317SE/6

MAY 2012
Coventry University
Faculty of Engineering and Computing

317SE
Propulsion Systems and Aerodynamics
Instructions to candidates

Time allowed: 3 Hours

Answer :
Answer FOUR questions from SIX. All questions carry equal marks.

For this examination you will be supplied with the following:

A4 Answer Book
Graph Paper

IMPORTANT: You may take this question paper away at the end of the
examination. Please keep it in a safe place for future reference.

MAY 2012

317SE

continued
page 1

317SE/6
Useful Data

Thermodynamic Relationships

P02
1 2 1
M1
= 1 + Intake
P1
2

T02is
1 2
M1
= 1 + Intake
T1
2

Intake

Compressor

T03is P03

=
T02 P02

Comp =

wComp = C P (T03 T02 )

Turbine

Nozzle

T04 P04

=
T05is P05

T02 1 2
= 1 +
M1
T1
2

T03is T02
T03 T02

WComp = m wComp

Turb =

T04 T05
T04 T05is

wTurb = C P (T04 T05 )

WTurb = m wTurb

Critical Nozzle pressure ratio

P05
=
Pcrit

Unchoked Nozzle
Choked Nozzle

1
1 1 1

noz + 1

T05 P05

=
T6is P6
T05 + 1
=
T6
2

, noz =

T05 T6
T05 T6is

Relationship between total and static temperatures, T0 x = Tx + cx 2 2 C p

Gas Properties
Specific Heat, C P
Ratio of Specific Heats,
Gas Constant, R

Dry Air
1.005 kJ/kg/K
1.4
0.287 kJ/kg/K

Combustion Gases
1.148 kJ/kg/K
1.333
0.287 kJ/kg/K

Prandtls Lifting Line Theory

Tapered planform wing : induced angle of attack
Tapered planform wing : induced drag coefficient

CL
(1 + )
A
C2
C D _ ind = L (1 + )
A

ind =

Tapered planform wing : infinite and finite wing lift slope relationship

Elliptical planform wing : induced angle of attack

Elliptical planform wing : induced drag coefficient

ind =

a=

a0
a0
(1 + )
1+
A

CL
A

CD _ ind =

Elliptical planform wing : infinite and finite wing lift slope relationship

CL2
A

a=

a0
a
1+ 0
A

continued

page 2

317SE/6
TABLE 1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
Sea level conditions

T SL
p SL
SL
Altitude (m)
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
5000
5250
5500
5750
6000
6250
6500
6750
7000
7250
7500
7750
8000
8250
8500
8750
9000
9250
9500
9750
10000
10250
10500
10750
11000

288.16 K
2
101325 N/m
1.2256 kg/m3

Relative values
= T/T SL
= p/p SL
1.0000
0.9944
0.9887
0.9831
0.9774
0.9718
0.9662
0.9605
0.9549
0.9492
0.9436
0.9380
0.9323
0.9267
0.9211
0.9154
0.9098
0.9041
0.8985
0.8929
0.8872
0.8816
0.8759
0.8703
0.8647
0.8590
0.8534
0.8477
0.8421
0.8365
0.8308
0.8252
0.8195
0.8139
0.8083
0.8026
0.7970
0.7913
0.7857
0.7801
0.7744
0.7688
0.7632
0.7575
0.7519

1.0000
0.9707
0.9421
0.9142
0.8870
0.8604
0.8345
0.8092
0.7846
0.7605
0.7371
0.7142
0.6919
0.6702
0.6490
0.6284
0.6083
0.5888
0.5697
0.5512
0.5331
0.5156
0.4985
0.4818
0.4656
0.4499
0.4346
0.4197
0.4052
0.3912
0.3775
0.3642
0.3513
0.3388
0.3267
0.3149
0.3034
0.2923
0.2815
0.2710
0.2609
0.2511
0.2415
0.2323
0.2234

