Modern arks for ancient rice

In two remote areas in the Philippines, native rice varietiescultivated in traditional waysare sources of food and income but also have strong cultural currency. GRiSP, through the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), is helping farmers manage these valuable assets by using modern agricultural practices. When farmers continue to grow heirloom rice, they are conserving irreplaceable genetic resources, too.

Their heritage rice. Women farmers in Kalinga in the northern part of the Philippines sort Unoy, an aromatic indigenous variety of rice that is cultivated using production practices of their forefathers.

A bankable asset
In the Arakan Valley, in Cotabato Province, Philippines,

plants have a good appearance, good tillers, and large round grains while low-quality seeds acquire many diseases and perform poorly. ACSBO member Russel Samillano said, Before, we did not have seeds to plant in our fields; we had nowhere to buy seeds from. Now, we use good seeds from the seed bank. Because of this, our family will not go hungry. ACSBO members also made extra money selling highquality seeds to other farmers.

E. De Leon, IRRI

RiSP contributes to the long-term conservation of rice biodiversity thanks to the support of donors to the International Rice Genebank at IRRI. The genebank holds more than 117,000 types of modern and traditional rice varieties and wild relatives of rice from all over the world. However, farmers can also take an active part in rice conservation locally, particularly of heirloom varieties that they have been growing for generations. The Consortium for Unfavorable Rice Environments (CURE), a partnership among research and extension institutions from South and Southeast Asia and coordinated by IRRI, assists remote farmers not only in safeguarding ancient rice varieties but also in maintaining traditional values and culture.

rice variety Dinorado is more than a crop that commands a premium price. It is part of the pride and social identity of the people. But, its quality and commercial value have deteriorated as the genetic purity of its seed stocks has declined over time because the farmers did not have the skills to maintain seed quality. IRRI scientists joined forces with the University of Southern Mindanao, the Philippine Rice Research Institute, the Municipal Agricultural Office of Arakan, and the Department of Agriculture to train selected farmers in highquality seed production, and to introduce modern and other traditional rice varieties. After the training, the farmers set up the Arakan Community Seed Bank Organization (ACSBO). ACSBO members can borrow a sack of good seeds from the bank and pay the bank with two sacks after their crop is harvested. We learned the importance of selecting and cleaning seeds to ensure that we get quality seeds, said Nestor Nombreda, president of ACSBO. Using quality seeds, the

varieties that their ancestors have cultivated for hundreds of years is low and unstable. Farmers worry about a lack of interest in rice farming among the younger generation and that no one will preserve their ancient traditions. CURE teamed up with the Second Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management Project, funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development, to train farmers in the region on rural community-improvement opportunities. Specifically, CURE introduced new rice management technologies and varieties that could help farmers increase productivity and their livelihoods while maintaining their traditional rice varieties. Technologies such as community-based rodent control and modern varieties have merged with traditional systems such as organic agriculture and the use of heirloom rice. The conservation of traditional varieties is important to plant breeding, said Dr. Casiana Vera Cruz, a scientist at IRRI. They are untapped genetic resources and potential sources of new traits such as pest and disease resistances as well as tolerance of the changing climatic conditions.

Global S.O.S.: save old seeds

Scientists are developing ways to work with farmers to safeguard rice biodiversity by blending modern seed production technologies and crop management with traditional practices and heirloom rice varieties. Strengthening national partnerships under GRiSP allows the work to thrive and be extended to other communities worldwide. Ultimately, this enriches the worlds rice gene pool that provides GRiSP organizations across the globe with genetic knowledge and tools needed to produce varieties to solve the increasing production and environmental challenges in the future.

Teaming up the old with the new

Meanwhile, at the opposite end of the Philippine archipelago, farmers in remote areas of the Cordillera region of Luzon are facing similar problems: their age-old rice terraces are eroding, and the yield of the traditional rice

Management course. Farmers in Arakan inspect traditional and hybrid rice varieties growing in experimental plots. Management for crop diversity, in which traditional and hybrid rice varieties are intercropped, has been proven to promote on-farm conservation of rice.

E. De Leon, IRRI

in motion

in motion

E. De Leon, IRRI

House of the past and the future. Traditional storage houses in northern Luzon, where farmers keep their heirloom rice, share something in common with the giant international rice genebank at IRRI. They preserve genetic materials that are potential sources of new traits such as pest and disease resistance.