Felicia Gossett AP Bio 1B 2/8/13

Chapter 11 Vocab
(From Table on p. 221) Frederick Griffith, 1928: Found a substance in heat-killed bacteria that can transform living bacteria. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin Macleod, 1944: Chemically identified Griffiths transforming principle as DNA. Erwin Chargaff, 1949: Reported the relationships among DNA bases that provided clues to the structure of DNA. Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase, 1952: Demonstrated that DNA not protein, is involved viral reproduction. Rosalind Franklin, 1952: Produced and x-rayed diffraction image of DNA. Matthew Meselson, Francis Stahl, 1953: Proposed a model of the structure of DNA. Watson, Crick, Maurice Wilkins, 1962: Awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering the molecular structure of nucleic acids. Hershey, 1969: Awarded Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering genetic structure of viruses and replication mechanism. 1. Transformation: A permanent genetic change in which the properties of one strain of dead cells are conferred on a different strain of living cells. Analogy: When your favorite car breaks down, and you use parts of that car to modify your new car to make it like the first one. 2. Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria. Analogy: Laundry soap that only cleans white clothes. 3. Double helix: Two separate strands that twist in a coil shape, and is the form that DNA takes. Analogy: Two different kinds of strong rope twisted together. 4. Complementary strands: Two strands of DNA, where the sequence of nucleotides in one chain depend on the sequence of nucleotides in the other chain. Analogy: When two people are dating they make their class schedules complementary to each other, depending on each other to choose the classes. 5. Nucleotide: Rungs of the DNA ladder and a molecule consisting of a phosphate, deoxyribose, and one of the four nitrogenous bases. Analogy: A battery in a flashlight, an important component in a flashlight that makes it work, and it made of several different 6. Hydrogen bond: (Usually nitrogen or oxygen) A weak (magnetic) bond between a positively charged hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom. Analogy: When you use regular glue instead of super glue. 7. Purines: A nitrogen base containing nitrogen atoms and carbon in two rings that are attached. Analogy: A building with two different, but attached floors. 8. Pyrimidines: Nitrogenous bases with nitrogen atoms and carbon in two rings that are attached.

Analogy: A building with one room, and no connecting floors. 9. DNA replication: When the sequence of nucleotides in one strand of DNA are copied to make a new strand thats a duplicate of the original. Analogy: Using the copy machine to make copies for a class. 10. Semi-conservative replication: When the end product of DNA replication is two DNA double helices, each consists of one strand from the parent molecule and one newly synthesized strand. Analogy: Sharing your play dough with your little brother, cutting it in half, but adding more play dough to each half to make them the same size as the first ball. 11. DNA helicases: Enzymes that separate the two strands of DAN in preparation for replication. Analogy: Hands the unzip the zippers on your pants before reproduction. 12. DNA polymerases: Enzymes that catalyze the linking together of nucleotide subunits. Analogy: An ordained minister that marries two people together. 13. Leading strand: The strand of DNA in replication that is always growing towards the replication fork that is formed smoothly and continuously. Analogy: A sunflower that is continuously growing towards the sky. 14. Lagging strand: The strand of DNA that is growing away from the replication fork and formed in chunks of DNA that is called Okazaki fragments. Analogy: Green peas that grow in patches or chunks in a garden and grow up the supports away from the ground. 15. Okazaki fragments: 100- to 2000-nucleotide pieces of DNA formed for the lagging strand. Analogy: When I play with my brothers legos, there are hundreds of different sized pieces to make a castle. 16. Telomeres: A compound structure at the end of a chromosome that do not contain protein coding genes and keep chromosomes from fusing together. 17. Analogy: The outside armor of your car is to keep you safe and from squishing Apoptosis: A programmed cell death. into another car during an accident. Analogy: A virus that is programmed into your computer causing it to die.