Sotirovic Book Death of Yugoslavia 2013

Vladislav SoIirovic
FmigraIion, e!ugees and

FIhnic CIeansing
1he DeaIh o! Yugoslavia, 1991-1999
1his book is a producI o! 18 years o! research ahd wriIihgs oh Ihe issue o!
Ihe 8alkah ahd especially Ihe Yugoslav haIiohal idehIiIies, haIiohalism, sIaIe
!ormaIioh process, ihIer-eIhhic ahd ihIer-coh!essiohal clashes, aIrociIies,
war crimes, eIhhic cleahsihg ahd gehocide commiIIed ih Ihis parI o!
Europe ahd above all oh Ihe IerriIory o! Ihe ex-Yugoslavia(s) ih hisIorical
perspecIive. 1he reaseach oh Ihe Iopic was beguh ih 1995 aI Ihe CehIral
Europeah UhiversiIy, 8udapesI Colleage ih 8udapesI, Huhgary wheh l was
M.A. sIudehI. From IhaI Iime up Ioday Ihe reaseach was dohe ih several
couhIries where l was usihg Ihe libraries ahd archives. As a producI o! Ihis
exIehsive research several arIicles was wriIIeh ahd published ih sciehIi!ic
|ourhals IogeIher wiIh a dozeh o! columhisI arIicles published ih several
|uourhals ahd mahy ihIerheI pages. l hope ahd believe IhaI Ihe research
resulIs presehIed ih Ihis book are goihg Io be o! cerIaih value !or Ihe sake
o! beIIer uhderIahdihg o! Ihe process o! Ihe bloody desIrucIioh o! Ihe ex-
Yugoslavia ih Ihe years o! 19911999 ih order Io prevehI Ihe hexI wars
ahd aIrociIies beIweeh ahd amohg Ihe Yugoslavs.
VIadisIav 5oIirovic
Vladislav 8. SoIirovic, Ph.D. is currehIly workihg aI Ihe
Mykolas Romeris UhiversiIy, SIraIegic MahagemehI
ahd PoliIics FaculIy aI Ihe PoliIical Sciehce lhsIiIuIe ih
Vilhius, LiIhuahia as AssociaIe Pro!essor, wiIh Ihe
workihg experiehce aI Vilhius UhiversiIy, VyIauIas
Maghus UhiversiIy ih Kauhas ahd Europeah
HumahiIies UhiversiIy ih Vilhius.
978-3-659-39196-5
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VIadisIav 5oIirovic
FmigraIion, e!ugees and FIhnic CIeansing
VIadisIav 5oIirovic
FmigraIion, e!ugees and FIhnic
CIeansing
1he DeaIh o! YugosIavia, 1991-1999
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Alle RechIe vorbehalIeh. / All righIs reserved. Saarbrckeh 2013
vlauislav B Sotiiovi
Zdz
Emigration, Rcfugccs and Ethnic

CIcansing
Thc Dcath of YugosIavia, iooiiooo

'I think most oI us would agree that nationalism is today one oI the most powerIul Iorces in the
world, and that the national state has been for a century at least, and continuos to be, the
cornerstone oI international politics (Smith A., 'Nations and their pasts, Nations and
Nationalism, Vol. 2, 3, November 1996, p. 359).
Serbian house in Kosovo set on fire by the local Albanians during
the March Pogrom of ethnic cleansing in 2004 (March 1719th)
Zdz
1
A final version of the book is written as a part oI the COST Action IS0803: 'Remaking Eastern Borders in
Europe: A Network Exploring Social, Moral and Material Relocations oI Europe`s Eastern Peripheries. The
research on the topic and writing the text are financed by the COST Action.
3
Zdz
CONTENT:

PreIace
................................................................................. p. 4

IntroductIon
................................................................................. p. 6

IdeoIogy, NatIonaIIsm and NatIonaI CIaIms oI
Tbe YugosIavs: A HIstorIc OvervIew
................................................................................. p. 14

Inter-EtbnIc ConIIIcts on tbe TerrItory oI
Ex-YugosIavIa

................................................................................. p. S6

ConcIusIon
................................................................................. p. 93

BIbIIograpby
................................................................................. p. 100

AppendIx: Tbe Maps
................................................................................. p. 124

Zdz
3UHIDFH

TIis lool is a roduci of cigIiccn ycars of rcscarcI and
wriiings on iIc issuc of iIc Dallan and csccially iIc Yugoslav
naiional idcniiiics, naiionalisn, siaic fornaiion roccss, inicr-
ciInic and inicr-confcssional clasIcs, airociiics, war crincs,
ciInic clcansing and gcnocidc conniiicd in iIis ari of Euroc
and alovc all on iIc icrriiory of iIc c-Yugoslavia(s} in Iisiorical
crscciivc. TIc rcascacI on iIc ioic was lcgun in 1995 ai iIc
Ccniral Eurocan Univcrsiiy, Dudacsi Collcagc in Dudacsi,
Hungary wIcn I was M.A. siudcni. Fron iIai iinc u ioday iIc
rcascacI was donc in scvcral counirics wIcrc I was using iIc
lilrarics and arcIivcs. As a roduci of iIis cicnsivc rcscarcI
scvcral ariiclcs was wriiicn and ullisIcd in scicniific journals
iogciIcr wiiI a dozcn of colunnisi ariiclcs ullisIcd in scvcral
juournals and nany inicrnci agcs.
TIc final ici of iIc lool, iIai is alrcady rcscnicd ai
scvcral scicniific confcrcnccs, is a roduci of ny fivc ycars of
rcscarcI ariiciaiion ai iIc COST Aciion IS0803. Fcnaling
Easicrn Dordcrs in Euroc. A Nciworl Eloring Social, Moral
and Maicrial Fclocaiions of Euroc's Easicrn PcriIcrics". TIc
final siagc of rcscarcI on iIc ioic of iIc lool and iIc wriiing of
iIc ici of ii is financcd ly iIc COST Aciion.
I Ioc and lclicvc iIai iIc rcscarcI rcsulis rcscnicd in
iIis lool arc going io lc of ccriain valuc for iIc salc of lciicr
undcrianding of iIc roccss of iIc lloody dcsiruciion of iIc c-
Yugoslavia in iIc ycars of 19911999 in ordcr io rcvcni iIc
nci wars and airociiics lciwccn and anong iIc Yugoslavs. TIc
uliinaic iasl of iIis rcscarcI and iIc lool is io consiruciivcly
coniriluic in iIc cfforis ly inicrnaiional connuniiy io
jusiifially solvc iIc Yugoslav Qucsiion in iIc rcccni fuiurc.

2013-04-15, Vilnius

TIc AuiIor
Iii.//www.soiirovic.llog.con
Zdz
Territory of ex-Yugoslavia (,Titoslavia') with its administrative system of internal

territorial division: the six republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro,
Serbia and Macedonia) and two autonomous provinces (Kosovo-Metohija and Vojvodina)
within Serbia. This was the most important reason for political inequality between the
republics in this (con)federation as both autonomous provinces (Vojvodina and Kosovo-
Metohija) have been in fact separated from the rest of Serbia, having the same atributes of a
state and political power on a federal level like all other six republics. The autonomous
provinces very often acted against the interest of Serbia. The Yugoslav crisis of final
dissolution began when a new Serbia's reformist Communist leadership of Montenegrin
Slobodan Milosevic started the process oI reuniIication oI Serbian state territory by abolition
of the political aspect of the autonomy for Kosovo-Metohija and Vojvodina calling for the
restructuring of the inter-republics relations based on equal partnership in the spheres of
politics and economy. However, this political move by Belgrade was strongly opposed by
Slovenia and Croatia as in this case they will lose their 45-years privilaged political and
economic position within the Yugoslav federation
Zdz
,QWURGXFWLRQ
'We Serbs are not against the whole world; the whole world is against us (Interview with
Bosnian-Herzegovinian Serb leader, Radovan Karadzic at NTV Studio B, Belgrade, May 7th,
1993).
TIc forccful dcconosiiion of iIc forncr Yugoslavia

followcd ly inicrnaiionalizaiion of iIc conflici ui iIc rollcns
of lordcrs in rcgard io Icr icrriiory oncc again on iIc firsi lacc
of rcgional inoriancc and iIc Dallan sccuriiy. Surcly, loiI iIc
LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO <XJRVODYLDV ERUGHUV FRXOG EH IL[HG LQ WKH
asi on iIc lciicr and rigIiful way in ordcr io rcducc iIc
rollcns of ninoriiics.
2
Howcvcr, as ii was noi rocrly donc
ciiIcr in 1919 or 1945, iIc lordcr issuc lccanc onc of iIc nain
rcasons for iIc civil war and ciInic clcansing on iIc icrriiory of
c-Yugoslavia during iIc 1990s and laicr. Taling inio
considcraiion iIc savagcry and conscqucnccs of dissoluiion of
c-Yugoslavia and ciInic conflicis followcd ly a largc scalc of
airociiics occurrcd on iIc icrriiorics of Icr succcssor siaics, onc
could undoulicdly concludc iIai ii was uncanlcd casc of iIc
civil war in Euroc aficr iIc cnd of iIc Sccond World War.
3

TIis siudy scis oui io caninc and clarify iIc rollcn of
ovcrlaing iIc naiional-siaic lordcrs wiiI ciInograIical oncs
during iIc criod of dcsiruciion and dissoluiion of c-
Yugoslavia, Yugoslav civil war and Kosovo crisis and war fron
1991 io 1999 in iIc ligIi of forccd nigraiion, cnigraiion and
ciInic clcansing. TIc rcscarcI is focuscd on Croaiia, Slavonia,
'DOPDWLD 5HSXEOLc of Scrlian Krayina )HGHUDWLRQ RI %RVQLD-
+HU]HJRYLQD 5HSXEOLc of SUSVND and finally on Kosovo-
McioIija rcgion.
4

Onc of iIc focal ioics io lc discusscd is iIc idcological
laclground of Yugoslav ciInic conflicis, iracing iis roois and
2
About the Balkan states and their minorities see: Poulton H., The Balkans. Minorities and States in Conflict,
London: Minority Rights Group, 1994.
3
Cushman Th., 'Antropology and Genocide in the Balkans: An Analysis oI Conceptual Practices oI Power,
Antropological Theory, Vol. 4, 1, 2004, p. 6.
4
The draft version of this study was presented at international conference at Vytautas Magnus University in
Kaunas, Lithuania in 2005 and it was published as: 'Emigration, Refugees and Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia
19912001 in the Context of Transforming Ethnographical Borders into National-State Borders, Kuizinien
D. (ed.), Beginnings and Ends of Emigration: Life without Borders in Contemporary World, A collection of
scholarly essays, Vytautas Magnus University and The Lithuanian Emigration Institute, Kaunas: Versus
Aureus, 2005, pp. 85108.
Zdz
dcvcloncni fron iIc iinc of a naiional awalcning and crcaiion

of iIc idcological conccis of uniicd" and grcaicr/grcai"
indccndcni naiional siaics, i.c. fron iIc lcginning of iIc 19iI
ccniury onwards. In vicw of iIc faci iIai according io iIcsc
idcologics, naiional siaic lordcrs sIould follow loiI iIc lordcrs
of ciInograIical discrsion of iIc naiion and naiional Iisiorical
siaic lordcrs, unforiunaiclly, onc can arigIi concludc iIai
ciInic clcansing was unavoidallc" in iIc arcas of ciInically
nicd conosiiion.
5

TIc rollcn of cnigraiion, forccd nigraiion, dislaccd
crsons and ciInic clcansing on iIc icrriiory of iIc forncr
Yugoslavia in iIis siudy is invcsiigaicd fron iIc anglc of
rcligious wars, as rcligious naiionalisn in iIc Dallans Ias
ccciionally sirong incius on iIc conccis of naiional
idcniificaiion and naiionIood.
6
Prcscni-day crcaicd naiional
siaic lordcrs on iIc icrriiory of c-Yugoslavia arc noi only
ciInic" lordcrs; iIcy arc rcligious" as wcll. Ii Iacncd, for
insiancc, iIai ccriain nunlcr of oliiical rcrcscniaiivcs of
ciInic Croais (of CIrisiian Fonan CaiIolic faiiI} fron Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina inclincd iIcnsclvcs in 19921995 on iIc sidc of iIc
Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian Scrls (of CIrisiian OriIodo faiiI}
rcquiring iIc inncr adninisiraiivc rcarrangcncni of Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina io lc donc on ciIno-confcdcraic foundaiions, wIilc
Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian Muslin Dosnials (Dosnjal} siullornly
insisicd on a uniiary siaic of iIc Fcullic of Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina. Sulscqucnily, according io iIc Muslin Dosnial
dcsign, iIc inncr adninisiraiivc division of uniiary Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina cannoi lc sci u on iIc lasis of ciInic division
lincs lciwccn iIrcc lcading oliiical/ciInic cniiiics (Dosnials,
Scrls and Croais}. NcvcriIclcss, quiic oosiicly, loiI Dosnian-
Hcrzcgovinian Scrls and Croais dcnandcd iIai clcar inncr
oliiical/ciInic lordcrs wiiIin a confcdcral Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina
5
For Croats, for instance, state of Croatia was always Regnum Chroatorum, i.e., 'the state oI the Croats.
6
For instance, see 10 min. of video footage from the town of Podujevo in Kosovo-Metohija how the Muslim
Albanian moob is setting in flame local Serbian Orthodox church with throwing down the main cross from the
rooI during 'The March Pogrom, March 1719
th
, 2004: https://vimeo.com/20687706. About 'The March
Pogrom with documentary evidence see: March Pogrom in Kosovo-Metohifa, March 1719, 2004 with a
survey of destroyed and endangered Christian cultural heritage, published by Ministry of Culture of the
Republic of Serbia and Museum in Pristina (displaced), Belgrade, 2004. Both of these two sources, followed
by other evidences of Albanian terror and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo-Metohijaare available at website of The
'CruciIied Kosovo Independent Research Centre Ior Advanced Balkan Studies: http://www.crucified-
kosovo.eu.
Zdz
Iad io lc csiallisIcd as a rccondiiion for oliiical survival of

iIc rcullic in iIc fuiurc.
7

TIc final urosc of iIis siudy is io rocrly clain iIc
FRPSOH[LW\RIUHDVRQVIRUPDNLQJHWKQLFDQGUHOLJLRXVERUGHUV
iIai arc on iIc firsi glancc rinarily scaraiing colc, lui noi
uniiing iIcn. Howcvcr, caccful sIaing/rcsIaing of iIcsc
lordcrs nigIi lay a osiiivc rolc in iIc fuiurc coocraiion of
iIc ncw Dallan connuniiics according io iIc fornula.
,QWHJUDWLRQ 7KURXJK 6HSDUDWLRQ. My dcc conviciion is iIai a
long-sianding (crciual?} cacc anong iIc Yugoslav (and iIc
Dallan} ciInic grous and rcgional sccuriiy can noi lc rcacIcd
ZLWKRXW D SURSHU GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI QDWLRQDO RZQHUVKLS DQG
HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI QDWLRQDO JRYHUQDQFH RYHU WKH GLVSXWDEOH
icrriiorics.
8

HyoiIciically, iIcrc wcrc aroinaicly 3,500,000
rcfugccs and dislaccd crsons fron and wiiIin iIc icrriiorics of
Fcullic of Croaiia and Fcullic of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina only
during iIc firsi iwo ycars of iIc lasi Yugoslav ciInic wars (1991
1992}. According io iIc UNHCF rcoris iIcrc wcrc officially
2,117,205 rcgisicrcd dislaccd crsons of wIon 1,494,891 Iavc
lccn fron Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina wiiI 810,000 of iIcn in Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina. TIcrc wcrc 644,192 dislaccd crsons in Croaiia,
424,396 in Scrlia, 70,000 in Slovcnia, 61,000 in Monicncgro
and 31,300 in Maccdonia, according io iIc sanc sourcc. Ii is
also csiinaicd iIai iIcrc wcrc 250,000 Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian
Muslin rcfugccs in Turlcy, 200,000 Scrlian cnigranis fron iIc
IRUPHU 5HSXEOLc of Scrlian Krayina LQ rcscni-day Croaiia,
220,000 Scrlian rcfugccs fron Kosovo-McioIija and scvcral icn
iIousands of Allanian nigranis fron Allania io Kosovo-
McioIija aficr iIc Trcaiy of Kunanovo on Junc 9iI, 1999 wIicI
finisIcd iIc NATO airsirilcs on Scrlia and Monicncgro.
9
A ioial
nunlcr of rcfugccs, cnigranis (including and iIosc wIo
cnigraicd alroad} and dislaccd crsons fron iIc icrriiory of
iIc forncr Yugoslavia fron 1991 io 2001 was around 4 nillion.
10
7
The essence of such confederal ideas of restructuring political-territorial composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina
are based on the plan by the European Community from the spring 1992 to transform this Balkan country into
'the Balkan Switzerland devided into several ethno-political cantons. On this issue see my article '
: http://www.scribd.com/doc/103783070/Kako-Je-Poceo-Rat-u-BIH.
8
About the new regional security challenges aIter the Kosovo War in 1999 see in: SteIanova R., 'New
Security Challenges in the Balkans, Security Dialogue, Vol. 34, 2, 2003.
9
About the legal and moral aspects of the NATO military intervention in 1999 against the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia see in: Hadjimichalis C., 'Kosovo, 82 Days oI an Undeclared and Unjust War: A Geopolitical
Comment, European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 7, 2, 2000.
10
The Republic of Serbia is today a country with the biggest number of refugees in Europe.
Zdz
TIc culsion of crsons according io iIc ciInic

laclground, wIicI canc io lc lalclcd as iIc ciInic clcansing,
was conniiicd for iIc urosc io sccurc naiional rigIis on iIc
land. Howcvcr, lccausc iIc war was wagcd io dcfinc wIo can
lclong, and wIo can noi, io a ariicular siaic and iis icrriiory, ii
nalcs no disiinciion lciwccn soldicrs and civilians and lciwccn
niliiary and civil iargcis. Conarison, for canlc, of iIc
SRSXODWLRQVWUXFWXUHVRI5HSXEOLc of 6USVNDDQG)HGHUDWLRQRI
Dosnia-+HU]HJRYLQD sIows iIc rcal cffccis of ciInic clcansing
and naiional Ionogcnizaiion in iIis Dallan rcullic during iIc
civil war in 19921995.
Table 1. The Effects of Ethnic Cleansing and National Homogenization in
Bosnia-Herzegovina in 19921995 by Comparison of the Population Structures (in
per cents) of the 'Republic of Srpska` and the 'Federation of Bosnia-
Her:egovina`
11
5HSXEOLFRI
6USVND
)HGHUDWLRQRI
%RVQLD
+HU]HJRYLQD