= / SL
1.0000
0.9762
0.9529
0.9299
0.9074
0.8854
0.8637
0.8425
0.8216
0.8012
0.7811
0.7614
0.7421
0.7232
0.7047
0.6865
0.6687
0.6512
0.6341
0.6173
0.6009
0.5848
0.5691
0.5536
0.5385
0.5237
0.5092
0.4951
0.4812
0.4676
0.4544
0.4414
0.4287
0.4163
0.4041
0.3923
0.3807
0.3693
0.3583
0.3475
0.3369
0.3266
0.3165
0.3067
0.2971

continued

page 3

317SE/6
M

T 0 /T

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32

1.000
1.000
1.001
1.001
1.002
1.003
1.004
1.005
1.006
1.008
1.010
1.012
1.014
1.016
1.018
1.020
1.023
1.026
1.029
1.032
1.035
1.039
1.042
1.046
1.050
1.054
1.058
1.063
1.067
1.072
1.077
1.082
1.087
1.092
1.098
1.104
1.110
1.116
1.122
1.128
1.134
1.141
1.148
1.155
1.162
1.169
1.177
1.184
1.192
1.200
1.208
1.216
1.225
1.233
1.242
1.251
1.260
1.269
1.278
1.288
1.298
1.308
1.318
1.328
1.338
1.348

TABLE 2 ISENTROPIC FLOW

P 0 /p
0/
A/A*
1.000
1.001
1.003
1.004
1.007
1.010
1.014
1.018
1.023
1.028
1.034
1.041
1.048
1.056
1.064
1.074
1.083
1.094
1.105
1.117
1.129
1.142
1.156
1.171
1.186
1.202
1.219
1.237
1.256
1.276
1.296
1.317
1.340
1.363
1.387
1.412
1.439
1.466
1.495
1.524
1.555
1.587
1.621
1.655
1.691
1.729
1.767
1.808
1.850
1.893
1.938
1.985
2.033
2.083
2.135
2.189
2.245
2.303
2.363
2.425
2.489
2.556
2.625
2.697
2.771
2.847

1.000
1.001
1.002
1.003
1.005
1.007
1.010
1.013
1.016
1.020
1.024
1.029
1.034
1.040
1.046
1.052
1.059
1.066
1.074
1.082
1.091
1.100
1.109
1.119
1.130
1.141
1.152
1.164
1.177
1.190
1.203
1.218
1.232
1.247
1.263
1.280
1.297
1.314
1.333
1.351
1.371
1.391
1.412
1.433
1.456
1.478
1.502
1.526
1.552
1.577
1.604
1.632
1.660
1.689
1.719
1.750
1.782
1.814
1.848
1.883
1.918
1.955
1.992
2.031
2.071
2.112

28.942
14.481
9.666
7.262
5.822
4.864
4.182
3.673
3.278
2.964
2.708
2.496
2.317
2.166
2.035
1.922
1.823
1.736
1.659
1.590
1.529
1.474
1.425
1.380
1.340
1.303
1.270
1.240
1.213
1.188
1.166
1.145
1.127
1.110
1.094
1.081
1.068
1.057
1.047
1.038
1.030
1.024
1.018
1.013
1.009
1.006
1.003
1.001
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
1.003
1.005
1.008
1.011
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.037
1.043
1.050
1.058
1.066
1.075

90.000
78.635
74.058
70.630
67.808
65.380
63.234
61.306
59.550
57.936
56.443
55.052
53.751
52.528
51.375
50.285
49.251

0.000
0.128
0.354
0.641
0.973
1.342
1.741
2.166
2.614
3.082
3.566
4.065
4.578
5.102
5.636
6.180
6.731

continued

page 4

317SE/6
M

T 0 /T

P 0 /p

0/

A/A*

1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48
2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58
2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

1.359
1.370
1.381
1.392
1.403
1.415
1.426
1.438
1.450
1.462
1.474
1.487
1.499
1.512
1.525
1.538
1.551
1.564
1.578
1.592
1.606
1.620
1.634
1.648
1.662
1.677
1.692
1.707
1.722
1.737
1.753
1.768
1.784
1.800
1.816
1.832
1.849
1.865
1.882
1.899
1.916
1.933
1.950
1.968
1.986
2.004
2.022
2.040
2.058
2.076
2.095
2.114
2.133
2.152
2.171
2.191
2.210
2.230
2.250
2.270
2.290
2.311
2.331
2.352
2.373
2.394
2.415
2.436

