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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

01/2013
ROSA LUXEMBURG STIFTUNG SOUTHERN AFRICA

THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT OF BRAZIL AND SOUTH AFRICA


JASCHA BENJAMIN DERR 1 APRIL 2013

INTRODUCTION

Internationally, cooperatives is the buzzword around sustainable development. In the context of the global financial and economic crises of 2008/2009 cooperatives have proved to be resilient alternatives to conventional capitalistic companies, apart from the fact that many people are increasingly dissatisfied with social inequality and poor labour conditions associated with a market-driven economy. The United Nations (UN) declared 2012 the year of cooperatives and encouraged all member states and other relevant stakeholders to promote them. 2 The UN also recognises the contribution of cooperatives to social and economic participation by all people as well as their potential to contribute to the eradication of poverty and the creation of sustainable livelihoods. 3 Many countries worldwide have discovered this potential and are actively promoting cooperatives. The initiative seems especially attractive to emerging economies that have potentially high economic growth rates and often struggle with the social effects of rapid industrialisation accompanied by extreme social inequality. The BRICS 4 states in particular, are extremely interested and at the second get together of the BRICS cooperative leaders in Beijing in 2011, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed to facilitate trade and
1

2 3 4

Jascha Benjamin Derr is a PhD candidate at the Institute of African Studies at Leipzig University, Germany. His research focuses on alternative economies, the solidarity economy and the cooperative movement. In 2012/2013, he spent 4 months in Brazil and another 4 months in South Africa in the context of his research for his PhD thesis. United Nations 2010, p. 2 United Nations 2010, p. 2 The term BRICs, which is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India and China was first mentioned by Jim ONeill of Goldman Sachs, see: ONeill 2001. In 2010, South Africa was officially invited to join the association, see: Department of International Relations and Cooperation 2010 and BRICs became BRICS. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation

investment cooperation among cooperatives and cooperative enterprises in BRICS countries. 5 This memorandum paves the way for collaboration between BRICS cooperatives on a business level, information exchange via mutual visits, as well as knowledge dissemination on trade and economic policies to interested cooperative leaders. Furthermore, mutual visits by business delegations have been planned to facilitate the exchange of ideas in the areas of intelligence, technology and economic policy. 6 The international cooperative movement is marked by plurality because of different national historical and political backgrounds. 7 This begs the question where the common field of cooperation within the BRICS countries lies? In response, it is first necessary to take a closer look at the historic and political development of the cooperative movements in the respective countries and outline the challenges they face. This paper examines the cooperative movements and current political challenges of two of the BRICS countries: Brazil and South Africa.
THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN BRAZIL

The cooperative movement in Brazil began in 1847 with the formation of the cooperative Teresa Cristina in Paran by Jean Maurice Faibre, a medical doctor of French origin. 8 The first consumer cooperative in Brazil was founded in 1889 and was known as Sociedade Cooperativa Econmica dos Funcionrios Pblicos de Ouro Preto. 9 The first legislation regulating cooperatives in Brazil was enacted in 1890 10 and primarily applied to consumer cooperatives for military personnel and their families. Theodor Amstad - a Jesuit priest of Swiss descent, started the first credit cooperative in 1902 in the municipality of Nova Petrpolis, 11 today regarded as the bellwether of the cooperative bank, Sicredi. 12 From 1906, agricultural cooperatives began spreading throughout the rural areas of Brazil driven predominantly by Italian and German immigrants who brought their expertise from their home countries to Brazil. 13 In 1925, cooperatives evolved into regional federations 14 and the movement enjoyed its first boom during the global economic crises that followed the Great Depression in 1929 15. From 1945 the Brazilian government offered cooperatives a number of material and fiscal incentives and in 1956, the National Union of Cooperative Associations (Unio National das Associaes Cooperativas - UNASCO) was founded - followed in 1964 by the Brazilian Cooperative Alliance (Aliana Brasileira de Cooperativas - ABCOOP). 16 The two opposing organisations amalgamated in 1969 and the Brazilian Cooperative Organisation
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