0XVOLPV 28,77 2,19 52,09 72,61
6HUEV 54,32 96,79 17,62 2,32
&URDWV 9,39 1,02 22,13 22,27
2WKHUV 7,53 0,00 8,16 2,38
I clain iIai condiiions of iIc dcsiruciion and lrcaldown

of iIc forncr Yugoslavia and Yugoslav civil ordcr ly iIc Yugoslav
oliiicians suoricd ly iIc wcsicrn Crcai Powcrs (iIc NATO
and iIc Eucocan Union}, on onc Iand, and iIc idcologics and
goals of naiionalisi oliiical ariics and inicllcciuals suoricd
ly a Iugc nunlcr of iIc RUGLQDU\ FLWL]HQV RQ RWKHU FDPH
iogciIcr in alliancc wiiI war io dccidc naiional sovcrcigniy ovcr
disuicd lands.
11
Data presented on the workshop 'Quo Vadis Bosnia-Herzegovina, Summer Academy 2000, European
Academy of Bozen/Bolzano, September 2000, Bressanone/Brixen, Italy. See: International Police Task Force
(IPTF), January 17, 1999 (report).
Zdz
Finally, iIc idca iIai a naiional safciy and frccdon arc

only sccurcd wiiIin naiional-siaic lordcrs, nadc ly iIc 19iI
ccniury Eurocan idcologisis and advocaicd ly conicnorary
Yugoslav oliiicians, is a lcy oini in undcrsianding iIc corc of
iIc Yugoslav conflici(s} and civil war(s}, ciiIcr iIc forncr or iIc
fuiurc oncs.
The city of Vukovar in Tito's Croatia on the very border with autonomous province of
Vojvodina (on the right bank of the River of Danube). Before the World War II Serbian
population was more numerous in comparison to the Croat one. However, due to the
genocide comitteed by the Croat Nazi forces Ustashi during the World War II ethnic
Zdz
balance was changed after 1945 in the Croat favour. From the mid-August until November
18th, 1991 it was fought the most bloody battle for the city between the Croat defence forces
and the Yugoslav People's Army backed by the Serb volunteers during the whole War of
Yugoslavia's Dissolution. Around 90% of the city buildings and infrastructure became
destroyed or heavily damaged before finally the city capitulated. The population was divided
according to ethnic bases and sent to Croatia, Serbia respectively
The ,Krajina Express' military train in the ,Republic of Serbian Krayina'. This ,Republic
of Serbian Krayina' (, ') was proclaimed in 1991 as an
independent state. Before 1991 it belonged to the Socialist Republic of Croatia. This state
was recognized by no one including and Serbia. It was re-occupied by Croatia's police and
army forces in August 1995 when c. 250.000 Serb civilians left Krayina region for the
,Republic of Srpska' and the Republic of Serbia
Zdz
The Greek volunteers in Bosnia-Herzegovina fighting together with the Army of Republic
of Srpska. On the photo above it is the first President of the Republic of Srpska, proclaimed
in 1992, Montenegrin Dr. Radovan Karadzic (second Irom right), born in the city oI Niksic
in Montenegro
Zdz
The war President of Bosnia-Herzegovina Alija Izetbegovic (in civil cloth seatting around
the table) together with the Arab Muslim Mujahedins. According to the SKY NEWS, during
the whole war in 19921995 there were c. 5000 Muhajedins Iighting on the side oI the
Muslim Government of Bosnia-Herzegovina (see the movie: http://videobam.com/NLMtM)
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1993: An Arab Muslim Mujahedin with a head of Serb soldier

14
Zdz
IdeoIogy, NatIonaIIsm and NatIonaI

CIaIms oI Tbe YugosIavs: A HIstorIc
OvervIew

'Ethnic aIIiliation has never been Iorgotten in the territories oI the Iormer Yugoslavia. It did
play a certain role, and it did influence decisions even during the Tito's era of strict
Brotherhood and Unity` (Varady T., 'Minorities, Majorities, Law and Ethnicity:
ReIlections oI the Yugoslav Case, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 19, 1997, p. 42).
3HRSOH1DWLRQDQG6WDWH
, DJUHH WKDW LQ <XJRVODYLD DOO SROLWLFDO SUREOHPV DUH

LQWLPDWHO\ OLQNHG ZLWK WKH LVVXH RI QDWLRQDOLVP
12
Indccd, iIc
IL[LQJ RI LQQHU RU DGPLQLVWUDWLYH ERUGHUV EHWZHHQ <XJRVODYLDV
naiions and naiionaliiics lccanc onc of iIc nain issucs iIai
forgcd naiionalisn aficr iIc Sccond World War onward and
nosi rolally in iIc fuiurc as wcll. TIc rollcn was in faci
iIai inicrnal lordcrs lciwccn socialisi rcullics and iwo
auiononous rovinccs
13
of iIc c-Yugoslav fcdcraiion (fron
1974 io 1991 Yugoslavia was dc facio confcdcraiion of cigIi
indccndcni oliiical cniiiics} wcrc sci u in 1945 and
dcfiniicly dcliniicd icn ycars laicr, lui iIcy vcry oficn did noi
follow Iisiorical, naiural, ciInic and jusiicc rincilc.
14
TIc
corc of iIc uzzlc lccanc iIai consiiiuiionally si fcdcral
rcullics and iwo auiononous rovinccs wcrc sccn as iIc
QDWLRQDO VWDWHV LH ZLWK WKH GRPLQDQFH RI D QDWLRQ RU
naiionaliiy, lui iIc inncr adninisiraiivc lordcrs failcd in
12
Holmes L., Politics in the communist world, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 331.
13
These two provinces (Vojvodina and Kosovo-Metohija) are created only within a federal unit of Serbia
and had been very much politically independent from her. However, each of ex-Yugoslav republics could
get their own autonomous provinces according to the same criteria applied in the case of Serbia which at
that sense became asymmetrically federated with the rest of the country and even in the inferior position.
According to the last Yugoslav constitution of 1974, Vojvodina and Kosovo-Metohija received the same
political power as all other Yugoslav republics including and the veto right in the upper chamber of the
state Parliament (the Federal Assembly) the Council of Republics.
14
Within such constructed (con)federal structure of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia the
Republic of Serbia was the only inferior partner. An autonomous (in fact, independent) provinces have
been created only on the territory of Serbia, which was politically subordinated to and economically
exploited by Slovenia and Croatia the masters of Yugoslavia. The Communist political leadership of
Slovenia and Croatia decided to break up with the rest oI Yugoslavia only when the new Serbia`s
Communist leadership started with the policy of equal partnership and cohabitation in political and
economic spheres of inter-republican relationships in 19891990.
Zdz
nany cascs io siricily scaraic ciInic connuniiics. To lc

Ioncsi, ii was inossillc wiiIoui ccIanging of iIc aris of
naiional grous lciwccn rcullics and rovinccs wIai finally
was donc during iIc civil war of 19911995 and laicr iIc
Kosovo War of 19981999 wiiIin iIc francworl of iIc ciInic
clcansing, i.c. iIc forccd ccIangc of iIc oulaiion io iIc
rocr sidc of iIc lordcrs.
15

TIc firsi rollcn io lc solvcd in iIis siudy is io dcfinc
iIc icrns of a colc", a naiion" and a siaic". In scarcI of
dcfiniiions of icrns colc, naiion and siaic ii sIould lc
oinicd iIai a nodcrn" siaic is conoscd ly iIrcc clcncnis.
iIc WHUULWRU\, iIc SHRSOH and iIc SRZHU, wIilc oldcr airiarcIal
iIcory of a siaic is lascd on four clcncnis. iIc IDPLO\, iIc
WULEH, iIc SHRSOH and iIc QDWLRQ. A dcfiniiion ly iIc REMHFWLYH
criicria of a colc" or/and a siaic" in iIc ciInic scnsc ialcs
inio considcraiion iIc languagc, rcligion, Iisiory, culiurc and
faic. crsons scaling iIc sanc languagc, adIcring io iIc
sanc rcligion, or wiiI iIc sanc Iisiory, culiurc or faic arc a
colc (for insiancc, iIc Scrls, Croais, Dulgarians, Allanians
and Crccls}. Individuals wiiI iIc sanc cIaracicrisiics forn a
colc or a naiion (Ccrnan Kuliurnaiion"}. Howcvcr,
according io iIc iIcory of HWKQLF LQGLIIHUHQFH, all crsons wIo
Iold iIc ciiizcnsIi of a siaic, rcgardlcss of iIcir ciInic or
naiional origin, confcssional affiliaiions, cic., forn iIc colc
of iIc siaic (for insiancc, iIc Dosnians, Ancricans, Swiss
colc and Canadians}.
16

A dcfiniiion iIrougI VXEMHFWLYH criicria (favorcd, for
insiancc, ly Erncsi Fcnan} oinis iIai a colc is nadc u of
all crsons wIo wani io livc iogciIcr".
17
TIcrcforc, according
io iIc iIcory of HWKQLF LQGLIIHUHQFH, for canlc, all ciiizcns of
iIc Fcullic of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina can lc onc colc, i.c. onc
naiion (Dosnians}, lui according io VXEMHFWLYH criicria, iIcy
can lc ciiIcr Scrls, Croais or Muslins/Dosnials.
18
Howcvcr,
15
Regarding the western point of general history of the problems of ex-Yugoslavia see : Allcock B. J.,
Explaining Yugoslavia, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
16
Regarding the problem of ethnic identity in contemporary world see: Guibernau M., Rex J. (eds.), The
Ethnicity. Reader. Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration, Malden MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc.,
1999.
17
'L`existence d`unc nation est un plebiscite de tous le jours. E. Renan also pointed out that a nation
believe to have a comon origin and has to have a comon enemy(ies) in order to develop a sense of a group
solidarity.
18
The 'Muslims as a distinctive ethnic group within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were
officially proclaimed by the Yugoslav authorities (i.e. by the League of Yugoslav Communists) in 1961.
Official recognition of this religious group as the 'Muslim nation (predominantly living in Bosnia-
Herzegovina) was done in 1971 census. There were officially 25,69% of Muslims out of total percentage of
Zdz
if wc would inlcncni in iIc casc of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina iIc

undcrsianding of a naiion in iIc scnsc of Ccrnan 19iI
ccniury Fonaniicisi idcology (favorcd ly Hcrdcr, Hunloldi,
FicIic}
19
iIai only languagc dcicrnincs a colc/naiion wc
Iavc io rccognizc in iIis casc only onc HWKQolinguisiic grou
in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina. iIc 6KWRNDYLDQV, i.c. iIc Scrls. TIc
sanc casc is wiiI iIc so-FDOOHG0RQWHQHJULQVZKRDUHLQIDFW
iIc Scrls E\WKHLUHWKQLFLW\
20
TIc crucial qucsiion on iIis lacc is. wIcn docs a

colc (Crccl HWKQRV, FrcncI HWKQLH} lcconc a naiion? TIc
answcr according io iIc QDWLRQDOLW\ rincilc is. a naiion is a
colc in osscssion of, or siriving for, iis own siaic.
21

TIc rclaiionsIi lciwccn a siaic and a naiion is viial in
iIc casc of Yugoslav naiionalisn(s}. Ai iIc iincs of
Fcfornaiion, Counicr-Fcfornaiion and Daroquc iIc
naiionalisn on iIc Yugoslav lands was sIacd in accordancc
io iIc fanous nodcl of iIc Augslurg Fcligious Pcacc
Bosnia-Herzegovina`s inhabitants in 1961, while according to 1971 census there were 39,57 oI them. The
term 'Bosniaks (Bosnjaci) is related only to the Bosnian-Herzegovinian 'Muslims, but not to the ethnic
Serbs or Croats Irom the same republic, while under the term 'Bosnians should be understood all citizens
of Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, there is a strong propaganda tendency by the local Muslims to put
equality between the terms 'Bosniaks and 'Bosnians. The purpose to proclaim a 'Muslim nation in
Bosnia-Herzegovina by the Yugoslav government was of a pure political nature to separate them from the
ethnolinguistic Serbs. Sometime aIter the First World War it was published in Vienna 'Ethnographic Map
oI Yugoslavia on which Bosnia-Herzegovina was described as a province populated only by the Serbs
( . ., -, : , 2000,
p. 92).
19
For instance: 'weit mehr die Menschen von der Sprache gebildet werden, denn die Sprache von den
Menschen, Fichte G. J., Reden an die deutsche Nation, Berlin, 1808, p. 44. About the ideas of German
Romanticism see: Craigi G. A., The Politics of the Unpolitical: German Writers and the Problem of Power,
17701871, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995; Walzel O. F., German Romanticism, New York:
Capricorn Books, 1966; Beiser F., The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996; Beiser F, Enlightenment, Revolution, and Romanticism: The Genesis of
Modern German Political Thought, 17901800, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992.
20
Carter F. W., Norris H. T. (eds.), The Changing Shape of the Balkans, London: UCL Press Limited,
1996, p. viii. 'Montenegrin nation was oIIicially proclaimed Ior the Iirst time in history by the Yugoslav
officials after the Second World War in order to separate Montenegrin Serbs from the rest of the Serbdom.
By that time, the Orthodox Slavic population in Montenegro was considered as ethnic Serbs and as such
they have been declaring themselves at the censuses. However, according to the ethnolinguistic theory of
national identification, all Serbian-speaking population (the individuals whose mother speech is
Shtokavian) regardless on religion are the ethnic Serbs what practically means that the Roman Catholic
inhabitants around the Gulf of Boka Kotorska (south-west Montenegrin littoral close to Dalmatia) are
members of Serbian nation, likewise the Roman Catholic citizens of Dubrovnik. About Dubrovnik case
see: . ., , : , 2000.
21
Ethnos can be defined as a people, i.e. group of people, who have common name, motherland, historical
memory, culture and sense of solidarity. Nation can be described as ethnos which lives in its own national
state organization, or seeks to create such organization (see: Hroch M., 'From national movement to the
fully-formed nation. The nation-building process in Europe, New Left Review, 198, 1993, pp. 320;
Kaplan R., 'The coming anarchy: how scarcity, crime, overpopulation and disease are eroding the social
Iabric or our planet, Atlantic Monthly, February, 1994, pp. 4476; Moinyhan D. P., Pandemonium, New
York: Random House, 1992).
Zdz
Sciilcncni of 1555. Cuius rcgio, cius rcligio". Howcvcr,

alrcady fron iIc cocI of EnligIicnncni followcd ly iIc agc of
Fonaniicisn iIc naiionalisn anong iIc Yugoslavs, csccially
anong iIc Scrls and Croais, was nodclcd according io iIc
ncw fornula. Cuius rcgio, cius lingua".
22
Finally, iIc SouiI
Slavs advocaicd a scaraiion of siaic and ciIniciiy (nainly
undcrsiood as ciInolinguisiic colc} fron iIc nid-19iI
ccniury.
23

TIc nosi disiinguisIcd fcaiurc of najoriiy of iIc
Yugoslav and Dallan naiionalisns is iIai iIcy acccicd iIc
fornula. Onc languagconc colconc naiiononc siaic".
24
In
iIc roccss of (naiional}-siaic luilding iIc Yugoslav ciIniciiics
followcd cacily iIc aion crcaicd ly David Millcr.
3ROLWLFDO FRPPXQLWLHV VKRXOG DV IDU DV SRVVLEOH EH
RUJDQL]HG LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW WKHLU PHPEHUV VKDUH D
FRPPRQ QDWLRQDO LGHQWLW\ ZKLFK ELQGV WKHP WRJHWKHU LQ
WKH IDFH RI WKHLU PDQ\ GLYHUVH SULYDWH DQG JURXS
LGHQWLWLHV.
25

Lilcwisc Millcr's aion, iIc saying of Erncsi Ccllncr
iIai naiionalisn is oliiical rincilc according io wIicI
oliiical uniiy (i.c. siaic} sIould lc ovcrlacd wiiI naiional
uniiy (i.c. naiion}
26
is quiic valid for iIc najoriiy of canlcs
of iIc Yugoslav and Dallan naiionalisns, csccially for iIosc
fron iIc 20iI ccniury a ccniury of ciInic clcansing, forccd
nigraiions and assinilaiion in iIc Dallans (and oiIcr aris of
Euroc and iIc world}.
27

22
This formula is in our days present in the cases of Switzerland, Belgium, Quebec, Montenegro and
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
23
About debate on the language-ethnicity link in academic and in everyday-life perspective see: Conversi
D. (ed.), Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and the study of nationalism,
LondonNew York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 8392.
24
About connections between the language and nationalism in Europe see: Blommaert J., Verschueren J.,
'The role oI language in European national ideologies, Pragmatics, Vol. 2, 3, 1992, pp. 355375;
Barbour S., Carmichael C. (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2000. Albanian protesters in Prishtina, Kosovo-Metohija, for instance, required in October 1992
restoration of university education system in Albanian language, but this demand was seen by Serbian
authority as expression of Albanian separatism. It has to be remarked that today there is no university
education system in Russian language in Lithuania, Estonia or Latvia and that today, as well as, there is no
any educational system in Serbian language in Albanian ruled 'Republic oI Kosova as 'independent state
(self-proclaimed on February 17
th
, 2008). Albanian language education is not allowed at the university level
in FYR of Macedonia, too, likewise in Turkish language in Bulgaria or in Kurdish language in Turkey.
25
Miller D., On Nationality, Oxford: Claredon Press, 1995, p. 188.
26
Gellner E., Nations et nationalisme, Paris: Editions Payot, 1989, p. 13.
27
The contemporary 'developed and advanced West, however, is not 'immune on the nationalism as
well, especially on the linguistic one: 'Nationalism is the will to have a particular way oI being and the
possibility to build up one`s own country.Our |Catalan| identity as a country, our will to be, and our
perspectives Ior the Iuture depend on the preservation oI our language.It is task oI all those who live in
Catalonia to preserve its personality and strengthen its language and culture, Pujol J., Construir
Zdz
wcrc si Naiions of Yugoslavia (iIc Croais, Maccdonians,

Monicncgrins, Muslins, Scrls and Slovcncs}. EacI of iIcn
Iad iIcir own naiional" siaic iIai was onc of si socialisi
rcullics in Yugoslavia.
33
On iIc sccond lcvcl iIcrc wcrc icn
Naiionaliiics of Yugoslavia (iIc Allanians, Hungarians,
Dulgarians, CzccIs, Cysics, Iialians, Fonanians,
FuiIcnians, Slovals, Turls}.
34
Finally, on iIc lowcsi, iIird,
lcvcl iIcrc wcrc OiIcr Naiionaliiics and EiInic Crous (iIc
Ausirians, Crccls, Jcws, Ccrnans, Polcs, Fussians,
Ulrainians, VlaIs, Yugoslavs",
35
cic.}.
36
Howcvcr, ii Ias io lc
sircsscd Icrc, iIai iIcrc wcrc only iIrcc rccognizcd
consiiiuiivc naiions wiiIin iIc Kingdon of Scrls, Croais and
Slovcncs fron 1918 io 1929 and iIc Kingdon of Yugoslavia
fron 1929 io 1941. iIc Scrls, Croais and Slovcncs.
37

