in some case it is inappropriate to change it with used to To express probability: e.g. This man would be your neighbour. To build Future In the Past: e.g. I already said I would help you. He promised he would be here by noon. After wish or if only: e.g. If only I would be taller. In conditional phrases: e.g. If I were you I would accept that offer.

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DARE

When this verb is used in affirmative sentences it is a normal verb. e.g. We dared him to do it again. When dare is used in interrogative or negative sentences it may either be used as a normal verb or as a modal one.
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e.g. She doesnt dare to ask me the answer to that question. (normal verb) He dare not himself in front of us. (modal verb) I dare not answer him back. (modal verb) She dare not ask her mother to lend her money. (modal verb) Dare we write to them and complain? (modal verb) Dare say/daresay is used with the first person singular ant it has two different meanings: I dare say means I suppose. e.g. He hasnt arrived yet, but I dare say he will be here by noon. I daresay means I accept what you say, although it doesnt make any difference to me. e.g. I am a member of this club. I daresay you are, still you must show me your identity card. NEED The verb need can function both as a full verbs or as a modal verb.
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As a full verb need means to require or to be in need of. e.g. We need to buy some bread. There isnt any left. My sister needs a new pairs of shoes. In this case the interrogative and negative form are made up with the auxiliary do: e.g. You dont need to hurry. Well get there in time. Did grandmother need her glasses yesterday? As a modal verb need means to have to. It has the same form for all persons and it is mainly use in interrogative and negative sentences. e.g. We neednt finish that report today. Need she get up early? Need can occur in affirmative sentences with words such as never, hardly, scarcely: e.g. She scarcely need to tell the truth, since we all knew it. Both Do I need..? and Need I...? express obligation or necessity, but there is a difference between them. The former expresses a habitual action, while the latter is used for a temporary action: e.g. Do I need to exercise every day? Need I exercise now?
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There is also a distinction between Didnt need to and Neednt have+ Past Participle. The former construction shows that the action was not necessary and it did not occur, while the latter shows that although the action was not necessary it still happened. e.g. We didnt need to buy any sugar. It was plenty. You neednt have bought any sugar. There was plenty. Nowadays, dare and need are not commonly used as auxiliaries, but formerly, both were. "He dare not do it" is equivalent to today's "He does not/will not/would not dare to do it," while "It need not happen today" is equivalent to today's "It does not need to happen today" or "It might not happen today." Nonetheless, need as an auxiliary is still somewhat in use today, while dare is now quite rare. Need as a modal is quite common in American English when used in the positive form and acts like the modals must and have to: e.g. I need to lose weight/I must lose weight/I have to lose weight.

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EXERCISES 1. Change the following affirmative statements into questions: e.g. I may go. May I go? We could have found it. Could we have found it?
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1. I must leave at six o'clock. 2. He might be leaving for work now. 3. We can do the exercise. 4. You should have called him. 5. They could have been waiting for the bus. 6. He has to water the plants. 7. You will have finished the book. 8. We should be making the arrangements. 9. She would like to know the answer 10. They can explain what happened 2. Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements: e.g. I can answer the question. I cannot answer the question. He shall be sorry. He shall not be sorry.

1. You must come with us to that party. 2. It may be cloudy tomorrow. 3. She could have won the race.
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4. We might be right. 5. You would have liked that film. 6. They can dance very well. 7. She might be finishing school now. 8. He should have been walking to work. 9. I shall be happy to see him again. 10. You will have been working all night. 3. Complete each black with the correct form: 1. They (can/might)________________ be away for the weekend but I'm not sure. 2. You (may/might)________________ leave now if you wish. 3. (Could/May)________________ you open the window a bit, please? 4. He (can/could)________________ be from Sheffield, judging by his accent. 5. (May/Can)________________ you swim? 6. Listen, please. You (may not/might not)__________ speak during this exam. 7. They (can't/may not)________________ still be out! 8. You (couldn't/might not)________________ smoke on the bus.
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9. With luck, tomorrow (can/could)________________ be a cooler day. 10. You (can/might)________________ be right but I'm going back to check the times. 4. Complete each blank with: can, could, have to, must, might, should or their negative forms:
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours.

He ____________be exhausted after such a long flight.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is

laid out, you _____________walk downtown and explore the waterfront.

3. Hiking

the

trail

to

the

peak

____________be

dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you

_____________leave small objects lying around.

5.

