MAGNETICFIELD

Althoughthephenomenonofmagnetismwasknowninantiquity,itwasnot wellunderstooduntilthenineteenthcentury,whenitwasmadecomprehensible thankstotheworkcarriedoutbyMaxwell. Electromagnetismisattheheartofthecreationofelectricenergy,radio,TV, computerengineeringandinformationtechnology,soitcertainlyplaysacrucial roleinpresentdaysociety. Wewilltrytoapproachthesubjectinasimpleway,withoutusingcomplicated mathematics,tomakesomeofitsmainpropertiescomprehensible. Clickonnexttoseetheobjectivesofthisunit.

Objectives

Torememberthequalitativepropertiesofmagneticphenomenastudied inpreviousyears. Tounderstandtheeffectsofthemagneticfieldonchargedparticlesand currentsandtounderstandsomeoftheapplicationsoftheseforces. Toknowhowtomeasurethemagneticfieldproducedinsimple conditionsandtounderstandnaturalmagnetism. Tounderstandthephenomenonofmagneticselfinduction,its applicationtothecreationofalternatingcurrentanditsimportancein relationtosomecomponentsofalternatingcurrentcircuits.

Naturalmagnets

Wehaveoftenseenhowamagnet,madeof magnetiteorsomeferricalloy,attractssteelobjectsor othermetalsderivedfromiron.Substancesthatare stronglyattractedbymagnetsarecalled ferromagnetic,thosethatareonlyslightlyattracted(in suchawaythattheeffectisimperceptible)arecalled paramagnetic,andthosethatarenotaffectedatallor arefaintlyrepelledbymagnetsarecalled diamagnetic.

Wealsoknowthateachmagnethastwoareaswheremagnetismismore intense:thepoles.Furthermore,thepolesofdifferentmagnetsinteractstrongly asyoucanseeintheattachedvisual.Thevisualallowsyoutochoosewhich polesyouwishtoplaceinfrontofeachother.Youcanseehowtheyinteractby clickingon"release".

Clickonnextforajustificationofthenamesofthepoles:northandsouth.

ThecompassandtheEarthasamagnet

Weallunderstandhowacompassworks.Whereverwe are,itpointsnorthward. Wealsoremembertheexplanationofthisphenomenon:

TheEarthisahugemagnetwithitspolesnearthegeographicalpoles,and thecompassisasmallmagnetwithverylittlefriction,sothatitcanmoveinthe magneticfieldoftheEarth. Wewillcallthepolewhichpointstowardsthegeographicalnorthpole, thenorthpoleofthemagnet,andwewillcallthepolethatpointstowards thesouth,thesouthpoleofthemagnet. Thismeansthatthegeographical northpoleoftheEarthisnearthemagneticsouthpoleoftheEarthand viceversa. Inthefollowingsectionyouwillfindanillustrationofthegreatplanetarymagnet.

Linesofforce

Themagneticfieldistheonlyfieldwherethelinesofforcethatshowthe directionofthefieldcanbemadevisible. Inthevisualontheleftyou canseeasurfacecovered withironfilings.Ifyouclickon themagnetcontrol,youwill seethelinesofforcebecause eachironparticleturnsintoa smallmagnetandtheyallline upaccordingtothelinesof force.

Thereisaconventionthatstatesthatlinesofforce leavefromthenorthpoleofthemagnetandenterthe southpole,aswecanseeinthefigureattached. Insidethemagnet,thelinesofforceareparallel, whichmeansthatthevalueofthefieldintensityis homogeneous. ClickonnexttoseethelinesofforceoftheEarth.

Thegiantterrestrialmagnet

Theinsetshows thelinesofforce causedbythe magneticproperties oftheEarth. Notehowthe linesleavethe southpole(the magneticnorth)and enterthenorthpole (themagnetic south).

Observehowcompassespointnorthasaconsequence. Itisimportanttonotethatthemagneticpolesdonotcoincidewiththe geographicpoles.FromeverypointontheEarth,thereisadifferenceofafew degreesbetweenthedirectioninwhichacompasspointsandthedirectionof thegeographicalnorthpole.Thedifferenceiscalledmagneticdeclination. Themagneticdeclinationchangesslowlyastimegoesby.Thismeansthatthe magneticpolesmove.Infact,thepolarityoftheEarth,changesinirregular geologicaltimeperiods.

Magnetsandcurrents

Whilehewasinvestigatingthemagneticfield,erstedcarriedoutthe experimentillustratedinthevisualontheleft.Thecompassinitiallypointsnorth, butclosingthecircuitchangesitsdirection,anditpointsinadirection perpendiculartothecurrent. Thisexperimentgavethesameresultnomatterwhereoneplacedthe compass. Theonlypossibleexplanationwasthatthecurrentcreatedlinesofforcethat werecircularandconcentric,withthecurrentthroughtheircentre. Whatdoamagnetitemagnetandacurrenthaveincommon?Wewillanswer thisquestionlaterinthisunit.Fornow,letusjustnotethat,ifelectriccurrents, thatis,chargedparticlesinmovement,createamagneticfield,thenitislogical toassumethattheywillbeaffectedbythemagneticfieldscreatedbyother movingchargesormagnets.

Conclusionsaboutourintroductiontomagnetism

Magnetsattractsocalledferromagneticsubstancesstrongly, especiallytowardstheirtwopoles,paramagneticsubstances arefaintlyattractedanddiamagneticsubstancesarenot attractedatall.Thesubstancesthatareattractedactlike magnetswhiletheyareinthefield.

ThebehaviourofacompassprovesthattheEarthisa giantmagnetwithitsmagneticpolesclosetothe geographicalpoles. Thepoleofamagnetthattendstopointinthedirectionof thegeographicalnorthiscalledthenorthpoleofthe magnet,andthepolethatpointssouthiscalledthesouth poleofthemagnet.Magnetsattracteachotherthroughoppositepoles andtheyrepelidenticalpoles.

Themagneticfieldhasthedirectionofthelinesof forcethatleavethenorthpoleofthemagnetandenter itssouthpole.Insidethemagnet,thelinesofforceare parallelandgofromsouthtonorth.Thismeansthatthefield insidethemagnetishomogeneous.

ersteddiscoveredthatelectriccurrentsproducemagnetic fieldswithlinesofforcethatformconcentriccirclesaround thecurrent.Magneticfieldsarecreatedbyparticlesin movement.

Theeffectsofthemagneticfieldonachargedparticle

Inthevisual,youcanseeanoscilloscope,aninstrumentinwhichabeamof electronsisdeflectedbyvariablemagneticfields,accordingtotheuser's intention.Testthedifferentpossibilities(especiallyfrxandfry)andthenclick onMagneticforce tostudytheeffectofamagneticforceonachargedparticle indetail.YoucanalsouseTopviewandSideview tocarryoutthestudywith wellknownelementaryparticles.

