INTRODUCTION This project focuses on finding faults in power systems using wavelet transform and neural networks.

These days distance relays are used to find out the zones in which the fault has occurred but they cannot precisely tell us where the fault has occurred. Similarly the signal processing techniques like Fourier transform fail to tell us the complete story about the faults. It is here that we intend to use the wavelet transform as an aid to know the exact fault location. The advantage of the wavelet transform is that the band of analysis can be adjusted to allow high-frequency and low-frequency components to be precisely detected. As a result, the wavelet transform is not intended to replace the Fourier transform in analyzing steady state signals. It is an alternative tool for analyzing nonstationary or non-steady state signals. This is due to that the wavelet transform is very eective in detecting transient signals generated by the faults. The scheme can be divided into two stages i) The time-frequency analysis of transients using wavelet transforms ii) Pattern recognition to identify causes of faults

Discrete Wavelet Transform is applied for determining the fundamental component, which can be useful to provide valuable information to the relay to respond to a fault. The Wavelet Transform provides sufficient information both for analysis and synthesis of original signal, with a significant reduction in the computation of time. By using the Wavelet Transform it is possible to know what spectral components occur at a particular time. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) can be implemented to extract the fundamental frequency components of voltages and currents, which can be used to calculate the impedance up to the fault point.

WAVELET TRANSFORM From Fourier Theory, it is known that a signal can be expressed as the sum of possibly infinite, series of sines and cosines. This sum is also referred to as Fourier expansion. FT gives the frequency information of the signal, which means that the frequency components exist in the signal can be known. But, it does not give any information about at the time of these frequency components exist. This information is not required when the signal is stationary. Most of the waveforms associated with fast electromagnetic transients are non-stationary signals which contain both high frequency oscillations and localized impulses super imposed on the power frequency and its harmonics. With FT, it is impossible to find a particular fault location. It is very much needed in transient signals. This is a serious drawback of Fourier Analysis. The Wavelet transform is the most recent solution to overcome the shortcomings of Fourier transform. In the wavelet analysis the use of a fully scalable modulated window solves the signals. The window is shifted along the signal and for every position the frequency spectrum is calculated. Then this process is repeated many times with slightly shorter (or longer) windows for every new cycle. In the end, the result will be a collection of time representation of the signal, with all different resolutions. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) of the signal X (k) is defined as

(1)

(2)

The above eqn (2) is the complex conjugate of dilated and shifted version of mother wavelet (k), a and b are the scaling and translation parameters. The parameters a & b are functions of the parameter m,

TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS A transmission line is a system of conductors connecting one point to another and along which electromagnetic energy can be sent. Power transmission lines are a typical example of transmission lines. The transmission line equations that govern general two-conductor uniform transmission lines, including two and three wire lines, and coaxial cables, are called the telegraph equations. The general transmission line equations are named the telegraph equations because they were formulated for the first time by Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) when he was employed by a telegraph company and used to investigate disturbances on telephone wires [1]. When one considers a line segment dx with parameters resistance (R), conductance (G), inductance (L), and capacitance (C), all per unit length,(see Figure 3.1) the line constants for segment dx are Rdx, Gdx, Ldx, and Cdx. The electric flux and the magnetic flux created by the electromagnetic wave, which causes the instantaneous voltage u(x,t)and current i(x,t)

Calculating the voltage drop in the positive direction of dx of the distance dx one obtains

If dx cancelled from both sides of equation (4), the voltage equation becomes,

Similarly, for the current flowing through G and the current charging C, Kirchhoffs current law can be applied as

If dx cancelled from both sides of (6), the current equation becomes

The negative sign in these equations is caused by the fact that when the current and voltage waves propagates in the positive x-direction, i(x,t),& and u(x,t),& will decrease in amplitude for increasing x, The expressions of line impedance, Z and admittance Y are given by

Differentiate once more with respect to x, the second-order partial differential equations

In this equation, 8 is a complex quantity which is known as the propagation constant, and is given by,

Where, is the attenuation constant which has an influence on the amplitude of the wave, and is the phase constant which has an influence on the phase shift of the wave. Equations (7) and (8) can be solved by transform or classical methods in the form of two arbitrary functions that satisfy the partial differential equations. Paying attention to the fact that the second derivatives of the voltage v and current 'functions, with respect to t and x, have to be directly proportional to each other, so that the independent variables t and x appear in the form [1]

Where Z is the characteristic impedance of the line and is given by

A1 and A2 are arbitrary functions, independent of x To find the constants A1and A2 it has been noted that when x = 0, U(x) =u(r) and i(x) =i(r) from equations (13) and (14) these constants are found to be

Upon substitution in equation in (13) and (14) the general expression for voltage and current along long transmission line become The equation for voltage and currents can be rearranged as follows The equation for voltage and currents can be rearranged as follows

The equation for voltage and currents can be rearranged as follows

Recognizing the hyperbolic functions sinh and cosh, the above equations (20) and (21) Are known as follows:

The interest is in the relation between the sending end and receiving end of the line. Setting x=l,u(l)=vs, i(l)=is,

IV. TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL In this paper fault location was performed on power system model which is shown in figure. The line is a 300km, 330kv, 50Hz over head power transmission line. The simulation was performed using MATLAB SIMULINK

SIMULATION RESULTS

Figure 3 shows the normal load current flowing prior to the application of the fault, while the fault current is shown in figure 4, which is cleared in approximately one second. The voltage and current graphs are shown in the figure:

The post fault current:

The wavelet transform of current and voltage waveforms done throuf=gh WAVELET toolbox are:

CURRENT WAVELET TRANSFORM

VOLTAGE WAVELET TRANSFORM

V. CONCLUSIONS The application of the wavelet transform to estimate the fault location on transmission line has been investigated. The most suitable wavelet family has been made to identify for use in estimating the fault location on transmission line. Four different types of wavelets have been chosen as a mother wavelet for the study. It was found that better result was achieved using Daubechies db5 wavelet with an error of 3%. Simulation of single line to ground fault (S -LG) for 330kv, 300km transmission line was performed using SIMULINK MATLAB SOFTWARE. The waveforms obtained from SIMULINK have been converted as a MATLAB file for feature extraction. DWT has been used to analyze the signal to obtain the coefficients for estimating the fault location. Finally it was shown that the proposed method is accurate enough to be used in detection of transmission line fault location. [1] Abdelsalam .M. (2008) Transmission Line Fault Location Based on Travelling WavesDissertation submitted to Helsinki University, Finland, pp 108 114. [2] Aguilera, A.,(2006) Fault Detection, classification and faulted phase selection approach IEE Proceeding on Generation Transmission and Distribution vol.153 no. 4 ,U.S.A pp 65-70 [3] Benemar, S. (2003) Fault Locator For Distribution System Using Decision Rule and DWTEngineering system Conference, Toranto, pp 63-68 [4] Bickford, J. (1986) Transient over Voltage 3rd Edition, Finland, pp245-250 [5] Chiradeja , M (1997) New Technique For Fault Classification using DWT Engineering system Conference, UK, pp 63-68 [6] Elhaffa, A. (2004) Travelling Waves Based Earth Fault Location on transmission Network Engineering system Conference, Turkey, pp 53-56 [7] Ekici, S. (2006) Wavelet Transform Algorithm for Determining Fault on Transmission Line IEE Proceeding on transmission line protection. Vol. 4 no.5, Las Vegas, USA, pp 2-5

[8] Florkowski, M. (1999) Wavelet based partial discharge image denoising 11th International symposium on High Voltage Engineering, UK, pp. 22-24.