GLOSSARY

CHAPTER 1: Introduction - The Intellectual background CHAPTER 2: The British Empire (Part I & Part II) CHAPTER 3: The Irish Question CHAPTER 4: Woman Rights (Woman in Britain & Woman in USA) CHAPTER 5: The roaring 20s, The Great Depression, WWII & The Age of Conformity CHAPTER 6: Immigration to USA CHAPTER 7: The Civil Rights Movement

CHAPTER I: THE INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND

The Modern Era (1789-1898/1918) A. The French Revolution (American Revolution 1776-1882) Equality, individualism and democracy 1. Popular soverenity 2. Self-determination 3. Equal rights 4. Naturalism Books: Tom Pam The Rights of man (1790) Mary Wistoricraft A Revindication of Womans Rights B. The 20th Century 1. The morning (1789-1848) a) Romantic Revolution i. Imagination ii. Subjectivity (Im, me, my-self) iii. Melancholy iv. Identification of nature v. Emotions over logic 2. The Afternoon (1848-1885) a) Realism b) Science c) Britain Victorian Era (stability) 3. The Evening (1885-1914/1945) Darkness, doubts, catastrophe (World War I & World War II) 4. Other changes a) Demography shift (immigration from farms and villages to big industrialized cities) b) Industrial Revolution i. Capital vs. labor ii. Rich vs. provincial iii. Feminist movement Nature abhors a vacum la naturaleza aborrece el vacio C. Ideologies

1. First 3 democratic ideologies a) Liberalism: personal freedom social problems i. Utilitarism Britain: John Stuart-Mill (1806-1875) Reform penal system Womens suffrage

ii. States task = increase pleasure and relieve pain b) Socialism i. State ownership of natural means of production ii. Viaturalization of natural resources iii. Basical industries Banking c) Conservatives: reluctant to change Status Quo

*Democracy* (invented in Greece) 1) Universal Sufrage 2) Parlamentary representation 3) Equality before the law 4) Universal education Britain 1642 Parlament + Crown = Parlamentary Democracy

2. Other political ideologies a) Anarchy: opposed to any type of government, freedom of expression, no government control. b) Comunism Marxism: Marx (1818-1883) 1847-Comunist Manifest = Workers of the world unite! State Ownership Dictatorship of the proletariat Capitalist state must be destroyed History = A struggle, exploiting and exploited. c) Nationalism: social, economic and cultural aspirations of a people ( de un pueblo). i. Self-determination ii. A feeling of community

What can make a group feel a different community? Religion, common enemy, national recipes, shared ideologies, literature, music, national hero D. Other Revolutions 1. Darwin (1809-1880) a) Evolution through natural selection b) Survival of the fittest c) On the origen of species book which revolved the world d) Humans descend from apes 2. Social Darwinism Human Society Animal Kingdom Natural Selection races and classes 3. Nietsche (1844-1900) Traditional values = death (Christianity) God is Dead Traditional values are no longer valid The will of power power over one self and power of creativity Supercreators = Socrates, Shakespeare, Napoleon 4. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) a) Theory of psychoanalysis b) Studier of hysteria c) Dream analysis d) The importance of the unconscious e) Oedipus complex = Hate your father = Love and want to sleep with your mother

CHAPTER II: THE BRITISH EMPIRE

Introduction: 1897 Queen Victorias diamond Jubilee Main theme A. Grandeur of Empire (1837-1901) 1. words population and land 2. London (the city) banker to the world (pound Sterling) 3. of the worlds commerce All not well: Threats: * Indigenous rumblings * Other empires: France, USA, Russia, Japan * Ireland * Suffragettes * Industry in decline Why Britain? * Moral probity, individual effort, etc Moral superiority (Hypocrisy), * World = Englishmen and Foreigners (God is an Englishman) British Empire at the end of the 18th Century: * A dark hour 1782-Independence of the colonies [1776: Declaration of Independence War: 1776 1781 Britain Lost] * North American, Canada, West Indies, parts of India London as a hub (eje): * East India Company * Hudson Bay Company Ports of tray: * Bristol = sugar * Liverpool = slaves * Glasgow = tobacco

B. The Empire Overseas 1. Atlantic devastation of indigenous populations (Indians, Aborigenes, Maoris) West Indies, Canada, Barbados 2. Expansion into the Indian continent

C. An Expanding Empire (1783-1870) 1. Figures: naval officer, Indian Sepoy soldier, the emigrant, the merchant, the missionary (Anglican Christianity- many of them were women), the colonial official, the traveler 2. Government: a) Lack of strong central authority on the cheap b) Most trade within the empire itself c) The military imperative How Britain Made the Modern World d) The moral imperative i. British emigrants as emissaries of language and culture (civilization, culture, Christianity) ii. British way as norm (English common law) 3. The expansion of empire a) Peaceful b) Continuous: India, West Indies, Africa (South Africa) c) Commerce exportation of manufactured goods, importation of exotic goods

D. The Empire Overseas 1. Colonies of settlement = White colonies (only British there) a) British North America Canada; Euphemism responsible government, always British & loyal b) Australia - Penal Colony (1788, 1373 people went there, 736 of them were criminals) i. Transportation New South Wales and Tasmania ii. Free settlers (criminals who went there as punishment) iii. 1830s New Zealand would be the new penal colony. 2. Annexation of the Cape of Good Hope (1806) Similar to Quebec (French Canadian) (Afrikaners or Boers) Responsible government (= white colonies of settlement) Australia, 1855 New Zealand, 1856.. Cape of Good Hope, 1872

3. The West Indies and West Africa a) The slave trade: 1807 abolished West Indies 1833 abolished entire empire Indian workers Altruism?? Moral imperative?? Not always given full civil and political rights which led to revolts 1865 Morant Bay (Jamaica): Slave Revolt Sierra Leone Community of ex-slaves replanted in Africa 4. India a) 1871, 236 million Indians under direct or indirect British rules b) The Raj: * Collecting taxes * Maintaining law and order * Presiding over courts

British senior officials The Raj Indian subordinate official

c) Attitudes towards Empire i. Against jingoism and imperialism ii. General attitude: Every British citizen should feel at home at any point of the empire (G. T. M.) Leaders: White Subjects: Non-white d) First major crisis: The Boer War (1899-1900 aprox.), Britain won but lost a lot of prestige. 1910(Apartheid): Union of South Africa, Union os English & Afrikaners.

The British Empire (books) 1885 The Berlin Conference The White Mans Burden. The difficult task of colonizing other non-white countries. Rudyard Kipling English author in India The Jungle Book 1898 Spin loses its colonies (Philippine Islands) in the Spanish-American war 1899 Philippines are: Fluttered folk, wild, sullen, half devil and half child Colonizing = self sacrifice, altruistic. Good for both sides, colonized and colonizer. The sauvage Wars of Peace In the end it will never work, because sloth Parody, Genre used for ridicule Heathen folly = tonterias paganas Remember the Maine! (El Maine era un acorazado) Jzef Teodor Konrad Korneniowsky (1867, Ukraine, he was Polish, 1924 England) British Merchant Marine Themes: the sea, the individual faced with the indifference of nature, mans frequent malevolence BOOKS: Modernist = Heart of Darkness Takes place in Belgian Congo, one of the worst places in Africa. Lord Kim The Secret Agent" -Arrival and first station (extract) A. Heart of Darkness is divided in 3 parts -Second station -Third station to find Colonel Kurz Why is Heart of Darkness so difficult to understand? *Ambiguity = black/white, dark continent, white colonies *Ambivalence = like/hate Morlows conunctum/dilemma = describe the horrible things he sees and to survive Chinua Achebe

B. 1930 Nigeria Ibo Parents: devolt evangelical Christians Radio, University in Nigeria and the USA 1958 Things fall apart Translated at least into 20 languages

Two Spanish translations of the title: Todo se derrumba y Todo se desmorona Arrow of God Anthills of the Savannah The story of a dash of cultures / culture dash: African society (Nigeria) prior and during the arrival of white man (British presumably). The society that has existed for a lot of years and suddenly a new society (British) comes and changes the way of thinking the culture and also the religion. Three parts = Okonkwo strong, proud and stubborn man this wives, children and fellow classmen. Part one: life before the white mens arrival (Numfia) Part two: exile in Mbauta (7 years) He accidentally kills the son of a fellow classman. Whites arrive and set up: church and government. Postcolonialism in literature = literature written in English by those from ex-British colonies. 1. Africa = Achebe, Woyle Soyinca, Ben Okn (Nigeria) 2. India = Salman Risjdoe. Arimdatti Roy 3. West Indies VS Naipaul, Carl Philips

Characteristics: Ambiguity-black vs. white Ambivalence-like vs. hate Africa-dark continent by Europeans Marlows dilemma/conundrum (7 days) 1. Literature in subversive and critical of Britain and its legacy 2. The Empire Strikes Back The Empire Writes Back The second coming by William Butler Yeats Irish poet at the end of the 19th century and early 20th. Hes mystic (He talks about Celtic Twilight) A radical change in the world affairs things fall apart. The tittle of the book was taken from the poem. Achebe on Conrads Heart of Darkness Conrad is a thoroughgoing racist The book uses too many stereotypes that Europeans have always had about Africa Africa is the Dark Continent and dark people are evil.