Help:Youcanchoosethecharge,massandvelocityofaparticlethatmovesinthe magneticfield. YoucanalsodeterminethevalueofthemagneticinductionB(thefieldis homogenous). Ifyouhaveselectedtheparticleviewoption,youwillseetheparticlewiththefield vector(green),thevelocityvector(blue)andtheforce(red). Theplaybuttonwillallowyoutowatchtheparticlemovinginthefield. Ifyouselectthetrajectoryviewoption,youwillnotbeabletoseetheparticle,butyou willseeitstrajectory. Youcanchangeyourpointofviewbyclickinganddraggingtheimageinthevisual. A1:GivetheBvectorandthexcomponentofthevelocityvectordifferentvalues.Can youseetheforce?Clickonplayandseewhathappens. Whatifthexcomponentofthevelocityisnegative? Whatifthechargeisnegative? Setthexcomponenttozeroandtestdifferentvaluesontheyandzcomponents,in suchawaythattheVvectorisperpendiculartoB. Youcanchangeyourpointofviewifyoucannotseethevectorsclearly. Whathappensifyouchangethesignofthecharge? Whatifyouchangethevalueofthecharge? Whathappenswhenyouchangethemass? Trytofindalawinyourtextbookthatjustifiesyourobservations. A2:Thevectorofthemagneticfieldiscalledmagnetic induction. Itsunit,thetesla,istheinductioncapableofexertingagivenforceontheunitcharge whenitismovingalongalineperpendiculartothefield. Setq=1Vy=1Vx=0Vz=0andB=1.Whatforceisexertedontheunitchargebya1 teslamagneticinduction? A3:SetBto0.5,VxandVztozeroandVyto10,andclickonplay. Whatisthetrajectoryoftheparticle?(Rememberthatyoucanalwaysclickanddrag tochangeyourpointofview). Changethevaluesofthevelocity,mass,chargeandfielduntilyoumanagetodeduce amathematicalexpressionfortheradiusofthetrajectoryasafuncionofthese parameters. Searchforajustificationoftheseresultsinyourtextbook. A4:Setthecomponentsofthevelocityvectortononzerovalues.Setthefieldto1 tesla.Clickonplay.Whatisyourexplanationforwhatyouobserve? Perhapsitwillbeeasiertounderstandwhatyouseewiththetrajectoryviewoption.

Help:Inthisvisual,arayofparticlesshootsthroughamagneticfieldperpendicularto itsvelocity. Wecanchangethetypeofparticleanditsspeed.Wecanalsodeterminethedirection ofthefieldvectorB,perpendiculartothescreen,anditsmodulus. Thescalingfactorallowsustozoominandout. Thefire/stopbuttonalternatesbetweentheparticlesinmovementandatrest. A1:Clickonfire.Ifyoucannotseeanything,zoomin. Seewhatwouldhavehappenediftherayhadbeenapositronray(apositronhasthe samemassasanelectronbuttheoppositesign). Whatcanyoudeducefromthiscomparison. Nowtrywithaneutron.Canyouexplainthisresult? A2:Nowselectaprotonbeamandnotedownthevalueoftheradiusanditsperiod. DothesameforthedeuteronwithoutchangingthespeedorthevalueofB. Ifbothparticleshavethesamecharge,whatisthedifferencedueto?Comparethe resultswiththoseofanalphaparticle. Canyouexplainthisresult? A3:Selectaparticle,aproton,forexample,andnotedownthevaluesoftheperiod andtheradiusofthetrajectoryfordifferentvaluesofthevelocity.Whatcanyoudeduce fromyourobservations? A4:Selectaprotonbeamandchecktheeffectofchangingthedirectionofthe magneticfield. IfyoualterthemodulusofB,howdoesthisaffectthetrajectories? Usethepreviousactivitiestodeduceacoupleofformulaetoobtaintheperiodand radiusofthetrajectoryofaparticle.

Help:Inthisvisual,youcanseethemovementofaparticleinamagneticfieldthatcan formanyanglewithitsspeed. Youcanusetheparticlecontroltoselectthetypeofparticle. A1:Clickonfiretostartwithanelectron.Youcanseethecircularmovementin perspective.Changethedirectionofitsvelocity.Whathappenstoitstrajectory?What happenswhenVopointsalongthesamelineasB?Howcanyouexplaintheshapeof thetrajectory? Hint:considerthevelocityasdividedintotwocomponents,oneinthedirectionofB andtheotherperpendiculartoB. A2:Nowchooseapositronandclickonfire. Whatisthedifferencecomparedtotheelectron? Ifyoutakeaproton,adeuteronoranalphaparticle,youwillhavetochangethescale. Why? Whydodifferentparticlesbehavedifferently? Whathappensifyouchooseaneutron?Why? A3:Choosetheprotonandclickonfire.Whatistheeffectofalteringthevalueofthe fieldintensity? Canyoucompensateforthiseffectbychangingthevelocity? Nowchangethedirectionofthevelocity.WhatistheeffectofchangingBnow? Observetheradiusandtheperiodofthecircles.

Theeffectsofthemagneticfieldonastraightcable

Ifthemagneticfieldaffectscharged particlesinmovement,thenitmustalso affectaconductorthroughwhicha currentisflowing.Thechargedparticles movingthroughitwillbepushedin somedirectionbythefield.Astheyare confinedinsidetheconductor,theywill exertameasurableforceonit.

InthevisualField/Current,youcanobservethe effectofthemagneticfieldonastraightcable.Ifthe conductoriscurved,orifthefieldisnot homogeneous,thenitisnecessarytoimaginethe conductoriscomposedofaninfinitenumberofsmall straightfragmentsoflengthdLandaddup(integrate) theforcesactingoneachandeveryoneofthem.

Thedirectionoftheforceisgivenbythelefthand rule:iftheindexfingerpointsinthedirectionofthe fieldandthemiddlefingerinthedirectionofthe current,thenthethumbwillpointinthedirectionof theforce.

Help:Aconductorwithavariablelengthcanmovewithoutfrictionalongtwo conductingrails. Youcansettheintensityofthecurrentthroughthemovingconductoranditsdirection (understandingthedirectionasthemovementofpositivecharges).Thenegativesign meansmovementtowardstheleft. Thebluevectorindicatesthedirectionofthecurrent. YoucanalsochoosethevalueofthehomogeneousinductionBandtheangleitforms withthemobileconductor.Thegreenvectorindicatesthedirectionofthisvector. Theprogramcalculatestheforce(redvector)andthemovementoftheconductor whenyouclickonplay. Tocalculatethemovementoftheconductor,wehaveassumedthatitweighs100 gr/m. A1:Settheintensityofthecurrenttoapositivevalue.5A,forexample. Whatistherelationbetweenthevectorsthatindicatethedirectionofthecurrent,the fieldandtheforce? Whatifwechangethedirectionofthecurrent? A2:Notedowntheforcefordifferentvaluesofthefieldintensity.Whatistherelation betweenthetheforceandthecurrent? Repeattheexperiment,butthistimechangeonlythevalueofthelengthtodetermine therelationbetweenthelengthoftheconductorandtheforce. NowtrytofindouttherelationbetweentheforceandB. Tofindouttherelationbetweentheangleandtheforce,youwillneedtocalculatea datatableforthesineoftheangle(oneentryforevery30,forexample)andthen relatethesevaluestothoseoftheforce. Trytosummarizeyourconclusionsinamathematicallawtakingintoaccountyour previousobservations. A3:Onceyouhavesettheintensityofthecurrenttoavaluedifferentfromzero,click onplayandthenstoptheanimationevery5secondstonotedownthedistance coveredbytheconductor. Whattypeofmovementcanyouobserve?Explainwhyitismovingthisway.