BRICS Cooperative Leaders Meeting 2011 BRICS Cooperative Leaders Meeting 2011 Webster et al. 2012, pp. 89 Shaffer 1999, pp. 3; 166 Organizao das Cooperativas Brasileiras 2008 Senado Federal (2/10/1890) Balzer 2007, p. 48 Sicredi No Date [2010] Organizao das Cooperativas Brasileiras 2008 Shaffer 1999, p. 167 Culti 2002, p. 7 Shaffer 1999, p. 167

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(Organizao das Cooperativas Brasileiras - OCB) was established. 17 Today, the OCB still functions as the Apex organisation. Over the years, cooperatives in Brazil faced different and continuously changing legislation until in 1971 the national cooperative law 18 was enacted and is, with some amendments, still the prevailing law governing cooperatives in Brazil. Following a military coup in 1964, the political landscape of Brazil changed and in 1966, cooperatives lost many of their fiscal privileges with resultant closures. 19 The remaining cooperatives experienced strict state control and monitoring. 20 At the end of the military regime in 1985 cooperatives systematically regained some of their privileges. Brazils willingness to support and promote this form of cooperation dates back to the initial mention of cooperatives in the constitution of 1988. 21 In 1998 the National Cooperative Learning Service (Servio Nacional de Aprendizagem do Cooperativismo - SESCOOP) was founded. 22 SESCOOP is the service provider for the cooperative movement and organises professional training and promotes social welfare for members, their families and surrounding communities. It also monitors the development and quality of cooperative management and defends and maintains their core principles. 23

In 2002 Luiz Incio Lula da Silva of the left-wing Workers Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores PT) won the Presidential elections and ruled Brazil for eight years. As a result of his personal intervention, the secretariat of solidarity economy (Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidria SENAES) within the Ministry of Labour (Ministrio do Trabalho e Emprego - MTE) was founded in 2003. The secretariates mission is to coordinate all national support activities to promote job creation, social inclusion and the solidarity economy movement within the country. 24 The cooperative movement plays a key role within the Brazilian solidarity economy. The solidarity economy is a political concept that has as its goal the establishment of alternatives to current dominant economic practices. The movement started in 2001 at the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil. However, it has its roots in the cooperative, leftist and unionist movements of the 1980s. 25 A number of other cooperative ventures form part of the movement, i.e. associations, worker administered companies, local exchange trading systems, etc. The Department of Agriculture (Ministrio da Agricultura, Pecuria e Abastecimento - MAPA) too has its own division that promotes rural and agricultural cooperatives, namely the Department of Cooperatives and Associations (Departamento de Cooperativismo e Associativismo Rural DENACOOP). 26 In addition there are a number of government institutions that directly and indirectly support cooperatives. The most important being the Ministry of Agrarian Development (Ministrio do Desenvolvimento

17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26

Organizao das Cooperativas Brasileiras 2008 For details on that law, see: Presidncia da Repblica (16/12/1971) Schneider 1982, pp. 3132 For more information on cooperatives during the military regime in Brazil, see: ADI/VOCA 2004 So states the constitution for example, that the law should support and promote cooperatives: (Ttulo VII, Captulo I, Art. 174, 2 - A lei apoiar e estimular o cooperativismo e outras formas de associativismo.) Presidncia da Repblica 1988 Servio Nacional de Aprendizagem do Cooperativismo 2008b Servio Nacional de Aprendizagem do Cooperativismo 2008a Ministrio do Trabalho e Emprego 1997a-2008 Ministrio do Trabalho e Emprego 1997b-2008 Ministrio da Agricultura, Pecuria e Abastecimento 2006 Rosa Luxemburg Foundation

Agrrio MDA).27 This Ministry was created in 1999 specifically to support small farmers and facilitate land reform. Also of importance is the Brazilian Service of Support for Micro and Small Enterprises (Servio Brasileiro de Apoio s Micro e Pequenas Empresas SEBRAE) 28 which supports and promotes all kinds of small and medium enterprises and the National Association of Self-Managed Workers and Companies
29