NcvcriIclcss, in osi-war socialisi Yugoslavia iIcrc wcrc
rccognizcd si of iIcn. iIc Scrls, Croais, Slovcncs,
Maccdonians, Monicncgrins and Muslins. Aciually, iIc lasi
iIrcc of iIcn Iavc lccn ncwly roclaincd naiions ai iIc
ccnsc of iIc Scrl naiional corus.
In sun, iIcrc arc iwo iycs of naiional idcniificaiion.
R lascd on civic" criicria of grouing (Francc, Croaiia
in iIc 19iI ccniury, Dosnia- Hcrzcgovina, Canada,
iIc U.S.A., cic}; and
R lascd on ciInic" criicria of classifying as conon
lloodsIi and culiurc (iIc Scrls, Crccls,
Dulgarians, Maccdonians, Slovcncs, Allanians,
cic.}.
38

In conclusion, rcfcrring io iIc Yugoslav casc, I agrcc
wiiI AniIony SniiI. Dy 'naiionalisn' I sIall ncan an
33
However, originally, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia proclaimed in 1943 only five Yugoslav
nationalities with their own republics: the Muslims have beed added after the WWII.
34
Each of these ten 'Nationalities of Yugoslavia, except Gypsies (Roma) and Ruthenians, had (has) its
own national state outside Yugoslavia.
35
'Yugoslavism was only uniIying ideology, but it never was and real identity, Pavlowitch S. K.,
'Yugoslavia: the Iailure oI a success, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Vol. 1, 2, 1999, pp.
163170.
36
Poulton H., The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict, London: Minority Rights Publications, 1994,
p. 5.
37
According to the 3
rd
Article oI the 'Vidovdan Constitution oI the Kingdom oI the Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes from June 28
th
, 1921, the official language in the state was Serbo-Croat-Slovenian one (
., ,
: , 1997, p. 382). About the process of creation of the first Yugoslav state see:
Sotirovic B. V., Creation of the First Yugoslavia: How the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was
established in 918, Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012.
38
Smith A., 'The ethnic sources oI nationalism, Survival, Vol. 35, 1, pp. 526.
Zdz
idcological novcncni for iIc aiiainncni and nainicnancc of

auionony, uniiy and idcniiiy of a Iunan oulaiion, sonc of
wIosc ncnlcrs conccivc ii io consiiiuic an aciual or oicniial
QDWLRQ$QDWLRQLQWXUQ,VKDOOGHILQHDVDQDPHGKXPDQ
oulaiion sIaring an Iisioric icrriiory, connon nyiIs
39
and
ncnorics, a nass, ullic culiurc, a singlc cconony and
connon ULJKWVDQGGXWLHVIRUDOOPHPEHUV
40

A photo of destroyed Serbian Orthodox church in Kosovo-Metohija by the
Muslim Albanians during the NATO occupation of the region after mid-June 1999. Mass
destruction of Serbian ethno-cultural traces in Kosovo-Metohija by the local Albanians is
a part of a wide-scale policy of ethnic cleansing applied by the Albanians during the last
300 years. All intra-etnic wars in ex-Yugoslavia have been at the same time and intra-
confessional wars between the Roman Catolics, Muslims and Orthodox Christian
believers. Destruction of the shrines of the other confessional groups was, is and will be a
common way of making an ethnically pure territories in the Balkans. By now, Croatia,
Albanian Kosova and Albania are the most ethnically homogenous territories in Europe

39
For instance, Kosovo-Metohija is always seen by the Serbs as a part of a national mythology as a cradle
of Serbian nation and political and cultural center of national state. See: ., '
, , VIII-2, 1969,
pp. 617624. About Kosovo-Metohija in Serbian history see: . (and others),
, : , 1989.
40
Smith A., 'Nations and their pasts, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 2, 3, November 1996, p. 359. With
the break up of the Socialist Yugoslavia the Communist ideology, as a 'cement oI a common existence of
different nations, nationalities and ethnic minorities, was replaces by a historical memories, which played
the role of the 'archive oI animosity.
Zdz
1DWLRQDOLVP,GHRORJ\DQG)RUPDWLRQRI7KH
1DWLRQDO6WDWHV
TIcrc arc nany ialls aloui naiionalisn anong iIc

colcs fron iIc forncr Yugoslavia during iIc lasi iwo
dccadcs and a Ialf wIai is quiic undcrsiandallc ialing inio
considcraiion iIc osi-Connunisi iinc airociiics, as a
coniinuaiion of iIc Sccond World War crincs lascd on cciain
oliiical idcologics,
41
conniiicd on iIc icrriiory of c-
Yugoslavia. I wani io arguc iIai iIcrc is a dircci linl lciwccn
conicnorary naiionalisn(s} anong iIc Yugoslavs and iIcir
naiional idcologics, wIicI arc dcvclocd in iIc rcvious
dccadcs and cvcn ccniurics. WIai Iacncd wiiI iIc
Yugoslavs fron 1991 io 1999 and rolally io lc rccaicd in
iIc 21si ccniury oncc again, ii can noi ly claincd and
undcrsiood wiiIoui a rocr lnowlcdgc of iIcir naiional
Iisiorics, inicrciInic rclaiions, and alovc all wiiIoui
faniliariiy wiiI Iisiorical dcvcloncnis of iIc Yugoslav, SouiI
Slavic and Dallan naiionalisn(s} in iIc Eurocan conici.
42

41
That the war of dissolution and destruction of ex-Yugoslavia in 19911999 was understood by many
Yugoslavs as a direct continuation of, or retaliation for, the mass atrocities committed during the Second
World War, especially against the Serbs on the territory oI the 'Independent State oI Croatia, conIirm
many interviews with the local inhabitants (see, for instance, BBC documentary movie: Death of
Yugoslavia; Guskova J., Istorija jugoslovenske krize, I, Beograd: IGA 'M, 2003, p. 311). Regarding Nazi
Croat-run ethnocide committed on the local Serb civilians within the territory oI the 'Independent State oI
Croatia, which included and Bosnia-Herzegovina and western Serbia`s province oI Srem, Irom 1941 to
1945 see: . ., . ,
, 19411945, : , 1999; . , .
, . XIII, . 4750, , 2011; Novak V.,
Magnum Crimen: Pola vijeka klerikalizma u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb, 1948 (reprint Beograd: BIGZ, 1986);
. ., , :
,', 2013, . 201207; This is Croatia:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/57463154/This-is-Croatia?secret_password=e2vqt6vpjcnsa6vyf27#fullscreen.
The 'Independent State oI Croatia had totally Iree and independent policy regarding its own internal
affairs what finally resulted in the killings on the most brutal way c. one million of the Serbs. See the
website devoted to Magnum Crimen: http://bogihrvati.webs.com. Regarding the Croat claims on the
question of population losses during the Second World War on the territory of ex-Yugoslavia, see: Zerjavic
V., Population Losses in Yugoslavia 19411945, Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest; Dom i svijet, 1997.
German experts and military institutions were estimating that 750,000 men have been killed by the Croats
and Muslims on the territory oI the ,Independent State oI Croatia', while the government oI Socialist
Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina found the number of 700,000 killed (mainly Serbs) only in the death-camp
of Jasenovac on the River of Sava ( ., .
(14921992), : EvroGiunti, 2010, p. 451).
42
Regarding genesis and development of European nationalism(s) see: Wilson T. M., Border Identities:
Nation and State at International Frontiers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998; Silvert K. H.,
Exceptant Peoples: Nationalism and Development, New York: Random House, 1963; Nationalism,
London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, Frank Cass, 1963; Diamond L. J., Nationalism, Ethnic
Conflict, and Democracy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994; Hobsbawm E. J., Nations and
Nationalism since 1780. Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge: Canto, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Zdz
WIocvcr wanis fairly io rcsolvc any conicnorary rollcn in

iIc Dallans Ias io Iavc a rofound lnowlcdgc of iIc Dallan
Iisiory. If soncwIcrc iIc noiio +LVWRULD HVW PDJLVWUD YLWDH is
uscful for iIc sciilcncni of iIc currcni rollcns ii is cacily
iIc Dallans and csccially c-Yugoslavia. TIcrcforc, ii sIould
lc lnown iIai anong iIc Dallan colcs a naiional Iisiory is
undcrsiood as a long-sianding coniinuaiion of cfforis wIicI
arc lcading io iransforn iIc ciInolinguisiic grou fron iIc
siaius of ciInos inio iIc siaius (or lcvcl} of naiion.
43
Ii
SUDFWLFDOO\ PHDQV WKDW ILQDO KLVWRULFDO DQG QDWXUDO WDVN RI
cvcry Dallan ciInic grou is io livc in uniicd naiional siaic.
44

7KLVQDWLRQDOVDFUDOWDVNLVWREHUHDOL]HGE\DQ\PHDQV
Clcarly, icrriiory and connon will io livc iogciIcr arc
iIc crucial clcncnis in dcfiniiion of naiion in iIc casc of
Yugoslav and Dallan colcs (and oiIcrs as wcll}.
45
TIcrc is
Regarding genesis and development of Serbian and Croatian nationalism(s) in the 19

th
century see:
Bukowski J., 'Yugoslavism and the Croatian National Party in 1867, Canadian Review of Studies in
Nationalism, Vol. 3, 1, 1975, pp. 7088; ordevic M., Srpska nacija u gradanskom drustvu, Beograd:
Narodna knjiga, 1979; MacKenzie D., 'Serbian Nationalist and Military Organizations, 18441914, East
European Quarterly, 16, 1982, pp. 323344; MacKenzie D., The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism
18751878, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967; Meriage L. P., 'The First Serbian Uprising
(18041813): National Revival or a Search Ior Regional Security, Canadian Review of Studies in
Nationalism, Vol 4, 1, 1977, pp. 187205; Mirkovic M., Janjic D. (eds.), Postanak i razvoj srpske
nacije, Beograd: Narodna knjiga, 1979; Perovic R., 'Oko Nacertanija iz 1844 godine, Istorijski glasnik,
1, 1963, pp. 7194; Gale S., 'The Absence oI Nationalism in Serbian Politics BeIore 1844, Canadian
Review of Studies in Nationalism, Vol. 4, 2, 1976, pp. 7790; Boban Lj., 'Misija Jancikovica u
inozemstvo, Casopis :a suvremenu povifest, XII, 1, 1980, pp. 2774; Bogdanov V., Historifa politickih
stranaka u Hrvatskof od prvih stranackih grupiranfa do 1918, Zagreb: Novinarsko izdavacko poduzece,
1958; Ciliga V., Slom politike Narodne stranke (18651880), Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1970; Despalatovic
E. M., Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement, New YorkLondon: Boulder, East European Monographs,
1975; Dizdar Z., 'Ljubljanski Jugoslavenski kongres` 1870 u najnovijoj literaturi, Historijski zbornik,
2728, 197475, pp. 331341; Gross M., 'EinIluss der sozialen Struktur auI den Charakter der
Nationalbewegung in den Kroatischen Lndern im 19. Jahrhundert, Schieder Th. (ed.), Sozialstruktur und
Organisation Europischer Nationalbewegungen, MnichOldenbourg, 1971, pp. 6792; Gross M.,
Povijest pravaske ideologije, Zagreb: Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Institut za Hrvatsku povjest, 1973; Hrvatski
narodni preporod u Dalmaciji i Istri, Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 1969; Jelavich Ch., 'The Croatian Problem
in the Habsburg Empire in the 19
th
Century, Austrian History Yearbook, 3, 1967, pp. 83115; Pavlicevic
D., Narodni pokret 1883 u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb: Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Institut za hrvatsku povjest, 1980;
Petrovic R., Nacionalno pitanfe u Dalmacifi u XIX stolfecu. Narodna stranka i nacionalno pitanfe
18601880, Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1968; Pribic B., 'Srpsko pitanje pred Hrvatskim saborom godine 1861,
Casopis :a suvremenu povfest, Vol. 12, 1, 1980, pp. 7596; Stancic N., Hrvatska nacionalna ideologija
preporodnog pokreta u Dalmacuji: Mihovil Pavlinovic i nfegov krug do 1869, Zagreb: Sveuciliste u
Zagrebu, Centar za povjesne znanosti, Odjel za hrvatsku povjest, 1980; Vuchinich W., 'Croatian Illyrism:
Its Background and Genesis, Winters S. B., Held J. (eds.), Intelectual and Social Developments in the
Habsbourg Empire from Maria Theresa to World War I: Essays Dedicated to Robert Kann, BoulderNew
York: East European Monographs, 1975, pp. 55113.
43
Regarding the politics of history education in the Balkan societies today, see: Koulouri Ch. (ed.), Clio in
the Balkans. The Politics of History Education, Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast
Europe, Thessaloniki:Petros Th. Ballidis & Co., 2002.
44
Anthony Smith claims that this national historical 'task is accepted by every nation. See: Smith A., The
Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986.
45
Dumont L., Religion, Politics and History in India, Paris: Mouton, 1970, p. 70.
Zdz
no naiion wiiIoui dcfiniicly narlcd lordcrs of iIc icrriiory

wIcrc iIc naiion is living. TIc ncnlcrs of naiion Iavc a
consciousncss of iIc caci lordcrs of iIc icrriiorial
disiriluiion of iIcir ciInos.
46
Conscqucnily, ciInograIic
lordcrs sIould lc iransforncd inio naiional-siaic lordcrs; i.c.
siaic lordcrs sIould follow currcni ciInolinguisiic discrsion
of colc, lui as wcll in grcai cicni and Iisiorical lordcrs of
naiional" siaic. No norc no lcss! Hisiorical conscqucncc,
Iowcvcr, was (and is} iIai iIcrc was norc llood iIan availallc
land for saiisfaciion of cvcry singlc naiional clain in iIc c-
Yugoslavia and iIc Dallans.
47

TIc Yugoslav naiionalisn(s} is conoscd ly scvcn nain
clcncnis. I} icrriiory; II} siaic; III} languagc and alIalci; IV}
Iisiory and collcciivc ncnory; V} rcligion; VI} colc, and VII}
iradiiion and cusion. TIc csscncc is iIai according io iIc
naiional(isiic} crcciions, a singlc culiurally and linguisiically
Ionogcnous ciInic grou (colc} Iad lccn living in iIc asi
on iis own ciInograIic sacc. Howcvcr, duc io Iisiorical
circunsianccs lilc forcign occuaiions, wars, fanincs, cic. (for
canlc, Oiionan occuaiion, Ccrnan conqucsi, Hungarian
and Iialian rulc, crnancni sIoriagc of food in Monicncgro
and Hcrzcgovina}, onc liggcr or snallcr ari of naiional
connuniiy lcfi iis own gcnuinc (naiional} soil and wcni io
diasora sciiling iisclf on iIc icrriiorics of iIc oiIcrs" (for
insiancc, Scrls fron Kosovo-McioIija, Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina
and Scrlia rocr io iIc SouiIcrn Hungary, Slavonia, Srcn,
Croaiia and Dalnaiia in 1690 and 1737}.
48
Howcvcr, in iIc
ncaniinc iIc alandoncd" naiional soil was rcsciilcd wiiI
ncwconcrs" of diffcrcni ciInolinguisiic laclground in
conarison wiiI iIc gcnuinc owncrs" of iIis soil (for
insiancc, Allanian nigranis io Kosovo's lain fron Allania's
nouniains aficr iIc Firsi Scrlian Crcai Migraiion fron iIai
rcgion in 1690}. NcvcriIclcss, according io iIc Iisiorical
rigIis", iIc naiion of iIc gcnuinc owncrsIi" of iIc soil in
46
Mauss M., 'La nation, L Annee Sociologique, 3e serie, pp. 1617. See: Smith A., National Identity,
Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991; Smith A., The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford: Basil
Blackwell, 1986; Weber E., Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, Palo Alto:
Stanford University Press, 1976; Edwards J., Language, Society, and Identity, Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1985; Connor W., 'A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a., Ethnic and Racial Studies,
Vol. 1, . 4, 1978, pp. 377400.
47
See: Kksal Y., 'Rethinking Nationalism: State Projects and Community Networks in 19
th
-Century
Ottoman Empire, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 51, 10, 2008, pp. 14981515.
48
See: Cvijic J., Metanasta:icka kretanfa, nfihovi u:roci i posledice, Beograd: Srpska kraljevska
akademija, 1922.
Zdz
qucsiion Ias a lcgiiinaic rigIi io rcsciilc iisclf oncc again io

iIc disuicd icrriiory and, cvcn norc, io includc iIis icrriiory,
wIicI Iisiorically lclongs io iIc gcnuinc owncrsIi-naiion",
inio uniicd naiional siaic (for insiancc, iIc icrriiory of Srsla
Krajina" in Croaiia, Kosovo, TurlisI Croaiia"
49
in Dosnia,
Wcsicrn Maccdonia, cic.}. FuriIcrnorc, according io iIc
ciInic rigIis" of a naiion, ccriain icrriiorics wIcrc iIc naiion
is in najoriiy and living iIcrc for iIc long criod of iinc
(rcgardlcss iIai iIcsc icrriiorics arc noi lclonging io iIc
naiion according io iIc Iisioric rigIis"} Iad io lc includcd
inio iIc naiional uniicd siaic, ioo. For insiancc, Scrls clain
iIc icrriiory of Srsla Krajina" in Fcullic of Croaiia
according io Scrlian ciInic rigIis" (and noraliiy lccausc of
iIc gcnocidc, i.c. ciInocidc, iIai was conniiicd on Scrls in
iIis rcgion ly iIc Nazi-usiasIi govcrnncni of Croaiia during
iIc Sccond World War}, lui ai iIc sanc iinc Scrlian dcnand
uon Kosovo is lascd on iIcir Iisioric rigIis" in rcgard io
iIis ariicular rcgion. A ioially conlicaicd siiuaiion cncrgcd
wIcn Croais clain iIc icrriiory of Srsla Krajina" according
io Croaiian Iisioric rigIis", and Allanians arc dcnanding
Kosovo/a according io iIcir ciInic rigIis".
50
Unforiunaicly,
iIc way oui fron sucI sialcnaic siiuaiion of ovcrlaing of
diffcrcni rigIis of scvcral naiions ovcr iIc sanc icrriiorics is
found in forccd dcoriaiions, culsions, ciInic clcansing and
gcnocidc/ciInocidc conniiicd ai iIai noncni ly oliiically
and niliiary sirongcr ciInolinguisiic connuniiy ovcr iIc
wcalcr onc(s} wiiI a Icl ly sonc of inicrnaiional Crcai
Powcrs (lilc rcscni-day ciInic clcansing of Scrls and oiIcr
non-Allanians ly local Allanians in Kosovo/a wiiI a dircci
suori ly US, NATO and EU adninisiraiions}.
51

49
From the time when the Ottomans transformed Bosnia-Herzegovina into Bosnian pashalik in 1580
'Croatia Turcica became the term to mark the last conquered part of historic Croatia by the Ottomans that
was, according to Croat historiography, the land between rivers of Vrbas and Una. The rest of historic
Croatia, known as Reliquiae reliquiarum became part of Habsburg Monarchy on January 1
st
, 1527. The
Croatian 'reconquista started in 1699, by Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci) Peace Treaty, Iollowed by the
Treaty of Passarowitz (Pozarevac) in 1718 and by Treaty of Svishtov in 1791. Subsequently, present day
borders of the Republic of Croatia are mainly products of these treaties. Finally, in 1954 when Trieste crisis
became resolved between Italy and Yugoslavia the main part of Istrian Peninsula (which never was part of
Croatian state before) became part of Socialist Republic of Croatia. Borders between Hungary and Croatia
on the river of Drava and Croatia and Slovenia nearby Zagreb are ones of the oldest in Europe.
50
A similar situation was with 'Macedonian Question Irom 1870 to 1912 as disputed land between
Serbian, Bulgarian, Albanian and Greek nationalistic and territorial claims. See: Sotirovic B. V.,
'Macedonia between Greek, Bulgarian, Albanian and Serbian national aspirations, Serbian Studies:
Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies, Vol. 23, 1, 2009 (2011), pp. 1240.
51
See Canadian 2009 documentary movie 'Kosovo, Can You Imagine?by Boris Malagurski at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nHWsWOgtiw&feature=share&list=PL999EB6ACC07FC959
2S
Zdz
of rcscni day SouiI-Easicrn Scrlia

including Vranjc, Piroi, Carilrod and
Dosiljgrad, SouiIcrn Dolrodgca
(DolrudscIa} including Mangalia, and ari
of rcscni day Eurocan Turlcy io Midia on
iIc Dlacl Sca liiioral.
Greater
BuIgarIa
1SSS-
1913
Dulgaria rocr (fron Danulc Fivcr io iIc
Dallan Fangc and fron Tinol Fivcr io iIc
Dlacl Sca} and Easi Funclia (fron iIc
Dallan Fangc io Adrianocl/Edirnc
including ucr and niddlc sircan of
Mariiza Fivcr wiiI PIiliocl/Plovdiv and
Durgas on iIc liiioral of iIc Dlacl Sca}.
Greater
BuIgarIa
1913-
191S
Dlacl Sca}, Easi Funclia (fron iIc Dallan
Fangc io Adrianocl/Edirnc including ucr
and niddlc sircan of Mariiza Fivcr wiiI
PIiliocl/Plovdiv and Durgas on iIc
liiioral of iIc Dlacl Sca}, Pirin Maccdonia
wiiI Sirunica and Wcsicrn TIracc wiiI
XaniIi, DcdcagaiscI and ari of Acgcn
liiioral fron Enos io ncar Kavala.