Theeffectsofthemagneticfieldonaloop

Oneofthemostinterestingapplicationsof electromagnetismistheproductionofmechanical energywithelectricmotorsliketheoneinthe illustrationontheleft. Weallknowthat,insidethesemotors,oneor more coilsspininamagneticfieldwhenacurrent circulatesthroughthem. Whyisthisso?. Letusstudythesimplestcasein ordertounderstandwhy. Inthiscase,asingleloopismovinginthemagneticfield.Youcaneasily understandthatthefieldwouldproducethesameeffectonacoil(multiplyingby thenumberofloops). ClickonFieldandlooptocarryouttheexperiment.

Help:Thevisualrepresentsarectangularloopofcurrent(withthedirectionofthe currentindicatedbythebluearrow).Youcanchangethesizeoftherectangle. YoucanalsochangethevalueofthemagneticfieldBandtheinitialanglebetween thesurfacevector(yellow)andthefieldvector(green).

Theeffectofthemagneticfieldontheloopisapairofforceswhichproduceatorque (redvector). Theprogramtellsusthevalueofthistorque. ThePlay/Stopcontrolallowsyoutostartthevisualandwatchtheloopmove. TheRestartcontrolrestorestheinitialvaluesoftheexperiment. A1:Setthevalueofthecurrentto1A.Watchthethreevectors. Justifythedirectionofthesurfacevector(notethedirectionofthecurrent).Ifyou cannotseetheanglesbetweenvectorsclearly,increasetheinitialangle. Whatistheanglebetweenthetorquevectorandthesurfaceandmagneticinduction vectors?Whydoyouthinkthisisso? A2:Ifyouonlychangethevalueofthecurrent,howdoesthetorquechange? Whatifyouonlychangethesurfaceoftherectangle? WhatifyouchangethevalueofB? Youcanalsostudythevariationofthetorquewiththeanglebycomparingthevalues ofthetorquetothevaluesofthesineoftheangles. Trytoexpressyourconclusionsinamathematicalformula. A3:Setthevalueoftheintensityofthecurrentto1AandthevalueofBto0.1T. Clickonplayandnotedowntheangleafter5,10,15and20seconds. Whatkindofmovementistakingplace?Wouldyousaythattheaccelerationis uniform? Repeattheexperimentchangingtheinitialangleto0.Whathappenswhenyouclick onplaynow?Why? Whenisthetorquegreater?

Conclusionsabouttheeffectsofthemagneticfield

AchargedparticleqwithvelocityVmovinginamagnetic fieldBwillfeelaforceFgivenbytheformulaontheright.

Undertheinfluenceofsuchaforce,theparticlewillmovealongacircular trajectory(ifVisperpendiculartoB),oralongahelix(ifVandBforman obliqueangle). Theunitofmagneticinduction(tesla)willexertaforceofonenewtonona unitchargemovingataspeedof1m/sinadirectionperpendiculartothefield. AstraightwireoflengthLthroughwhichacurrentI isflowingisaffectedbythefieldBinaccordance withtheexpressionontheright. IfthecableiscurvedorthefieldBisnot homogeneous,itisnecessarytointegratetheeffect ofthefieldonaninfinitenumberofsmallelements dL,asyoucanseeintheformulaontheright.

AcurrentflowingthroughaloopwhichenclosesasurfaceS, wouldfeelatorque Mgivenbytheexpressionontheright.A similareffectwouldtakeplaceonacoil,butthetorquewouldbe greater,asitwouldbeproportionaltothenumberofloops.

Thefieldcreatedbyachargedparticle

Wealreadyknow(asa consequenceofersted's experiment)thatelectriccurrents producemagneticfieldsbecausean electriccurrentaffectsthebehaviour ofacompass. Thesmallestelectriccurrentthatwe canimagineisthecurrentproduced byasinglechargedparticle.Thatis whythefollowingvisualstudiesthe fieldcreatedbyaparticlein movement: Field/Particle

Notethat,inthisvisual,youwillobservethefieldfromtwodifferentpointsof view,becausethemagneticfieldcreatedbyaparticleisasymmetrical. Hopefully,thevisualandyourtextbookwillhelpyouunderstandthefollowing expression: Theformulaexpressesthefactthattheparticlewith chargeqandvelocityVcreatesafieldBatapointwhich isdefinedbythevectorRfromthepositionoftheparticle. Theconstantoisknownasthemagneticpermeabilityoffreespaceorthe magneticconstant.

Help:Thisvisualrepresentsthemagneticfieldcreatedbyachargedparticlein movementfromtwodifferentpointsofview. Thefrontviewshowsthelinesofforceintheplaneperpendiculartothetrajectoryof theparticleatthepointwheretheparticleis. Youcanalsoseetheinductionvectoranditsvaluebydraggingthereddottoany pointonthevisual. Thesideviewshowsthetrajectoryandvelocityoftheparticleandallowsyouto measuretheintensityofthefieldcreatedalongalineperpendiculartoyourfieldof vision. A1:Inthefrontview,theparticleismovingtowardstheobserver. Ifyougivethespeedapositivevalue,youwillseethelinesofforceappear.What happensifyouchangethesignofthecharge? Dragthereddotalongalineofforce.Whatistherelationbetweentheinductionvector andthelineofforce? A2:ForfixedvaluesofQandv,observethechangeinthevalueofBwiththedistance r.Trytodiscoveramathematicalexpressionthatdescribesyourobservations. TrytofindouthowBdependsonthevaluesqandvforagivenpoint. Findamathematicallawinyourtextbookthatjustifiesyourobservations. A3:Setthechargeandthespeedtoagivenvalue.Selectthesideview. ObservethevalueofBforpointssituatedatthesamedistancefromthecharge,butat differentangles. Whatcanyoudeducefromyourobservations? Searchyourtextbookforatheoreticaljustificationoftheseobservations.

Thefieldcreatedbyarectilinearcurrent

Arectilinearelectriccurrentofan indefinitelengthcreatesamagnetic fieldarounditself. Youcanstudythemainfeaturesof thistypeoffieldinthefollowing visual:Field/Current.Thevisualwill helpyouunderstandthatthevalue ofthemagneticinductionisequalto

whereIistheintensityofthecurrent andristhedistancefromthecurrent tothepointatwhichweare measuringthefieldB. Themagneticconstant(magneticpermeability)dependsonthemedium. Thisexpressiondoesnotgivethedirectionofthefieldvector,butyoucan usetherighthandruleillustratedabovetofigureitout. ThevisualBetweencurrents studiestheeffectofthemagneticfield createdbyonecurrentonanothercurrent.

