ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials

Session 2010/2011 SEM1

ME 2151/2151E
Fundamentals of Materials
Engineering
Tutorial 1
Atomic structure and bonding
Crystal structures and defects
Diffusion
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
2.
1.
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
3.
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
4. A copper-zinc alloy has the following properties
Grain diameter (mm) Strength (MPa)
0.015 170
0.025 158
0.035 151
0.050 145
Determine:
(a) The constants in the Hall-Petch equation; and
(b) The grain size required to obtain a strength of 200 MPa
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
5. A 0.05cm layer of magnesium oxide (MgO) is deposited between layers
of nickel (Ni) and tantalum (Ta) to provide a diffusion barrier that
prevents reactions between the two metals (Figure). At 1400
o
C, nickel
ions are created and diffuse through the MgO ceramic to the tantalum.
Determine the number if nickel ions that pass through the MgO per
second. The diffusion coefficient of nickel ions in MgO is 9x10
12
cm
2
/s,
and the lattice parameter of nickel at 1400
o
C is 3.6x10
-8
cm.
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Solutions to Tutorial 1
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Higher thermal expansion??? Iron or copper
Higher melting point??? Iron or copper Fe: 1538C Cu:1084.62C
1.
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Nov 2004, Q2 (6 marks)
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
FCC BCC
4 atoms per FCC unit cell 2 atoms per BCC unit cell
a
FCC
= 0.3591 a
BCC
= 0.2863
Close-packed Non close-packed
APF = 0.74 APF = 0.68
CN = 12 CN = 8
2.
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
x100%
Vol
Vol 2Vol
FCC
FCC BCC

x100%
) 3591 . 0 (
) 3591 . 0 ( 2(0.2863)
3
3 3

% Volume change from FCC to BCC =

=
= 1.36%
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
3.
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Plane B: Origin at 0,0,0
Intercepts: x = -1/3 ; y = 1/4 ; z =
Reciprocals: = -3; = 4; =0
Miller index = (340)
Alternatively,
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
4. A copper-zinc alloy has the following properties
Grain diameter (mm) Strength (MPa)
0.015 170
0.025 158
0.035 151
0.050 145
Determine:
(a) The constants in the Hall-Petch equation; and
(b) The grain size required to obtain a strength of 200 MPa
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Grain diameter (mm) Strength (MPa) d
-1/2
0.015 170 8.165
0.025 158 6.325
0.035 151 5.345
0.050 145 4.472
The values of d
-1/2
are calculated as shown in above table; one can then plot
the graph of strength versus d
-1/2
as:
140
150
160
170
180
4 5 6 7 8 9
d
-1/2
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
We can determine the constants K and o
0
for Hall-Petch equation either
from the graph or by using two of the data points:
(a) 170 = o
0
+ K (8.165)
145 = o
0
+ K (4.472)
25 = 3.693 K
K = 6.77 MPa/\mm and o
0
= 114.7 MPa
(b) To obtain a strength of 200 MPa
200 = 114.7 + 6.77 \d
85.3 = 6.77/\d
d = 0.0063 m
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
5. A 0.05cm layer of magnesium oxide (MgO) is deposited between layers
of nickel (Ni) and tantalum (Ta) to provide a diffusion barrier that
prevents reactions between the two metals (Figure). At 1400
o
C, nickel
ions are created and diffuse through the MgO ceramic to the tantalum.
Determine the number if nickel ions that pass through the MgO per
second. The diffusion coefficient of nickel ions in MgO is 9x10
12
cm
2
/s,
and the lattice parameter of nickel at 1400
o
C is 3.6x10
-8
cm.
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
The composition of nickel at the Ni/MgO interface is 100% Ni, or
( )
( )
( )
22 3
/
3
8
4 /
8.57 10 atoms/cm
3.6 10
Ni MgO
Ni atoms unit cell
c
cm

= =

The composition of nickel at the Ta/MgO interface is 0% Ni. Thus, the

concentration gradient is:
22
24 3
0 8.57 10 (atoms/cm)
1.71 10 (atoms/cm .cm)
0.05 cm
c
x
A
= =
A
The flux of nickel atoms through the MgO layer is:
( )( )
( )
12 2 24 3
13 2
9 10 cm / 1.71 10 atoms/cm .cm
1.54 10 Ni atoms/cm .s
c
J D s
x
J

A
= =
A
=
ME 2151/2151E Principles of Mechanical Engineering Materials
Session 2010/2011 SEM1
The total number of nickel atoms crossing the 2cm x 2cm interface per
second is:
( )( ) ( )( )( )
13 2
13
Total Ni atoms per second= Area 1.54 10 atoms/cm .s 2 cm 2 cm
6.16 10 (Ni atoms/s)
J =
=
The volume of nickel atoms removed from the Ni/MgO interface per second
is:
( )
( )
13
9 3
22 3
6.16 10 Ni atoms/s
0.72 10 (cm /s)
8.57 10 Ni atoms/cm

Or, the thickness by which the nickel layer is reduced each second is:
( )
( ) ( )
9 3
10 6
2
0.72 10 (cm /s)
1.8 10 cm/s 1.8 10 m/s
4 cm

= =
For 1m nickel layer to be removed, the time is:
( )
6
1/1.8 10 556, 000 s=154 h