FORMULA FOR CHAPTER 3

Raw Frequency Grouped Frequency

Mode Most common Highest frequency Modal class only with highest frequency
Mean
n
x
x

f
fx
x
Estimate only
where x is the midpoint of
group
Median
(Q2)
Middle item of ordered data
If
1
/2n = r Q2 =
1
/2 (yr +
yr+1)
and if r <
1
/2n < r + 1 Q2 =
yr+1
Calculate as for Raw.
Can use cumulative
frequency to find yr and
yr+1
b = lower class boundary
f = f below b
fc = of class
c = width of class
Quartiles
Deciles
Percentile
s
Q1 = n
4
1
th
term
If
1
/4n = r Q1 =
1
/2 (yr + yr+1)
and if r <
1
/4n < r + 1 Q1 = yr+1
For deciles and percentiles the fraction involved changes
as required
as above
For deciles and percentiles the fraction
involved changes as required.
FORMULA FOR CHAPTER 4
Raw Frequency Grouped Frequency
IQR
IQR = Q3 - Q1
Calculating the quartiles depending on type of data
SIQR
SIQR = (Q3 - Q1)
Calculating the quartiles depending on type of data
Variance
POPULATION
n
x

2
2
) (

SAMPLE
1
) (
2
2

n
x x
s
POPULATION
2
2
2

f
fx
SAMPLE
( )

'

f
fx
fx
f
s
2
2 2
1
1
POPULATION
2
2
2

f
fx
SAMPLE
( )

'

f
fx
fx
f
s
2
2 2
1
1
Where x is the mid-class value
Standard
Deviation
POPULATION
+

2

SAMPLE
+

2
s s
c
f
f n
b
c

,
_

+
2
1

f
fx
x
c
f
f n
b Q
c

,
_

+
4
1
1
CHAPTER 5
P(A) = 1 P(A)
Independent events
) ( ) ( ) ( B P A P B A P
Mutually Exclusive Events
0 ) ( B A P
) ( ) ( ) ( B P A P B A P +
CHAPTER 6
Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
1 r perfect positive linear correlation
1 r perfect negative linear correlation
0 r no linear correlation
CHAPTER 8
Probability Function
- P(X = x) Definition of the Probability for the discrete random variables.

eg
P(X = x) =

'

, 0
,
,
C
x
k

otherwise
x
x
6
5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1

Probability Distribution
Example

x
x X P 1 ) (
Cumulative Distribution Function
x: 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x):
1
/
6
1
/
6
1
/
6
1
/
6
1
/
6
1
/
6

0
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0
x x
x X P x X P x F
Mean (Expectation) and Variance
E(aX+b) = aE(X) + b
Var(aX + b) = a
2
Var(X)
CODING
If
c
m x
y

m and c are constants

Then
c
m X E
Y E

) (
) (
And
2
) (
) (
c
X Var
Y Var
And
c
X
Y
) (
) (


For Discrete UNIFORM Distribution
For Discrete Uniform Random Variable X which is defined over the set {1, 2, 3, .n}

n
r
n n
r
1
2
) 1 (
and

+ +

n
r
n n n
r
1
2
6
) 1 2 )( 1 (
2
1
) (
+

n
X E
12
) 1 )( 1 (
) (
2
+

n n
X Var
CHAPTER 9
Transformation between Normal Distribution ) , ( ~
2
N X and ) 1 , 0 ( ~
2
N Z

X
Z