Help:Thisvisualrepresentsthemagneticfieldcreatedbyanindefiniterectilinear current. Youmaysetthevalueoftheintensityofthecurrent(negativevaluesforcurrents movingtowardsthebottomofthevisual). Youcanalsosetthepermeabilityrelativetothepermeabilityoffreespace. Dragthereddottodifferentpointstoseethevalueofthefieldatthesepoints. Clickonanypointofthevisualtoseethefieldandthelinesofforcethere. Theresetbuttontakesthevisualbacktotheinitialpointofview. A1:Setthecurrentto1Aanddragthereddottodifferentpointsofthescreen.Youwill seeacurveandavector.Whatisthecurvelike?Whatisitspositioninrelationtothe conductor? Youcanrotatethepointofviewbydraggingtheconductor. Whathappensifyouchangethesignofthecurrent? Trytofindamnemonicdevicetohelpyourememberwhatyouhavejustdiscovered. A2:Theintensityofthefieldatagivenpointvarieswhenyouchangetheintensityof thecurrent.HowdoesthevalueofBvary? Forafixedvalueofthecurrent,trytofindouthowBvarieswiththedistance.How doesBvarynow? NowtrytofigureouthowBchangeswhenyouchangethemagneticpermeability. A3:Youhaveprobablynoticedthat,onceyouknowtheintensityofthecurrentandthe permeabilityofthemedium,youonlyneedtofindoutthedistancetotheconductorto determinethevalueofB.Beingaboveorbelowthispoint,orbeingbehindorinfrontof thecurrentisimmaterial,aslongasthedistancetothecurrentisthesame.Why? Whatwouldhappentowardstheedgesoftheconductorifthelengthwasnot indefinite?

Help: Thisvisualallowsyoutochoosetheintensityofthecurrentflowingtroughtwo conductors.Negativevaluesmeanthecurrentispointingtowardsthebottomofthe visual. Youcanalsosetthedistancebetweenthetwocablesandtherelativemagnetic permeabilityofthemediumbetweenthem.Ifthevalueisequalto1,themediumisfree space. TheOKbuttonshowsthelinesofforcecreatedbyoneofthecurrentsandtheforce exertedontheothercableperunitlength. Youwillseeanothervectoronthesecondcablewhichshowsthedirectionofthe force. A1:SetI1toapositivevalueandclickonOK. Youwillseesomeofthelinesofforcecreatedbythisconductorandsomearrowsthat pointinthedirectionofthelinesofforce.Whathappensifthecurrentisflowinginthe oppositedirection? A2:SetI1andI2topositivevalues.ClickonOK.Inwhichdirectionistheforce exerted? ChangethevaluesofI1andI2.Whatistherelationbetweentheforceandthe intensitiesofthecurrents? Alterthedistancebetweentheconductors.Howdoesthisinfluencetheobserved force? Whathappenswhentheintensitieshaveoppositesigns?Howdotheresultsdiffer? A3:GiveI1andI2valuesdifferentfromzeroandclickonOK. Increasethevalueoftherelativepermeability.Youwillnowseeamediumbetween thetwoconductors. Whatistheinfluenceofthemediumontheforcemeasured? Howwouldyousynthesiseyourconclusionsaboutthisactivityandthepreviousonein asinglemathematicalformula? A4:SetI1andI2to1Aandthevalueoftherelativepermeabilityto1.Thenchoosea distanceof1cm. Whatistheforcebetweenthetwoconductors?Calculatethevalueofthisforcefora distanceof1m. Trytocomeupwithadefinitionoftheunitofcurrent,theampere,takingintoaccount theforceyouhavejustcalculated.

Thefieldcreatedbyanelectromagneticcoil

Inthevisual,youcanseeacircuitwithacoilorsolenoidnearacompass. Whenyouclosethecircuitthecoilbehaveslikeanelectromagnetanditattracts themagnetinthecompasstowardsoneofitspoles. Howcanwetellwhichofthepolesisnorthandwhichissouthinthe electromagnetthathasjustbeencreated? Howcanyoumakethemagneticfieldmoreintense?Youwillbeableto answerallthesequestionsafteryouhavestudiedthefollowingvisual:Coilfield. Throughsome"experiments",youhavestudiedtheelecromagneticfield createdbystraightcablesandcoils.Inbothcaseswecouldhaveused Ampre'slaw,whichisalsoapplicabletomanyothercases.Youcanstudy Ampre'slawinAmpere,andtrytodeducethevalueofBtheoretically.

Help:Thisvisualcalculatesthevalueofthemagneticfieldinsideandnearthepolesof astraightsolenoidorcoil. Italsoshowssomeofthelinesofforceofthefield(usetheShow/Hidecontrol). Ifthemagneticpermeabilityincreasesyouwillseeacoreinsidewhichcorrespondsto amediumwiththerightpermeability. Youcanchangeyourpointofviewbydraggingthecoilwithyourmouse. Theresetcontroltakesyoubacktotheinitialpointofview. A1:IncreasethevalueofLuntilyoureachthemaximumandsettheintensityofthe currenttoapositivevalue. Notethatthelinesofforceinsidethesolenoidremainparallel(usetheShow/Hide control). Whatistherelationbetweenthisfactandtheintensityofthefield? Whereisthefieldstronger,insideoroutsidethesolenoid? Rotatethecoiltothesidewherethelinesofforceleavethesolenoid.Whichofthetwo polesareyoulookingat?Canyoutellifthecurrentisflowingclockwiseor anticlockwisefromthispointofview? Rotatethesolenoiduntilyoucanseetheotherpoleandanswerthesamequestions. A2:ChangethevalueofIandobservethevariationinB.WhatistherelationbetweenI andB? Whatifyouchangethenumberofloops? Whatifyoualterthediameterofthecoil? Whatifyouchangethelengthofthecoil? Trytocomeupwithamathematicallawwhichexpressesyourconclusions. A3:Changethemagneticpermeability.Diamagneticmediahaveapermeabilitywhich issimilarto(orsmallerthan)thepermeabilityoffreespace.Paramagneticmedia(most metals)haveapermeabilitywhichisdozensoftimesgreaterthanthepermeabilityof freespace.Ferromagneticmedia(ironandalloysofiron)haveamagneticpermeability whichishundredsandeventhousandsoftimesgreaterthanthatoffreespace.

Howdoesthefielddependonthepermeability?Whattypeofsubstancewouldyou useasacoreforanelectromagnet? InserttherelationbetweenthepermeabilityandBinthelawthatyoudeducedinthe previousexercise.