(Associao

Nacional

de

Trabalhadores e Empresas de Autogesto ANTEAG) managed enterprises including cooperatives.

which supports and promotes self-

In 2011 there were 6586 registered cooperatives in Brazil (see Table 1) with more than 10 million members. It is interesting to note that while the number of registered cooperatives fluctuated between 2001 and 2011 with a marked decline of registered members from 7026 in 2001 (see Table 1), there was a simultaneous steady rise in membership of cooperatives from approx. 5 million in 2001 to over 10 million in 2011 (see Table 2).

Table 1: Number of Cooperatives in Brazil from 2001 2011. Source: (Sescoop 2012)

27 28 29

Ministrio do Desenvolvimento Agrrio (n.y.)a. SEBRAE 2010 Faces do Brasil (n.y.)

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Table 2: Number cooperative members in Brazil from 2001-2011. Source: (Sescoop 2012)

THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA

Historically, the cooperative movement in South Africa dates back to the beginning of the 19th century when farmers started to organise themselves into agricultural societies in the four colonies of Natal, Cape Province, Transvaal and Orange Free State, still provinces of the present-day Republic of South Africa. 30 In 1892, the first cooperative, the Pietermaritzburg consumer cooperative, was founded in the colony of Natal. 31 Soon cooperatives started thriving especially in the Cape Province: In 1907, there were already 53 cooperatives and 80 more were in the process of being established. 32 In 1908 the Transvaal colony passed the Cooperative Societies Act, which was the first act of this kind in South Africa and probably in Africa. Meanwhile the remaining colonies registered cooperatives under the Companies Act. 33 In 1910, the four provinces united to form the Union of South Africa and the Orange Free State adopted the Co-operative Societies Act of the Transvaal. In 1912 the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa was established. The Land Bank offered loans to agricultural cooperatives at preferential rates and under less stringent conditions than commercial banks, thereby playing a key role in their development. 34 In 1922, the Co-operative Societies Act (Act 28) became law repealing all previous cooperative legislation and was the first Act that

30 31 32 33 34

van Niekerk 1994, pp. 1718 van Niekerk 1994, p. 19 van Niekerk 1994, p. 20 van Niekerk 1994, pp. 2324 van Niekerk 1994, p. 25 Rosa Luxemburg Foundation

controlled cooperatives in all four provinces of South Africa. 35 The Act further allowed other cooperatives such as trading cooperatives, to be registered. Following this legislation, the number of cooperatives in the Union of South Africa grew from 81 in 1922 to 405 in 1929. 36 The Great Depression in 1929, with the resulting fall 37 in the price of agricultural products, detrimentally affected South African cooperatives and a decline in the number of cooperatives followed. In 1930 there were 429 agricultural cooperatives registered and their number sank consistently to 202 in 1941. 38 The Marketing Act of 1937 was decisive for the South African development of agriculture in general and cooperatives in particular. The Act placed South African agricultural marketing directly under the control of the Minister of Agriculture as well as the so-called control boards. It delineated a number of control mechanisms amongst which were a single channel fixed pricing scheme, a single channel pool scheme and surplus removal schemes. 39 Smaller cooperatives were assimilated by larger ones with far reaching effects. Among the outcomes were that existing cooperatives became increasingly economically successful, while others included artificially high prices and little innovation. 40 As Nick Vink states, this Act with its heavy government intervention was used as a tool to favour farmers classified as white and to discriminate against farmers classified as black or coloured. 41 Groenewald even labels it as one of the most controversial pieces of economic legislation in the history of South African agriculture. 42 In 1939 the Co-operative Societies Act (Act 29) became law. One aspect of the legislation allowed limited liability to cooperatives. As a result, more and more cooperatives seized this opportunity until, in 1965, all cooperatives had limited liability that protected its members from bankruptcy. 43 In the 1940s and 1950 as cooperatives in South Africa thrived and handled an every larger share of the national production, criticism bubbled up about the privileges they enjoyed, mainly exemption from income tax and Land Bank financing at favourable rates. In response, a Commission of Enquiry into Cooperative Affairs, also known as the Steenkamp Commission, was set up in 1963. 44 The Commissions recommendations formed the basis of the Co-operative Societies Act (Act 91) passed into law in 1981 45 that effectively curtailed tax and financial leeway for cooperatives. 46 It further defined three types of cooperatives, namely, agricultural, special farmers and trading, thereby broadening the cooperative spectrum. 47 However, the legal definition of a cooperative was sketchy and had