CHAPTER II: THE BRITISH EMPIRE

Part II: A dwindling Empire I. WWI the beginning of the end. A devastates country. II. Trying to stay afloat (1920s & 1930s) a) Turbulence in Ireland, Iraq and Palestine Mandates b) Doubts about the Empire c) Strange cases of ant-imperialism. Easter Rising 1916 Germans. Oil for Americans rater than British d) Economic problems after WWI, war debts, unemployment, strikes e) Budget for empire cut back, more allocated to domestic problems III. WWII (1939-45) a) Hitler and the British Empire Fervent admirer of GB and its empire. Main criticism British are too conciliatory and expect too much enthusiasm from subjects. Involving Britain in a war (1937) would only benefit US and Japan. b) The War: Britains choice >>> Give up on Europe or hold onto the Empire? Threats (Germany, France, USA and Japan) c) The writing on the wall > warning Empire and nationalism can not be compatible Asia: The Threat of Japan 1931 Japan invade Manchuria, 1937. The rape of Nanking Europe September 1st, 1939 d) The fall of Singapore (important port of the British), February 15, 1942. A New Order Empire of the Sun. British troops lose first major battle because they are too overtreched (Europe, Asia, Africa) 1941-US Enters the war (Pearl Harbor as detonator) December. 1941-Churchills first reaction Weve won the war now The big three (Churchill (British), Stalin (Russia), FDR Truman (US) IV. Opposing views of empire a) Americans views: Formal rule over subject peoples = unpalatable countries must become self-governing and democratic, FDR to Churchill: America is not involved in this war to hold the British Empire together. b) British views: Churchill to FDR The USA has a double standard What about Guam? Hawaii.

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V. End of War a) British Empire mortgaged to the Hitler b) Britain: a going power c) America: a coming power d) British Pound Sterling changes to American Dollar VI. Consequences a) Impossible to maintain the Palestine Mandate Partition of Palestine: UN Resolution 1.81 1947-One Jewish State and one Arab state May 14, 1948 sate of Israel declares its independence The following day begins the first Arab-Israeli war (Syria, Transjordan Egypt) Israel >>> war of independence Arab >>> The Nakba (disaster or catastrophe) b) Opposition to British rule in Egypt (Republic of Egypt created in 1953) c) Far East: British lose their influence over Americans d) The dominions became steadily more independent from 1914 on (used as British troops, increasing economic independence) e) Australia and Canada: New ethnic make up after WWII immigration VII. The break-up of Empire a) India (Ireland on a vast scale) home rule 1. 1906-India National Congress in founded Advocates independence from the beginning 2. Gandhi (Father of he Nation) satvagnaha (soul force, dedication to truth) policy of civil disobedience and ahimsa (non-violence) strikes, protest marches. During WWII fomented Quit India movement, imprisoned for two years, assassinated in 1948. 3. Amritsar Punjab Indias Easter Rising 1919. The massacre: officially 379 dead (unofficially over 1000). Like Easter Uprising galvanized Support for a Republic. British = terrorist, racist Created Nationalists as martyrs Crisis of confidence in the ruling class

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Home Rule didnt come peacefully Indians granted more power politically and legally not given Domination status 4. WWII Indians still helped (Gandhi against) with troops but hinted at Home Rule 5. Pakistan i. Muslim league Founded 1906 1/5 of Indian population (1/4 by 1940) requested an imprecise but separate Muslim state. ii. Sporadic violence between I.N.C. and Muslim league due to conflicting claims. India becomes ungovernable. iii. Nehru (and Gandhi) in favor of united India. Muhammad Ali Jinna in favor of separated states. 6. Partition August 1947 i. The Union of India Later >>> Republic of India ii. Dominion of Pakistan later Islamic Republic of Pakistan iii. Massive population exchanges between new nations (14.5M). Estimated deaths: 500000 (200000 and 1000000). Still a cause of tension today (Kashmir) iv. Independence of Burma, 1948 b) Africa 1. Two types of colonies i. Indirect rule (Traditional local rulers) ii. Colonies of white settlement with some European and British administration (South Africa, Rhodesia) 2. The Suez Canal Crisis 1954-56 Nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt 1953 (Friendly country status) Israel and Egypt 3. The domino effect (map) The Empire implodes c) Immediate effects 1. Trade with Europe more profitable 2. Security in Europe more important (N.A.T.O) 3. Empire no longer affordable or palatable 4. More money needed for domestic policies (nationalizd health care) N.H.S

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5. Entry the EU cause Britain to invest more in Europe than in commonwealth d) Legacy (According to Niall Ferguson) 1950s one ministers comments 1. British expression Fuck Yourself!! Off 2. Football e) Real legacy 1. Stanleys three Cs Commerce, Culture and Civilization (not Christianity) 2. Free market of capitalism 3. The easy mobility of labor 4. International commerce 5. Mass education 6. Sportsmanship: the notions of fair play and it doesnt matter if you win or lose its about how you play Football, Rugby, Cricket

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CHAPTER III: THE IRISH QUESTION

I. Mythic Ireland: A chaste Emerald Isle ravished bye the brutal Saxon. a) Pre history b) Picts Celts (4th century) c) Irish Race Celtic us vs. Anglo-Irish them d) The High Kingship of Tara (432-800) 1. Missionary schools, scholasticism 2. 432 St Patrick 3. 634 England and continent e) Viking Raids (800-1015) II. Anglo-Norman Conquest a) 1066 William the conqueror comes from France to England b) 1155 Henry II-Pope-they agreed to make Henry the king of Ireland c) 1169 Normans conquer Ireland d) 1250 Organization 1. The pale (area around Dublin) 2. Gaelic Ireland wild Irish 3. Norman-Irish Ireland - 70% of Eire e) The Gaelic Resurgence (1270 1485) 1. The reversal of the trend III. The Tudor re conquest (1485 1607) a) War of the Roses Tudor Dynasty (1455.1485) b) Henry VIII - (1509-1603) c) Elisabeth - (1558-1603) d) Protest Reformation 1. Luther 1517 2. Henry VIIIs 1533 3. 1537 A reformed Anglican Church Crown A head of the church is the king e) Ireland became the bread basked of Britain 1. Anglicizatioon of Eire (language, religion, laws)

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IV. Plantations (1608-1691) a) Land!!! 1. 81% confiscated from Gaelic-Irish and Norman-Irish (land was stolen) 2. New community; new ethnicity Anglo-Irish and Scots-Irish

3. Massive transfer of wealth (from Irish to English) b) Plantations (the Irish always wanted their independence) 1. Ulster (1609) Presbyterian Scots 2. Cromwell (1652) the Great Oppressor dictator 3. Williamite (1693) James II (Irish) vs Wiam of Orange (English) Battle of the Boyne (1690) c) Plantation Success 1. 1609 The Irish owned the 95% 2. 1701 - Irish owned 14% (the aristocracy moved to England The flight of the Earls V. A Penal Colony a) The age of penal laws 1697-1727 1. Catholics and Presbyterians-banned (they were discriminated from many jobs and occupations). VI. Reform a) 1782-Irisbh Protestant political party 1. Irish Parlament: With limited autonomy form the English Crown. b) Wolfe Tone (1st rebel in Eire) 1795 1. Society of United Irishmen-Attempts to unite Catholic and Protestants to make a constitutional republic. c) 1795 the French went to help them 1798 they are defeated (Tone and his men) 1. Militias i. United Irishmen wanted freedom from English Crown ii. Ulster-protestant they wanted to be with English Orange loges.

