Radioactivity and Elementary Particles

Introduction to Quantum Theory Building blocks of matter

Foundation of Quantum Theory

Critical Knowledge

Dual nature of light (waves & particles properties) Electromagnetic Spectrum Spectral Analysis Rutherfords Model of Atom Radioactivity Photoelectric effect

Light

EM Spectrum Photons? Atom Model Radiation

Photoelectric Effect

Constituents of the Atom

electrons, negatively charged particles (quantum states). protons, the heavy positive nucleus of the hydrogen atom nuclei, positively charged 1932: Chadwick observes a penetrating neutral radiation produced in the collision of alpha particles with berylium, the neutron, whose mass is close to that of the proton. All elements are composed of three constituents, electrons, protons and neutrons. Photon (the quantum of electromagnetic radiation) is produced when electrons change states in the atom. A given element is defined in terms of how many electrons (which equals the number of protons) it has. Different isotopes correspond to different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys150/fall03/

Subatomic Particles:

Charge
Protons Neutrons Electron Positive Neutral Negative

Mass
1.0073 amu 1.0087 amu 0.000549 amu

Location
Nucleus Nucleus Electron Cloud Composite particles

2He

Atomic mass

Atomic number

number of protons in an atom = atomic number number of neutrons in an atom = mass number - atomic number
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics

Subatomic particles

Proton - subatomic particle with positive charge e+. The mass of the proton is 1,836 times the mass of the electron. Protons are made up of quarks. Proton was discovered as a product of the disintegration of the atomic nucleus. Proton belongs to a class of baryons which are made up of three quarks. Proton is also a hadron (strong forces particles). Neutron - subatomic particle in the baryon family. Neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. The neutron is made up of quarks.
up quark down quark

nucleons

electron

neutrino proton

neutrons atom

Elementary Particles

fundamental particles: leptons, quarks, gauge bosons (force carriers).

Elementary Particles

http://www.fnal.gov/pub/hep_descript.html

four fundamental forces of nature: gravitational force, strong, weak, electromagnetic forces; the gravitational force is carried by the hypothetical graviton; the electromagnetic force is carried by the photon; the strong interaction (holds the atomic nucleus together) is carried by gluons; the weak interaction (radioactivity and particle decay) is carried by the Z and W particles.

Standard Model

Gravitational force Electromagnetic force Strong force Weak force

All particles Charged particles: Electron, proton, muon Quarks to form protons, neutrons Decay of heavy particles

Standard Model

Particles transmit forces between them by exchanging force-carrying particles bosons. Gluon g carries the strong force; it glues quarks together. Photon carries the electromagnetic force; (also transmits light). W and Z bosons represent the weak force; (different types of decays).
Discovery of elementary particles and development of Standard Model Fermilabs Slide Show on Building Blocks of Nature