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

van Niekerk 1994, p. 27 van Niekerk 1994, p. 29 Strickland 1937, p. 461 van Niekerk 1994, p. 364 Groenewald 2000, pp. 377378 See Groenewald for more information on that debate: Groenewald 2000, p. 385 Vink 2012, pp. 555556; For more information on the system of racial classification, see also: Posel 2001 Groenewald 2000, p. 365 van Niekerk 1994, p. 33 van Niekerk 1994, pp. 125126 van Niekerk 1994, p. 54 van Niekerk 1994, pp. 5255 Schoeman 2006, pp. 5354

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little in common with international cooperative principles as defined by the International Cooperative Alliance ICA. 48 From the inception of cooperatives until democracy in 1994, there was dual development of the entire cooperative movement in South Africa. The National Party that ruled South Africa from 1948 to 1994 promoted racial segregation so the development described above held true mainly for the South African population classified as white. Meanwhile the population classified as black or coloured did not have the same access to the cooperative system. Large sectors of the population were forced to live in separate areas called Bantustans and developed their own cooperative activities. First church leaders and later members of the South African Communist party, such as Dora Tamana, played a key role in promoting cooperatives. 49 The Land and Agriculture Policy Centre estimated that 214 cooperatives of the Bantustans were still operational after the end of apartheid. 50 In addition, there were approximately 800 000 active stokvels (savings schemes and burial societies) with approximately 10 million members. 51 Since the political change in 1994, the South African government is heavily committed towards the promotion of cooperatives. This started with the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) that made mention of cooperatives in several passages of the development plan. 52 A number of policy amendments in support of cooperatives followed: the Cooperative Development Policy for South Africa in 2004 preceded the Cooperatives Act (Act No. 14) passed in 2005 and that replaced Act No. 91 of 1981. 53 The most important improvement to the 2005 Act, when compared to the 1981 Act was that cooperatives did not have to comply with the narrow legislative definition of a cooperative, but that any venture was permitted that prescribed to the seven international cooperative principles as defined by the ICA (see above). 54 Hence, a wider range of ventures are able to be registered as cooperatives. In 2007 the Cooperatives Bank Act (Act No. 40) provided the framework for the registration and promotion of cooperative banks. There are also a number of policies and governmental institutions that are indirectly and directly supportive of the cooperative movement 55. The most important being the BroadBased Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) Act (Act No. 53) of 2003. 56 This legislation compels increased participation in the economy by people classified as black and historically disadvantaged. Cooperative development is seen as an empowerment tool and cooperatives are mentioned in various paragraphs of the Act. 57 During 2009 the South African National Apex Cooperative, SANACO was founded to promote the interests of the cooperative movement on a national level.
48 49 50 51 52 53

54 55 56 57

Schoeman 2006, p. 56; see also: International Co-operative Alliance 2005-2011 Satgar, Williams 2012, p. 179 South African Communist Party 2009; See also: The Department of Trade and Industry 2009, p. 5 The Department of Trade and Industry 2012a, p. 32 African National Congress 1994; See also: Satgar, Williams 2012, p. 177 Presidency of the Republic of South Africa 2005; The Department of Trade and Industry 2004; See also: Satgar, Williams 2012, p. 177 Schoeman 2006, p. 51 For an account of all relevant initiatives, see: The Department of Trade and Industry 2012a, pp. 4251 Presidency of the Republic of South Africa 9/01/2004 Presidency of the Republic of South Africa 9/01/2004 Rosa Luxemburg Foundation