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VII. Act of Union: 1800 Irish Parliament-London a) Catholic advocate - non violent political actions (he made it possible for Catholics to participate in Parliament). Use of constitutional procedures-civil disobedience (to change the constitution b) Emancipation (The right to vote-catholic men) c) 1829-Penal laws repealed (broken) Action of Union - Cant change it VIII. The Great Famine (Potato Blight) = the potato crops were destroyed and for 2 years the Irishmen didnt have anything to eat. a) 1841 8M poverty 1. Share croppers-potato for own use 2. Land crops food for industrial Britain grazing Ganado 3. Demographic Changes i. Before 8,5 M ii. After 6,5 M iii. 1881 5 M iv. 1920 4M (The only country at that time that lost population) v. USA 3M from 1846 to 1891 IX. Land reform a) Timid but progressive b) Stronger religious feeling and commitment (Catholic) c) Growing use of violence (if minority) against British. X. Two main currents in Irish Politicial Thought a) Independence through violence and armed rebellion i. Wolfe Tone United Irishmen (1795-98) ii. Irish Republican Brotherhood (1858) iii.Irish Republican Army (Post WWI-1920s) iv.Provisional IRA 1969-???-2005?? b) Independence OConnell) c) A Catholic Ireland mixture of violence and negotiations through negotiation, parliamentary process (Daniel

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d) An Ireland with civil and religious liberties for all 1. Charles Parnell (1846-91) Anglo-Irish protestant Irish Parliament Party (in London) Most nationalists groups (he was able to unite them) e) Home Rule (autonoma) 1. Against-Iish unionist and loyalists, they called it: Home Rule (papists) Home Rule Bills 1886: defeated in Parliament by Conservative Party 1882: Passed by House of Commons but defeated by House of Lords 1913: Locked favorable but WWI put it on hold XI. The Gaelic Resurgence a) Nationalism 1. Cultural expressions i. Nostalgia for Irish Ireland Gaelic memorabilia, symbols, etc ii. Nationalists newspapers: English/Gaelic iii. Abbey theatre (only showed Gaelic plays about Gaelic people) iv. The Gaelic league 1893 The Gaelic Athletic Association XII. The Eastern Uprising (1916) WWI (1914-1916): the Irish took advantage of the situation in England. a) Irish Republican Brotherhood 1. Eamon de Valera (1892, his father was Spanish, the mother Irish) 2. Dublin they take many buildings claiming that Ireland was independent. 3. British troops they brutally executed them. (the British overreacted, this made the Irish learn to independence) XIII. Sinn Fein (ourselves alone) a) Founded in 1905 b) Officially recognized as political party in 1917

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c) In 1918 they founded the Dail Eireann, their own parliament because a MP woman (1st) refuses to go to London; they said they shouldnt go there. They got a seat in the elections. Home Rule. d) Campaign of violence *IRA, Irish Volunteers, Irish republicans brothergood vs Royal Irish Constabulary (Ulster protestants, Black and Tans) *Anglo-Irish = protestants *Scots-Irish, Irish = Presbyterian (sent there to the plantations) XIV. Partition/Division a) Lloyd George (1920): compromises to give autonomy b) Anglo-Irish Agreement 1921, Ireland is divied 1. Northern Ireland 2. South-Irish Free states XV. Irish Free State (1922-37) PM Eamon de Valera a) An Irish Civil War (1921-23): Aprox. 3000 killed b) Irish free state Army (Eamon) vs. IRA They fought because: 1. Ulster was excluded 2. Not an independent republic 3. Oath of fidelity to the crown, the IRA disappears and de Valera wins. XVI. Eire (1937-49) a) Sovereign Independent Democratic State Eire implies the whole island XVII. Republic of Ireland (1949): Free of British Crown and the commonwealth XVIII. The Irish Miracle they were extremely prosperous in the 80s and 90s a) Civil Rights Campaigns (1968-72) manifestaciones 1. Discrimation - demonstration all over Northern Ireland i. Allocation of housing not allowed to live in certain areas

Catholics are a working minority = discriminated ii. Voting rights (gerrymandering: amaar las elecciones para qu ciertos grupos/minorias pierdan su derecho a votar)

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2. British vs Irish Battle of the Bogside i. (London) Derry There were local riots in 1969 ii. British troops Direct intervention: the protestants welcomed the troops iii. Provisional IRA (1970) Sinn Fein (political wing) Campaigns of terror (approx 3500 murdered) Started in Northern Ireland London Other places

b) Internment (1971-75) suspected terrorist arrested IRA 1. Without a trial i. Statistics: 1981 total picked up, 1874 were Catholics, 107 Protestant, In the name of the father Irish population in US supported the Ira (unofficial) 2. Bloody Sunday 30 January, 1972, Londonderry: 26 civil rights protesters were shot by members of the 1st Battalion of the British Parachute Regiment, 14 people, 6 of whom were minors, died immediately. c) Direct Rule (1972) (From London) 1. Stormon: Parliament of Northern Ireland, wehre the Government was located 2. London: Where the Government moved 3. 4000 more troops were sent to Northern Ireland d) Power-sharing (tira y afloja entre Londres e Irlanda del norte) e) Hunger strikes: political prisoners, not delinquents. 1. 1981 Thatcher Government (11 died of Hunger starvation) f) Settlement Republic of Ireland recognized Northern Ireland is British and Vice Versa 1. Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985 a compromise i. Dublin recognizes Northern Ireland ii. London recognizes Northern Irelands Catholic minority (who wants to be Irish) iii. World in Favor, Against: Unionist Ian Paisley

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g) The Downing Street Declaration John Major (Dec. 1993) A dual referendum: A united Ireland?? 1. Consent-unionists (visto bueno a que la minora tenga ms derechos) 2. Nationalists self-determination h) The cease fire (1994) *Gerry-Adams (leader of sinn Fein in North Ireland)- USA *Breakdown Canary Wharf terrorist attack (1996) Good Friday Agreement (1998) (Loyalists) Unionists Equivalent rights of self-determination

(the compromise is to give them choice) Omagh bombings Saturday August, 29 people died, responsible: real IRA

1998-2006 1. Decommissioning (entrega de armas) * Sept. 2005 * Oct. 2006 Gerry Adams Sinn Fein/Ian Paisley They have finally sat down to rule together. The troubles are finally over (hopefully) Films: The Crying Game: (El juego de lgrimas) Neil Jordan In the name of the Father (En el nombre del Padre) El viento que agita la cebada Bloody Sunday

William Trevor Born in Ireland in 1929 Lives in Devon, England. Novels: - The story of Lucy Gault (2002) - Felicias Journey (1994) Short stories: Themes: gives a voice to the victimized and marginated character, creates alternate words as a reaction to fragmented and ordinary lives, the political situation on N. Ireland, the powerful impact of history on modern times, a sense of isolation and disintegrating community. Many times compared to James Joyce.