2.927
3.009
3.094
3.182
3.273
3.368
3.465
3.566
3.671
3.779
3.891
4.007
4.127
4.250
4.378
4.511
4.648
4.790
4.936
5.087
5.244
5.406
5.573
5.746
5.924
6.109
6.300
6.497
6.701
6.911
7.128
7.353
7.585
7.824
8.072
8.327
8.591
8.863
9.145
9.435
9.735
10.044
10.363
10.693
11.033
11.384
11.746
12.119
12.504
12.902
13.312
13.734
14.170
14.620
15.084
15.562
16.054
16.562
17.086
17.626
18.182
18.755
19.346
19.954
20.581
21.227
21.892
22.577

2.153
2.197
2.241
2.286
2.333
2.381
2.430
2.480
2.532
2.585
2.639
2.695
2.752
2.811
2.871
2.933
2.996
3.061
3.128
3.196
3.266
3.338
3.411
3.487
3.564
3.643
3.723
3.806
3.891
3.978
4.067
4.158
4.251
4.347
4.445
4.545
4.647
4.752
4.859
4.969
5.081
5.196
5.313
5.433
5.556
5.682
5.810
5.942
6.076
6.213
6.354
6.497
6.644
6.794
6.947
7.103
7.263
7.427
7.594
7.764
7.939
8.116
8.298
8.484
8.673
8.867
9.065
9.266

1.084
1.094
1.104
1.115
1.126
1.138
1.150
1.163
1.176
1.190
1.204
1.219
1.234
1.250
1.267
1.284
1.301
1.319
1.338
1.357
1.376
1.397
1.418
1.439
1.461
1.484
1.507
1.531
1.555
1.580
1.606
1.633
1.660
1.688
1.716
1.745
1.775
1.806
1.837
1.869
1.902
1.935
1.970
2.005
2.041
2.078
2.115
2.154
2.193
2.233
2.274
2.316
2.359
2.403
2.448
2.494
2.540
2.588
2.637
2.686
2.737
2.789
2.842
2.896
2.951
3.007
3.065
3.123

48.268
47.332
46.439
45.585
44.767
43.983
43.230
42.507
41.810
41.140
40.493
39.868
39.265
38.682
38.118
37.572
37.043
36.530
36.032
35.549
35.080
34.624
34.180
33.749
33.329
32.921
32.523
32.135
31.757
31.388
31.028
30.677
30.335
30.000
29.673
29.353
29.041
28.736
28.437
28.145
27.859
27.578
27.304
27.036
26.773
26.515
26.262
26.014
25.771
25.533
25.300
25.070
24.845
24.624
24.407
24.195
23.985
23.780
23.578
23.380
23.185
22.993
22.805
22.620
22.438
22.259
22.082
21.909

7.290
7.854
8.424
8.998
9.576
10.158
10.742
11.329
11.918
12.508
13.099
13.690
14.282
14.874
15.466
16.057
16.647
17.237
17.825
18.412
18.997
19.580
20.162
20.741
21.318
21.893
22.466
23.036
23.603
24.168
24.730
25.289
25.845
26.398
26.948
27.495
28.038
28.579
29.116
29.650
30.181
30.708
31.232
31.752
32.269
32.783
33.293
33.800
34.303
34.803
35.300
35.792
36.282
36.768
37.250
37.729
38.205
38.677
39.146
39.611
40.073
40.531
40.986
41.437
41.886
42.330
42.772
43.210

continued

page 5

317SE/6
M

T 0 /T

P 0 /p

0/

A/A*

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78
2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88
2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98
3.00

2.458
2.480
2.502
2.524
2.546
2.568
2.590
2.613
2.636
2.659
2.682
2.705
2.729
2.752
2.776
2.800

23.283
24.010
24.758
25.528
26.322
27.138
27.979
28.844
29.735
30.651
31.594
32.564
33.563
34.590
35.646
36.733

9.472
9.683
9.897
10.116
10.340
10.568
10.801
11.038
11.281
11.528
11.780
12.037
12.300
12.567
12.840
13.119

3.183
3.244
3.306
3.370
3.434
3.500
3.567
3.636
3.706
3.777
3.850
3.924
3.999
4.076
4.155
4.235

21.738
21.571
21.405
21.243
21.083
20.925
20.770
20.617
20.466
20.318
20.171
20.027
19.885
19.745
19.607
19.471