The governments activities in support of cooperatives shows impressive results and cooperatives are flourishing in South Africa. When the Cooperative Act was promulgated in 2005 there were approximately 4 000 cooperatives registered and, a mere three years later in 2008, there were already over 20 000 (see Table 3). New figures show that this trend continues and at the end of 2012 there were over 50 000 cooperatives registered in the country. 58

Trends in cooperative registrations & deregistrations 25000 20000


No. of coops

22,619 17,154 22,030 13,920 16,997 13,720 7,355 7,229 4,652 4,583 126
/7 06

15000 10000 3,911 4,210 5000 0


94 -1 9

Deregistration Total Registered Total Active per the Register

3,911 3,990 1,444 0 0


/4 02 03 -2 0 20

220
/5 04

69
/6 05

200
/8 07

157
08 /9

589

20

20

20

20

22

19

19

95

Period

Table 3: Trends in cooperative registrations and deregistrations 1922 2009. Source: (The Department of Trade and Industry 2011)

COMPARISON OF KEY CHALLENGES BETWEEN THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH

AFRICA AND BRAZIL


The quantitative development of cooperatives in South Africa is striking. This shows, that with the Cooperative Act of 2005, together with its network of support programmes, the South African government has created an environment conducive to the establishment of cooperatives. Most new cooperatives are operated by previously disadvantaged South Africans and are located in historically disadvantaged areas. 59 It is fair to assume that most of the newly founded cooperatives are rather small since The Cooperative Act of 2005 set a low minimum threshold for the formation of such a body at five members. Brazil does not have as many cooperatives or show such high growth rates. To establish a cooperative in Brazil a minimum of 20 members is required. 60 Other reasons for these differences might be that Brazil offers less financial support to newly established cooperatives than South Africa does. Another difference is that the South African cooperative movement has to play catch up to

58 59 60

The Department of Trade and Industry 2012b The Department of Trade and Industry 2009, p. 7 Presidncia da Repblica 16/12/1971

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compensate for the apartheid period when large sectors of the population were denied access to government support. Nevertheless, this also means that only the future will reveal how many new cooperatives in South Africa will survive. There will surely be a few mergers, conversions and rationalisation processes ahead. Even now, South African cooperatives display higher failure rates. 61 The support programme offered by the South African government highly incentivises the creation of cooperatives, so some members of new cooperatives may not fully entrench cooperative principles. In this context, cooperative training is crucial. The training offered by the South African government is often not specifically geared towards cooperatives, but rather uses the same prospectus offered to small and medium enterprises. In Brazil, training courses are offered by SESCOOP and ANTEAG that specialise in addressing the unique needs of cooperatives. The South African government has recognised this challenge and is planning to establish a National Cooperative Training Academy. 62 Another gap in the South African cooperative system is the lack of independent control and auditing. Independent auditing can help to control finances and improve all processes within a cooperative. To address this, the South African government included independent auditing in the 2012 Cooperatives Amendment Bill. 63 Monitoring will be undertaken by various independent firms and consultants, however, these service provides are often prone to sugarcoat their audits to please their clients. Alternatively, an independent auditing process could be centralised at national level and placed under the jurisdiction of SANACO. 64 This is not happening in Brazil either as yet, but the first step was taken in 2007 with the formation of the Confederao Nacional de Auditoria Cooperativa CNAC, an organisation responsible for the external audit of credit cooperatives. 65 The first role of the national cooperatives representative organisation should be to lobby for the interests of cooperatives in parliament. The representative organisation must be independent and have the backing of all its members. In Brazil the OCB with its Cooperative Parliamentary Front (Frente Parlamentar do Cooperativismo FRENCOOP) is already doing this very effectively with the annual publication of proposals for amendments to acts and bills, as well as annotations and recommendations to influence on-going legislative processes. 66 In South Africa it still remains to be seen how far SANACO will be able to effectively promote the cooperative cause at parliamentary level. During the National Party rule in South Africa cooperatives where highly regulated and did not have much freedom - the current government has eased many of these regulations. This has also had negative consequences as after initial start-up funding, cooperatives are left to their own devices with little long-term help in the market. Under these circumstances, access