Greater
BuIgarIa
191S-
191S
XaniIi, DcdcagaiscI, ari of Acgcn liiioral
fron Enos io ncar Kavala, addiiional ari of
Wcsicrn TIracc wiiI Dinoiila, iIc wIolc
Easicrn and SouiI-Easicrn Scrlia io Crcai
Morava Fivcr including iIc wIolc sircan of
SouiIcrn Morava Fivcr, ari of Kosovo wiiI
PrisIiina io ncar VucIiirn, iIc wIolc ari of
Vardar Maccdonia, casicrn ari of Acgcan
Maccdonia wiiI Kavala and Scrcs io iIc
29
Zdz
CIallidili Pcninsula and iIc wIolc oriion

of Dolrodgca (lciwccn iIc lowcr Danulc,
iIc dclia of Danulc and iIc Dlacl Sca wiiI
Consiania}.
Greater
BuIgarIa
1941-
1944
XaniIi, DcdcagaiscI, ari of Acgcn liiioral
fron Enos io ncar Kavala, casicrn ari of
Acgcan Maccdonia wiiI Kavala and Scrcs io
iIc CIallidili Pcninsula, SouiIcrn
Dolrodgca, Wcsicrn, Ccniral and SouiI-
Easi aris of Vardar Maccdonia, ari of
Easicrn Scrlia wiiI Piroi, Dosiljgrad and
Carilrod and najor ari of SouiI-Easicrn
Scrlia wiiI Vranjc, PrcsIcvo, KacIanil, and
Surdulica.
Greater
MoIdavIa
1SS6-1S?S
(RomanIa
Irom 1SS9)
Moldavia and SouiIcrn Dcssaralia
Greater
RomanIa
1S?S-1913
Fonania rocr (WallacIia and Moldavia-
fron iIc Danulc, iIc CaraiIian
Mouniains, Transylvanian Als io iIc Prui
Fivcr} and iIc nain ari of Dolrodgca
(lciwccn iIc lowcr Danulc, iIc Danulc
dclia and iIc Dlacl Sca wiiI Consiania}.
Greater
RomanIa
1913-1916
Fivcr} and iIc wIolc oriion of Dolrodgca
(including and SouiIcrn Dolrodgca wiiI
Silisiria}.
30
Zdz
Greater
RomanIa
191S-1940
Fivcr}, iIc wIolc oriion of Dolrodgca
(including and SouiIcrn Dolrodgca wiiI
Silisiria}, Dcssaralia, Ducovina,
Transylvania, Easicrn Danai, Crisana and
Maranurcs.
Greater
RomanIa
194S onward
Fivcr}, iIc nain oriion of Dolrodgca, iIc
wIolc oriion of Transylvania, Wcsicrn
Danai, NoriIcrn Ducovina.
Greater
SerbIa 1S?S-
1912
Scrlia rocr (fron iIc Danulc io iIc lowcr
sircan of SouiI Morava and Ilar Fivcrs and
fron Drina io Tinol Fivcrs} and SouiI-
Easicrn Scrlia (wiiI iIc ciiics of Vranjc,
NisI, Lcslovac and Piroi and iIc rcgion of
Tolica}.
Greater
SerbIa 1913-
191S

fron Drina io Tinol Fivcrs}, SouiI-Easicrn
Scrlia (wiiI iIc ciiics of Vranjc, NisI,
Lcslovac and Piroi and iIc rcgion of
Tolica}, NoriIcrn ari of Sanjal (wiiI iIc
ciiics of Novi Pazar, Sjcnica, Prijcoljc, Nova
VarosI and Priloj}, Easicrn Kosovo and
Vardar Maccdonia (rcscni day FYF of
Maccdonia}.
Greater
SerbIa 191S
VarosI and Priloj}, Easicrn Kosovo, Vardar
Maccdonia (rcscni day FYF of Maccdonia},
Monicncgro (including Wcsicrn Kosovo |iIc
31
Zdz
so-callcd McioIija| and SouiIcrn Sanjal

wiiI iIc ciiics of Dijclo Poljc, Pljcvlja, Fozaj
and Dcranc}, SouiIcrn Daranja, Wcsicrn
Danai and DacIla.
Greater
SerbIa 194S-
1999
VarosI and Priloj}, and only fornally
Kosovo-McioIija, Wcsicrn Danai, Easicrn
Srcn and DacIla.
Greater
CroatIa 1939-
1941
%DQRYLQD
+UYDWVND
Croaiia rocr (fron Drava Fivcr io Scnj
and fron Suila Fivcr io Korana Fivcr
including iIc ciiics of Zagrcl, Karlovac,
Varazdin, Sisal and Pcirinja}, Slavonia
(fron Drava Fivcr io Sava Fivcr}, Wcsicrn
Srcn (including Ilol and SIid}, Dalnaiia,
iIc nain ari of Adriaiic Islands, iIc rcgion
of Dulrovnil, ari of SouiIcrn Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina (including iIc ciiics of Travnil,
Dugojno, Fojnica, Duvno, Inoisli, Siolac,
Mosiar, LjulusIli, Mcilovic and Kurcs}
and ari of NoriIcrn Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina
(including iIc ciiics of DrcIlo, CradacIac,
Dcrvcnia and Dosansli Drod}.
Greater
CroatIa 1941-
194S
,QGHSHQGHQ
t State oI
&URDWLD
(fron Drava Fivcr io Sava Fivcr}, iIc wIolc
oriion of Srcn (lciwccn Danulc Fivcr and
Sava Fivcr}, SouiIcrn Dalnaiia, iIc rcgion
of Dulrovnil, iIc islands of Pag, DracI and
Hvar, and iIc wIolc oriion of Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina.
32
Zdz
Greater
CroatIa 194S
onward
(fron Drava Fivcr io Sava Fivcr}, iIc
wcsicrn oriion of Srcn (lciwccn Danulc
Fivcr and Sava Fivcr including iIc ciiy of
Ilol, lui ccludcd iIc ciiy of SIid}, wIolc
Dalnaiia, iIc rcgion of Dulrovnil, all
Adriaiic Islands, iIc ciiy and disirici of
Fijcla, SouiIcrn Daranja including iIc ciiy
of Dcli Manasiir, Easicrn Mcdjunurijc
including iIc ciiy of CIalovcc and wIolc
oriion of Isirian Pcninsula.
Greater
SIovenIa
194S
onwards
Slovcnia rocr (Carniola or Krain or
Kranjsla}, SouiIcrn Siyria or Sicicrnarl or
6KWDMHUVND 6RXWKHUQ .DULQWKLD RU .lUQWHQ
or KorusIla, Slovcnian liiioral wiiI iIc
ciiics of Kocr, Porioroz, Izola and Piran,
Prclonurijc wiiI iIc ciiy of Mursla Soloia
and Wcsicrn Mcdjunurjc.
Greater
AIbanIa 1941-
194S
Allania rocr (fron iIc ciiy of Scodra or
Sluiari or Sladar and iIc Prollciijc Fangc
WRWKH'HYROODQGWKHXSSHUVWUHDPRI9MRVs
Fivcr, and fron Drin Fivcr and OIrid Lalc
io iIc Adriaiic liiioral}, Kosovo wiiI McioIija
including PrisIiina, Pcc/Pcja, Cusinjc and
Cnjilanc, lui wiiIoui Miirovica, Easicrn
Monicncgro including Ulcinj, lui wiiIoui
Dar and NoriI-Wcsicrn Maccdonia
including Siruga, KicIcvo, Dclar, Tciovo,
Cosiivar, lui wiiIoui OIrid.
Greater
AIbanIa 1999
onward (In
tbe process
oI creatIon)
Allania rocr (fron iIc ciiy of Scodra or
Sluiari or Sladar and iIc Prollciijc Fangc
WRWKH'HYROODQGWKHXSSHUVWUHDPRI9MRVs
Fivcr, and fron Drin Fivcr and OIrid Lalc
io iIc Adriaiic liiioral}, Kosovo wiiI McioIija
including PrisIiina, Pcc/Pcja, Cusinjc,
Cnjilanc and Miirovica, Wcsicrn Maccdonia
and cccicdly, Wcsicrn Monicncgro wiiI
iIc liiioral fron iIc Dojana io Dar including
Ulcinj and noriIcrn ari of SouiIcrn
33
Zdz
Eirus, wIicI is ioday a ari of Crcccc.
Greater
Hungary
193S-1944
Hungary rocr (rcscni day Hungary, i.c.
+XQJDU\ DURXQG WKH $OI|OG 3ODLQ 6RXWKHUQ
Slovalia, FuiIcnia, NoriIcrn Transylvania,
Prclonurjc, Mcdjunurjc, SouiIcrn Daranja
and DacIla.
Greater
Montenegro
1S?S-1913
0RQWHQHJUR SURSHU RU $QFLHQW 0RQWHQHJUR
(fron Mi. Lovccn io Zcia Fivcr and fron
Pusii lisac io Suiornan including Cciinjc,
Fijcla Crnojcvica, Virazar and KcIcvo},
Fudinc, Vasojcvici, SIavnil, Podgorica
rcgion, iIc liiioral fron Sladar Lalc io Dar,
Ulcinj and Dojana Fivcr, NilsIic, Durniior,
KolasIin, Sinjajcvina and iIc land around
Piva Fivcr.
Greater
Montenegro
1913-
1916
0RQWHQHJUR SURSHU RU $QFLHQW 0RQWHQHJUR
Ulcinj and iIc Dojana, NilsIic, Durniior,
KolasIin, Sinjajcvina, iIc land around Piva
Fivcr, SouiIcrn Sanjal wiiI Pljcvlja,
SIaIovici, Dijclo Poljc, Mojlovac, Dcranc,
Fozajc, Cusinjc, Plav and Ccoiina Fivcr,
Wcsicrn Kosovo, wIicI is callcd McioIija
including Djalovica, Pcc and Isiol and iIc
arca around ccniral-Sladar Lalc.
Greater
Montenegro
194S onward
0RQWHQHJURSURSHURU$QFLHQW0RQWHQHJUR
Ulcinj and iIc Dojana, NilsIic, Durniior,
KolasIin, Sinjajcvina, iIc land around Piva
Fivcr, SouiIcrn Sanjal wiiI Pljcvlja,
SIaIovici, Dijclo Poljc, Mojlovac, Dcranc,
Fozajc, Cusinjc, Plav and Ccoiina Fivcr, iIc
34
Zdz
arca around nid-Sladar Lalc, iIc Adriaiic

liiioral fron Dar io Crlalj and iIc Culf of
Dola Koiorsla wiiI iIc ciiics of Koior,
Fisan, Hcrccgnovi and Pcrasi.
Greater
Greece 1SS1-
1913
Crcccc rocr (Morca, Livadia and Aiiica},
Ionian Islands, wcsicrn ari of Acgcan
Islands (Cycladcs and Soradcs} and
TIcssaly wiiI Larissa and Culf of Volos.
Greater
Greece 1913-
191S
Islands (Cycladcs and Soradcs}, TIcssaly
wiiI Larissa and Culf of Volos, SouiIcrn
Eirus wiiI Ioanina, Acgcan Maccdonia wiiI
Salonila, CIallidili Pcninsula and Kavala,
iIc Island of Crcic, and iIc rcsi of Acgcan
Islands.
Greater
Greece 1919-
1922
iIc Island of Crcic, iIc rcsi of Acgcan
Islands, Wcsicrn TIracc wiiI iIc liiioral
and Snyrna rcgion in Asia Minor.
Greater
Greece 194S
onward
iIc Island of Crcic, iIc rcsi of Acgcan
Islands and iIc Islands of Dodccancscs.
NcvcriIclcss, iIc naiional icrriiorial asiraiions would

lc ioially rcalizcd only wIcn iIc cniirc ciInic and Iisiorical
lands arc includcd inio iIc naiional-siaics lordcrs. TIcrcforc,
a final naiional ain is io acIicvc a ioial naiional unificaiion ly
FUHDWLRQ RI D *UHDW RU 8QLWHG QDWLRQDO Viaic. TIc iallc
3S
Zdz
lclow sIows iIc idcal soluiions of naiional qucsiions" ai iIc

Dallans fron a icrriiorial oini of vicw.
TuIc J. Hcuzuton o totu Untcd (Gcut) Nutonu6WDWHV
LQWKH6RXWK(DVWHUQ(XURSHLQWKHIXWXUH
55

TerrItorIes wbIcb sbouId be
IncIuded to unIted natIonaI state
GreatJUnIted
BuIgarIa
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Dulgaria, Vardar
Maccdonia (rcscni day indccndcni FYF of
Maccdonia}, wIolc Dolrodgca, Acgcan
Maccdonia wiiI Salonila, Kavala and iIc
CIallidili Pcninsula, souiI-casi oriion of
iIc rcscni day Allania (around iIc lalcs
of OIrid and Prcsa including iIc ciiy of
Koriiza}, casicrn ari of rcscni day Scrlia
(fron Crcai Morava Fivcr io iIc Dulgarian
lordcr} and Eurocan ari of rcscni day
Turlcy (Easicrn TIracc}.
GreatJUnIted
RomanIa
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Fonania, Iisiorical

Dcssaralia (rcscni day indccndcni
Moldova and iIc Dlacl Sca liiioral fron
Dnicsicr Fivcr io Prui Fivcr}, wIolc Danai,
Crisana (casicrn ari of rcscni day
Hungary fron Tisa Fivcr io Transylvania},
Maranurcs, wIolc Ducovina and wIolc
Dolrodgca.
GreatJUnIted
SerbIa
Tcrriiory of rcscni day FF Yugoslavia
(Scrlia and Monicncgro including Kosovo-
McioIija and Vojvodina}, icrriiory of rcscni
day FYF of Maccdonia, wIolc Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina, Dulrovnil, SouiI and Ccniral
Dalnaiia, iIc icrriiory of forncr Fcullila
Srsla Krajina" (19911995}, and NoriIcrn
Allania wiiI Durrcs.
55
The most extreme territorial claims are not represented in this table.
36
Zdz

GreatJUnIted
CroatIa
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Croaiia, wIolc
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, Monicncgro (Fcd
Croaiia"}, Slovcnia (Alinc Croaiia"},
Easicrn Srcn and DacIla.
GreatJUnIted
SIovenIa
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Slovcnia, iIc ciiy
and rcgion of Tricsic, ari of Iialy io iIc
wcsi fron SocIa Fivcr, NoriIcrn Carniola
wiiI VillacI (Slo. Dcljal} and Klagcnfuri
(Slo. Cclovcc} and ari of Ausirian Siyria.
Great
JUnIted
AIbanIa
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Allania, wIolc
Kosovo/a wiiI McioIija, wIolc Wcsicrn
Maccdonia including OIrid, Prcsa, Vclcs,
Kunanovo and Slojc (io Vardar Fivcr},
Easicrn Monicncgro including Podgorica,
Dar and Ulcinj, SouiI-Easi Scrlia
including Mcdvcdja, Dujanovac, Vranjc and
PrcsIcvo, and SouiIcrn Eirus wiiI
Ioanina (NoriI-Wcsi Crcccc}.
GreatJUnIted
Hungary
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Hungary, wIolc
Transylvania, SouiIcrn Slovalia,
Mcdjunurjc, Prclonurjc, SouiIcrn
Daranja, Srcn, wIolc Danai and DacIla.
GreatJUnIted
Montenegro
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Monicncgro,
McioIija (Wcsicrn Kosovo}, NoriIcrn
Sanjal, SouiIcrn Dalnaiia wiiI Dulrovnil
(fron Koior io Ncrciva Fivcr}, wIolc
Hcrzcgovina and ari of NoriIcrn Allania
wiiI Sladar.
GreatJUnIted
Greece
Tcrriiory of rcscni day Crcccc, NoriIcrn
Eirus (SouiIcrn Allania}, Snyrna rcgion
in Asia Minor, ari of Vardar Maccdonia,
wIolc Cyrus and Eurocan oriion of
Turlcy wiiI Consianiinolc/Isianlul.
GreatJUnIted
BosnIa-
HerzegovIna
Tcrriiory of rcscni day (Dayion"} Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina (Fcullila Srsla" and
Fcdcraiion of D-H"}, wIolc Sanjal, ari of
Wcsicrn Scrlia (disiricis of Jadar and
Fadjcvina} and ari of Dalnaiia.
Tcrriiorics of rcscni day FYF of Maccdonia
3?
Zdz

GreatJUnIted
MacedonIa
(Vardar or Scrlian Maccdonia}, Acgcan
Maccdonia (Crccl Maccdonia} and Pirin
Maccdonia (Dulgarian Maccdonia} fron
Mi. Olynus io Mi. SIara and fron Mi.
Pindus io Mi. FIodos.
I would lilc io cnIasizc iIai wIilc iIc currcni siaic

lordcrs of iIc Wcsi Eurocan counirics arc vcry sinilar io
iIosc csiallisIcd ciiIcr iill 1815 or iill 1885, and wIilc iIc
Ccniral and Easi Eurocan lordcrs arc alnosi idcniical wiiI
iIosc csiallisIcd fron 1919 io 1924, iIc cicrnal lordcrs of
succcssor siaics of iIc c-Yugoslavia arc idcniical wiiI iIosc
csiallisIcd ly Connunisi Tiioisi govcrnncni in 1945 as
inncr lordcrs wiiIin iIc socialisi Yugoslavia.
56