43.645
44.076
44.505
44.930
45.351
45.770
46.185
46.597
47.006
47.412
47.815
48.214
48.611
49.004
49.395
49.782

M1
1.000
1.050
1.100
1.150
1.200
1.250
1.300
1.350
1.400
1.450
1.500
1.550
1.600
1.650
1.700
1.750
1.800
1.850
1.900
1.950
2.000
2.050
2.100
2.150
2.200
2.250
2.300
2.350
2.400
2.450
2.500
2.550
2.600
2.650
2.700
2.750
2.800
2.850
2.900
2.950
3.000

TABLE 3 NORMAL SHOCK WAVES

p 2 /p 1
2/ 1
T 2 /T 1
M2
p 02 /p 01
1.000
1.120
1.245
1.376
1.513
1.656
1.805
1.960
2.120
2.286
2.458
2.636
2.820
3.010
3.205
3.406
3.613
3.826
4.045
4.270
4.500
4.736
4.978
5.226
5.480
5.740
6.005
6.276
6.553
6.836
7.125
7.420
7.720
8.026
8.338
8.656
8.980
9.310
9.645
9.986
10.333

1.000
1.084
1.169
1.255
1.342
1.429
1.516
1.603
1.690
1.776
1.862
1.947
2.032
2.115
2.198
2.279
2.359
2.438
2.516
2.592
2.667
2.740
2.812
2.882
2.951
3.019
3.085
3.149
3.212
3.273
3.333
3.392
3.449
3.505
3.559
3.612
3.664
3.714
3.763
3.811
3.857

1.000
1.033
1.065
1.097
1.128
1.159
1.191
1.223
1.255
1.287
1.320
1.354
1.388
1.423
1.458
1.495
1.532
1.569
1.608
1.647
1.688
1.729
1.770
1.813
1.857
1.901
1.947
1.993
2.040
2.088
2.138
2.187
2.238
2.290
2.343
2.397
2.451
2.507
2.563
2.621
2.679

1.000
0.953
0.912
0.875
0.842
0.813
0.786
0.762
0.740
0.720
0.701
0.684
0.668
0.654
0.641
0.628
0.617
0.606
0.596
0.586
0.577
0.569
0.561
0.554
0.547
0.541
0.534
0.529
0.523
0.518
0.513
0.508
0.504
0.500
0.496
0.492
0.488
0.485
0.481
0.478
0.475

1.000
1.000
0.999
0.997
0.993
0.987
0.979
0.970
0.958
0.945
0.930
0.913
0.895
0.876
0.856
0.835
0.813
0.790
0.767
0.744
0.721
0.698
0.674
0.651
0.628
0.606
0.583
0.561
0.540
0.519
0.499
0.479
0.460
0.442
0.424
0.406
0.389
0.373
0.358
0.343
0.328

continued

page 6

317SE/6
TABLE 4 EXPANSION WAVES
M1
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
4.25
4.30

(degrees)
0.0000
0.4874
1.3362
2.3810
3.5582
4.8299
6.1703
7.5607
8.9870
10.4381
11.9052
13.3812
14.8604
16.3379
17.8099
19.2732
20.7251
22.1633
23.5861
24.9920
26.3798
27.7484
29.0971
30.4253
31.7325
33.0184
34.2828
35.5255
36.7465
37.9459
39.1236
40.2798
41.4147
42.5285
43.6215
44.6938
45.7459
46.7779
47.7903
48.7833
49.7573
50.7127
51.6497
52.5688
53.4703
54.3546
55.2220
56.0728
56.9075
57.7264
58.5298
59.3180
60.0915
60.8504
61.5953
62.3263
63.0438
63.7481
64.4395
65.1183
65.7848
66.4393
67.0820
67.7132
68.3332
68.9423
69.5406