Help:Inthevisualyoucanseethesectionofoneortwoconductors(dependingon whethertheirintensitiesaredifferentfromzero). Iftheintensityofthecurrentispositivethecurrentflowsintothescreen(thisis indicatedbyablackdotontheconductor),otherwisethecurrentflowstowardsthe observer(thisisindicatedbyabluedotontheconductor). Ifyoudragthereddotwithyourmouse,youwillseeagreenvectorthatindicatesthe directionofthemagneticinduction(butitdoesnotshowitsvalue). ClickonCalculate/Stoptosumupallthetermsbdlthatcorrespondtothe displacementofthereddot.Thesmallerthedisplacementofthedot(ifyoumovethe mousewithoutleavinggapsalongtheway)thebettertheresultswillbeintermsof precision. Thescreenwillshowthetotalcirculationandtheresultofdividingthiscirculationby thepermeabilityoffreespace. Clickonrestarttorestoreinitialvalues. A1:SetI1andI2toanyvalue,1and2A,forexample. ClickonCalculate/Stopanddragthereddotalonganyclosedtrajectorywhichdoes notenclosethetwoconductors.Repeattheexperimentafewtimeswithdifferent valuesofI1andI2.Whatistheapproximatevalueofthecirculationineverycase? A2:SetI1to2AandI2to0.ClickonCalculate/Stopanddragthereddotalonga trajectorythatenclosesaconductor.WhathappenstothevalueofCir/perm.fs.?What ifyousetI1toanegativevalue?HowaboutthecasewhenI1andI2aresettopositive values?WhatifyousetI1toapositivevalueandyousetI2tothesamevalue,butwith anegativesign.TrytodeduceagenerallawforthecirculationofBalongaclosed trajectory.

A3:Setthepermeabilitytoalargevalue(500,forexample)andgiveI1andI2the values1and0. Calculatethecirculationalongaclosedtrajectorythatenclosestheconductor. Compareyourresultswiththoseofthepreviousactivity. Nowusevaluesdifferentfromzeroforbothintensitiesofcurrent.Modifythelawyou obtainedinthepreviousactivitytoincludeyourmostrecentdiscoveries. Assumingyouhavecarriedouttheactivitiescorrectly,youwillhavededuced Ampreslaw.

Anexplanationofnaturalmagnetism

Atthebeginningoftheunit,youwereaskedabouttherelationbetweenthe magneticfieldcreatedbyanaturalmagnetandthemagneticfieldcreatedbyan electriccurrent.

Havingstudiedthe magneticfieldcreated byanelectromagnetic coil,youhaveseenthe similaritybetweenthe fieldcreatedbyacoil andthefieldcreatedby anaturalmagnet. Inbothcases,the polarityandthelines offorcearesimilar. ClickonInsideirontounderstandthecauseofthissimilarity.

Help:Thevisualrepresentsacloudofelectronsinsideablockofiron. Youmaychoosethenumberofelectronsshown(usingtheNum.parameter). Youcanalsochoosewhethertoplaceoneofthepolesofamagnetneartheblock. Otherwise,themagneticfieldisnilneartheblock. A1:Whenyouactivatethevisual,youcanseetheelectronsinablockofiron.Canyou identifyafixedtrajectoryfollowedbyalltheelectrons?Ifitisdifficulttotell,youcan decreasethenumberofelectrons(usetheNum.control) SearchyourPhysicsandChemistrytextbook(firstyearofpostcompulsorysecondary education)forajustificationofthiscloudlikebehaviour(checkthechapteronthe chemicalbond). A2:Usetheoptionscontroltoplaceamagnetneartheblockofiron.Whatistheeffect onthetrajectoriesoftheelectrons? A3:Placeamagnetneartheiron.Comparethemovementoftheelectonstothe movementofthecurrentthroughaSolenoid. Canyouexplainwhythemetalwillbehavelikeamagnet? Wherewillitsnorthpolebe?Whataboutthesouthpole? Insomealloysofiron,theeffectpersistsevenwhenthenaturalmagnethasbeen removed,insuchawaythatthemetalbecomesapermanentmagnet.Ifyouwishto findoutmoreaboutthesubjectlookupthewordhysteresisinagoodencyclopaedia.

Conclusionsaboutthecreationofmagneticfields

Arectilinearcurrentoramovingcharge createlinesofforcearoundthemselvesas showninthefigureontheleft. Themodulusofthefieldcreatedbyarectilinear currentofanindefinitelengthisgivenbythe followingformula:

whereIistheintensityofthecurrentand risthedistancetothepointatwhich theintensityisequaltoB,isthemagneticpermeabilityofthemedium.

Twoparallelrectilinearcurrentsinteractin suchawaythattheyattracteachotherif theyareflowinginthesamedirectionand theyrepeleachotheriftheyareflowingin oppositedirections.Thevalueofthisforce perunitlengthis:

whereristhedistancebetweentheconductors, I1andI2arethe correspondingintensitiesofthecurrentandisthemagneticpermeabilityof themedium.

Moreconclusionsaboutthecreationofmagneticfields

Coilscreateamagneticfieldwiththe followingintensity:

wherelisthelengthofthe coilandnisthenumberofloops.Youcantell betweenthepolesbynotingthatifyoulookat thenorthpole,thecurrentcirculates counterclockwise.

Anaturalmagnetbehaveslikeacoilbecausea significantpercentageoftheelectronsrevolveina preferreddirection. Thefieldofanaturalmagnetaffectsthe electronsinothermaterialscontainingironinsuch awaythattheelectronsintheothermaterial changetheirtrajectories.Iftheelectronsgoback totheirchaotictrajectorieswhenthenatural magnetisremoved,thenthemagnetizationis temporal,otherwiseitispermanent.

Ampreprovedthatifwedivideatrajectoryupinto aninfinitenumberofelementsandintegratethescalar productsoftheinductionBandeachelementofthe trajectorydl,thentheresultisproportionaltothesum oftheintensitiesofcurrentthatflowthroughthesurfacelimitedbytheclosed trajectory.Thislawhasbeenveryhelpfulinthetheoreticalanalysisofmany magneticfields.

Magneticflux

Themathematicalconceptofmagneticfluxis helpfulwhenyoudealwithinducedcurrents.It istime,therefore,toincludeitsdefinitionhere. Themagneticfluxthroughasurfaceisequal tothefollowingscalarproduct:

whereBisthemagneticinductionandSisthesurfacevector.Intheabove visual,youcanstudythevariationoffluxwitheachofthevariablesinvolved. Whenthefieldisnothomogeneous,orthesurfaceiscurved,itisnecessaryto imaginethesufacedividedintosmallelementsdSandsum(integrate)theflux

througheachoftheseelements.Hereisageneralexpressionforthevalueof thefluxthroughanarbitrarysurface:

ThelawsofFaradayandLenz

Thevisualontheleft showsFaraday'sexperiment inaqualitativeway:youcan seeamagnet,withitslinesof force,andacircuitformedby acoilandalightbulb,without apowersupply. Ifwemovethemagnet throughthecoilorawayfrom it(draggingthedotinthe middle)thebulbwilllightup. Itisthevariationofthemangeticfluxthroughthecoilthatgeneratesa currentthroughthelightbulb. Thiscurrentisknownasaninducedcurrent. Youcanstudytheproductionofinducedcurrentsinmoredetailbyclickingon Faraday.Inthisvisual,youwillbeabletostudytheinducedcurrentinasimple circuitwhenthesurfaceofthecircuitischangedandwhenthefieldintensityis altered.YouwillalsolearnthelawsofFaradayandLenz,whichcanbe summarisedinthefollowingexpression:

whereemfistheinducedelectromotiveforce. Inthesectiononalternatingcurrentyouwillfindhowaninducedcurrentis producedwhentheanglebetweenthefieldvectorandthesurfaceofthecircuit changes.