TIc Dallan, SouiI Slavic and Yugoslav naiionalisn
Iavc dcc Iisioric roois. TIcy could lc iraccd lacl io iIc iinc
of iIc Daroquc cocI, followcd ly dcvcloncni of iIc naiional
idcologics in iIc cra of iIc EnligIicnncni and iIc iinc of
Fonaniicisn, and finally coning io us in vcry sligIily nodificd
vcrsion of iIc original idcological-oliiical osiulaics.
Conicnorary irrcdcniisn of iIc Yugoslav naiions, wIicI can
EHDOVRQDPHGDVSLHGPRQWLVPDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDUFKHW\SHRI
iIc Iialian unificaiion fron 1859 io 1861/1866, is csscniially
lascd on Iisiorical dcvcloncni of iIc naiional idcologics of
iIc Yugoslavs. Adoicd olicy of irrcdcniisn lcd unavoidally
Yugoslav colcs io iIc lloody ciInic conflicis followcd ly
ciInic crsccuiions and clcansing during iIc lasi Yugoslav
civil war, wIicI siaricd in 1991 and siill is noi ovcr on iIc
ground of iIc FYF of Maccdonia.
57
A ari of irrcdcniisi
56
The Communist Party of Yugoslavia, and especially her Secretary General Slovenian-Croat Roman-
Catholic Josip Broz Tito, had very strong anti-Serb attitude which was implemented into the post-war
Yugoslav practice. The party was established and functioning as anti-Serb political organization which was
favouring all other Yugoslav nations and national minorities, but especially Slovenes, Croats and
Albanians. See: . ., ' , Serbian
Studies Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp. 7388; , ., (
), : ,', 2012. For that
reason, the internal administrative border arrangement between the Yugoslav republics was set up at
Serbias and Serbian expense aIter the WWII.
57
Until 1923 the majority of population of geographic Macedonia was of the Slavic origin. However,
because of influx of the Greek settlers from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish war (c. 1,500,000 Greek
refugees) followed by the emigration of c. 350,000 Muslims under the Treaty of Lausanne (July 24
th
, 1923),
the ethnic composition of Aegean Macedonia changed tremendously at the Slavic expense. The Greek
Macedonia (Aegean Macedonia) became after 1923 definitely hellenized province. The essence oI 'New
Macedonian Question is the question oI Albanian destiny in the FYR oI Macedonia, i.e. the question oI
Zdz
aroacI was a rcgular non-rccogniiion of iIc idcniiiy of iIc

ncigIloring naiions.
58

Ii is ncccssary io ncniion in iIc nci aragraIs iIc
nosi rcrcscniaiivc cascs of sucI aroacI - iIc cascs wIicI
influcnccd ninds of iIc Yugoslav oliiicians and naiional
idcologisis in iIc 19iI and iIc 20iI ccniury.
Firsily, Pavao Fiiicr Viiczovic, 16521713, an arisiocrai
of Ccrnan origin of iIc Dalnaiian ciiy of Scnj, was iIc firsi
SouiI Slavic naiional idcologisi wIo cicndcd iIc Croaiian
ciInic nanc noi only io iIc Dallan Slavs, lui raiIcr io all
Slavs. Using scvcral diffcrcni ncdicaval Iisiorical sourccs
uon Slavic sciilcncni on iIc Dallan Pcninsula and nany of
SouiI Slavic liicral and Iisiorical worls iIai rccordcd a
oular iradiiion aloui Dallan-Illyrian origin of all Slavic
colcs, Viiczovic concludcd iIai lcgcndary Slavic rogcniiors,
lroiIcrs CzccI, LccI and Fus, sIould lc undcrsiood as of iIc
Croai ciInolinguisiic origin. Indcniifying iIc lroiIcrs as
Croais, Viiczovic concludcd iIai in faci iIc cniirc Slavic
oulaiion in iIc world is dcsccndcd fron iIc Croais.
During iIc lasi siagc of iIc Crcai Vicnna War,
16831699, lciwccn iIc CIrisiian Alliancc againsi iIc
Oiionans, wIcn iIc sirugglc lciwccn Vcnicc and iIc
Halslurgs for division of iIc SouiI Slavic lands cncrgcd,
Viiczovic wroic a ncnorandun io iIc Ausirian Encror in
ordcr io rcfuic any Vcnciian clain on iIc icrriiory of Croaiian
Iisiorical lands. His worl aloui OLPLWHV WRWLXV &URDWLDH (iIc
lordcrs of wIolc Croaiia"} dcnonsiraicd iIc lordcrs of a
Crcaicr Croaiia, wIicI was dividcd inio iwo aris. &URDWLD
6HSWHPWULRQDOLV (NoriIcrn Croaiia}, noriI of Danulc Fivcr
conoscd ly DoIcnia, Moravia, Lusaiia, Hungary, Poland,
LiiIuania and Fussia, and &URDWLD 0HULGLRQDOLV, iIai was iIc
Dallan Pcninsula wiiI Croaiia, Slavonia, Dalnaiia, Slovcnia,
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, Allania, Eirus, TIcssaly, Scrlia,
Dulgaria, Maccdonia and TIracc. Dallan Croaiia was furiIcr
suldividcd inio &URDWLD $OED (WIiic Croaiia} and &URDWLD
5XEHD (Fcd Croaiia}. Transdanulian Croaiia was suldividcd
inio 6DUPDWLD. Poland, LiiIuania and Fussia, and 9HQHGLD.
DoIcnia, Moravia, and Lusaiia. SIorily, iIc 17iI ccniury
Macedonia`s civil war between the ethnic Albanians and the ethnic Slavs. See: Pettifer J., The New
Macedonian Question, New York: Palgrave, 2001.
58
For instance, two out of four neighbours of the FYR of Macedonia the Greeks and Bulgarians, do not
recognize a separate 'Macedonian ethnolinguistic identity.
Zdz
&URDWLDQ XVDJH RI WKH WHUPV ,OO\ULDQ DQG &URDW DV WKH

synonyns 9LWH]RYL sinly cicndcd io all Slavs
undcrsianding iIcn as iIc colcs of iIc Croai origin. In iIc
oiIcr words, cacI Slavic naiion was only VSHFLXP of Croaiian
JHQV.

A tricolor flag of the Triune Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia from
1848 with a Habsburg emperial crown

TIc idcology of Pan-Croaiianisn crcaicd ly Pavao Fiiicr
9LWH]RYL, wIo dcvclocd iIc ancicni iIcory uon dcrivaiion of
all Slavs fron iIc Illyrians, lui unrcasonally Croaiizcd iIc
laicr, was a Iisiorical consiruciion and a oliiical rogran as
roicsi againsi long-iinc fragncniaiion of Croaiian Iisiorical
and ciInic icrriiorics, lui ii was ai iIc sanc iinc and iIc
oliiics agains icrriiorial rcicnsions on iIc Croaiian
Iisiorical-ciInic sacc ly Fcullic of Si. Marco. Finally,
9LWH]RYL aiicnicd ly Iis wriiings io oliain Halslurg
oliiical-niliiary suori for csiallisIing iIc uniicd Croaiia,
i.c. &URDWLD UHGLYLYD. 9LWH]RYLVDJXPHQWVZHUHERWKKLVWRULFDO
and ciInolinguisiic iIai Iclcd Iin io aroriaic a vasi
icrriiory of Euroc, fron iIc Adriaiic and Dlacl Sca io Ural
and iIc Daliic Sca, io Croaidon.
9LWH]RYL HYHQ FRQVLGHUHG WKH ZKROH WHUULWLU\ RI 3ROLVK-
LiiIuanian ConnonwcaliI as a Croaio-Slavic land rinarily
duc io iIc faci iIai Iis lnowlcdgc aloui Poland and LiiIuania
rinarily canc fron iIc wriiings of ro-PolisI and ro-Slavic
auiIors wIo saw LiiIuania as Slavic icrriiory, wIicI was in
Zdz
iIc grcai cicnd Polonizcd, i.c. lccanc of Slavic fcaiurc,

iIrougI iIc PolisI languagc and culiurc. In addiiion,
9LWH]RYLV DSSUHKHQVLRQ RI /LWKXDQLD DV &URDWR-Slavic land
canc fron iIc facis iIai Slavic languagcs, anong iIc oiIcrs,
wcrc languagcs of official corrcsondcncc wiiIin iIc Crand
DucIy of LiiIuania, and wIai is norc inoriani, iIai a
PDMRULW\ RI /LWKXDQLDV SRSXODWLRQ ai iIai iinc (70%} was of
iIc Slavic origin. Sulscqucnily, according io Iis Croaioccniric
docirinc, 6ODYLF *UDQG 'XFK\ RI /LWKXDQLD ZDV DFWXDOO\
oulaicd ly ciInolinguisiic Croais and lclongcd io uniicd
and Crcaicr Croaiia UHGLYLYD.
59

A tricolor flag of the Triune Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia from
1867 with a Hungarian royal crown (a ,Crown oI St. Istvan')

Sccondly, iIc Srcnsli Karlovci Mcirooliian Sicvan
6WUDWLPLURYL crcaicd an idca of auiononous iriluiary rcligion-
languagc-lascd OriIodo SIiolavian Slavonic Scrlian siaic
in 1804. TIc siaic sIould lc govcrncd ly iIc Fussian Crand
59
Vitezovic P. R., Croatia rediviva: Regnante Leopoldo Magno Caesare, Zagreb, 1700; Vitezovic P. R.,
Offuciae Ioannis Lucii de Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae Refutate, Zagreb, 1706; Vitezovic P. R., OLYMHOD
Hrvatska, Zagreb, 1997; Vitezovic P. R., Mappa Generalis Regni Croatiae Totius. Limitibus suis Antiquis,
videlicet, a Ludovici, Regis Hungariae, Diplomatibus, comprobatis, determinati (1:550 000, drawing in
color, 69,4 x 46,4 cm.), Hrvatski drzavni arhiv, KartograIska zbirka (Croatian State Archives, Cartographic
Collection), D I. Zagreb, 1699; Ritter P., Stematographia, sive Armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio
et restitutio, Wien, 1701; Ritter P., Anagrammaton, Sive Lauras auxiliatoribus Ungariae liber secundus,
Wien, 1689; Ritter P. E., Indigetes Illyricani sive Vitae Sanctorum Illyrici, Zagreb, 1706; Ritter P. E.,
Responsio ad postulata comiti Marsiglio in Count Marsigli`s collection, manuscript volume 103, entitled
Documenta rerum Croaticarum et Transylvanicarum in Commisione limitanea collecta, fol. 27r-34r,
Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, 1699; Ritter P. E., Kronika, Aliti szpomen szvieta vikov,
Zagreb, 1696.
Zdz
Dulc, io lc undcr iIc Fussian oliiical-niliiary roiccioraic,

as wcll io lc only noninally includcd inio iIc Oiionan Enirc
and finally io ay annual ficd iriluic io iIc Oiionan Sulian
as iis suzcrain. 6WUDWLPLURYLV FRQFHSW RI SROLWLFDOO\ XQLWHG
rcligion-languagc-lascd Scrlian naiion wiiIin iIc lordcrs of a
singlc naiional siaic aniiciaicd unificaiion of iIc Iisiorical
and ciInic Scrlian icrriiorics fron loiI iIc Oiionan Enirc
and iIc Halslurg MonarcIy. His noiion of naiional
idcniificaiion of iIc Scrls was raiIcr innovaiivc ai iIai iinc.
In iIc oiIcr words, Ic crcaicd an idca of a naiional idcniiiy of
iIc Scrls ly conlining iIc languagc criicria and iIc rcligious
rincilc of idcniificaiion. As a rcsuli, according io
6WUDWLPLURYLVRSLQLRQ6HUELDQQDWLRQZDVUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKH
cniirc CIrisiian OriIodo SouiI Slavic oulaiion wIo solc
SIiolavian dialcci.
60
Sulscqucnily, all Dallan icrriiorics
sciilcd ly iIc OriIodo-SIiolavian SouiI Slavs Iad io lc
includcd inio iIc unificd Scrlia. 6WUDWLPLURYLV LGHD Zas
crcsscd in iIc 0HPRUDQGXP sulniiicd io iIc Fussian
Encror Alcandcr I Fonanov. TIc 0HPRUDQGXP gavc a grcai
coniriluiion io iIc Iisiory of Scrlian rcnodcrn oliiical
docirincs and idcologics as onc of iIc nosi inoriani naiional
siaic rojccis. TIis rojcci was crcaicd during iIc iurning
oini noncni in iIc wIolc Scrlian Iisiory. Ii was iIc iinc of
iIc Firsi Scrlian Urising (18041813} againsi iIc TurlisI
lordsIi. TIcrc wcrc nany lans during iIc urising
connccicd wiiI iIc qucsiion of Scrlian lilcraiion and naiional
oliiical unificaiion. TIc Mcnorandun was onc of iIc nosi
inoriani of iIcn.
61
In addiiion, SiraiiniroviV QHZ LGHD RQ
iIc naiional idcniiiy of iIc Scrls also Ias a grcai inaci on
laicr rcfornulaiions of iIc rincilcs of iIc naiional idcniiiy
and conscqucnily on iIc rcnaing of iIc SouiI-Easi Euroc
60
Ex-Serbo-Croat Language was divided into for dialacts: Shtokavian, Kajkavian and Chakavian. Today,
Shtokavian dialect is shared between the Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks and Montenegrins. Kajkavian is shared by
the Croats and Slovenes, while Chakavian is exclusivelly the Croat one. Regarding the history of Serbian
literal language see: ., , :
, 2004. Regarding the history of Croat literal language see: Mogus M.,
Povifest Hrvatskoga knfievnoga fe:ika, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus, 1993.
61
. ., ,
, , 1926; .,
1803 1804, , 1903; . .,
, -
, , 1936; ., '
1804, , 18, , 1907; Sotirovic B. V., 'The Memorandum
(1804) by the Karlovci Metropolitan Stevan Stratimirovic, Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American
Society for Serbian Studies, Vol. 24, 12, 2010 (2012), pp. 2748
Zdz
ly crcaiion of a uniicd naiional siaic of iIc Scrls iIai was

lascd rinarilly on iIc languagc.

A flag of Serbia's rebels in 1804 against the Ottoman autorities. It symbolizes
the Illyrian origin of the Serbs as an autochtonous and oldest Balkan people

TIirdly, iIc novcncni of Croaiian naiional rcvival fron
iIc firsi Ialf of iIc 19iI ccniury iIai is usually callcd as iIc
Illyrian MRYHPHQW KDG a Pan-Croaiian forn of naiional
idcniificaiion and iIc crcaiion of a naiional siaic of iIc Croais.
According io iIc idcology of WKHIllyrian Movcncni, all SouiI
Slavs (iIc Slovcncs, Scrls, Croais, Dulgarians, Slavs fron
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, Maccdonia and Monicncgro} lclongcd io
iIc Croaiian naiion DPRGHOFUHDWHGE\3DYDR5LWWHU9LWH]RYL.
TIcir naiional languagcs wcrc considcrcd only as iIc dialccis
of iIc Croaiian languagc and conscqucnily, iIcir icrriiorics
wcrc accounicd inio iIc Croaiian naiional soil and undcrsiood
as iIc rovinccs of unaicd Croai naiional siaic.
62
Dascd on
sucI idcology, a Croaiian Iisiorian Josi Parla rinicd in
Zagrcl in 1862 a +LVWRULFDO 0DS RI (QWLUH 2OG .LQJGRP RI
62
Derkos I., Genius patriae super dormientibus suis filiis, Zagreb, 1832; Draskovic J., Disertatia iliti
razgovor, darovan gospodi poklisarom :akonskim i buducem :akonotvorcem kralfevinah nasih, Karlovac,
1832; Starcevic A., Politicki spisi, Zagreb, 1971.
Zdz
&URDWLD. According io iIc na, Croaiia, Dalnaiia, Slavonia,