Dave, ______________ you hold your breath for Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It

more than a minute? 6. _____________have cost a fortune.

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7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone.

If they don't get enough water, they ____________die.

8. I _____________speak Arabic fluently when I was a

child and we lived in Egypt..

9. The

book

is

optional.

My

professor

said

we

____________read it if we needed extra credit.

10.

You _______________ take your umbrella along

with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it ____________rain later on this afternoon. 5. Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb can't be used with a certain tense, use its substitute: 1. You (must) ___________ get up early tomorrow. 2. You (not / need) ____________ call a baby sitter. 3. We (may) ______________watch the film tonight. 4. He (not / can) ______________ see me yesterday. 5. She (must)______________ stay at school yesterday afternoon. 6. (may / you)_____________ go to the disco yesterday? 7. He (not / must)_____________ sleep now. 8. You (not / need)______________ answer.
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9. He (ought to)_____________ give evidence at the court yesterday. 10. Since he bought the new car he (not / can) ____________sleep. 6. Complete with mustnt or neednt: 1. The teams ____________have more than 11 players on the field during a match. 2. But there _____________even be 11 players playing for each team. 3. Players _____________wear anything which might injure another player. 4. Players _____________play the ball with their feet only. 5. Substituted game. 6. Players ____________leave the game without the referee's permission. 7. Players ____________hold an opponent. 8. The referee ____________send a player off if he has committed foul play. 9. However, if a player is sent off during the game, he ____________be replaced.
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players

_____________return

to

the

10. A period ____________be over after exactly 45 minutes. 7. Complete with the appropriate modal verb: 1. He ______________go skating because he broke his leg 2. Many children in Britain ____________wear school uniforms. 3. I'm not sure but Jane ____________come to see me this afternoon. 4. Didnt you see the sign? You _____________drive more than 30 miles. 5. He speaks a lot of languages but he ____________speak Chinese. 6. It ______________ rain. It is rather cloudy. 7. You _____________drive on the right in Britain. 8. He is a good boxer. You _____________be careful. 9. Smoking ______________in his house. 10. This test will be very difficult. So you _____________learn a lot. 8. Complete the blanks with might, must, should:
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1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you _____________at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. 2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she ______________show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday. 3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she _____________be here by 6:00. 4. Oh my God, he's unconscious! Don't move him! He _____________have internal injuries. 5. You ______________be kidding! That can't be true. 6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. Fiona: I don't know. It _______________be under the sofa 7. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you _____________practice the language regularly. 8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he ____________start walking once a day.
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9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they _____________really enjoy a nice day at the beach. 10. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He _____________be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing. 9. Rewrite the following sentences, putting the underlined verbs into the future: e.g. They can explain the situation to us. They will be able to explain the situation to us. May they leave whenever they wish? Will they be allowed to leave whenever they wish? She must obtain a license. She will have to obtain a license. 1. She can describe it to you. 2. You must lock the doors when you leave. 3. He can follow the instructions. 4. May they stay overnight? 5. We must remember to buy groceries.
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6. She can finish the work on time. 7. Must he take his glasses with him? 8. Can they buy the tickets in advance? 9. She must learn to be more careful. 10. You may choose your own seat. 10. Complete with would/should/ought to/might + have + past participle: 1. I had gone to the sales, I'm sure I _______________ something. (to buy) 2. Clare was very upset you didn't go to her birthday party. You ___________________ . (to go) 3. No one's answering the phone. They ___________out. (to go) 4. The lights are out. They ___________________ to sleep. (to go) 5. We ___________________ Dave to the party if we had known he was in town. (to invite) 6. You ___________________ never forgive you. (to shout/not) 7. I ___________________ to have done some acting when I was younger. (to love)
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at Samantha. She'll