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Text: Araby Two levels of reading -Realist: A boy is outside a house looking up at the window. Inside he house a priest is dying, the boy thinks about paralysis. -Symbolic: Religion, politics, sex (Freudian interpretations) James Joyce Dublin 1882-Zurich 1941 Life: oldest son of 8 Jesuit schools (religion crisis kicked out of school) 1902 BA Dublin University Writes poetry experiments with epiphanies (a moment of sudden awareness about the self) 1904 Meets Nora Barnacle (later wife). Leaves Ireland for good (only returned twice) for a life of voluntary exile in Paris, Rome, Trieste, Zurich Ireland paralysis (physical, mental, political, cultural, religious) 1915 Dubliners too radical and weird Interested in French symbolist poetry, turning realism into symbolism. Modernist new narrative techniques stream of consciousness. 1916 Portrait of the artist as a young man 1922 Ulyses published in Paris by Sylvia Beach (American woman) (Shakespeare and company) Hang out on a meeting place for other modernist exiles

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CHAPTER IV: WOMAN IN BRITAIN

I. 1990 - Stereotypes a) Occupations 1. Domestic Servants 2. Teachers (Primary Schools) 3. Nurses 4. Professions: few (law, medicine, engineering, architecture) b) Sprinter Textile mills (hilanderas) forma despectiva de decir solterona c) Let women be what God intended, a helpmate for men, but with totally different duties and vocations Queen Victoria II. The Suffragettes a) Millicent Fawett (1897), founded National Union of Womens Suffrage (didnt make any progress) b) Emmeline Pankhurst (1903), more radical, her daughters Sylvia and Cristabel founded Womens Social and Political Union. 1. Campaign i. Churches bomb throwing ii. Oxford street smashing windows iii. Buckingham Palace chained themselves iv. Parliament stand outside shouting All of this was illegal, hey went to prison. 2. Hunger strikes (political prisoners) Cat and Mouse Act: The government invented it, the women amost died of starvation and then they were released to die in the streets. 3. 1st Martyr: Emity Davidson 1913 Derby; Deeds, not words who died by throwing herself under the hoofs of King George Vs horse at the Epsom Derby in support of the British suffragette movement. III. WWI (1914-18) it benefited women a lot a) Jobs (women had to replace men at their jobs) 9,5 M troops were mobilized 1. Transport (they had never done it before. Trains, underground, etc) 2. Womens Land Army agriculture, farming 3. Nursing (typical womens job) 4. Munition factories

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b) The vote *The general election 1918? = only women over 30 1. Sinn Fein: 1st women MP c) Other Rights *Family planning *Property Virginia Woolf - 1882 London 1941 Sussex (Drown in a river, watch The Hours) She was Leslie Stephens daughter. Sir Leslie Stephens eminence as an editor, critic and biographer, meant that Woolf was raised in an environment filled with the influences of Victorian literacy society. She married the writer Leonard Woolf and founded the Hogarth Press in 1917. She had no children. Ambiguous sexuality: lesbian?? Bisexual?? She had relations with some men in the Bloomsbury group and also a few women lovers during her life. She suffered from a mental illness. Modern diagnostic techniques have led to a posthumous diagnosis of bipolar disorder, an illness which colored her work and life, and eventually led to her suicide. Bloomsbury group: artists, economists, sociologists and intellectuals Modernism: 1) New artistic techniques (symbolism) Mrs. Dalloway, 1925 2) Alienation (subconscious) On or about Dec. 10, 1910 human nature changed She did something similar to what Joyce had done (Ulysses Mrs. Dalloway) Mary Wollstonecraft: A vindication of the Rights of women (1791): Pioneer of feminist movement. Woolf was considered to be the spark of the movement).

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CHAPTER IV: WOMAN IN USA

I. Early attitudes Western World (USA UK Australia) a) Creative source of life b) The weaker sex c) Major source of temptation = evil d) Preference for male children II. Stereotypes a) Maternity b) House keeping c) Rules for teachers III. Legal status a) English common law b) Textile Mills c) Discrimination (many types) IV. Women at work a) Statistics (regarding women at work): *Medicine 17% (1890), 1850s American Medical Association admitted the 1st woman *Law (lawyers) 29% (1930), (009% engineers) *Teachers: - Dont get married - Dont smoke - Regarding Clothes - Night time - Going out rules, go out with your father or brother - Dont leave town without permission *The wage gap: difference between how much a woman and a man earn *Working mothers: 1970 45% (less) 1988 32% 2000 27% V. Feminist Philosophies a) Mary Wollstonecraft b) Margaret Fuller American writer of the 19th century c) Elizabeth Cady Stanton She wrote the Womens Bible

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VI. Reform Movements a) Education b) Prisions c) Temperance movements: Anti-saloon league (Carrie Nation) >>> Drunkenness: wife-beating, absenteeism, job-loss, abandoned children etc. d) Abolitionist movement: no slavery e) Birth control f) Settlement house (casas de acogida) Important dates: 1880 Clara Barton was president of the Red Cross 1881 First Association of University Women 1890 National American Womens Suffrage Association 1892 Smith College: very exclusive womens university 1899 Temperance 1900 20% white woman are employed / 40% black women is working 1904 National Child Labor Committee: reforms movement (laissez faire) 1912 Girl Guides 1917 WWI there was a lot of work to be done 1918 1400000 women employed 1920 19th Amendment (US Constitution 1789) granted womans suffrage 1921 Birth control league 1935 Margaret Mead: Gender assumptions (anthropologist who studied other countries) 1942 Womens Army Corps: the beginning of a female army 1943 All American Girls Baseball 1949 Harvard law school (first woman admitted) 1956 Life magazine: the ideal woman 1962 Sex and the Single Girl (very radical for that time) Birth control pill 1963 The feminist mystique: book regarding womans right (Reproductive Rights, Family Planning) 1965 Grinswold vs Connecticut: Birth control devices should be sold. It was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the IS ruled that the constitution protected a right to privacy. The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use

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of contraceptive. (Not selling / buying contraceptives in the whole state). The Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional. 1966 NOW (National Organization of Women) 1969 Female Eunuch 1970 Sexual Politics by Kate Millet 1973 Roe vs Wade: Abortion was prohibited in Texas >>> Roe wanted to change the state law 1976 The Hite report (book written by Sheryl Hite) 1980 Domestic Violence: they took it seriously into consideration 1981 Sandra Day OConnor: 1st female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (nominated by Reagan) 1984 Geraldine Ann Ferraro 1st (Sara Palin) woman to be nominated on a major party ticket, and is the best-known woman to have run for the Vice Presidency 1988 Florence Griffith-Joyner: 1st African-American woman who won a medal

Feminism: *The First Wave >>> Mary Wollstonecraft (1792) to about 1950 -Suffrage, reform, equal opportunities (property, divorce) -1900 Woman kills husband = murder 1900 Man kills wife = passion killing -Reproductive rights *Second Wave (60s 70s & 80s) -Womens Liberation > A radical Idea > Topple the patriarchal Men = political enemy Hate = violence against women = rape > They wanted equality: *Employment *Labor *Children care and family *The Back lash: Susan Faludi (socialist) political correctness a powerful counter assault of on womens rights *Liberal / radical / socialist

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Faltan las clases de los dias 8 y 14 de noviembre Das 13 y 14:

THE GREAT WAR (1914-18)

I. Introduction: teetering, decrepit empires. Astro-Hungary Emperor Ottoman Sultan German Kaiser Russian Czar II. Previous Events A. Franco-Prussian War 1870. France loses Alsace Lorraine. B. 1871 Unification of Germany under mandate of Otto Von Bismark. -Germany becomes an industrial powerhouse. -Kaiser Wilhem -1865 less steel than France, 1900 more than France and Great Britain combined. III. The age of military alliances. Politics make strange fellows A. 1879 The triple alliance. -Germany and Austria-Hungary, Italy admitted in 1882, Italy goes with the Allies later, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) B. 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance C. British Route = Splendid Isolation 1.1904 Entente Cordiale (Britain and France) 2. 1905 Russo-Japanese war 3. 1907 Anglo-Russian Alignment The triple entente (No military commitment on part of Britain) IV. Early Crisis. A. Balkan crisis 1. Ottoman Empire on its last legs a).Area: Included Mesopotamia, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula and many areas from Istanbul to the Adriatic. b).New nationalism rising up: Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Montenegro , Albania, Serbia. 2. Serbia: Bosnia-Herzegovina belonged to Ottomans but had been occupied and administrated by Austro-Hungary. 3. What was at Stake a). Plan Slavism : a Slavic revival. (Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes, Russians). Serbia wanting to become an independent state. b). Turks= try to stop the dissolution of their empire. c). Russia = desires more influence in Ottoman Empire (pan Slavism) d). Austria-Hungary = wants to stop pan-Slavism.