61 62 63 64 65 66

The Department of Trade and Industry 2012a, p. 39 Republic of South Africa 10/05/2012 Republic of South Africa 10/05/2012 As it is for example the case in Germany, see: German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation n.y. Portal do Cooperativismo de Crdito n.y. See for example: Organizao das Cooperativas Brasileiras 2011 Rosa Luxemburg Foundation

to funding and credit is vital. 67 Credit unions in Brazil, such as SICREDI, developed a system that makes funding available for small-scale ventures. In addition the Brazilian government developed a public procurement system that favours small-scale farmers through a quota system. 68 South Africa also has quotas, but only for so-called black companies under the BBBEE scheme. This approach is racially prejudicial and does not necessarily favour small enterprises or those who are most in need. The liberalisation of the economy on the one hand and the intensive support of cooperatives on the other also show that the South African government is lacking a long-term holistic approach towards the cooperative movement. 69 It appears rather to focus on finding short-term fixes for social problems in the absence of a long-term strategy. 70 Long-term planning is the key to guaranteeing longevity for the cooperative movement. In Brazil, the cooperative movement is embedded in the so-called solidarity economy movement and therefore part of a holistic long-term goal. There is, however, incongruity between the promotion of the solidarity economy and an increasingly liberalised economy. One can therefore assume that the government does not have economic transformation on the cards, but rather sees the concept as a niche solution for the poor and disadvantaged part of the population with the ultimate goal of eventually integrating them into the market.
CONCLUSION

The governments of Brazil and South Africa are both committed to promoting the cooperative movement in their respective countries. Both see this as a vehicle to support and empower especially the poor and disadvantaged. Since both countries are marked by social and racial inequalities, 71 it is considered appropriate. However, there two things to bear in mind: Firstly, cooperatives can help alleviate poverty and promote empowerment, but are not suitable to cushion cuts in public spending and certainly cannot replace public service delivery. Britain is a case in point. The question was whether cooperatives could be used as a private, non-state structure to deliver public services? Both Brazil and South Africa show tendencies in a similar direction. It is envisaged that this route could lead to all types of conflict, divert from the governments responsibility to deliver public services and make it near impossible to hold the government accountable. 72 Secondly, economic inequality, social exclusion and poverty are complex phenomena that cannot be resolved with the promotion of the cooperative movement alone. 73 Therefore, a comprehensive approach is needed to tackle these problems head on with the cooperative strategy forming part of the overall plan.
67

68 69 70 71 72 73

The integrated approach on the development and promotion of cooperatives is a step in this direction, but is still lacking a holistic long term vision: The Department of Trade and Industry 2012a, p. 53 Ministrio do Desenvolvimento Agrrio (n.y.)b The Department of Trade and Industry 2012a For a discussion of this subject, see: Webster et al. 2012, p. 3; Grott 1987 For South Africa see: Im et al. 2012; For Brazil see: Beghin 2008 Webster et al. 2012, pp. 12 See also: Satgar, Williams 2012, p. 197