8. You

___________________

to

the

cinema

on

Saturday. We had a great time. (to come) 9. She ___________________ her mind. I'm not sure. (to change) 10. You ___________________ so much money on clothes. You'll have problems getting to the end of the month now. (to spend/not) 11. Complete each of the following sentences with the modal verbs may, might or must. Use may or might when the event described seems somewhat probable, and use must when the event described seems very probable. e.g. You ___ be right; we shall have to wait and see. You may be right; we shall have to wait and see. That ____ be our landlord; I would recognize him anywhere. That must be our landlord; I would recognize him anywhere. 1. Although it _________ be true, it seems unlikely. 2. That _________ have been the number 10 bus, because no other
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bus runs on this street. 3. We __________ have to wait a long time for a bus, because they do not run very frequently. 4. That ________ be the right answer; there is no other possibility. 5. Tell me your problem; I _________ be able to help you. 6. It _________ have been he who answered the phone, because no one else was at home. 7. Since we have never been to this store before, we _________ have difficulty finding what we want. 8. You _________ be pleased that you are doing so well in your new job. 9. I _________ go downtown tomorrow; it depends on the weather. 10. Although he is a very careful worker, it is possible that he _________ have made a mistake. 12. Match the sentences in column A with those in column B: A

I could work on Saturdays. I must work on Saturdays.

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I need to work on Saturdays. I have to work on Saturdays. I mustn't work on Saturdays. I couldn't work on Saturdays. I don't have to work on Saturdays. I shouldn't work on Saturdays. I should work on Saturdays. I might work on Saturdays. It's absolutely necessary for me to work on Saturdays. It's absolutely necessary for me to work on Saturdays and someone forces me to do so. I'm unable to work on Saturdays. It isn't necessary for me to work on Saturdays. It's possible for me to work on Saturdays. It's a good idea for me to work on Saturdays. It's important for me to work on Saturdays. It's a good idea for me to work on Saturdays. It's forbidden for me to work on Saturdays. It's a possibility that I might work on Saturdays.

13. Circle the correct answer:

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1. Are you going swimming? ______ I come with you, please? a) Should b) Can c) Must d) Will 2. I'm not going to pay five pounds for a coffee. You ______ be joking! a) can b) might c) must d) should 3.This is a hospital. People are resting, so you ______ be quiet. a) will b) ought c) should d) can 4. It ______ rain, so take an umbrella. a) might b) must c) should d) can
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5. ______ I have a quick word with you? Something important has happened. a) Must b) Could c) Would d) Should 6. You ______ smoke here. It's a no-smoking area. a) couldn't b) wouldn't c) mightn't d) mustn't 7. You ______ come and visit us when you are next in London. a) could b) might c) would d) must 8. I'm sure you ______ love this film. It's brilliant. a) could b) can c) might d) would 9. I ______ imagine why she married him. He's so
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stupid! a) can't b) mightn't c) mustn't d) shouldn't 10. What ______ you do in my situation? I need your advice. a) would b) must c) could d) should 11. This is the most important thing - you ______ forget to take the food out of the oven at seven o'clock. a) wouldn't b) can't c) mustn't d) couldn't 12. They left London at three o'clock so they ______ be here by now. a) could b) should c) would d) can
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14. Choose the right option: 1. Im not really sure where Ann is. She..in the living room, or perhaps shes in the backyard. a) might have sat b) might be sitting c) might sit d) cant sit 2. Mac ..the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the table but now its gone. a) must not have returned b) must return c) must have returned d) must returned 3. You ..the air pressure in your tires. You dont want to have a flat tire in your trip. a) ought to check b) ought to checked c) ought to be checking d) oughtnt to check 4. The computer isnt working. It..during production. a) should have been damaged
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b) can be damaged c) must have been damaged d) must be damaged 5. The package. tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail this morning. a) must have been delivered b) should be delivering c) should be delivered d) should have been delivered 6. We the tickets for the play in advance they sell out quickly. a) have to be booked b) has to book c) have to book d) mustnt 7. You cant mean that. You. a) must joke b) have to have joked c) have got to be joking d) have to joke 8. If Nick hasnt come home yet, hefor us in the coffee shop. a) must still have waited
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b) must still wait c) has to wait d) must still be waiting 9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He.at work to finish the marketing report. a) should have been staying b) should have stayed c) had to stay d)should be staying 10. If I had gone with my friends to California, I..on a white sandy beach right now. a) would have lain b) would lie c) would be lying d) am lying 11. ItSam who called and didnt leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend. a) might have been b) ought to be c) might be d) should have been 12. If she was cryingvery upset.
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a) must have been b) must be c) would have been d) shall be 13. If I hadnt taken a taxi, I for you at the train station for hours. a) had to have waited b) might have been waiting c) ought to have been waiting d) must wait 14. You ..me a hand. It took me a lot of time to solve the problem. a) must have given b) might have given c) mustnt have given d) shouldnt have given 15. Its your own fault, you .to bed so late. a) cant have gone b) shouldnt have gone c) might have gone d) cant go