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4. Third Balkan crisis: The spark. - June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassination by Serbian terrorist in Sarajevo. Gavrilo princep (The Black Hand) - Austro-Hungary outraged, diplomatic fails. Russian (Serbian allies) mobilize on German border. Germany declares war on Russia August 1, on France August 3. Britain? Enter war convinced by the invasion of Belgium (Schieflen plan) V. Cause of War. A. Fear of other countries. 1. System of military alliances. 2. Arms manufacturing (countries armed to the teeth). 3. Conscription (llamada a filas)/ Draft Military Service. 4. Germany encircled by Russia and France (allies). a). France and Britain dragged in by Russia. b). Austro-Hungary dragged by Germany. Prior to WWI war was noble and necessary, honourable to die for your country August 1914War would be over before Christmas VI. Phrases of the War. A. 1914-15 Entrenchment Christmas Football Match. British and Germans in December, 1914 Western Front (Belg. Vs. Germ) Eastern Front (Germ vs. Russia) Southern Front (Italy-Mediterranean, Dardanelles...(Turkey, Black sea) Mesopotamia B. (The Deadlock) Stalemate 1915-1916 1. New weapons to break deadlock : Chemical gases, bayonets, flamethrowers, tanks (Br.) , airplanes. 2. Naval Blockade: Britain and Germany. Starve the civilian population 3. Submarine warfare: sinking of ships (coming from America) by German U-Boats a.) Lusitania 1925 : 1220 drowned (118 American). Arms to Britain from America. President Wilson called it Deliberately unfriendly b.) Attack on American ships cease until 1917. VII. Diplomatic Manoeuvres. A. Most failed: 1. Promises: a.) Germany promises an independent Poland, stirs up Ukrainian nationalism, backs Flemish in Belgium, persuades Ottoman to declare Jihad in North Africa, attempts to involve Mexico against USA. b.) Allies : Appeal to nationalist discontent - Alsace-Lorraine , Polish independence, Czech national council - Arab Independence- Allies planned the break-up of Ottoman Empire: + T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) United Arabs against Turks.

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+ Zionist claims on Palestine. The Balfour Declaration (1917): National home for Jewish people. Hussein = King of Arabia : Mesopotomia for Britain, Syria and Southeast Asia Minor for France, Armenia en Kurdistan for Russia, Adali and Smyrna for Italy. Japan begins movements in China ( Protectorade of Manchuria)

VIII. Campaign. A. A few statistics - Eastern Front 1915 : 2M Russian casualties. - Western Front 250000 Allied casualties. - Gallipoli April 1915- January 1916 - Battle of the Somme: 1,5M including 50000 Germans, 400000 (58000 first day) British, 200000 French .July-November 1916. IX. 1917 Fate steps in. A. The collapse of Russia 1905 Russo-Japanese War led to 1905 Revolution against the monarchy. 1917 Russian Revolution: Czar is in discredit, bungling losses, lack of patriotic goals, and senseless of troops. 1916 The Easter Rising - March-November (Bolshevik revolution: Lenin arrives in St. Petersburg). - Peace with Germany: War is capitalism and imperialistic struggle - Russia: now neutralized, Germany concentrates all its power on western front. May 30, 1918 Germans 27miles outside Paris, How? B. The United States of America. 1. Attitudes : Public against war, US a nation of immigrants (Germans Kaiser Brew). Wilson = sympathetic to French and British but US officially neutral. Wilson attempts to impose peace without victory (impossible). Friendship with British building from 1898. Britain France = Democracy, freedom and progress but Russia?? 2. Fall of the Czar Russian on way to democracy (?) 3. German mistake update submarine attacks once again. Wilson = outraged. 4. April 6, 1917 US declares war in Germany. a.) Reasons : Excerpts Great peaceful people into warcivilization itself seeming in the balancewe shall fight for democracy, for the rights and liberties of small nationsto bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last freemake the world safe for democracy 5. Mobilization of troops: US Small army 150000 at beginning, by July 1918 2M troops abroad and more in reserve. Navy 4M over-fed, over-sexed and over here X. The Final Phase. A. Final German advance spring , 1918 hoping to take Paris before the arrival of US troops (250000 arriving monthly)

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B. Final allied thrust = September , 1918 Balkant Front 700000 allied troops occupy Belgrade November 1. Italy takes Trieste Dismemberment of Austro-Hungarian Empire. Armistice = 11/11/18 2M American troops in France, another 1M on the way. XI. Immediate Repercussions. Cost $ 186B. Casualties in land forces 37M. Death in Civilian population 10M. Prelude to WWII. XII. The Peace Settlement. A. Treaty of Versailes - Russia-Revolutionary regime dedicated to universal subversion. - The overwhelming need to control Germany (war debts). - New map of Europe created due to the simultaneous dismemberment of Russian and German Empires. - Ethnic-linguistic nation states with a right to self-determination (Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.) B. The Palestine Mandate. - Palestine, Transjordan = Britain. - Syria, Lebanon = France. C. The League of Nations : Precursor of United Nations, Wilsons idea, Practicall y ineffective.

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CHAPTER V: ROARING TWENTIES

The world as we know it today (and America also) comes from this time. I. Political Radicalism a) Sedition act: Eliminated any ism not Republican or Democrat 1. Red scare > Communism 2. Socialism > They are basically two parties (Republican and Democrat) 3. Anarchism > They used to put bombs (1919 they killed people) McKinley 1901 II. Prohibition 1919 -1913 they Noble experiment a total failure, the 18th amendment forbids the sale of alcoholic beverages (ley seca) dry countries. a) Temperance movements, Carrie Nation Dry laws no alcohol was permitted Dry states, countries b) Banning of intoxication liquors 1. New slang Bootleggings (pirateria), speakeasy (illegal bars), moonshine (whisky destilado a la luz de la luna), rum running (contrabando de ron), bathtub gin (terrible quality) replaced with bad gin. c) Failure 1. Legislate morality (You cant) 2. Organized crime: law wasnt enforced, mafia gangs did what they wanted, AlCapone. The purple Gang: Black mafia // Jewish, Irish, African mafias, not only Italian. 3. Replaced good beer with bad gin 4. Relations with alcohol There are different laws depending on the states: -Massachusetts: no alcohol allowed by state liquor stores on Sundays. So people drive to New Hampshire to buy there alcohol.

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III. Racial unrest Disturbios raciales a) Race riots Oklahoma, Florida Black accused of killing whites, lynching still existed. b) The Great Migration African Americans from south to north (1914-25) c) The KKK 1919-25 (was created during 1861-65, American Civil War) The new KKK hates blacks, Jews, Catholics, immigrants. IV. Two famous trials: The Trial of the century A nation of meat packers a) Sacco and Vanzetii (1921-27) showed the mood of racial unrest and the distrust of the immigrant. They were executed (court tv nowdays). 1. Anarchists 2. Italian immigrants Anti-immigrants 3. Riots Rome and Paris (anti-American feeling) b) The Scopes Monkey trial Amercican Civil Liberty Union for free of speech and thinking. 1. Tennessee July 1925 2. Evolution (science vs theology) 100 reporters were sent to the trial result >>> Scopes not guilty but evolution is taken out of some American schools. This shouldnt be taught in American Schools because is anti-God. Abortion, evolution Kansas Now it is called Creationism there is a supreme being Famous trials become a media circus V. A republican decade a) 190-32 Republican presidents b) Calvin Coolidge (Silent Call)1923-28 Dubya 1. The chief business of the American people is business The man who builds a factory worships there. 2. Hands off policy No government intervention in the economy laissez faire Economic boom that crashed in 1929 VI. Modern Consumer Culture Buy now, pay later a) Automobile symbol of the new consumer society In America in the early 1920s there were 6.7M cars; in the late 20s, 29M cars, 1/5 people had one. In UK 1/37, in France 1/42.