Srcn, Monicncgro, all Adriaiic islands and Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina lclongcd io iIc Iisioric Kingdon of Croaiia. TIc
auiIor of iIc na insinuaicd iIai all of iIcsc Iisiorical lands
of Croaiia sIould lc inicgral ari of ncw indccndcni siaic of
Croaiia. Hc was followcd ly anoiIcr Croaiian Iisiorian, N. Z.
Djclovuic, wIo rinicd in 1933 a na of (WKQRJUDSKLF%RUGHUV
RI &URDWV LQ WKH .LQJGRP RI <XJRVODYLD. Djclovuic includcd
wiiIin iIcsc lordcrs wIolc Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, Croaiia,
Slavonia, Dalnaiia, Isiria, Monicncgrin liiioral, Srcn, wIolc
Daranja, and Wcsicrn DacIla.
63
Finally, conicnorary
Croaiian IisioriograIy follows sinilar way of iIinling
rcgarding icrriiorial discrsion of Croaiian naiion and ciIno-
Iisiorical lordcrs of uniicd Croaiia.
64
Prolally, iIc nosi
circnc casc is iIc lool +LVWRU\ RI &URDWLD ly Draguiin
Pavlicvic wIcrc is wriiicn iIai iIc Scrls wcrc noi living in
Dosnia lcforc iIc Turls occuicd iIis rovincc in iIc nid-
15iI ccniury,
65
wIai is a urc lic.
FouriIly, Allanian naiionIood was undcrsiood in iIc
19iI ccniury ronaniicisi noiion of iIc naiionaliiy, i.c.,
Allanians wcrc iIc Dallan colc wIosc noiIcr ionguc was
Allanian rcgardlcss on confcssional division of Allanian
colc inio iIrcc dcnoninaiions (Islanic, Fonan CaiIolic and
Easicrn OriIodo}.
66
SucI nciIodology" of naiional
idcniificaiion was inlcncnicd as wcll as ly iIc Connunisi
rcginc in Allania fron 1967 io 1990 undcr iIc noiio. Our
rcligion is Allanianisn".
67
WiiIin iIc noriI Allania's irilcs,
63
The both maps are printed as appendix in the book: . ., ,
: , 2002.
64
For instance: Peric I., Povijest Hrvata, Zagreb, 1997; Macan T., Povijest hrvatskoga naroda, Zagreb,
1999; Bilandzic D., Hrvatska moderna povijest, Zagreb, 1999; Tudman F., Hrvatska u monarhistickof
Jugoslaviji, I, II, Zagreb, 1993; Tudman F., Povijesna sudba naroda, Zagreb, 1996; Markovic M.,
Descriptio Croatie, Zagreb, 1993; Sekulic A., Backi Hrvati, Zagreb, 1991; Sekulic A., Hrvatski srijemski
mjestopisi, Zagreb, 1997.
65
Pavlicevic D., Povifest Hrvatske. Drugo, i:mifenfeno i prosireno i:danfe sa 16 povifesnih karata u bofi,
Zagreb, 2000, p. 138.
66
However, Albano-Syrian scholar, Muhammad MIk al-Arnaut claims that Islamic faith preserved
Albanian nationality (MIk al-Arnaut, 'Islam and nationalism in the Balkans the role of religion in the
shaping oI peoples |original in Syrian|, Yarmuk University, published in Syria, in Dirsat Trkhivva,
SeptemberDecember, s 47 and 48, 1993, pp. 121140. The same opinion is shared by Yugoslav scholar
Balic S., in 'Eastern Europe, the Islamic dimension, Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs,
Vol. 1, 1, 1979, p. 29. Linguistic nationalism is even today very strong in Europe including and west
Europeans as well. For instance: 'II you cannot speak Welsh, you carry the mark oI the Englishman with
you every day. That is the unpleasant truth, The Guardian, November 12
th
, 1990, p. 1; or: 'It is task oI all
those who live in Catalonia to preserve its personality and strengthen its language and culture, Pujol J.,
Construir Catalunya, Barcelona: Portic, 1980, p. 36.
67
Turnock D., Eastern Europe: an economic and political geography, London: Routledge, 1989, p. 29.
Zdz
csccially anong iIc Mirdiii, iIc Fonan CaiIolic CIurcI was

vcry influcniial. TIc Fonan CaiIolic CIurcI lccanc iIc
rincial vigilanic of iIc languagc, culiural Icriiagc and
naiional idcniiiy of iIc Allanians in NoriIcrn Allania.
68
TIc
crcssion of connon scnsc of Allanian naiionIood was
uiicrcd ly Allanian oliiical lcadcrsIi in iIc ycars of iIc
Dallan Wars 19121913 in iIc following slogan. Ncvc
SIqiiar nul jcni Crclc, Sllav, or Tccrl, ncvc jcni SIqiiar"
(Wc Allanians arc noi Crccls, Slavs, or Turls, wc arc
Allanians"}. Allanian oliiical nciIodology" lcforc and
during iIc Dallan Wars was alicd io rcarc unificaiion of
all ciInically Allanian icrriiorics" in iIc Dallans inio a
Crcai/Uniicd Allania - a singlc naiional siaic of all Allanians,
i.c., wiiIin allcgcd Allanian Iisiorical and ciInic lordcrs
dcnandcd ly Allanian iIc Firsi Lcaguc of Prizrcn in iIc ycars
of iis cisicncc 18781881. Esscniially sinilar naiional-siaic
conccis wcrc also includcd in oliiical rograns of iIc
Allanian Pcja Lcaguc, fron 1899, iIc Crcaicr Allanian Kosovo
Conniiicc, fron 1920, and iIc Allanian Sccond Prizrcn
Lcaguc, fron 1943. SIorily, rcscrvaiion of iIc iradiiional,
connon law and local connuniiy as iIc organisaiional lasis
of iIc naiional novcncni followcd ly iIc dcnand for
unificaiion of all icrriiorics oulaicd ly iIc Allanians lccanc
Allanian rinary naiional inicrcsi fron 1878 onward. for
insiancc, loiI Kosovo and Maccdonian Allanians dcnandcd
in MarcI-May 1981 during iIc nass anii-Yugoslav
dcnonsiraiions a scaraiion of Kosovo rovincc and Wcsicrn
Maccdonia fron iIc SFF of Yugoslavia and iIcir inclusion inio
a Crcaicr Allania.
TIc roccss of crcaiion of Allanian naiionaliiy was noi
finisIcd yci ai iIc cnd of iIc 19iI ccniury. TIc Allanian
naiion was noi considcrcd as a oliiical rcaliiy in Euroc ly
nany oliiicians. TIc Allanian colc wcrc anong iIc lasi
onc in Euroc io luild u iIcir own naiional idcniiiy and
naiional connuniiy. WIcn during iIc scssions of iIc
Congrcss of Dcrlin in 1878 iIc qucsiion of Allania and iIc
Allanians was ui on iIc agcnda, iIc Ccrnan CIanccllor
68
Draskic S., 'Nadmetanje Austro-Ugarske i Italije koncem XIX i pocetkom XX veka u Albaniji,
MarksistiNDPLVDR, Vol. 3, 2, 1986, pp. 129132. See also: Starova G., 'The Religion oI the Albanians
in the Balkan European Context, Balkan Forum, Vol. 1, 4, 1993, pp. 201204. The Roman Catholicism
and Latin alphabet play also the pivotal role in national identification of the Croats whose literal language is
the same as that of the Serbs as it is ,borrowed' Irom the Serbs by the Croat ,Illyrians' ( . .,
-, : , 1999).
Zdz
(Kanzzclar} Oiio von Disnarcl dccisivcly rcjccicd io scal

aloui ii wiiI iIc clanaiion iIai iIcrc was no any lind of
Allanian naiionaliiy in Euroc.
69
Ai iIc sanc criod of iinc,
iIc Scrls (ciiIcr fron Scrlia or Monicncgro} and iIc Crccls
considcrcd iIcnsclvcs as a naiion (i.c., ciInic grous wIicI
Iad iis own siaics} wIilc iIc Allanians wcrc undcrsiood only
as iIc Dallan ciInic grou (i.c., iIc grou of colc wIo did
noi Iavc iis own siaic}. Conscqucnily, ciInic grou of
Allanians could livc only as an ciInic ninoriiy includcd inio
sonc of iIc Dallan naiional siaics and can noi ccci norc
iIan auiononous rigIis wiiIin iIcn.

A Kosovo Muslim Albanian man

69
Logoreci A., The Albanians. (XURSHV)RUJRWWHQSurvivors, Colorado, 1977, p. 41.
Zdz
Ai iIc iurn of iIc 20iI ccniury nany oliiicians in

Scrlia, Monicncgro and Crcccc sIarcd oinion iIai iIc ciInic
grou of Allanians was culiurally and oliiically incaallc of a
nodcrn naiional dcvcloncni and alovc all unallc and
inconcicni io csiallisI and adninisicr iIcir own naiional
siaic.
70
TIc laclwardncss of dcvcloncni of iIc Allanian
sociciy ai iIc lcginning of iIc 20iI ccniury was sccn fron iIc
faci iIai iniiiaicd roccss of nodcrnisaiion (Eurocanisaiion}
jusi siaricd io cIangc iIc Allanian irilal sociciy, lui failcd io
rclacc ii wiiI a nodcrn Eurocan iyc of iIc indusirial,
arliancniary and civic sociciy. TIc Allanian naiional
novcncni was sccn as an arcIaic social novcncni iIai can
noi rcacI a lcvcl of naiional coIcsion in nodcrn icrns. TIis
novcncni roduccd anong iIc Scrls, Monicncgrins and
Crccls a fccling of jcoardising iIc oliiical and icrriiorial
inicgriiy of Scrlia, Monicncgro and Crcccc.
71
For iIcn, iIc
iIcory of Illyrian-Allanian coniinuiiy is csscniially a
naiionalisiic idcological consiruciion wIicI lccanc a driving
oliiical-idcological forcc for iIc Allanian oliiicians io crcaic,
fron iIc Allanian oini of vicw, iIc lordcrs of uniicd
Allanian naiional siaic according io iIc Allanian ciInic
rigIis. Ccooliiically, iIis rojcci dcnandcd noi only iIc
icrriiorics wIicI ciInically and Iisiorically lclongcd io iIc
Allanians, lui ii wcni lcyond iIcn and cnconasscd iIc
70
That can be understood as old theory which was used during the Balkan Wars 19121913 to justify
Serbian conquering of the Northern Albania, Greek occupation of the Southern Albania and Montenegrin
military occupation of the city of Skadar (Scutari) ( ., . J
, , 1914, pp. 177118).
71
The Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians and Greeks are accusing the Albanian intellectuals and
politicians for using the theory of the Illyrian-Albanian ethnic, linguistic and cultural continuity for the sake
of a realization of the political concept oI a 'Greater/Great Albania at the Balkans. This concept can not be
realized without a radical change of the borders of the Balkan states established in 19121913, following
two Balkan Wars. Such change of the borders would violate the territorial integrity of Serbia, the FYR of
Macedonia, Montenegro and Greece. In conclusion, the concept oI a 'Greater/Great Albania, based among
other ideological constructions and on the wrong theory of the Illyrian-Albanian ethnogenesis, may serve as
a prelude to the next Balkan war. About the concept and consequences oI creation oI a 'Greater/Great
Albania at the Balkans see: Canak J. (ed.), 'Greater Albania. Concept and possible Consequences,
Beograd: Institute of Geopolitical Studies, 1998; Borozan ., 'Greater Albania` - Origins, Ideas, Practice,
Beograd: Institute of Military History of the Yugoslav Army, 1995; Terzic S., ,Kosovo Serbian Issue and
the Greater Albania Project' (http://www.kosovo.net/terzic2.html). It should be stressed that in addition to
the Christian Orthodox faith and the so-called St. Sava`s spiritual legacy (), the province of
Kosovo-Metohija is a third pillar of Serbian national identity, especially the Kosovo Battle (1389) legacy.
Regarding the issue on Kosovo Battle in Serbian history and popular tradition, see: Mihaljcic R., The Battle
of Kosovo in History and in Popular Tradition, Beograd: BIGZ, 1989. Contrary to the Albanian claims that
the Albanians are the oldest Balkan people, there are historical evidences that the Serbs are one of the
oldest world people and autochtonous Balkan nation ( ., .
, : , 2011; . ., . ., .
., , : , 2009).
Zdz
TIc Allanians, surcly, wcrc anong iIc vcry fcw Dallan

colcs wIo nanagcd io find an inicrnal lalancc lciwccn
iIrcc confcssions (Islan, Fonan-CaiIolicisn and OriIodo
CIrisiianiiy} and io luild u iIc iIrcc-confcssion's lascd
naiional idcniiiy.
75

FifiIly, iIc naiionalisis of Pan-Scrlian oricniaiion
during iIc inicrwar criod, 19191940, rinarily ncnlcrs of
iIc Scrlian Fadical Pariy, dcnicd cisicncc of scaraic
Slovcnc and Croai naiionaliiics undcrsianding loiI of iIcn as
aris of Scrlian naiional ciInolinguisiic lody.
76

SiiIly, in iIc sccond Ialf of iIc 19iI ccniury and ai
iIc lcginning of iIc 20iI ccniury Dulgarian naiion did noi
cisi in nany cycs of ulira- Scrlian, Croaiian and Crccl
naiionalisis, wIilc nany Scrl acadcnicians considcrcd iIc
Allanian scaling oulaiion in Kosovo-McioIija and NoriI
Allania as iIc ORVW6HUEV (i.c., Allanizcd Scrls} ai iIc sanc
iinc wIcn nany Crccls undcrsiood iIc OriIodo Allania's
oulaiion as Allanizcd Crccls.
ScvcniIly, a najoriiy of Croais and Scrls undcrsiood all
Muslins fron Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina as a ari of iIcir
ciInolinguisiic naiionaliiics and ncvcr sinccrcly rccognizcd
ciiIcr disiinciivc Dosnian naiionaliiy or Dosnial ciIniciiy.
DoiI Scrls and Croais saw Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian Muslins,
Fonan CaiIolics and OriIodo CIrisiians as iIc oulaiion
wIo solc iIc sanc languagc as in raciicc iIcy wcrc and arc
scaling as a nciicr of faci. Conscqucnily, all inIaliianis of
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina Iavc io lc includcd inio uniicd Scrlia,
uniicd Croaiia rcscciivcly. TIc 19iI ccniury Scrl Iilologisi
Vul Sicfanovi Karadi and Scrl oliiician Ilija Caraanin
arc iIc foundcrs of an idca iIai only ciInolinguisiic Scrls
wcrc living in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, wIicI sIould lc includcd
74
See: Ypi L. L, 'The Albanian Renaissance in Political Thought: Between the Enlightenment and
Romanticism, East European Politics & Societies, Vol. 21, 4, 2007, pp. 661680. Regarding Albanian
national identity, see: Sotirovic V., 'Tautin tapatyb: kas yra albanai? Ilyriskoji alban antroponimija ir
etnogenez, Liaudies KXOWUD, Vol. 3, 84, 2002, pp. 3143.

75
In Albania Islam is followed by 70% of Albania`s population (in addition to the Albanians from Kosovo-
Metohija, Western Macedonia and Eastern Montenegro), Orthodox Christianity is professed by 20% of
Albania`s population (from the Southern Albania in addition to the Greece`s Northern Epirus) and Roman
Catholicism, confessed by 10% of Albania`s inhabitants (mainly from the Northern Albania in addition to
the small group from Kosovo-Metohija). To this very day, the Albanian Muslims are the driving force of
the Albanian national movement. The concept of a 'United, or 'Great/Greater, Albania, in its original
form, was partially under the influence of a conservative, political Islam.
76
Regarding the issue of nationalism, myts and reinterpretation of history in the first Yugoslavia
(19181941), see: Djokic D., 'Nationalism, Myth and Reinterpretation oI History: The Neglected Case oI
Interwar Yugoslavia, European History Quarterly, Vol. 42, 1, 2012, pp. 7195.
Zdz
inio a Crcai/Crcaicr Scrlia. Ai iIc sanc iinc, Karadi and

CaraDQLQ FUHDWHG WKH QRWLRQ RI OLQJXLVWLF 6HUELDQ
naiionIood and siaicIood an idca iIai can lc rcalizcd only
iIrougI significani cIangcs of oliiical lordcrs in iIc
Dallans.
77

TIc nain acIicvcncni of Vul Sicfanovi Karadi was a
faci iIai Ic gavc a ncw (urcly linguisiic} dcfiniiion of iIc
Scrldon. Hc rclaccd iIc ariificial Slavonic-Scrlian liicrary
languagc wiiI SIiolavian dialcci of iIc Scrl foll. Hc includcd
inio Scrldon all iIosc wIo solc SIiolavian dialcci,
rcgardlcss on iIcir rcligion. TIc Scrlian naiion, iIcrcforc,
lccanc QRW H[FOXVLYHO\ WKH 2UWKRGR[ RQH ,I WKH\ VSRNH
SIiolavian, connon io iIc Croais and iIc Scrls, wIicI in
KaradiV V\VWHP EHORQJHG only io iIc Scrls, iIc Fonan-
&DWKROLFV DQG WKH 0XVOLPV KDG WR EH WKH 6HUEV
78
Caraanin
FOHDUO\ DFFHSWHG a ncw concciion of Scrlian linguisiic
naiionIood, iIcrcly rcjcciing osiiions of iIc OriIodo
iradiiionalisis, Ic was noi accciing iIc Illyrianisi idca of
6RXWK6ODYLFUHFLSURFLW\ZKLFK=DFKDOVRFKDPSLRQHG
79

KaradiV LGHD RI OLQJXLVWLF 6HUEGRP DQG *DUDDQLQV
concci of a uniicd Scrlian naiional siaic Iad a grcai inaci
on dcvcloncni of Scrlian oliiical iIougIi for iIc fuiurc
gcncraiions of Scrlian naiional worlcrs. For insiancc, Scrlian
gcograIcr and Iisiorian, Milo Si. Milojcvi, influcnccd ly
KaradiV DQG *DUDDQLQV WHDFKLQJ SULQWHG D Hisiorical-
EiInograIic-CcograIic Ma of iIc Scrls and Scrlian
(Yugoslav} lands in Turlcy and Ausiria LQ 1873 in Dclgradc.
According io iIc na, all SouiI Slavs wcrc sccn as
ciInolinguisiic Scrls and all icrriiorics sciilcd ly iIcn (38
77
. ., ' , , 1,
, 1849; . ., , , 1972; . .,
, , , 1814; ., , , 1844
(secret document). See: Sotirovic B. V., 'Nineteenth-century ideas oI Serbian 'linguistic nationhood and
statehood, Slavistica Vilnensis, Kalbotyra, Vol. 49, 2, 2000, pp. 724; Sotirovic B. V., Srpski
komonvelt. Lingvisticki model definisanfa srpske nacife Juka Stefanovica Karadica i profekat Ilife
Garasanina o stvaranfu lingvisticki odredene drave Srba, Vilnius: Stamparija Pedagoskog univerziteta u
Vilnusu, 2011; ., .
(1844), : , 1993.
78
Banac I., The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, Ithaca and London, 1993, p.
84. However, what is not said by Banac is a fact that at that time only a tiny minority of those who
identiIied themselves as a 'Croat spoke the Shtokavian dialect which was in reality exclusively a Serb
national language considered as such by the leading philologists ( .,
, : , 2000, pp. 222240).
79
Banac I., The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, Ithaca and London, 1993, p.
84. The Serbs did not accept a Croat-run 'Illyrian Movement as they, like the Slovenes, saw Vitezovic`s
ideology of Pan-Croatianizm behind the movement.
Zdz
lui wiiI a final oliiical ain io lcconc a ari of Dulgaria lilc

iIc Easicrn Funclia lccanc in 1885. NcvcriIclcss, iIc IMFO
was undcr sirong Dulgarian oliiical influcncc and financial
sonsorsIi and in iIc coursc of iinc rcccivcd visillc
Dulgarian naiional cIaracicr. TIc Scrlian official oliiical
circlcs rcjccicd io rccognizc Maccdonian auiononous siaius
wiiIin iIc Oiionan lordcrs fcaring iIai sucI lind of
auiononous Maccdonia will lc finally includcd inio iIc
lordcrs of Dulgaria. TIc idca of 6DQ 6WHIDQR %XOJDULD fron
MarcI 1878 lccanc a crucial fcar for iIc Crccl and Scrlian
icrriiorial asiraiions ai iIc Dallans. In loiI Dclgradc and
AiIcns, csccially aficr 1908, ii cisicd a sirong consicrnaiion
iIai Dulgaria would incororaic wIolc Maccdonia as sIc did
wiiI iIc Easicrn Funclia in 1885. In faci, Dclgradc and
AiIcns wanicd io dividc Maccdonian icrriiory lciwccn
iIcnsclvcs and Dulgaria.
86

Macedonian 'Lions with the original Ilag oI the Republic oI Macedonia Irom 1991 with
the 'Sun Irom Vergina
86
See: Aarbakke V., Ethnic Rivalry and the Quest for Macedonia 18701913, Copenhagen, 1992; Poulton
H., Who are the Macedonians, London, 1995; Brailsford H. N., Macedonia. Its Races and their Future,
New York, 1971; Adanir F., Die Makedonische Frage: Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908,
Wiesbaden, 1979. In this case, Serbia and Greece will have a common state borders, but Bulgaria and
Albania will not have a common state borders what was the main political aim of Macedonian policy by
Belgrade and Athens.
Zdz
TIc nosi cnincni rooncni of iIc concci of a Uniicd

Maccdonia lccanc iIc IMFO ciiIcr lcforc iIc Dallan Wars of
19121913 or aficr Macdonia's indccndcncc in 1991. Today,
iIis ariy-novcncni undcr iIc currcni nanc of iIc VMFO-
DPMNE" (iIc ,QWHUQDO 0DFHGRQLDQ 5HYROXWLRQDU\ 2UJDQL]DWLRQ
'HPRFUDWLF 3DUW\ IRU 0DFHGRQLDQ 1DWLRQDO 8QLW\} is oliiically
worling undcr iIc official slogan of Siriiual and Tcrriiorial
Unificaiion of Maccdonia". In iIc casc of icrriiorial unificaiion
of iIc cniirc gcograIical Maccdonia inio a singlc naiional
siaic, iIc ioial oulaiion of sucI Uniicd Maccdonia would lc
(according io iIc 1991 ccnsus} 4,5 nillion, as iIc oulaiion
of Dulgarian ari of Maccdonia is 400,000, wIilc iIc
oulaiion of loiI iIc Crccl Maccdonia and iIc FYF of
Maccdonia arc aroinaicly iIc sanc, a liiilc norc iIan 2
nillion cacI.
In conclusion, for iIc Dallan naiions WHUULWRULDO and
QDWLRQDO ULJKWV wcrc always of nucI grcaicr inoriancc iIan
KXPDQ or FLYLF ULJKWV. TIis Iisiorical faci lccanc a nilcsionc
for dcvcloncni of naiional idcologics anong iIc Yugoslavs,
wIo ui on a cdcsial of naiional olicy" iIc ain io iransforn
ciInograIical lordcrs inio iIc naiional-siaic lordcrs. A
criod of iIc lloody dcsiruciion of iIc SFF of Yugoslavia
followcd ly iIc inicr-ciInic conflicis in Kosovo-MciocIija and
iIc FYF of Maccdonia (19912001} is iyical canlc of sucI
naiional olicy lascd on iIc idca of crcaiion of a uniicd
naiional siaic, if ossillc wiiIoui iIc ciInic ninoriiics.