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15. Complete the following sentences with must, have to, can, cant, mustnt and could: 1. I______________ brush my teeth twice a day to have a beautiful smile. 2. You ____________ cross the street when the traffic lights is red. 3. John_____________ dance beautifully when he was younger. 4. Dan, you ____________ do your homework. 5. ______________ hold that box, please? 6. I_____________ tell Marys secret. She trusts me. 7. You ___________ pay the bill, even if you dont want to. 8. I_____________ swim, so I wont come with you to the swimming-pool. 9. My father told me yesterday that I _____________ to water the flowers. 10. If I want to become a good doctor, I _____________ study hard. 16. Have a look at the following excerpts taken of literary works and especially at the underlined words.
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Try to find out why they were used and then try to replace them with the appropriate paraphrases. I sometimes think it might prove useful to some and entertaining to others, but the world may judge for itself(Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey) I could not possibly bring her to regard the matter on its bright side as I did; and indeed I was so fearful of being charged with childish frivolity or stupid insensibility, that I carefully kept most of my bright ideas and cheering notions to myself; well knowing they could not be appreciated.(Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey) And thus the mind preyed upon the body, and disordered the system of the nerves, and they in turns increased the troubles of the mind, till by action and reaction his health was seriously impaired and not one of us could convince him that the aspect of our affairs was not half so gloomy, so utterly hopeless.(Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey) To save the expense of a gardener, Mary and I undertook to keep the garden in order, and all the
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cooking and housework that could not easily be managed by one servant girl was done by my mother or my sister.(Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey)

No love, you cannot indeed-theres nothing here you can do. Go and help your sister or get her to take a walk with you-tell her she must not sit so much and stay so constantly in the house as she does-she may look thin and dejected(Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey) Help me you cannot, Agnes and I cannot go out with you-I have far too much to do. Mamma, I should be delighted if you think they could be sold and for anything worthwhile. I wish I could do something; said I.(Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey) But my darling, we could not spare you. And a tear glistened in his eye as he added.No, no! afflicted as we are, surely we are not brought to that pass yet.(Anne Bronte- Agnes Grey)

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17. Complete with: must; have to; mustnt; do not have to; should; shouldnt: 1. When you enter the building you ___________show the guard your pass. 2. You really _____________stop smoking. 3. You ____________wear a uniform at this school, its not necessary. 4. You _____________drink and drive. 5. We ____________check the gas before we leave. 6. Its really a good film. You _____________go and see it. 7. You ____________take pictures here. Its forbidden. 8. I _____________finish this work today. 9. You ______________cross now. The light is red. 10.You still have plenty of time. You ___________finish this paper today.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

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Base Form

Past Simple

Past Participle

Traducere

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Abide Alight Arise Awake Be Bear Beat Become Begin Behold Bend Bet Bid Bid Bind Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Bring Build Burn Burst Buy Cast Catch Choose Clap Cleave Cling

Abode/ Abided Alit/Alighted Arose Awoke Was/Were Bore Beat Became Began Beheld Bent Bet Bade Bid Bound Bit Bled Blew Broke Bred Brought Built Burnt/Burned Burst Bought Cast Caught Chose Clapped/Clapt Cleft Clung

Abode/Abided Abidden Alit/Alighted Arisen Awoken Been Born/Borne Beaten Become Begun Beheld Bent Bet Bidden Bid Bound Bitten Bled Blown Broken Bred Brought Built Burnt/Burned Burst Bought Cast Caught Chosen Clapped/Clapt Cleft Clung

A suporta A cobor A se ridica A se trezi A fi A purta, a nate A bate A deveni A ncepe A vedea A indoi A paria A porunci A licita A lega A muca A sngera A sufla, a bate A sparge A crete A educa A aduce A construe A arde A izbucni A cumpra A arunca A prinde A allege A bate din palme A despica A se aga

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Come Cost Creep Cut Dare Deal Dig Do Draw Dream Drink Drive Dwell Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Flee Fly Forbid Forecast Foresee Foretell Forget Forgive Freeze Get Give Go Grind Grow Handwrite

Came Cost Crept Cut Dared/Durst Dealt Dug Did Drew Dreamt/ Dreamed Drank Drove Dwelt Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flew Forbade/Forbad Forecast/ Forecasted Foresaw Foretold Forgot Forgave Froze Got Gave Went Ground Grew Handwrote