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1. Henry Ford i. Wages double payment ii. Philosophy >>> Ford thought that their work was boring and with more money they would buy Fords products, also improved the assembly line. But he was too strict, he only made one type of car: the tin lizzie 2. Alfred Sloan (General Motors) i. Difference with Ford >>> People pay more money (cars with status) >>> People could buy custom cars depending on their money. 3. Revolution Advertising plays the status symbol, the variety of the consumer. i. Roads: A highway system, expressways. Lifestyle: portable bedroom, freedom of movement, road movies, family outings on Sunday, and church complains. b) Buying: labor saving devices vacuum leaner, washing machines. 1. Installment plans (comprar a plazos) 2. Chain stores: rich/poor (Wal-mart) Ready made clothes your own size. c) Mass Entretainment (The Jazz Age) Fitzgeral / No interest in politics, only in having fun Yes, we have no bananas >>>1922 1. Radio: in everyones home 2. The phonograph indigenous American genres i. Popular music: jazz, blues, hillbilly (country western) ii. Figures: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington (jazz music) 3. The film industry (Hollywood) most movies were silent until 1927 the Jazz Singer Al Jolson (white guy) in blackface talkies (movies with sound) i. The studio system MGM, Paramount, United Artists ii. The star system: movies are selled by the actors that they are in / not base on histories. *Heart-throbs: romantic actors and actresses, rompecorazones (Greta Garbo and Rudolph Valentino.

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4. Sports as mass spectacle i. Baseball ii. Football Manchester 1901 World Cup (1st one) College Football very popular Mass culture: *Dance crazes: Charleston, fox-trot. *Pulp fiction: Western and detective stories. Culture: *High brow: James Joyce *Middle brow: entertainment for the masses *Low brow: (you dont have to think) Classical Music: they made nationalists (Amerccan) music: *George Gershwin, Charles Ives, Aaron Copland, they start using Symphonic Orchestras. The Lost Generation Counter cultural movements (against popular culture) The beat generation (50s) The X Generation (90s) 5. Expatriate intellectuals, artists (Paris post WWI) i. Delusion with America a wasteland in Western World ii. Loss of values >>>WWI was a shock for everyone: Hemingway, Fitzgerald (alcoholic), Ezra Pound, TS Elliot, James Joyce, Paris was the place to be, the intellectual capital of the world. iii. Alienation >>> the world makes little sense, a world devoid of spiritual values.

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Ernest Hemingway 1899-1961 Born in Chicago. Lived in Paris, Spain, Africa, Cuba, Florida. Reporter WWI Ambulance driver for Italian Red Cross, wounded (because of the war) 1920s Paris 1930s Spain *Interest in death, survival, bullfights >>> Death in th e afternoon *Hemingways Hero (characters) = strong, passionate, a survivor. 20h Century = extremely violent Hero must decide to soldier on or give up Grace under pressure Modernism >>> short, laconic sentences, many things left out, ellipsis Iceberg theory: The words on a page are what is above the water, the majority of the meaning lies below. The reader must work out meaning for him/herself. Hemingways famous works: *The complete short stories (1940) The Sun Also Rises (1926) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1926) The Old Man and the Sea (1952) A Moveable Feast (1954) Nobel Prize 1954

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Scott Fitzgerald 1896-1940 Minnesota his family had seen better days Francis Scott key (ancestor): Author of Star Spangled Banner 1914-Princetor (he didnt last a year) 1917-Army, Alabama. He met Zelda Sayre there, she came from a rich family. 1919-New York 1920-This Side of Paradise (a nightmare but made lots of money) Scott & Zelda got married and shortly after, they move to Paris. 1922-Tales of The Jazz Age 1920s-Paris (became friends with many members of the Amercian expatriate community, notably Ernest Hemingway. A moveable Feast (Paris was a party) 1925-The Great Gatsby (about himself, also a nightmare). A poor man in love with a rich woman. To win her he gets involved in illegal activities (can money buy happiness?) Success can come to anybody if they try. They were in love with luxury, alcohol he became an alcoholic (they were party animals). They had a frenzied lifestyle. 1931-Retun to USA >>> her wife had to be hospitalized (she was nuts) 1937-Hollywood (hes totally broke) 1940-He died from a heart attack (overindulgence) when he was going to marry another woman. 178 brief stories published. The American Dream: the rags to riches myth, material prosperity = happiness Fitzgeralds view tends toward disillusion while being attached to it at the same time. Babylon Revisited Paris 1930-31 Stock Market Crash 1929 Money, alcohol, regret Squander barfly blunder put your foot in it put your foot in your mouth. Text: A Rose for Emily

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CHAPTER V: THE 1930s THE GREAT DEPRESSION

I. Stock Market Crash (October, 1929 Black Thursday) The bubble burst, 400% for stock becomes 0% a) The Great Depression (there was no safety net, if people lost their jobs they wouldnt have a thing). 1. Unemployed: 5M-12M (25% of population without work). 20/30 cents an hour, wage hap (desfase salarial). 2. Herbert Hoover (1928-32) The final triumph over poverty famous last words(para pasar a la posternidad sabiendo que es mentira; ej: WWI was the war to end all wars) *Hoovervilles (shanty town) = poblaciones de chabolas 3. 1932 Election Watershed >marca un comienzo y un final *Landslide*-Roosevelt (F.D.R.)-win by great victory over the opposite. Elected in: 1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944; he died in 1945. After F.D.R. no one could be elected more than twice. Nothing to fear but fear itself *The new deal Government Intervention i. Reopen banks ii. Federal Reserve board >>> defines interest rates iii. 1935 Social Security Act 1908 in Britain, it will bring benefits for the unemployed. Food stamps or Welfare. iv. W.P.A Works Projects Authority: Highways, dams, bridges II. Popular Arts: a) Music Gershwin, Cole Porter Buddy, can you spare a dime? b) Cinema 16000 cinemas >>> 5000 (many were closed), people are unhappy 1. Genres: *Gangster films; Scarface or Little Caesar *Musicals *Screwball comedies (de idiotas), Marx Brothers *Double features (session continua)

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*Radio cinemas All this was used as ideological tools, you dont want people to think about how bad things are. Prude=mojigato III. The Hollywood Code (1927): a) Donts: 1. Profanity (swearwords)-Gone with the wind (1939) I dont give a damn 2. Licentious or suggestive nudity 3. Drug-traffic 4. White slavery (trata de blancas); prostitution 5. Miscegenation (relaciones sexuales entre distintas razas) Taboo 6. Ridicule the Clergy b) Be carfuls: 1. Flag 2. Religion 3. Violent Crimes 4. Sedition (Anti-american) 5. Rape 6. Sale of womens virtue 7. Lustful kissing Folklore: The Dust Bowl, greatest drought in American history in the Great Plains (En Oklahoma una zona muy verde y rica atravisan la peor sequia de la historia de EEUU, por si no estaba la cosa suficientemente mal, llueve sobre mojado) Book The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Okies. 1930s and Great Depression end in 1942 (more or less) with Americas entry in WWII F.D.R 1932,36 and 40. 1930s and Great Depression ends in 1941 (more or less) with Americas entry into WWII.

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William Faulkner (1897-1962) Mississippi Basic theme: the epic portrayal of the tragic conflict between the old and the new south. The Civil War (1861-1865)>>>Old South = Ante-Bellum, Southern Belles, Aristocratic families, slavery, racism, New South = more open, more industrial Life: High School drop out 1914-18 Royal Canadian Air Force didnt see service University of Mississippi (quit after less than a year) 1920s Paris (no interest in staying there) Faulkner = not part of the Lost Generation, but he was a contemporary Setting for novels and stories: Yoknapatawpha County Sole owner and proprietor Mississippi 1940s Hollywood scriptwriter (Howard Hawks) The Big Sleep: Hemingway, Chandler, Barton Fink Novels: The Sound and the Fury 1929, about a decadent family 1st chapter, 1928, told by the oldest brother, Ben an idiot) 2nd chapter, 1910, told by the smallest brother, 28 years before) 3rd chapter, present, told by the second brother, a scoundrel) 4th chapter, present, 3rd person narrator) As I lay Dying (1930) About a poor family and the mothers funeral. They carry the mother to their hometown. Each character tells something in one chapter, even the dead mother. Modernist: new ways of literary, musical, artistic expressions (expressionism, surrealism...) Technique: Discontinuous fragmentary time, spliced narrative (one story here, another there), multiple narrators, ramblings stream of consciousness. Interest in multigenerational family chronicles, many characters appearing in more than one book. Great influence on the boom writes of Latin American (Garca Mrquez, Juan Rulfo, Carlos Fuentes, Vargas Llosa) Classic story: a family (aristocratic) that has seen better days, now decadent. Two texts: Shooting an elephant and England, your England Multiple narrators