Unofficial flag of United Macedonia used by the Macedonian nationalists
S6
Zdz
Inter-EtbnIc ConIIIcts on tbe TerrItory oI

Ex-YugosIavIa

'Where are Serbian graves these are Serbian lands! (Vuk Draskovic, a leader of Serbian
Revival Movement, being of Herzegovinian origin, but living and making political career in
Belgrade, a former Communist, told on RTV Serbia in Novembar 1990).
A fall of Dcrlin Wall in Novcnlcr 1999 and iIc rising u

of iIc Iron Curiain wcrc followcd in iIc Ccniral, Easicrn and
SouiIcasicrn Euroc ly iwo iycs of iIc siaic
disncnlcrncni. 1. caccful (CzccIoslovalia}, and 2. violcni
(iIc c-Yugoslavia}.
TIcrc arc iIrcc nain rcasons wIy iIc SFF of
Yugoslavia's dissoluiion (lciicr io say dcsiruciion fron loiI
insidc and ouisidc aciors} did noi ialc a nodcl of iIc CzccIo-
Sloval's caccful disncnlcrncni in January 1993 iIai is
usually callcd in IisioriograIy as a Vclvci Divorcc", wIicI
was a dircci ouiconc of iIc CzccIosloval Vclvci Fcvoluiion"
in 1989.
87

EiInic lordcrs lciwccn iIc CzccIs and iIc
Slovals wcrc nucI clcar" iIan ii was in iIc casc
of iIc Yugoslavs, csccially lciwccn iIc Scrls,
Muslins/Dosnials and Croais in iIc nid-
Yugoslavia (Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina}.
TIc Yugoslavs, diffcrcnily io iIc CzccIs and iIc
Slovals, cnicrcd" iIc roccss of divorcc", i.c.
inicr-ciInic scaraiion, wiiI a sirong inaci of
iIcir own naiional idcologics wIosc rinc rincilc
was iIai iIc naiional-siaic lordcrs sIould lc
ovcrlacd wiiI ciInogcograIical lordcrs of iIcir
own naiions.
TIc colcs fron CzccIoslovalia, quiic conirary io
iIc Yugoslavs, during iIc siagc of divorcc"
(19891993} wcrc noi sycIologically Icavily
influcnccd ly iIc lurdcn of iIc asi", i.c. ly iIc
lloody ccricncc of iIcir inicr-ciInic rclaiions
87
Johnson R. L., Central Europe. Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, Oxford-New York: Oxford University
Press, 1996, pp. 141142.
S?
Zdz
during iIc Fisi and csccially iIc Sccond World

War.
88

Ii is clcar iIai iIc Yugoslav naiional lcadcrs (wiiI a vcry
fcw ccciions, all of iIcn Iavc lccn iIc c- or aciual
ncnlcrs of iIc Connunisi Pariy of Yugoslavia} (nis}uscd
XQUHVROYHG QDWLRQDO TXHVWLRQV WR GHILQH WKHLU SROLWLFDO
agcndas and nalc sirongcr iIcir oliiical coaliiions ly
naiionalisiic nolilizaiion.
89
Onc of iIc uroscs of iIis
rcscarcI is io answcr iIc qucsiion wIy iIc 9HOYHW
5HYROXWLRQ ZDV SUDFWLFDOO\LPSRVVLEOH LQ iIc Yugoslav casc.
A grcai ari of iIc answcr is in a Iisiory of iIc Yugoslav
naiional idcologics iIai is rcscnicd in iIc firsi Ialf of iIc
lool. In iIc sccond Ialf of ii wc will rcscni iIc canlcs of
iIc Yugoslav violcni inicr-ciInic rclaiions during iIc iinc of
iIc dcsiruciion of iIc c-Yugoslavia in iIc 1990s.
For iIc rcason io undcrsiand a wIolc scoc of a iragcdy
rcsulicd fron iIc lasi Yugoslav civil wars, wIicI wcrc fougIi
io iransforn ciInograIic lordcrs inio iIc naiional-siaic
lordcrs, and conscqucnily wcrc followcd ly iIc olicy of
ciInic clcansing, ii is ncccssary io rcscni in iIc iallcs lclow
iIc naiional conosiiion of iIc SFF of Yugoslavia and Icr
socialisi rcullics in 1991 (according io iIc official ccnsus
rcsulis}.
TuIc 4. TIc Pouuton Stuctucs (n cccnts) o tIc

Socust Fcdcu HcuIc o Yugosuuu und Ic cuIcs und
ounccs uccodng to tIc ust c-uu ccnsus Icd n l99l
90

SFR YugosIavIa 1991
MusIIms 10,0
88
On the WWII atrocities in Yugoslavia see: . ., . ,
, 19411945, : , 1999.
89
In this respect, there are some similarities between the Yugoslav case on one hand and the
USSR/Czechoslovak case on the other. See: Bunce V., 'PeaceIul versus Violent State Dismemberment: A
Comparison oI the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Politics and Society, Vol. 27, 2,
1999, pp. 217237.
90
Sources: Petrovic R., 'Nacionalni sastav Jugoslavije, 1991, Jugoslovenski pregled, 1, Beograd, 1992,
p. 12; Statisticki kalendar Federativne Republike Jugoslavife, Beograd, 1993; Baletic M. (ed.), Hrvatska
1994, Zagreb, 1994; Sellier A., Sellier J., Atlas des peuples d Europe centrale, Paris, 1991; Statistical
Office of Republic of Slovenia, 1993; Denitch B., Ethnic Nationalism: The Tragic Death of Yugoslavia,
Minneapolis-London, 1994, p. 29; Statisticki kalendar Jugoslavije 1982, Savezni zavod za statistiku,
Beograd, 1982, pp. 1920; The Republic of Macedonia, group of authors, Skopje; Judah T., The Serbs.
History, Myth & Destruction of Yugoslavia, New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 1997, pp.
311317.
SS
Zdz
Serbs 36,2
Croats 19,7
AIbanIans 9,3
SIovenes 7,5
MacedonIans 5,8
MontenegrIns 2,3
YugosIavs 3,0
Otbers 6,2
TOTAL oI SFR
YUGOSLAVIA
100 % (23,528,230}
BosnIa-HerzegovIna 1991
Serbs 31,4
Croats 17,3
MusIIms 43,7
YugosIavs 5,5
Otbers 2,1
TOTAL oI
BOSNIA-
HER2EGOVINA
100% (4,354,911}
CentraI SerbIa 1991
Serbs 87,3
YugosIavs 2,5
Otbers 10,2
VojvodIna 1991
Serbs 57,2
HungarIans 16,9
YugosIavs 8,4
Croats 4,8
MontenegrIns 2,2
SIovenes 0,8
Otbers 9,7
S9
Zdz
Kosovo-MetobIja 1991
AIbanIans 90,0
Serbs 10,0
YugosIavs 0,2
TOTAL oI
wboIe SERBIA
100% (9,721,177}
SIovenIa 1991
SIovenes 87,8
Croats 2,7
Serbs 2,4
MusIIms 1,4
YugosIavs 0,6
MacedonIans 0,2
MontenegrIns 0,2
AIbanIans 0,2
Otbers 4,7
TOTAL oI
SLOVENIA
100% (1,966,000}
CroatIa 1991
Croats 78,1
Serbs 12,2
YugosIavs 2,2
SIovenes 0,5
MontenegrIns 0,2
MusIIms 0,9
AIbanIans 0,3
MacedonIans 0,1
Otbers 5,5
TOTAL oI
CROATIA
100% (4,760,344}
MacedonIa 1991
60
Zdz
MacedonIans 65,3
AIbanIans 21,7
Serbs 2,1
Turks 3,79
RomanIes 2,56
VIacbs 0,3
MosIems 1,5
Otbers 2,6
TOTAL oI
MACEDONIA
100% (2,033,964}
Montenegro 1991
MontenegrIns 61,8
MusIIms 14,6
AIbanIans 6,6
Serbs 9,3
YugosIavs 4,0
Otbers 3,7
TOTAL oI
MONTENEGRO
100% (616,327}

A map oI Austrian ,Military Borderland' with the Ottoman Empire established in 1576
and dissolved in 1881. It was a mixture territory populated by Serbs and Croats and the
main area of conflict between the Republic of Serbian Krayina and the Republic of
Croatia in 19911995
Zdz
A map of ethnographic dispersion of six Yugoslav nations and biggest

manorities with administrative borders of six republics and two autonomous provinces in
1991 according to the 1991 census. This map of western origin is fake in two points:
Serbian population is not presented in major part of Kosovo and northern Montenegro
and the ethnic structure of Montenegro is much more complex as it is visible on the map

Onc of iIc nosi rclcvani csiinaiions of iIc Yugoslavs
wIo cnigraicd fron iIcir Ionc counirics or laccs of living,
lcconing officially or noi rcfugccs or dislaccd crsons during
iIc civil war of 19911995 is lciwccn 3,5 io 5 nillion
according io 7KH (FRQRPLVW.
91
According io iIc wcsicrn
sourccs, only si noniIs fron iIc ouilrcal of iIc warfarc
91
'Nations on the move, The Economist, Vol. 336, 7928, August 1925, 1995.
Zdz
iIcrc wcrc alrcady 2,3 nillion of iIc Yugoslavs wIon wc can

call as dislaccd crsons. Joannc van Scln-TIorlurn suggcsis
iIai iIcrc wcrc only fron DosniaHcrzcgovina around 2,3
nillion of dislaccd crsons; 1,3 nillion of iIcn wcrc living
soncwIcrc wiiIin Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, ciiIcr insidc of iIc
VDIHDUHDVRUQRW
92
Around Ialf of a nillion dislaccd colcs
wcrc siiuaicd on iIc icrriiorics of iIc Fcullic of Croaiia and
iIc Fcdcral Fcullic of Yugoslavia (Scrlia and Monicncgro},
wIilc anoiIcr Ialf of a nillion wcrc in rcfugc in sonc of
forcign counirics, lui nain ari of iIcn wcrc locaicd in iIc
Wcsicrn Euroc. Forncr Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian anlassador
in Dudacsi, Dr. Discrla Turlovi, claincd WKDW GXULQJ
aggrcssion on Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina ly iIc Yugoslav Pcolc's
$UP\ in iIc firsi iwo ycars of iIc war iIcrc wcrc 140,000
lillcd crsons and aloui 1,8 nillion Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian
rcfugccs only in 1992.
93

A nunlcr of casualiics in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina (dcad,
nissing, injurcd} iIai was rccurrcnily ncniioncd ly glolal
wcsicrn, usually anii-Scrl, nass-ncdia fron iIc ycar of 1994
onward is c. 200,000.
94
Howcvcr, iIis figurc is lascd on iIc
csiinaiions offcrcd ly iIc Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian Muslin
Covcrnncni and oliiically-colourcd Dosnian Insiiiuic for
FcscarcI on Airociiics againsi Hunaniiy and Inicrnaiional
Law (dirccily sonsorcd and conirollcd ly iIc Covcrnncni of
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina} in 1994. According io iIc Dosnian-
Hcrzcgovinian Insiiiuic for ullic HcaliI of iIc Fcullic
Conniiicc for HcaliI and Social Wclfarc (also sonsorcd ly
iIc Covcrnncni of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina}, iIcrc wcrc 146,340
lillcd, and 174,914 injurcd inIaliianis on iIc icrriiory
92
Selm-Thorburn J., Refugee Protection in Europe: Lessons of the Yugoslav Crisis, The Hague-Boston-
London, 1995. The same numbers are proposed in ICMPD, Newsletter on Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1,
December 1994.
93
Turkovic B., Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Changing World Order, Sarajevo: Sarajinvest, 1996,
appendix map 12. However, these claims by B. Turkovic are very questionable and have a strong
political dimension. For instance, the International Red Cross Organization claims that during the whole
four years of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina there were 98,000 of killed people on all sides, or according to
the International War Crime Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 102,000 of whom 50% Bosniaks and
30 Serbs (Hayden M. R., 'Mass Killings and Images oI Genocide in Bosnia, 19415 and 19925, Stone
D. (ed.), The Historiography of Genocide, Houndmills-New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 487;
Tabeau E, Bijak J., 'War-related Deaths in the 19921995 Armed ConIlicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A
Critique oI Previous Estimates and Recent Results, European Journal of Population, Vol. 21, 2005, pp.
187215).
94
For instance: U.S. Committee for Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1994, New York, 1995, p. 120;
Borden A., Caplan R., 'The Former Yugoslavia: The War and the Peace Process, SIPRI Yearbook,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 203.
Zdz
conirollcd ly iIc Muslin Arny of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina.

95
TIc
CIA ui iIc nunlcr of 156,500 civilians wIo losi iIcir livcs in
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina wiiIoui allcgcdly 8,000 lillcd Muslins
IURP 6UHEUHQLFDV VDIH ]RQH ly iIc Arny of Fcullic of
Srsla in July 1995. TIc sanc rcori clains iIai iIcrc wcrc
81,000 lillcd soldicrs in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina. 45,000 of
Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian govcrnncni, 6,500 of Croai forccs and
30,000 of Scrl niliiary iroos.
96
Dislaccncnis and Iysical
cicrninaiions of civilians during iIc war wcrc surcly rcsuli of
LQWHQGHG DQG SODQQHG HWKQLF FOHDQVLQJ SROLF\ RI EHOOLJHUHQW
Yugoslav ariics.
A crucial qucsiion lccanc wIy did ciInic clcansing
occur on iIc icrriiory of iIc c-Yugoslavia during iIc lasi iwo
dccadcs? TIc answcr is lccausc iIc <XJRVODYFRPPXQLWLHVRI
SHRSOHV XQGHUVWRRG WKHPVHOYHV DV HWKQRQDWLRQV, lui noi as
siaicnaiions, and conscqucnily according io iIc 19iI ccniury
wcll-lnown Ccrnan VORJDQEin-SracIc-Ein Voll-(LQ 6WDDW
cacI scaraic ciInolinguisiic naiion Ias a QDWXUDO rigIi io
crcaic and livc in iis own naiional siaic. TIc rigIi of
ciInolinguisiic naiion io Iavc iis own indccndcni naiional
siaic lccanc WKH PDLQ SULQFLSOH RI QDWLRQDO VHOI-
GHWHUPLQDWLRQLQiIc c-Yugoslavia in iIc 1990s. Ii uliinaicly
rcviscd oliiical na of iIc Dallans ly crcaiing iIc ncw
lordcrs of indccndcni siaics, wIicI wcrc succcssors of iIc
forncr Yugoslavia. Sincc iIc lasic rigIi of ciInolinguisiic
naiion is undcrsiood ly iIc cniirc Dallan oulaiion as iIc
rigIi io Iavc iis own naiional siaic, all Dallan siaics arc
ciInolinguisiic-naiional, lui noi civic oncs.
97
A fundancnial
IHDWXUH RI HWKQRlinguisiic QDWLRQDO ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ LV WKDW a
ccriain grou of colc (naiion} Ias vcry sccific ciInic
98

aiiriluics and ii is lound io a sccific iccc of land. TIc land
LV RQH RI WKH EDVLF FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH JURXSV LGHQWLW\ DQG
FRQVHTXHQWO\LWUHSUHVHQWVJURXSVKRPHODQGHYHQLQWKHFDVH
iIai iIis grou rcrcscnis ai iIc noncni a Iysical ninoriiy
95
'Socijalno-zdravstvene posljedice agresije na republiku BiH, Biltenn Zavoda za zdravstvenu zaWLWX5/F
BiH, 182, October 9
th
, 1995, p. 1.
96
The CIA memorandum, Humanitarian Costs of the Fighting in the Balkans, November 25
th
, 1995.
97
All Central, Eastern, Northern and Southern European states are created on the principles of the
ethnolinguistic national identity, but not civic one. See: Yuval-Davis N., The Politics of Belonging.
Intersectional Contestations, Los Angeles-London-New Delhi-Singapore-Washington DC: Sage, 2011;
Nuez X. M., 'Nations and Territorial Identities in Europe: Transnational ReIlections, European History
Quarterly, Vol. 40, 4, 2010, pp. 669684.
98
A simplified formula of ethnicity is: Ethnicity = Kinship + Ancestry + Genetic parameters.
Zdz
of a oulaiion on iIai icrriiory (for insiancc, iIc Scrls in