Help:Thisvisualrepresentsthecurrentinducedbythevariationoftheintensityofthe homogeneousfieldB(perpendiculartothesurfaceofthecircuit)orbythevariationof thesurfaceofthecircuitasametalrodmovesalong. YoucancontroltheinitialvalueofBanditsrateofchangewithtime.Youmayalsoset thespeedofthedisplacementoftheonlyelementofthecircuitthatcanmove:the orangerod. OnceyouclickonStart/Stop,theprogramwillsimulatethepassingoftimeandthe electromotiveforceproduced. ThearrowlabeledBshowsthedirectionofthefieldvector.ThearrowlabeledIshows thedirectionoftheinducedcurrent. Therestartcontroltakesyoubacktotheinitialconditionsofthevisual. A1:SettherateofchangeofBtoapositivevalueandclickonStart/Stop. Testdifferentpositivevaluesofthisrateofchange.Whatistheeffectofthisvariation intime? Observethedirectionoftheinducedcurrent.Trytodeterminethedirectionofthe currentinducedbythiscurrentasitflowsthroughthecircuit. NowtestnegativevaluesoftherateofchangeofB.Whatisthedirectionofthe inducedcurrentnow?Whataboutthemagneticfieldproducedinthecircuit? A2:SetthevalueofthespeedoftherodtoapositivenumberandclickonStart/Stop. Willthesurfaceofthecircuitincreaseordecrease?Whatcurrentisinduced?Whatis thedirectionofthiscurrent?Trytodeterminethedirectionofthemagneticfield producedbythiscurrent. Testdifferentpositivevaluesofthespeed.Whatistherelationbetweentheinduced currentandthespeedoftherod? Nowtestdifferentnegativevaluesofthespeed.Canyoutellthedifference? A3:Onceyouhavenoteddowntheresultsofthepreviousactivities,searchyour textbookforthelawsofFaradayandLenzandtrytojustifyyourresultsusingthese laws.

Selfinduction

Averysimplewayofproducinginducedcurrentsina circuitistochangetheintensityofthecurrentthatflows throughit,asthisgeneratesavariablemagneticfield.This phenomenontakesplacewhenyouswitchonanelectric device. Thephenomenonismuchstrongerifthereisacoil inthecircuit,asinthefigureontheleft. Youcanstudythephenomenonofselfinductionofacoilinthefollowing visualselfinduction,whereyouwillbeabletoseehowitdependsonsomeof thepropertiesofthecircuit,asthelawofHenrystates:

emfistheselfinducedelectromotiveforce,dI/dtisthevariationoftheintensity ofcurrentwithtimeandListheselfinductanceorinductanceofthecoil,which isapropertyofthecoilandismeasuredinhenries.Itsvalueisequalto:

where isthemagneticpermeabilityofthemedium,nisthenumberofloops andlisthelenghtofthecoil.

Help:Thisvisualrepresentsthecurrentinducedinacoilbyavariableelectriccurrent inthesamecoil. Youcanchangetheinitialandfinalvaluesofthevariablecurrentandchangethetime ittakestogofromonetoanother. Youcanalsochangeotherpropertiesofthecoil,likethenumberofloops,thesurface enclosedbyeachofthem,thelengthofthecoilandthemagneticpermeabilityofthe core(1correspondstoavacuum). Aredvectorindicatesthedirectionoftheincomingcurrentandayellowvector indicatestheinducedcurrent. Clikonstarttosetthevisualinmotion.Restarttakesyoubacktotheinitialvalues. A1:SetIo=0A,If=5Aandthetimeto0.1. Clickonstart. Observethatthevisualtakessmalltimestepsandshowsthecorrespondingvariations oftheintensity. Dividetheincreaseintheintensitybytheincreaseintandwriteitdownbesidethe emfproduced. RepeattheprocessfordifferentvaluesofIf.Whatistherelationbetweenthequotients andtheincreaseinintensityandemf? NowsetIo=5AandIf=0. Whatdifferencescanyouobserve? Canyoufindalawforthedirectionoftheinducedcurrent? A2:SetIo=0AandIf=5A.Setthetimeto0.1s. Increasethenumberofloopsto10andclickonstart. Whatistheinfluenceofthenumberofloopsontheemf?Tryoutothervaluesofnto seeifyoucanfindalawofproportionalityorsomeotherkindoflaw. UsethesameprocesstotrytofindouttheinfluenceoftheparametersSandLand therelativepermeabilityofthenucleus. Canyouwriteamathematicalformulathattakesalltheseinfluencesintoaccount? A3:Searchforthelawthatdescribesthephenomenonyouhavejuststudiedinyour textbook.Whatistheinductance?Whatisitsrelationwiththepreviousactivities?

Conclusionsaboutinducedcurrents

Theconceptofmagneticflux Themagneticfluxthroughasurfaceisthescalarproductofthesurfaceand inductionvectors,or,iftheproductisvariablealongthesurface,thefluxis equaltothefollowingintegral

Falta

Inducedcurrents Whenthemagneticfluxthroughacircuitchanges,thecircuitproducesan electriccurrentcalledinducedcurrent. ThelawsofFaradayandLenz AccordingtothelawofFaraday,thecurrentinducedinacircuithasanemf equalto

wherethesignmeansthattheinducedemfgeneratesaflux thattendstocompensatethefluxthatgeneratedthecurrent(thisisthelawof Lenz) Selfinduction Whenavariablecurrentflowsthroughacoil,itgeneratesaninducedcurrent:

whereListheselfinductanceofinductance,whichis measuredinhenries.

Thegenerationofalternatingcurrents

Anotherwayofvarying themagneticflux throughacircuitisto makeitrotateina magneticfield.

Inthevisualalternatoryoucanexaminethisphenomenonbymakingacoil rotatewithinamagneticfield. Youwilldiscoverthatthisproducesavariableelectriccurrentknownas alternatingcurrent,whichisequalto: emf=Emsen(2ft+),wherefisthefrequencyoftherotationofthecoil, istheinitialphaseangle(theinitialangularpositionofthecoil)andEmisthe maximumvalueoftheelectromotiveforce,whichisgivenbythefollowing formula: Em=nBSw wherew=2f, nisthenumberofloops,Bisthemagnetic inductionandSisthesurfaceenclosedbyeachloop.

Help:Thevisualshowsagraphofthecurrentinducedwhenacoilrotatesuniformlyin ahomogeneousmagneticfield. Youcansetthenumberofloopsinthecoilandtheirdiameter,andthevalueofthe fieldB,theinitialphaseangleofthecoilandthefrequencyofitsrotation.