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It has become clear that both Brazil and South Africa face similar challenges in the promotion of their cooperative movements and would greatly benefit from a mutual exchange of experiences and practices. To ensure both countries become examples of successful southsouth learning processes, additional areas of knowledge and best practice exchange would be beneficial land reform and access to education are two areas that immediately come to mind.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ONeill, Jim (2001): Building Better Global Economic BRICs. Edited by Goldman Sachs Economic Research Group (Global Economics Paper, 66). Available online at http://www.goldmansachs.com/korea/ideas/brics/building-better-pdf.pdf, checked on 9/04/2013. Organizao das Cooperativas Brasileiras (2008): Cooperativismo: Evoluo no Brasil. Movimento livre da influncia do Estado. Available online at http://www.ocb.org.br/site/cooperativismo/evolucao_no_brasil.asp, checked on 9/04/2013. Organizao das Cooperativas Brasileiras (2011): Agenda legislativa do cooperativismo. Proposies. Available online at http://www.ocb.org.br/GERENCIADOR/ba/arquivos/230311_agenda_legislativa_do_cooperativismo_2011.pdf, checked on 9/04/2013. Portal do Cooperativismo de Crdito (n.y.): Confederao Nacional de Auditoria Cooperativa - CNAC. Available online at http://www.cooperativismodecredito.com.br/CNAC.html, checked on 9/04/2013. Posel, Deborah (2001): Race as common sense: Racial classification in twentieth-century South Africa. In African Studies Review 44 (2), pp. 87113. Presidncia da Repblica (16/12/1971) : LEI N 5.764. Available online at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L5764.htm, checked on 9/04/2013. Presidncia da Repblica (1988): CONSTITUIO DA REPBLICA FEDERATIVA DO BRASIL DE 1988. Available online at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm, checked on 9/04/2013. Presidency of the Republic of South Africa (9/01/2004): Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2003. Available online at http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=68031, checked on 9/04/2013. Presidency of the Republic of South Africa (2005): Co-operatives Act, revised 18/08/2005. Available online at http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=67866, checked on 9/04/2013 Republic of South Africa (10/05/2012): Co-operatives amendment bill. Available online at http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=165928, checked on 9/04/2013. Satgar, Vishwas; Williams, Michelle (2012): Cooperatives and Nation Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Contradictions and Challenges. In Anthony Webster, Alyson Brown, David Stewart (Eds.): The hidden alternative. Co-operative values, past, present and future. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, pp. 177202. Schneider, Jos Odelso (1982): O Panorama Mundial, Nacional e Estadual do Cooperativismo. In Perspectiva Econmica 12 (38). Schoeman, Nicolene Francina (2006): The Co-operative as an appropriate form of enterprise for Black Economic Empowerment. University of the Free State. Available online at http://etd.uovs.ac.za/ETDdb/theses/available/etd-04182008-103625/unrestricted/SchoemanNF.pdf, checked on 9/04/2013. Servio Brasileiro de Apoio s Micro e Pequenas Empresas (2010): Histria do Sebrae. Available online at http://www.sebrae.com.br/customizado/sebrae/institucional/quem-somos/historico, checked on 9/4/2013. Senado Federal (2/10/1890) : Decreto No. 796. Available online at http://www.ocb.org.br/site/cooperativismo/arquivos/Decreto796_1890.pdf, checked on 9/4/2013. Servio Nacional de Aprendizagem do Cooperativismo (2008a): reas de atuao prioritrias. Available online at http://www.ocb.org.br/site/sescoop/atuacao.asp, checked on 9/04/2013. Servio Nacional de Aprendizagem do Cooperativismo (2008b): Sescoop: Histria. Atitude pr-ativa pelo fortalecimento do cooperativismo. Available online at http://www.ocb.org.br/site/sescoop/historia.asp, checked on 9/04/2013. Sescoop (2012): Panorama do Cooperativismo Brasileiro - Ano 2011. Relatrio da gerncia de monitoramento. Available online at http://www.ocb.org.br/gerenciador/ba/arquivos/panorama_do_cooperativismo_brasileiro___2011.pdf, checked on 9/04/2013. Shaffer, Jack (1999): Historical dictionary of the cooperative movement. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. Sicredi (No Date [2010]): Histrico. Available online at http://www.sicredi.com.br/websitesicredi/sicredi/psmlId/14?documentId=31215666&selectedMenuItemId=48& menuId=14&paneSelected=2&psmlToBack=103&timemilis=1353084682469&idxMaxNavHistory=1, checked on 9/04/2013. South African Communist Party (2009): Building co-operatives as a concrete expression of building peoples power in the economy. Available online at http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=2645, checked on 9/04/2013.

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