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CHAPTER V: WORLD WAR II

I. Prelude: An Uneasy Peace Peace = The absence of war; treaties and agreements 1930s Two Blocks a) Satisfied (?) countries = Britain, France b) Unsatisfied (revisionist) = U.S.S.R, Germany, Italy Between 1931 (Japanese invasion of Manchuria) and 1939 (German invasion of Poland) Force will be used by revisionist countries II. Weaknesses of democracies = A policy of profound pacifism, peace regardless of consequences, anti-war groups a) Many believed (USA, France) WWI a total waste of lives, energy b) France 1,4M dies, 50% of males between 20 and 32. Two divided (sympathies with Germany, Russia) to want to get involved in another war. c) USSR long range desire for world revolution. Had not forgotten WWI III. The spread of dictatorship European trend. By 1939, only 10/27 countries in Europe had a democracy. Rest vaguely referred to as fascist or dictatorship of the proletariat. a) All alike in personal and military power representation of individual liberties banning of a opposition parties acceptance and glorification of violence peace = decadence & war = a noble thing (fascist and Nazi philosophy) IV. Nazi and Fascist Aggression a) Germany takes over Austria (1938) closes down any and all opposition to regime during 1930s b) Italy invades Ethiopia (1935) League of Nations c) Spanish Civil War (193639) = Rehearsal (?) for WWII. Democracy failed to support Republic (USSR did to a certain extent). Italy and Germany supported Nationalists. War split the world into fascist and non-fascist.

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1. Effects of the war: Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) Anti-Committer Pact (Germany-Japan, later ratified by Italy) 1936 Japanese upscale invasion of Chine (1937) V. Appeasement The Munich Crisis 6M Germans in Austria, 3M more in Czechoslovakia Czech still a democratic country, strategic point in Europe a) Firm alliance with France and USSR b) Hitler claims Germans want and need to be part of German Reich c) September, 1938, Chamberlain (UK) and Daladier (France) meet with Hitler in Munich. Basically give away. d) End of Appeasement. Hitler marches into Czechoslovakia and turns it into a German protectorate. e) Gdansk (Danzig) 1939, Italy takes Albania f) Nazi-Soviet pact of non-aggression, August, 1939. War = inevitable. The division of Poland. VI. The War Germany invades Poland, Sep 2, 1939. Sep 3, Britain and the Dominions declare war on Germany Sep 17, USSR invades Poland Sep 27, surrender of Warsaw Between Sep 1 and July 10 of 1940 every democracy has fallen except one: Who? Great Britain The Battle of Britain: July 10, 1940 Their finest hour RAF Royal Air Force German Blizkrieg // England does not get invaded because its an island British Mythology: T. George killing the dragon (compared to David vs Goliath) Battle where British won where outnumbered Agincourt (1415) The Spanish Armada (1588) Nazi Germany (1940)

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England Freedom Improvisation Volunteer spirit Friendly Tolerance Patriotic Calm 1000 years of peace

Germany Tyranny Calculation Military based Brutal Persecution Aggression Frenzy The 1000 year Reich

a) War time tends to exaggerate those things which draw a nation together b) War (II) and its aftermath was themost reent occasion on which the English had any claim to a common purpose c) RAF their finest hour Never in the field of human conflict has so much been owned by so many so few

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CHAPTER V: THE AGE OF CONFORMITY (1950s)

I. Postwar America: The Cold War, the era of the superpowers, the age of conformity, McCarthyism, etc. Period: 1947-1963 (assassination of J.F.K) roughly. The Era of the teenager. II. Popular History a) More changes = more speed 1. Levittown homes = first of the housing development (suburbia) Pre-fabricated G. I. Bill: Money for returning G. I.s. The Baby Boom (1947-1964) i. Devices in the homes: washing machines, telephones, flush toilets 2. Education: 1948 > 33% finished high school 1963 > 46% finished high school Now > 80% finished high school 3. Eating habits: Fast food, McDonalds, Oreos, Tupperware, TV dinner (frozen pre-prepared meals), breakfast with cereals... 4. Automobiles: dream cars, rallies, Hot Rods Car-racing, Huge cars!!! Cadillac Gasoline = very cheap 5. New Toys: Silly Putty, Lego building blocks, Play-doh, Frisbee, Hula-hop, 1959 Barbie!!! Ken, G. I. Joe 6. Television: Beat the clock, I love Lucy, Lassie, Miss America Pageant, Alfred Hitchcock, American Bandstand, The Tonight Show, The Flintstones 7. Technology and business: the transistor, Adidas, Xerox machine, Polio vaccines, tranquilizers, Pampers (disposable diaper/nappies), Boeing 707, American Express Card, The birth-control pill (1960-see section of American women) 8. Music: Les Paul (1940s develops the electric guitar). Birth of Rock & Roll Shake, Rattle and Roll 1954 (remake) or Rockett 88 (1951??) 1950s stars: Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley Heartbreaker Hotel, Jerry Lee Lewis, Ray Charles, Little Richard

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III. More nonsense 1950 Peanuts, (Comic strip) Mad Magazine (Parody), Play Boy magazine, Disneyland Cinema: Adams Rib, Singin in the Rain, The Quiet Man, The Day the Earth Stood Still, I Was a Teenage Werewolf (hombrelobo), Rebel Withouth a Cause, Rear Window, The Seven-day Itch, Breakfast at Tiffanys, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Marlon Brando, James Stewart High Noon Gary Cooper & Grace Kelly IV. Important historic events a) Cold War (1947-1989-91) /// Korean War (1950-91) b) McCarthyism: The Communist witch hunts Are you or have you ever been a Communist? c) Civil Rights Movement (see Civil Rights section) d) The Space Race: USA & URSS in the space >>> The 1st satellite: Sputnik e) The Arms race M.A.D (Mutually Assured Destruction) f) James Bond (Cold War) V. Non-conformist: Rock & Roll music, The Beat Generation, Beatniks, jazz, read poetry, made free love, hate American consumism etc. On the Rod 1960s The Peace Movements of the 1960s, Hippies, Black power

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CHAPTER VI: IMMIGRATION TO USA

I. Introduction: A Nation of Nations A teeming of nations, Walt Whitman-19th century poet A promiscuous breed of English, Scots, Irish, French, Dutch and Swedes, a French traveler, 19th century 1569-1800 perhaps a million immigrants came to America II. First official census (1790) b) Number in 1790: 3,929,214 c) Make up: free white males, free white females, all other freeperson (negro males, negro females). Indians (Native-Americans) Slaves 1/5 total population approx. Not technically a free person III. Early views a) Cheap source of labor, so few restrictions b) Founding fathers (Thomas Jefferson) ambivalent over whether US should let in immigrants from all over the globe >>> can they adapt to our culture? IV. A few statistics a) 19th century: 20M b) 20th century: 55M (10M illegal approx) c) Largest influx: 2885-1920, until the end of the 20th century d) Depletion of countries Ireland 1807: one of Europes most populated countries Ireland 1860: one of Europes least populated countries; why? Potato famine e) Population figures 1860>>>31M 1870>>>40M 1880>>>50M 1890>>>63M (more than any European country, except Russia) 1900>>>75M 1918>>>100M f) Percentages figures 1815-1860: 5M, mostly English (50%) and Irish (40%) other (10%) 1865-1890: 10M, north-western Europe (England, Wales, Ireland, Germany and Scandinavia)

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1890-1914: 15M!!! Eastern and southern Europe: Poles, Russian Jews, Ukrainians, Greeks and Italians. (Most important wave)

Others: Chinese immigrants to west coast (100,000) Chinese Exclusion Act 1984 note the change in ethnic make up g) Foreign born statistics: 1850>>> 9,7 % 1900>>> 13,6 % 1950>>> 6,9 % 2000>>> 11,1 % V. Enclaves: Birds of a feather flock together (Dios los cria y ellos se juntan) a) Norwegians, Swedes to Wisconsin (My name is Jon Jonson, I work in Wisconsin), Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois. b) Dutch to Michigan, New York and Wisconsin c) German to Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Dutch) d) Urban concentrations: 1. German Town (Philadelphia) African Americans 2. Little Italy (NYC) 3. Spanish Harlem 4. Chinatown (NYC, San Francisco, Los Angeles) 5. Little Havana 6. Korea town (Los Angeles) VI. Cosmopolitan cities: a) NYC 1851: Irish 1855: 1/3 Irish born Population: 1880 >1.1M 1900: 3.5M (most cosmopolitan city in the world: More Italians than Florence, Genoa and Venice together, more Irish except Dublin, more Russians than in Kiev) b) Chicago: Founded as a fur trading outpost by Jean Baptiste du Sable, a Haitian fur trade in 1772 Eschikagou.