Come Cost Crept Cut Dared Dealt Dug Done Drawn Dreamt/ Dreamed Drunk Driven Dwelt Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flown Forbidden Forecast/ Forecasted Foreseen Foretold Forgotten Forgiven Frozen Got/Gotten Given Gone/Been Ground Grown Handwritten

A veni A costa A se tr A tia A ndrzni A trata, a se ocupa de A spa A face A desena A visa A bea A conduce A locui A mnca A cdea A hrni A (se) simi A (se) lupta A gsi A fugi A zbura, a pilota A interzice A prevedea A prevedea A prezice A uita A ierta A nghea A obine A da A merge A mcina A crete A scrie de mn

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Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Kneel Knit Know Lay Lead Lean Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Light Lose Make Mean Meet Melt Mistake Misunderst and Overtake Pay Prove Put Quit Read Rid

Hung/Hanged Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt/Kneeled Knit/Knitted Knew Laid Led Leant/Leaned Leapt/Leaped Learnt/Learned Left Lent Let Lay Lit Lost Made Meant Met Melted Mistook Misunderstood Overtook Paid Proved Put Quit Read Rid/Ridded

Hung/Hanged Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt/Kneeled Knit/Knitted Known Laid Led Leant/Leaned Leapt/Leaped Learnt/Learned Left Lent Let Lain Lit Lost Made Meant Met Molten/Melted Mistaken Misunderstood Overtaken Paid Proven/Proved Put Quit Read Rid/Ridded

A atrna A avea A auzi A(se) ascunde A lovi A ine A durea A ine A ngenunchia A tricota A ti A pune, a aeza A conduce A se apleca A sri A nvta A pleca, A prsi A mprumuta A lsa A zcea, a se afla A aprinde A pierde A face A nsemna A (se) ntlni A (se) topi A grei A nelege greit A prelua A plti A dovedi A pune A renuna A citi A elibera

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Ride Ring Rise Run Saw Say See Seek Sell Send Set Sew Shake Shave Shine Show Shrink Sing Sink Sit Slay Sleep Slide Sling Slink Slit Smell Sow Speak Speed Spell Spend

Rode Rang Rose Ran Sawed Said Saw Sought Sold Sent Set Sewed Shook Shaved Shone Showed Shrank Sang Sank Sat Slew Slept Slid Slung Slunk Slit Smelt/Smelled Sowed Spoke Sped/Speeded Spelt/Spelled Spent

Ridden Rung Risen Run Sawn/Sawed Said Seen Sought Sold Sent Set Sewn/Sewed Shaken Shaven/Shaved Shone Shown Shrunk Sung Sunk Sat Slain Slept Slid/Slidden Slung Slunk Slit Smelt/Smelled Sown Spoken Sped/Speeded Spelt/Spelled Spent

A clri A suna A rsri, a se ridica A alerga A tia cu fierstrul A sune A vedea A cuta A vinde A trimite A fixa A coase A tremura A (se) brbieri A strluci A arta A (se) micora A cnta A (se) scufunda A sta A ucide A dormi A aluneca A se furia A (se) strecura A despica A mirosi A planta, a semna A vorbi A grbi A vrji, a ortografia A petrece, a

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Spill Spin Split Spoil Spread Spring Stand Steal Stick Sting Stink Stride Strike Swear Sweat Sweep Swell Swim Swing Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Thrust Understan d Upset Wake Wear Weave Weep Win

Spilt/Spilled Span/Spun Split Spoilt/Spoiled Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stung Stank Strode/Strided Struck Swore Sweat/Sweate d Swept/ Sweeped Swelled Swam Swung Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw Thrust Understood Upset Woke Wore Wove Wept Won

Spilt/Spilled Spun Split Spoilt/Spoiled Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stunk Stridden Struck/Stricken Sworn Sweat/Sweated Swept/Sweeped Swollen Swum Swung Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Thrust Understood Upset Woken Worn Woven Wept Won

cheltui A vrsa A toarce A despica A rsfa A se ntinde A ni A sta n picioare A fura A lipi A nepa A mirosi urt A pi A lovi, a bate A jura A transpira A mtura A (se) umfla A nota A (se) legna A lua A preda A rupe A spune, a povesti A gndi A arunca A nfige A nelege A (se) supra A trezi A purta A ese A plnge A ctiga

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