(degrees)
90.0000
72.2472
65.3800
60.4082
56.4427
53.1301
50.2849
47.7946
45.5847
43.6028
41.8103
40.1778
38.6822
37.3052
36.0319
34.8499
33.7490
32.7204
31.7569
30.8519
30.0000
29.1964
28.4369
27.7177
27.0357
26.3878
25.7715
25.1843
24.6243
24.0895
23.5782
23.0888
22.6199
22.1702
21.7385
21.3237
20.9248
20.5410
20.1713
19.8149
19.4712
19.1395
18.8191
18.5094
18.2100
17.9202
17.6397
17.3680
17.1046
16.8493
16.6015
16.3611
16.1276
15.9008
15.6804
15.4660
15.2575
15.0547
14.8572
14.6649
14.4775
14.2949
14.1170
13.9434
13.7741
13.6090
13.4477

continued

page 7

317SE/6
M1
4.35
4.40
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70
4.75
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.95
5.00
5.05
5.10
5.15
5.20
5.25
5.30
5.35
5.40
5.45
5.50
5.55
5.60
5.65
5.70
5.75
5.80
5.85
5.90
5.95
6.00
6.05
6.10
6.15
6.20
6.25
6.30
6.35
6.40
6.45
6.50
6.55
6.60
6.65
6.70
6.75
6.80
6.85
6.90
6.95
7.00
7.05
7.10
7.15
7.20
7.25
7.30
7.35
7.40
7.45
7.50
7.55
7.60
7.65
7.70

(degrees)
70.1285
70.7062
71.2738
71.8317
72.3801
72.9192
73.4491
73.9701
74.4824
74.9863
75.4818
75.9691
76.4486
76.9202
77.3843
77.8409
78.2902
78.7324
79.1677
79.5962
80.0180
80.4332
80.8421
81.2448
81.6413
82.0319
82.4166
82.7956
83.1689
83.5368
83.8993
84.2565
84.6085
84.9555
85.2975
85.6347
85.9671
86.2948
86.6179
86.9366
87.2509
87.5608
87.8666
88.1682
88.4657
88.7592
89.0488
89.3346
89.6167
89.8950
90.1697
90.4408
90.7085
90.9727
91.2336
91.4912
91.7455
91.9966
92.2446
92.4896
92.7315
92.9704
93.2065
93.4397
93.6700
93.8977
94.1226
94.3448

(degrees)
13.2903
13.1366
12.9864
12.8396
12.6961
12.5559
12.4187
12.2845
12.1532
12.0247
11.8989
11.7757
11.6551
11.5370
11.4212
11.3077
11.1965
11.0875
10.9806
10.8757
10.7729
10.6719
10.5729
10.4757
10.3803
10.2866
10.1946
10.1042
10.0154
9.9282
9.8425
9.7583
9.6755
9.5941
9.5140
9.4353
9.3579
9.2818
9.2069
9.1332
9.0607
8.9893
8.9190
8.8499
8.7818
8.7147
8.6487
8.5837
8.5196
8.4565
8.3943
8.3331
8.2727
8.2132
8.1546
8.0967
8.0398
7.9836
7.9281
7.8735
7.8196
7.7664
7.7140
7.6623
7.6112
7.5608
7.5111
7.4621

continued

page 8

317SE/6
M1
7.75
7.80
7.85
7.90
7.95
8.00
8.05
8.10
8.15
8.20
8.25
8.30
8.35
8.40
8.45
8.50
8.55
8.60
8.65
8.70
8.75
8.80
8.85
8.90
8.95
9.00
9.05
9.10
9.15
9.20
9.25
9.30
9.35
9.40
9.45
9.50
9.55
9.60
9.65
9.70
9.75
9.80
9.85
9.90
9.95
10.00

(degrees)
94.5644
94.7814
94.9959
95.2080
95.4175
95.6247
95.8295
96.0319
96.2321
96.4300
96.6257
96.8192
97.0106
97.1999
97.3871
97.5722
97.7553
97.9365
98.1157
98.2930
98.4684
98.6419
98.8137
98.9836
99.1517
99.3181
99.4828
99.6457
99.8070
99.9667
100.1248
100.2812
100.4361
100.5894
100.7412
100.8915
101.0403
101.1876
101.3335
101.4780
101.6211
101.7628
101.9032
102.0422
102.1799
102.3163

