Seminar 3-4

Variation of pressure in static fluid 3.2 Pressure expressed as height of fluid 3.3 Absolute and Gage Pressure 3.4 Measurement of Pressure 3.5 Center of Pressure 3.7 Force on Curved Surface 3.8 Bouyancy and stability of submerged and floating objects 3.9

Pressure at a Point Assumptions: p h

Fluid is at rest or There is no relative motion, i.e. shearing stresses are absent = specific weight h = vertical distance from the free water surface to the point At a point the pressure is equal in all directions p is actually the difference between the pressure at the point in question and the overlying atmospheric pressure (taken as zero reference or gage pressure)

This can be easily developed to calculate the difference in pressure between two elevations within and incompressible fluid.

p p1 ( z z1 )

3.2.4 Where an underground oil pipeline crosses under a stream in a gully, it is 68 ft deeper than on either side. When the oil ( s = 0.88) is not flowing, what is the oil pressure in the line under the stream, if it is 32 psi at each side of the gully?

A pressure gage at elevation 4.8 m on the side of a storage tank containing oil reads 34.7 kPa. Another gage at elevation 2.2 m reads 57.5 kPa. Compute the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the liquid.

A bubble 4 in below the water surface contains 2x10-7 lb of air. If the temperature is 60o F and the barometric pressure is 14.7 pisa, calculate the diameter of the bubble. Ignore the partial pressure of water vapor inside the bubble.

Hint 1: what does perfect gas law tell you?

Hint 2: What is the air pressure in terms of the atmosphere and its location below the water surface?

What is the gage pressure when we are at vapor pressure in a pressure pipe system? Absolute = Gage + atmospheric Gage = Absolute - atmospheric

kN atmospheric pressure 101.3 2 m kN 2.338 101.3 98.96 2 m 98.96 kN 2 m 10.106 m 9.792 kN 3 m

A gage is connected to a tank in which the pressure of the fluid is 42 psi above atmospheric (see Figure). If the absolute pressure of the fluid remains unchanged but the gage is in a chamber where the air pressure is reduced to a vacuum of 25 in Hg, what reading in psi will then be observed?

If the atmospheric pressure is 780 mb abs and a gage attached to a tank reads 330 mm Hg vacuum, what is the absolute pressure within the tank?

0.1 /

In the manometer (see figure) liquid A is 8.4 kN/m3 and liquid B is 12.4 kN/m3. If the pressure at B is 207 kPa. If the pressure at B minus the pressure at A is 145 kPa what would be the manometer reading x? Express all pressure heads in terms of liquid B.

On a submerged object
The total pressure force acting on a submerged object can be developed two ways
1. By integrating the pressure distribution acting perpendicular to and over the area of the submerged object, or 2. By developing the force components, hydrostatic force and weight force (typically applied to curved surfaces)

Total Pressure force on submerged plane

F A y sin hA

 Where y is the distance measured from the xaxis to the centroid (center of gravity) along the plane surface. The pressure force acts at the center of pressure which is below the centroid due to the non uniform distribution of pressure along the plane surface.

 Mx is the first moment of the area with respect to the x axis Io is the second moment around the x-axis or the moment of inertia Ic is the moment of inertia of the area around an axis passing through its centroid and parallel to the x axis

Io Io Yp M x Ay Io Ic A y Ic Yp y Ay
2

A rectangular plate 5 ft by 4 ft is at an angle of 30o with the horizontal, and the 5-ft side is horizontal. Find the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the depth of its center of pressure when the top edge is a) at the water surface; and b) 1 ft below the surface.

The common type of irrigation head gate shown in Fig P3.15 is a plate that slides over the opening to a culvert. The coefficient of friction between the gate and its sliding ways is 0.6. Find the force required to slide open this 600-lb gate if it is set a) vertically; b) on a 2:1 slope (n = 2), as is common.

Forces on Curved Surfaces

The hydrostatic force on a curved surface is best determined by resolving the total pressure force on the surface into its horizontal and vertical components. (noting that the hydrostatic component acts normal to a submerged surface.

1. The horizontal component of the total hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is always equal to the total pressure on the vertical projection of the surface. The resultant force of the horizontal component can be located through the center of pressure of this projection

2. The vertical component of the total hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is always equal to the weight of the entire water column above the surface extending vertically to the free water surface. The resultant force of the vertical component can be located through the centroid of this column.

Determine the force F required to hold the cone in the position shown in Fig. X3.8.5. Assume the cone is weightless

a) Find the horizontal and vertical forces per foot of width acting on the Tainter gate shown in Fig. P3.2. b) Locate the horizontal force and indicate the line of action of the vertical force without actually computing its location. C) Locate the vertical force (hint consider the resultant)

Buoyancy
The weight of a submerged body is reduced by an amount equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body (Archimedes Principle). Thus, a buoyant force is created equal to the volume of fluid displaced is created by partially or fully submerged objects. This force acts vertically upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.

A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 800 mm, width b = 300 mm, and depth d = 50 mm, is floating in a liquid. It assumes the position shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform vertical load of 20 N/m is applied at P. A) Find the weight of the block. B) If the load is suddenly removed, what is the righting moment before the block starts to move? (Hint: refer also to Fig 3.19)

FVABottom = (0.8 * 9790)*[(1m*6m*1.414m)+(1/4**(0.707m)2*1m)+(1/2*(0.707m)2*1m] = 74.19 kN

Net vertical force (fluid A) = 60.1 kN 74.19 kN = -11.18 kN (or upward) Alternate vertical force due to displaced volume FAby = (0.8 * 9790) * 1m * [(3/4 * PI()*(0.707m)2 + 1/2* (0.707m)2] = -11.18 kN (equivalent to vertical force balance) NET VERTICLE FORCE ON CYLINDER: FV = -11.18 57.7 + 30.7 = -38.11 kN (or upward force)