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Population figures: 1830: 310 people 1840: 4,470 1850: 29,936 1880: 503,185 18901,099,850 1900: 1,698,575 1980: 3M second city The Windy Los Angeles 2000: 2,896,016 (it has decreased) VII. Immigrant Lore a) Ellis Island (Statue of Liberty): Give me your tire, your poor. Your huddled masses yarning to breathe free. b) Who not allowed to pass? Prostitutes, lunatics, polygamists, anarchists, those with loathsome or contagious disease along with another 90 categories. Only approx 2% not allowed entrance (until 1924) c) Just off the boat A derogative remark for a recently arrived immigrant. Also mean easy to fleece (fcil de timar) d) Living conditions: overcrowding, squalor (very dirty), tenements (25 in a room). The air shaft law of 1869 Bill Bryson Made in America. e) Negative stereotypes (thought some did many more were accused of prostitution, begging, disease and murder) fear of the other Saco & Vanzetti. f) Immigrants returning to countries of origin: approx 1/3 g) Immigrant groups allowed to own theatres, newspaper, libraries, clubs, stores, taverns and places of worship possible to live and never learn English (soon to stop) 1912, Teddy Roosevelt: The language of America is the language of the Declaration of Independence > Free English classes offered to immigrants. VIII. Myths about immigrant past a) Plymouth Pock: religious and/or political liberty, 1620 the arrival of the Pilgrims Mayflower > Saying that the original immigrants were the ones who founded the US in order to create a place of LIBERTIES. b) The Statue of Liberty: desperately poor c) The melting pot: ethnic differences disappeared

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FACTS: Immigrants came to work >>>Average age: late teens to late thirties, few children or over 40 and predominantly male. Since 1950, predominantly female legal immigrants. IX. Jewish Immigration a) Sephardic Jews: Spain and Portugal 17th & 18th centuries b) Ashkenazi Jews from Western Europe (Germany) 1820s. 1880s wealthy Jewish families (Guggenheim, Kuhn and Loeb). c) Yiddish Jews from Eastern Europe, 1880-1924, (Poland, Russia). 1/3 of Jewish population moves to America (predominantly NYC) extremely poor weary, huddled masses. Yiddish Jews are important for reshaping the image of America, notably entertaining industry. Jews Culture *Popular music Tin-pan alley, George Gershwing *Irving Berling 1888-1989, author of Alexanders Rag time band *Comedy Marx Brothers *Cinema MGM X. Adaption to American Society a) Anglo-conformity: utter conformity to host cultures (19th century) rather native. b) The Melting Pot (1909) suggested an equality among different peoples (ingredients) mixed together (stew) to create something new and better, nave also. c) Cultural pluralism (the salad bowl). Equal but separate at the same time, conforming a new whole where everyone has a unique contribution to make. d) Behavioral assimilation easier than structural, especially for young people old world (parents) vs new world (children US). First generation and second generation. e) Obviously shaped by cultural distance, (language, religion, etc) Last great wave of immigrants (prior to 2000) had language and religion as handicaps. XI. Immigrants of the 20th Century Laws and restrictions 1924 Quota system: Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland Expanded-Italy, Poland restricted White persons and African descent = Japanese excluded

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1952: New Immigration Act: similar to 1924, but also barred subversive intellectuals (Sartre) Charlie Chaplin. WWII Immigration slowed McCarthyism. 1965: Immigration Act together with Medicare / Medical aid and Voting Rights Act (Civil Rights) mark the high point of Amercian liberalism Abolished the quota system and replaced it with annual ceiling of 170,000 from eastern hemisphere, 120,000 from western (also relatives, parents). Refugees; Beginning with Cubans in the 60s (62% of all refugees) 1980: Carter Asylum Act included, one family child policy in China, genital ablation of women but Mariel Flood railroaded it. 1986: Immigrant Reform and Control Act (IRCA) massive legalizations of illegal immigrants spawned more such amnesties Legal immigration statistics: 1901-1910: 8,8M 1950-1959: 2,5M 1991-2000: 9,1M XII. Undocumented aliens (immigrants) g) Estimated 8-11M (1 in 25 = illegal alien) h) Approximately 5M arrive yearly XIII. Census 2000 In American census you must include ethnicity and/or race (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, Pacific-Islander). Free white (1790) a) 28.4M foreign born resided in USA (10.4% population) b) Changes in immigration at the end of the century Predominantly Hispanic and Asian 51% Latin American 25,5% Asian 15,3% European 8,1% others c) US population figures (2002) Whites: 199.3M (70%) Hispanics: 37M (13%) Blacks: 36.1M (12,1%) Asians: 12,1M (4%) Total population (2206): 300,000,000

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XIV. Immigration brought words that were later adapted to English a) Dutch: coleslaw (ensalada de col), boss, waffle, nitwit (imbecile), Santa Claus (Sinterklass), cookies b) Italian: spaguetti, lasagna, etc (mostly food) c) German: pretzel, dumb, ouch!, fink (chaquetero), scram! (largo, fuera) d) Yiddish: schmaltz (chicken fat), schmooze (un pelota traicionero), schlemiel (persona con mala suerte), klutz (torpe) e) Spanish: albino, barbecue, booby (bobo), canyon, cargo, cigarette, guerrilla, hoosegow jail (juzgado), macho, marijuana, rancho, siesta, tabaco, embargo, pronto XV. The Hispanic Challenge (2004) Clash of civilizations-Samuels book a) Definition of the challenge: 1. The persistent flow of Hispanic immigrants threatens to divide the US into two people, two cultures, and two languages. 2. Mexicans and other Latinos have not assimilated into mainstream US culture forming political and linguistic enclaves. b) Creation of the USA 1. 17-18th centuries settlers predominantly white, British and Protestants defined America in terms of race ethnicity, culture and religion. 2. 19th century ethnic component broadened to include Germans, Irish, Scandinavians, Italians, Poles Now Christian rather than Protestant. 3. American creed: Includes English language, Christianity, religious commitment; English concept of law, responsibility of rulers (accountability), the rights of individuals, individualism, the work ethic

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4. Threats: ii. The Culture Wars: traditional Anglo-protestant culture and its creed under assault from the following doctrines: *Multiculturalism and diversity *Group identities based on race and / or ethnicity *Gender *Sexual orientation Ernest Hemingway he is a dead white male, misogynist and racist. iii. Greatest threat: massive immigration from Latin America, especially Mexico. Why?? *Without precedent in US history -Contiguity 2000 mile border between Mexiamerica, fosters legal and illegal immigration -Scale greater than any other immigrant group -Illegality a post 1965 phenomenon -Regional concentration: previous US governments encouraged dispersion but Hispanics tend to concentrate regionally: Mexicans in Southern California, Cubans in Miami, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans (not immigrants) in NYC. -Persistence the current wave shows no sign of ebbing (stopping) -Historical presence, much of the southwest once belonged to Mexico (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, California), they might reclaim it. -Spanglish as a second language or Spanish as most widely spoken second language. Many disagree including Carlos Fuentes (Huntington and the Mask of Racism) President Fox as president of 123,000,000 (100M in Mexico and 23M in USA)

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New York Times: Frankly, it noted, somethings a little off in Huntingtons use of the term Anglo-Protestant to describe American culture.

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Text: The Magic Barrel (1959) by Bernard Malamud (1914-1986) Text usually in the exam Son of immigrant Russian Jews Themes: Parables of Jewish immigrant life Motifs: The anti-hero (Yiddish schlemiel) a luckless person, clumsy All men are Jews (suffering gives you redemption) Conflict between old world (The village) and the new world (Urban American, particularly NYC) A genius at the nuances and rhythms of immigrant speech Short story collection Novels: The Natural (only one not about Jews) A Jewish sentiment (black humor)

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