(degrees)
7.4137
7.3659
7.3187
7.2721
7.2262
7.1808
7.1359
7.0916
7.0479
7.0047
6.9621
6.9199
6.8783
6.8371
6.7965
6.7563
6.7166
6.6774
6.6386
6.6003
6.5624
6.5250
6.4880
6.4514
6.4152
6.3794
6.3440
6.3090
6.2744
6.2401
6.2063
6.1728
6.1396
6.1069
6.0744
6.0423
6.0106
5.9792
5.9481
5.9173
5.8868
5.8567
5.8269
5.7973
5.7681
5.7392

continued

page 9

317SE/6
FIGURE 1 --M Diagram

continued

page 10

317SE/6
Question 1
a) A single spool gas turbine engine which incorporates a 17 stage axial compressor
and 3 stage turbine and afterburner unit has the thermodynamic cycle parameters
and design point operating conditions given in the following table.
Overall Pressure Ratio
Combustion Pressure Loss
Turbine Inlet Temperature
Isentropic efficiencies
Intake
Compressor
Turbine
Propelling nozzle
Inlet Air flow
Fuel to Air Ratio
Design Point Operating Condition
Velocity
Altitude
Ambient Pressure

13.5
0.75%
1205K
96%
89%
94%
97%
77.5kg/s
0.011:1
1.0 Mach Number
2000 ft
0.9424 bar

i)

Given that the engine is operating in steady-state, by calculating the

pressure, temperatures and mass flow rates along the length of the engine,
show that the nett thrust is approximately 34.5kN.
(15 marks)

ii)

Calculate the two key engine characteristics, which are used in the design
of the engine cycle to assess its performance.
(4 marks)

iii)

Identify the most likely application that an engine with these characteristics
would be used in. Your answer should include an explanation of your
reasoning.
(6 marks)

TOTAL = 25 MARKS

continued

page 11

317SE/6
Question 2
a) Prandtls lifting line theory provides a method to determine the lift characteristic
of a finite length wing from those of the aerofoil whose cross-section profile
matches that of the wing. In its derivation, Prandtls lifting line theory assumes
that the lift distribution over the wing is elliptical.

b)

i)

Explain why it is useful to assume this elliptical lift distribution over the wing
span, and how it simplifies the analysis. In your explanation you may find it
useful to refer to physical aspects of the airflow velocity over the wing.
(4 marks)

ii)

Explain how an elliptical lift distribution can be achieved in a practical wing

design. In your explanation, explain how the wing design could be altered
to ease its manufacture.
(3 marks)

An elliptically shaped wing with a planform area of 0.45m2 and an aspect ratio of
4 was tested in the working section of a windtunnel where the dynamic pressure
is 3002.7Pa. In the first test, the wing was positioned at geometric angle of
attack of 7.0 and the measured induced drag force is 27.1N. In the second test,
an induced angle of attack of 0 was achieved when the wing was positioned at
an effective angle of attack of -1.2.
i)

Explain the difference between the geometric, effective and induced angles
of attack. In your explanation, include a diagram illustrating the relationship
between these angles.
(2 marks)

ii)

Determine the reduction in the induced drag coefficient if the aspect ratio of
the wing is increased from 4 to 10 at a geometric angle of attack of 3.38.
(12 marks)

iii)

By using the reduction in the induced drag coefficient calculated from part
ii), show that the reduction in the power needed by an engine to propel the
new elliptically shaped wing at sea-level conditions in the windtunnel
working section would be 250W.
(4 marks)

TOTAL = 25 MARKS

continued

page 12

317SE/6
Question 3
a) The control of a gas turbine engine is a multivariable feedback control problem.
A key engine output is the thrust generated and the primary method of altering
this is by varying the fuel flow.
i)
Explain what measures of engine thrust are used in gas turbine engines
and why is engine thrust not directly used?
(3 marks)
ii)

The structure of a gas turbine controller is illustrated in the following block

diagram. Explain the benefits of this structure in an engine control
application compared to the traditional PI control structure seen in most
industrial applications.
(3 marks)
1+T1s
1+T2s

Demand

b)

1
s
Engine

iii)

The steady-state control of engine thrust is but one aspect of the engine
controller. Explain what other engine control loops are present to ensure
the safe operation of the engine during transient manoeuvres. (3 marks)

iv)

Draw a block diagram to illustrate how the competing steady-state and

transient control loops co-operate to ensure the safe operation of the
engine.
(3 marks)

The high-lift systems onboard modern civilian airliners play a critical

aerodynamic function during landing and take-off manoeuvres.
i)
Explain, with reference to any EASA 25 requirements, why it is preferred to
maximize C L /C D at 0.7C Lmax .
(3 marks)
ii)