TheStart/Stopcontrolsetsthecoilinmotionandstopsitifitispressedagain. Thevisualshowsthevalueoftheinducedelectromotiveforceastimegoesby,its maximumvalueanditsrootmeansquarevalue. TheShow/Hidecontroltogglesthevisibilityofthemagneticfieldandsurfacevectors. TheRestartbuttonresetsthevisual. A1:ClickonStartandobservethecurrentproduced.HowisthispossibleifBandS havenotchanged? ClickonShow/Hidetobetterunderstandthispoint.DotheBandSvectorsalways formthesameangle? Observethegraphandthevaluesontheleft.Whyisthiscurrentknownasalternating current? Whatmathematicalfunctionlookslikethegraphyouareobserving? A2:ChangethevalueofNandobservethevariationinthemaximumemf.Whatisthe relationbetweenthetwo? Whatifyouchangethenumberofloopsorthemagneticfield? Whatifyouchangethefrequency? Observethefactthatthealterationoftheinitialangledoesnotseemtoaffectthe variationofthemaximumemf.Whataffectsthisparameter? Trytodeduceamathematicalformulafromyourobservationsinordertocalculatethe emf.Useyourtextbooktogiveatheoreticaljustificationoftheformula. A3:Therootmeansquarevalueoftheelectromotiveforceistheequivalent electromotiveforcethatwouldbeproducedbyadirectcurrentthatactedona resistanceduringthesametimeinterval. Changethevaluesoftheparameterstodeterminetherelationbetweentherootmean squareemfandthemaximumemf. Searchforatheoreticaljustificationofthisrelationinyourtextbook.

Thepropertiesofcircuitsofalternatingcurrent

Alternatingcurrentallowsthe manipulationofelectricityinwaysthat wouldbedifficulttoachievewith directcurrent.Thefigureattachedisa drawingofatransformer,whichis capableofalteringtheelectromotive forceofagenerator.Tounderstand howitworks,letusfirstexaminethe followingvisualMutualinductionto findouthowonecircuitcanaffect another. Thenclickon Transformertofindoutaboutthelawsoftransformers.

Inadditiontothiseffect,alternatingcurrentalsobehavesdifferentlyfrom directcurrentincoilsandcapacitors.Thestudyoftheseeffectsisundertakenat higherlevels,butwecanseesomeofthemainfeaturesinthevisualRLC Circuit,whichincludesaresistance,acoilandacapacitor.

Help:Thevisualrepresentsacircuitofdirectcurrentwithagenerator,acoilanda variableresistance. Nexttothiscircuit,thereisanotheronewithalightbulbandacoil(withoutapower source). Youcanchangethevalueoftheresistanceinthefirstcircuit(and,withit,theintensity ofthecurrent) A1:Whathappenswhenyouchangethevalueoftheresistanceinthefirstcircuit? Why?

Help:Thisvisualrepresentsatransformerwithaferromagneticcoresharedbetween twocoils,whicharecalledprimaryandsecondarywinding. Theprimarycurrentisequalto1A(anarbitraryvalue).Youcansettheelectromotive force. Youcanalsosetthenumberofloopsintheprimaryandsecondarywindings,and whetherthevisualtakesintoaccountthecurrentsinducedinthecorebythe transformer(Foucaultcurrents). A1:Setthenumberofloopsintheprimarywindingto4. Changethenumberofloopsinthesecondarywindinginsuchawaythatitis: Fourtimesgreaterthanintheprimarywinding. Halfthenumberintheprimarywinding. Trytodeducetheexpressionthatrelatesthenumberofloopstothecorresponding efm. A2:Notethatitisnotthesamethingtosaythatwearemultiplyingtheemfastosay thatwearemultiplyingtheenergy.Observethevariationoftheintensityofcurrentin thesecondarywindingwhenyouincreaseitsemf.Calculatetheproductemfxintensity foreachcoil.Whatphysicalmagnitudeisconserved? A3:Inrealtransformers,thewindingsproduceinducedcurrents(Foucaultcurrents). UsethedropdownmenutoactivatetheFoucaultoption.Whathappenstotheintensity inthesecondarywinding?WhatdoesthenewtermQmean?

Help:Thisvisualrepresentsacircuitwithanalternator,aswitch,anammeter,acoil,a resistanceandacapacitor(thecapacitorisshownonlywhenthevalueofCisdifferent fromzero) Youcanturnthecircuitonandoffandsetthevaluesoftherootmeansquare electromotiveforce,thefrequencyofthealternatingcurrent,theinductanceofthecoil, thecapacityofthecapacitorandtheresistance. Atthetopofthevisualyoucanseethevalueoftherootmeansquareintensityandthe powerconsumed. Thegraphatthetoprightcornershowsthevariationoftheelectromotiveforceandthe intensityastimegoesby.Youcanalsoseethephaseanglebetweenbothvalues. Thelowergraphshowsthepowerconsumedversusaparameterthatyoucanchoose fromthedropdownmenu.Youshouldturnthecircuitoffbeforeyouchangethis parameter. Thescaleinthisgraphislogarithmicbecauseitmustcoverawiderangeofvalues. A1:SetL=0yC=0andturnthecircuiton.Notethattherootmeansquareemfandthe rootmeansquareintensitybehaveinthewaypredictedbyOhm\'slawforcircuitsof directcurrent. WhatisthevalueofthephaseanglebetweenemfandI?Whatifyouchangethe valueofR? ChooseRastheparameterforthelowergraph.HowdoesthepowerchangewithR? Turnthecircuitonandselecttheemfastheparameterforthegraph.Turnthecircuit onagainandexamineallthepossiblevaluesoftheemf. Whatistherelationbetweentheemfandthepower?Canyouseeanydependece amongthevaluesoftheemftheintensityandthepower? A2:SetRto1,Cto0andLtothevalue10.Turnthecircuiton. WhathappenstothephaseanglebetweentheemfandI?Whatisthevalueofthe phaseanglewhentheresistancetendstowardszero? Dividetheemfbytherootmeansquareintensity.Theresultisnotjustequaltothe resistance,thereisanaddedvalue. ChooseLastheparameterforthelowergraph.