Figure 3 illustrates the key forces during take-off. Using this diagram and
from first principles derive the following expression for the ground run
V =Vlof

x=

V =0

mV
dV
T mg + 12 S (C L C D )V 2

(6 marks)
Lift, L

Drag, D

Thrust, T

Rolling Resistance, R
Weight, mg

Figure 3
iii)

Briefly outline why thrust gates are usually avoided when designing high-lift
systems in modern civil aircraft.
(4 marks)

TOTAL = 25 MARKS

continued

page 13

317SE/6
Question 4
A supersonic aircraft is flying at Mach 1.39 and at an altitude of 5,000 metres. The
cross-section of the aircrafts aerofoil is shown in the figure below. The manufacturer
of the aircraft wants to evaluate the behaviour of this aerofoil section at this flight
condition. The following assumptions can be made:
At point A two shockwaves form. An oblique shockwave on the upper surface
and a normal shockwave on the lower surface.
At point B the flow expands following the mechanism of a Prandtl-Meyer
expansion fan.
There are no shockwaves at point C.
The pressure remains constant along each segment i.e. AB, BC and AC

The table below provides further information characterising the geometry of the
aerofoil:
Parameter
Value
(deflection angle)
5 degrees
(deflection angle)
10 degrees
Segment AB
4 metres
Segment BC
4 metres
Segment AC
8 meters
a)

Calculate the pressure ratio P 1 /P 0 which originates as a result an oblique

shockwave as well as the Mach number downstream of point A.
(5 marks)

a)

Calculate the pressure ratio P 2 /P 1 which originates as a result of an isentropic

expansion wave. Also calculate the corresponding Mach number downstream of
point B.
(7 marks)

c)

Calculate the pressure ratio P 3 /P 0 which originates due to the presence of a

normal shockwave.
(1 mark)

d)

Show that the net vertical force generated by this aerofoil is equal to 470kN.
(12 marks)

TOTAL = 25 MARKS

continued

page 14

317SE/6
Question 5
a) State and explain with an appropriate brief explanation Keplars three laws of
planetary motion.
(5 marks)
b)

A spacecraft is to travel from Earth to Mars via a minimum energy Hohmann

transfer. Calculate the time taken for the journey in days (you should assume
that the orbits of Earth and Mars about the Sun are circular and co-planar). The
journey of the NASA Odyssey spacecraft now orbiting Mars took significantly
less time for the journey. Explain why and the consequences of the route taken.
By means of a clear sketch and brief explanation, indicate the Hohmann transfer
flight path and, for comparison, the route the NASA spacecraft might have taken.
(9 marks)

c)

Calculate the value of gravitational acceleration g mars at the surface of Mars.

(4 marks)

d)

A reconnaissance satellite with rocket motors is in circular orbit around Mars at

500 km above its surface. It needs to be transferred to a lower co-planar circular
orbit at 50 km. Demonstrate that the initial velocity of the satellite is 3.313 km/s.
Also calculate the required reduction in satellite velocity to initiate a Hohmann
transfer which will take the satellite to the specified lower altitude. (7 marks)

USEFUL INFORMATION
Planet
Mars

Earth
Sun

Parameter
Gravitational Parameter, MARS
Radius
Mean distance from the sun
Mean distance from the sun
Gravitational Parameter, SUN

Value
13
3 2
4.281 x 10 m /s
3400 km
6
227.9 x 10 km
6
149.6 x 10 km
20
3 2
1.327 x 10 m /s

TOTAL = 25 MARKS
Question 6
a) Derive the expression for the ideal induced velocity (v i ) applying Momentum
Theory.
(10 marks)
b)

A light helicopter is in hover at an altitude of 4000m. The helicopter has a mass

2
of 150kg and an estimated disc loading of 468.6N/m . Calculate:
i)

The ideal induced velocity of the helicopter.

(4 marks)

ii)

The minimum rotor diameter necessary for hover.

(4 marks)

iii)

The wave velocity downstream from the helicopters rotor.

(4 marks)

iv)

The pressure difference needed across the rotor in order to keep the
helicopter in ideal hover.
(3 marks)

TOTAL = 25 MARKS
oooOooo

page 15