TestallpossiblevaluesofL.Whatistheeffectonthepower?Whatistheeffectonthe rootmeansquareintensity? Turnthecircuitoff.Choosefastheparameterandchangethevalueofthefrequency. Howdoesthepowerchangenow? YoucanseethattheeffectofthecoildependsonLandonthefrequency.Thiseffect iscalledinductance. A3:SetL=0,R=1andC=20.Turnthecircuiton.ChoosethecapacityCasthe parameterforthelowergraph. WhathappenstothephaseanglebetweentheemfandI?Whatvaluedoesittend towardswhentheresistancetendstowardszero? DividetheemfbytherootmeansquareI.Theresultisnotequaltotheresistance,as thereseemstobeanaddedvalue. TestallthepossiblevaluesofC.Whatistheeffectonthepower?Whataboutthe effectontherootmeansquareintensity? Turnthecircuitoffandselectfastheparameter.Changethevalueofthe frequency. Whatvariationcanyouobserveinthepower? YoucanseethattheeffectonthecondenserdependsonCandonthefrequency. Thiseffectisknownascapacity. A4:Setf=60,andL=0,C=80yR=10.ChooseLastheparameterforthelowergraph. TurnthecircuitonandchangethevalueofLuntilthephaseanglebetweenIandemf isascloseto0aspossible. Comparetheintensityandthepowerinthiscasewiththevaluesofthesemagnitudes forL=0andC=0. Whatisthecombinedeffectofthecapacityandtheinductance? Thiseffectisknownasresonanceanditisveryuseful.Forexample,itcanbeusedin thetuningofaradiostation.Why? Tofindoutwhy,choosevaluesofLandCthatwillcauseresonance.Choosefasthe frequencyandtestallthepossiblevaluesofthefrequency. Whatistheeffectonthepowerwhenwemoveawayfromresonance? Similarly,aradiosearchesforresonancetolistentothefequencyoftheradiostation.

Conclusionsaboutalternatingcurrent

Alternatingcurrentisproducedwhenacoilrotates inahomogeneous magneticfield. Anemfisproducedthat variessinusoidallywith time,accordingtothe followingformula: emf=Emsen(2ft+) wherethemaximum electromotiveforceis equalto: Em=nBSw (w=2f,andfisthe frequencyoftherotating coil). Therootmeansquare electromotiveforceofan

alternatorisequaltotheemfofageneratorofdirectcurrentthatproducesthe sameeffectonaresistanceasthealternator.Itsvalueisgivenbythefollowing formula:

Atransformerisadeviceformedbytwocoilsthatshareacommonmetallic core. Thisdeviceallowsustotransformtheemfaccordingtotheformula e1n1=e2n2insuchawaythatbyalteringthenumberofloopsn2ofthe secondarywinding,weareabletoobtainanemfdifferentfromthatofthe primarywinding.Theintensityofcurrentisinverselyproportionaltotheemf. Furthermore,thereareenergylossesduetocurrentsinducedinthecore (Foucaultcurrents). Thepresenceofcapacitorsandcoilsinacircuitofalternatingcurrent producesaphasedifferenceintheintensityofcurrentinrelationtotheemf,in additiontoavariationintheresistanceofthecircuitthatdependsonthe frequencyofthecurrent.

Evaluation

Canyourememberthequalitativepropertiesofthemagneticphenomena thatyoustudiedinpreviousyears? Doyouunderstandtheeffectsofthemagneticfieldsonchargedparticles andcurrents?Canyouexplainsomeofthepracticalusesofthese forces? Canyoumeasurethemagneticfieldundersimpleconditions?Doyou understandthephenomenonofnaturalmagnetism? Doyouknowwhatmagneticinductionis?Canyouexplainhowitcanbe appliedtotheproductionofalternatingcurrent?Couldyoudescribe someofthemainpropertiesofalternatingcurrent? Youcantestyourknowledgewiththefollowingthreetests:

Testyourcomprehensionoftheconceptsintheunit
Fillintheblankspaces

Magneticfieldsarecreatedbyparticlesin The

,neverbyparticlesat

ofaparticleinamagneticfielddoesnotincreasebecauseits

speedremainsconstant. Astraightcurrentcreatesamagnetic its and whichisdirectlyproportionalto

tothedistancetothepointunder

consideration. Wecallacurrentinducedbythevariationofthe aninduced ,

current.Thisvariationcanbeduetochangesinthemagnetici changesinthesurfaceofthe orchangesinthe

formedbythe

magneticinductionvectorandthesurfacevector.

Somepeculiaritiesofthemagneticfield
Matchthebeginningofeachsentencewiththecorrectending.

Magneticforces Thelinesofforceofthemagneticfield Inducedcurrentsproducemagneticfluxes Gadgetssuchastransformers Themagneticpolesofanelectromagnet

Aredeterminedbythedirectionofthecurrent. Donoworkonchargedparticlesinmotion. Whichpposethevariationsthatcausethem. Areperpendiculartotheforcetheycause. Donotworkwithdirectcurrent.

Magneticfield(exercises)

1. Thenumberofloopsintheprimaryw indingofatransformeris fivetimesthenumberofloopsinthesecondaryw inding.I fthe intensityofthecurrentintheprimaryw indingis2A,w hatisthe valueofthecurrentinthesecondaryw inding?(considerthe Foucaultcurrentsasnegligible). Checktheresultsw iththe visual

A. 0.4A B. 0.1A C. 2A D. 10A

2. W hatintensityofcurrentmustflow throughaconductorof infinitelengthfortheretobeamagneticinductionof0.001Tata distanceof0.5minavacuum? Checkyourresultsw iththefollow ingvisual

A. 5A B. 0.15A C. 0.5A D. 2.5A

2 3. A5cmlongsolenoidw itha2cm crosssectionhas100loops w rappedaroundacorew ithamagneticpermeabilityof1000. W hatintensityofcurrentw illcreateamagneticfieldof1 T?Checkyourresultsw iththefollow ing visual

A. 3A B. 1A C. 4A D. 2A

4. Acircuitofalternatingcurrentw ithanrootmeansquareemfof 10Vcontainsa10ohmresistance,a0.004henriecoilanda20 microfaradcapacitor.Calculatethefrequencyw hichproduces resonance. Checkyourresultsw iththisvisual

A. 685Hz B. 1120Hz C. 0Hz D. 560Hz

5. W hatisthespeedatw hichthetrajectoryofanelectronunder theinfluenceofamagneticfieldof0.001Tw ouldhavearadius of1cm? Y oucancheckyourresultw iththisvisual

A. 1760 B. 1200 C. 525

D. 564

6. W hatisthevalueofthetorqueexertedbya0.1Tmagneticfield 2 ona30cm loopw ithacurrentof2A,ifthefieldvectorandthe surfacevectorformanangleof60degrees. Y oucancheckyourresultsw iththevisual

A. 1.2tenthousandthsofaNm B. 1.3Nm C. 35Nm D. 3.5hundrethdsofaNm

7. Thefrictionexperiencedbya30cmlongconductingrodw itha massof30gramsandw ithacurrentof1Aflow ingthroughitis negligible.I fitisundertheinfluenceofamagneticfieldof intensityequalto0.02Tperpendiculartoitsdirection,w hat distancew illitcoverin8seconds?Y oucancheckyourresults w iththefollow ing visual

A. 6m B. 0,itremainsatrest. C. 4.25m D. 1m

2 8. Asquarecircuitw ithasurfaceof2dm isinsideamagneticfield perpendiculartoitssurface.I fthemagneticinductiondecreases in0.5secondsfrom1Tto0T,calculatetheinducedefm. Checkyourresultsw iththefollow ingvisual

A. 0V B. 3.5V C. 0.32V D. 1.4V