Kosovo-McioIija}.
99

A roclanaiion of iIc siaic indccndcncc of iIc
Fcullic of Croaiia on Junc 25iI, 1991 (iogciIcr wiiI iIc
Fcullic of Slovcnia} Ias as a dircci conscqucncc iIc
cIallcngc of Icr (ly Connunisis ficd} siaic lordcrs ly loiI
Scrlia and Croaiia's Scrls.
100
TIc Scrlian govcrnncni
claincd iIai only cicrnal (siaic} lordcrs of iIc SFF of
Yugoslavia wcrc lcgiiinaic and inviolallc, wIilc iIc lordcrs
EHWZHHQ UHSXEOLFV ZHUH RQO\ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RU LQQHU and
sci u only ly scvcral io Connunisis aficr iIc WWII, lui
wiiIoui a connon Yugoslav conscnsus or gcncral
rcfcrcndun.
101
Ii ncans iIai iIc LQQHU ERUGHUV ZLWKLQ iIc
SFF of Yugoslavia Iad io lc rccsiallisIcd according io iIc
rincilc of naiional sclf-dcicrninaiion (noi and ly sclf-
dcicrninaiion ly iIc ciInic ninoriiics}. According io Dclgradc,
a olicy of UHVKDSLQJ WKH LQQHU ERUGHUV ZKLFK IURP -XQH
1991 lccanc in faci iIc cicrnal lordcrs as Slovcnia and
Croaiia roclaincd unilaicral indccndcncc} Ias io lc foundcd
on a dcnocraiic fornula - a ZLVKRIWKHSHRSOH.
102
According
WR6HUELDVRIILFLDOV, iIc inncr, i.c. jusi adninisiraiivc, lordcrs
cannoi lc uscd as iIc lasis for iIc crcaiion of iIc siaic
99
About complexity of the 'Kosovo question see: Sotirovic V., 'Koszovo Csomoja, %HV]pO, Budapest,
6, 1999, pp. 3035.
100
The inter-republican border issue in Yugoslavia after 1945 was solved surely at the Serb and Serbia`s
expense and to Croatia`s Iavour by the leading anti-Serb and pro-Croat Communist leadership. Serbia de
facto lost her both northern province of Vojvodina and southern province of Kosovo-Metohija as both of
them became independent from Serbia. Among all six federal republics in the SFR of Yugoslavia it was
only Serbia to be extra federalized, what means destructed, but not, for instance, Croatia which even
enlarged her republican territory after the WWII by incorporation of Dubrovnik and Istria no metter that
these two regions historically never have been part of any Croatia. During the WWII Croatia was the most
loyal ally among all states to the Nazi Germany and the only Nazi state which enlarged her own territory
after the war. The Serbs after 1945 did not get any compensation for the Croat/Bosniak genocide on them
in 19411945. They expected to Iorm aIter 1945 a separate republic composed by Serb populated Western
Bosnia (Bosnian Krayina) and Serb populated Croatia (a territory of the Republic of Serbian Krayina
proclaimed in 1991), but it did not happen. Moreover, it was not formed even a Krayina province within
Croatia like Vojvodina and Kosovo-Metohija in Serbia. However, for the very reason of making as stronger
as all other parts of Yugoslavia out of Serbia, the Albanians in West Macedonia did not receive the same
status of territorial autonomy like those in Kosovo-Metohija in Serbia. On the other hand, Istria in Croatia
could receive the same status like Vojvodina in Serbia, etc. For the metter of fact, the Serbs from Croatia
have been the first separatists in ex-Yugoslavia as they proclaimed even on March 18
th
, 1991 a separation
of the Autonomous Territory of Krayina from the rest of Croatia ( . . (ed.),
, : , ' , 2005, p. 21).
101
The main portion of external borders of the SFR of Yugoslavia was set up in 1919 during the Versailles`
Peace Conference and by peace treaties that followed it in 1919/1920 (Treaties of Neuilly, Saint Germain,
Rapallo and Trianon). About these treaties see: Trifunovska S. (ed.), Yugoslavia Through Documents. From
its creation to its dissolution, Dordrecht-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1994, pp. 163188.
102
According to the Yugoslav Constitution of 1974, the self-determination rights are valid only for the
'Nations oI Yugoslavia, but not Ior the Yugoslav ethnic minorities, republics or autonomous provinces.
Zdz
lordcrs. If iIc inncr inicr-rcullican lordcrs (GHMXUH jusi iIc

loundarics}
103
will lc auionaiically rccognizcd as iIc lordcrs
of indccndcni siaics iIcn scvcral Yugoslav rcgions wiiI iIc
Scrl and Croai najoriiics would lc oui of iIcir naiional
siaics. Ii ncans iIai 25 crccnis of ioial Scrl naiional lody
will lc oui of Scrlia, or iIc rcnains of Yugoslavia
(Scrloslavia"}, and 22 crccnis oui of all Croais ouisidc
Croaiia. SucI siiuaiion can rovolc ncw conflicis in iIc
fuiurc. In ordcr io lcc all Scrls iogciIcr and io ncci
Iisiorical jusiicc sonc Scrlian Iisiorians rooscd iIai osi-
Yugoslav Scrloslavia" will cnlracc all ciInograIic
icrriiorics of iIc forncr Yugoslavia wIcrc iIc Scrls wcrc in
najoriiy lcforc iIc anii-Scrl gcnocidc during iIc WWII
conniiicd ly Croais, Dosnials and Allanians.
104

On iIc oosiic sidc ii was a Croaiian oini of vicw iIai,
according io iIc lasi Yugoslav Consiiiuiion of 1974 (Ariiclc 5},
iIc lordcrs lciwccn (si} fcdcral rcullics and (iwo}
auiononous rovinccs cannoi lc cIangcd wiiIoui lilaicral
agrccncni ly iIc rcullics (or auiononous rovinccs} wIicI
lordcrs arc in iIc qucsiion. iIc loundary lciwccn rcullics
can lc only cIangcd on iIc lasis of iIcir nuiual agrccncni".
Ii raciically ncans iIai Croaiia favourcd a Connunisi osi-
WWII lascd soluiions io solvc iIc lordcr qucsiions lciwccn
Yugoslav rcullics and auiononous rovinccs.
105

NcvcriIclcss, iIis lordcr disuic was inicrnaiionally
rcsolvcd ly iIc Eurocan Connuniiy in auiunn 1991 ly
inlcncniaiion of four lasic rincilcs in rcgard io iIc
qucsiion of dcliniiaiion lciwccn Yugoslavia's fcdcral
rcullics.
103
However, after the Constitution of 1974 the boundaries between six Yugoslav republics and two
autonomous provinces (Vojvodina and Kosovo-Metohija only formally within Serbia) became in fact real
state borders of eight independent political unites.
104
About historical background of Serbian national question at the Balkans see: .,
. (14921992), : Evro-Giunti,
2010.
105
It has to be noticed that the top leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during and after the
WWII was not Serb, but primarily Croat and Slovenian. The party's general secretary, Josip Broz Tito, was
half Croat and half Slovenian, born in Croatia on the very border with Slovenia (Zagorje). Up to now, the
Yugoslav historiography still do not have any archival documentary sourse to use as an explanation for a
double standards upon 'solving the national questions in Yugoslavia by the Communist leadership in
1945/1946: autonomous regions/provinces for the national minorities were created only in federal unit of
Serbia, but not in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia or Montenegro. After the war Croatia became
even territorially enlarged by annexation of Southern Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, biggest part of Istrian Peninsula
and North Adriatic islands likewise Slovenia by annexation of northern portion of Istria. However, at the
same time, Serbia became decomposed into three parts: Vojvodina, Kosovo-Metohija and Central Serbia.
Zdz
QDWLRQDO WHUULWRU\ lccanc onc of iIc ivoial ciInonaiional

narlcrs foundcd on iIc rincilc. WKHUHLVQRVHSDUDWHQDWLRQ
wiiIoui a VHSDUDWHWHUULWRU\A VSHFLILFQDWLRQDOWHUULWory, as
onc of iIc crucial oinis of iIc ciInonaiional idcniiiy,
rcrcscnis iIc naiion's cicrnal naiivc land, cvcn in iIc casc
wIcn ciInonaiion lccanc, undcr diffcrcni Iisiorical
circunsianccs, alrcady ninoriiy ai iIis icrriiory as, for
insiancc, ii was a casc wiiI iIc Scrls in Kosovo-McioIija.
109

In conclusion, icrriiorial dcnands in iIc Yugoslav (and
Dallan} casc arc noi only insircd ly iIc rincilc iIai cniirc
naiional ciInograIic sacc Ias io lc incororaicd inio iIc
uniicd naiional siaic, lui iIcy arc also noiivaicd and ly iIc
arguncni iIai ccriain icrriiory was Iisiorically ari of a
naiional siaic ioo DFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHHWKQLFDQGKLVWRULF
rigIis}.
2QH FDQ XQGHUVWDQG EXW QRW io jusiify} wIy ciInic
clcansing, gcnocidc and forccd dislaccncni of iIc colc
raciiccd during iIc lasi civil war on iIc icrriiory of c-
Yugoslavia if sIc/Ic lnows iIai iIc lcading rincilcs of iIc
Yugoslav oliiical lcadcrsIis in solving iIc naiional qucsiions
ZHUH (LQ 6SUDFKH(LQ, VollEin, 6WDDW DQG WKHUH LV Qo
VHSDUDWH QDWLRQ ZLWKRXW VHSDUDWH WHUULWRU\ FRPELQHG ZLWK a
gcncral fcar of Iaving largc ciInic ninoriiics wiiIin iis own
naiional siaic lordcrs as iIc ninoriiics wcrc considcrcd as iIc
EXUGHQ DQG WURXEOHPDNHUV, EXW QRW DV WKH EULGJHV of
coocraiion lciwccn iIc Yugoslav naiions and iIcir
rcullics.
110
For insiancc, Dclgradc Univcrsiiy's rofcssor of
Scrl origin fron Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, Dr. Vaso ulrilovi,
rooscd in 1937 io iIc Yugoslav auiIoriiics io rcacI a dcal
wiiI iIc TurlisI govcrnncni rcgarding iIc iransfcr of 200,000
109
There were three crucial reasons for demographic changes in Kosovo-Metohija after 1945: 1) high
Albanian natural birth rate, 2) Albanian run anti-Serb policy of ethnic cleansing, and 3) illegal migrations
of Albanians from Albania to Kosovo-Metohija. Serbian intellectuals announced for the first time a
'Memorandum about anti-Serb policy (ethnic cleansing) run by Kosovo-Metohija's Albanians in January
1977. It was followed by a 'Petition against the Persecutions oI Serbs in Kosovo in January 1986. This
petition was signed by 212 eminent Serb intellectuals and addressed to both people`s assemblies oI the SR
of Serbia and the SFR of Yugoslavia. A second 'Memorandum was draIted in September 1986 by Serbian
Academy of Sciences and Arts denouncing a demographic de-Serbization and ethnic cleansing of the Serbs
in the province of Kosovo-Metohija. All these three protests, which were demanding radical changes of the
position of the Serbs in Kosovo-Metohija, were rejected by non-Serb Yugoslavia`s Communist political
party nomenclature as 'tendentious and propaganda style documents. At the same time, the authors and
signatories of these three documents of protest were proclaimed by the same nomenclature as the Serb
nationalists whose ultimate political aim was to create a greater Serbia.
110
'Why should I be a minority in your state when you can be a minority in mine? Vladimir Gligorov
(Woodward L. S., Balkan Tragedy. Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War, Washington, D.C.: The
Brookings Institution, 1995, a page before Introduction).
Zdz
Yugoslav Allanians io Anadolia a roosal iIai was finally

acccicd ly iIc TurlisI Covcrnncni.
111
TIis roosal is
lascd on iIc canlc of agrccd inicr-govcrnncnial ccIangc
of iIc ciInic ninoriiics lciwccn Turlcy and Crcccc in 1923
aficr iIc Crcco-TurlisI War of 19191923.
TIc ciInic clcansing is usually dcscrilcd as a roccss
in wIicI (ara}niliiary dciacIncnis of onc ciInic grou ccl
civilians of iIc oiIcr ciInic grou fron iIcir sciilcncnis in
ordcr io crcaic ciInically urc arcas for iIc ncnlcrs of iIcir
own ciInic grou. For iIai rcason, niliiary connandcrs in
nany cascs wcrc ordcring io iIcir sulordinaics io sIcll a
ariicular villagc or a ari of iown/ciiy norc iIcn oiIcrs. Ii
Iacncd also iIai rcfugccs of onc ciInic grou wIo wcrc
alrcady clcancd fron iIcir original Ioncs wcrc sciilcd io livc
in clcancd icrriiory ly iIcir own ciInic niliiary grous.
112
TIc
olicy of ciInic clcansing causcd norc iIan 2,000,000
rcfugccs and dislaccd crsons in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina in
19911995. TIis nunlcr incrcascd for c. 200,000 wiiI iIc
culsion of ciInic Scrls fron Croaiia (i.c. fron a sclf-
roclaincd iIc Fcullic of Scrlian Krayina"} in Augusi 1995
(a Croaiian niliiary-olicc ocraiion Oluja"/"Siorn"}.
Anong all sidcs involvcd inio iIc lasi Yugoslav civil war
iIc Scrl niliiary and araniliiary dciacIncnis arc accuscd
ly iIc Wcsi io lc iIc nosi noiorious and succcssful in ciInic
clcansing iill May of 1995.
113
Howcvcr, all sidcs also adoicd
iIis nciIod fron iIc vcry lcginning of iIc war, cvcn siariing
111
Hofbauer H., Eksperiment Kosovo. Povratak kolonijalizma, Beograd: Albatros Plus, 2009, pp. 5556.
This is in fact a Memorandum presented by Vaso Cubrilovic in 1937 to the Prime Minister oI the Yugoslav
government, Milan Stojadinivic. However, this Yugoslav-Turkish agreement was not realized in the
practice for two reasons: 1. two sides could not reach a financial agreement who is going to pay for this
transfer, and 2. a shortage of time as the WWII started soon. Nevertheless, the Kosovo Albanian-NATO-
USA-EU deal Irom 19981999 to expell all Kosovo-Metohija Serbs from this region is in full
accomplishment after June 1999 when the NATO troops occupied Kosovo-Metohija. See two documentary
movies:
1. Canadian ,Kosovo, Can You Immagine' at
http://www.4shared.com/video/M9D2YA0z/Kosovo_Can_You_Imagine_Canadia.html, and
2. Czech ,Stolen Kosovo' at
http://www.4shared.com/video/pyH-j09V/Stolen_Kosovo_.html
112
For instance, see a documentary movie 'A Town Called Kozarac, 1992 by RT, Austria.
113
The western clear anti-Serb policy and propaganda during the whole war of Yugoslav destruction
'...demonstrated to Serb nationalists that Milosevic had been right all along about German and Iascist
revanchism, Ioreign victimization oI Serbs, Serbs` need to protect each other because no one would come
to their aid, and the Serbs` ability to survive, as they had historically, by standing, iI necessary alone,
against overwhelming odds (Woodward L. S., Balkan Tragedy. Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold
War, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995, p. 222).
Zdz
iIc firsi as ii was a casc of iIc Croais.

114
Croaiian rcgular
arncd forccs lccanc ariicularly succcssful during iIc
Dljcsal (FlasI} and Oluja" (Siorn} niliiary and olicc
ocraiions againsi iIc Fcullic of Scrlian Krayina" in May
and Augusi 1995 alongsidc wiiI iIc Allanian araniliiary
UK (8VKWULD dOLULPWDUH H .RVRYsV iIc Kosovo Lilcraiion
Arny} aficr iIc .XPDQRYR $JUHHPHQW (lciwccn Dclgradc and
iIc NATO} in Junc 1999. TIc nosi rcrcscniaiivc" lliizlricg
ciInic clcansing ocraiion on iIc icrriiory of iIc c-Yugoslavia
was a Croai-lcad Ocraiion Oluja" in carly Augusi 1995 wIcn
c. 200,000 (according io sonc sourccs c. 250,000} ciInic
Scrls wcrc forcilly dislaccd fron iIc icrriiory of Fcullic of
Scrlian Krayina" ly Croaiian arny and olicc.
115
ioial ari
of J. D. Tiio's Fcullic of Croaiia iIai was occuicd" ly iIc
local Scrls fron 1991 io iIc sunncr of 1995 was c. 30%. A
fall of Croaiia's Scrl-rulcd Krayina and Wcsicrn Slavonia
wiiIin iIc lordcrs of iIc Socialisi Fcullic of Croaiia in iIc
sunncr of 1995, dcsiic iIc UN iroos rcscncc (sinilar io
iIc casc of Srclrcnica in July 1995}, was acconanicd ly iIc
dcsiruciion of Scrl rocriy and sciilcncnis and iIc
cvacuaiion of largc nunlcrs of Scrl rcfugccs io Scrlia, wiiI a
lnocl-on cffcci for sonc Croais in Scrlia and an aiicni io
rcsciilc a nunlcr of dislaccd Scrls in Kosovo".
116
In addiiion,
Sarajcvo, Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian caiial, was ovcr 1000 days
undcr iIc sIclling fron ncigIloring nouniains ly iIc Scrl
niliiary wIicI rcsulicd, according io iIc Muslin Dosnial
sourccs, in 10,000 lillcd and 50,000 injurcd inIaliianis of
iIai ciiy.
117

Evcn in 1997 iIcrc wcrc sonc 27,000 nissing"
inIaliianis of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina. TIc raing was as wcll
114
See a documentary movie 'Truth is a Victim in Bosnia, 1992, USA, by the Truth in Juornalism
Project://youtu.be/fNqHfIugmaU
115
'Croatia`s Blitzkrieg, The Economist, Vol. 336, 7924, August 1218, 1995, p. 31. See: .
. (ed.), . , : ' , 2005.
116
Danta D., Hall D., 'Contemporary Balkan Questions: The Geographic and Historic Context, Danta D.,
Hall D. (eds.), Reconstructing the Balkans: A Geography of the New Southeast Europe, John Wiley & Sons
Ltd., 1996, p. 28.
117
Some Muslim authors made equality between Serbian siege and bombardment of Sarajevo in
19921994 with the fall of the Islamic Kingdom of Granada in Southern Spain in 1492. See as well:
'Pregled Istorije Genocida nad Muslimanima u Jugoslavenskim zemljama, published by the Supreme
Islamic Authorities in SFR Yugoslavia, Glasnik, 6, 1991. However, the Serb sources are claiming that
during the Muslim/Croat terror in Sarajevo during the war c. 5,000 Serb civilians in the city of Sarajevo
have been brutally killed (see documentary movie 'Istina [Truth], 2005). One of those terrorized Serbs
from Sarajevo was a famous historian and a member of the Serbian Academy of Science and Art - Milorad
Ekmecic.
Zdz
YHU\ XVHG PHFKDQLVP RI HWKQLF FOHDQVLQJ SROLF\ RQO\ LQ

Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, according io iIc official govcrnncnial
rcoris, iIcrc wcrc around 20,000 racd woncn ly iIc Scrl
niliiary or araniliiary uniis.
118
Howcvcr, Croaiian irrcgulars
carricd oui as wcll iIc olicy of nass raing in iIc rcgion of
Posavina in NoriIcrn Dosnia,
119
wIilc only in iIc ciiy of
Sarajcvo Iavc lccn, according io iIc Scrlian sourccs, c. 5,000
lillcd ciInic Scrls ly Muslin and Croai niliiary and
araniliiary forccs.
120

Ii is rooscd ly iIc wcsicrn rcscarcIcrs iIai iIc ciInic
clcansing during iIc Yugoslav civil war of 19911995
(csccially in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina} was donc in najoriiy of
cascs according io iIc following (Srclrcnica casc} siandard of
ocraiion.
, Conccniraiion. Surrounding iIc arca, wIicI Iad io
lc clcanscd. Warring iIc rcsidcnis of iIcir own
naiionaliiy io lcavc iIc arca.
,, Dccaiiaiion. Eccuiion of oliiical lcadcrs and all
iIosc wIo arc caallc io rclacc iIcn in iIc fuiurc.
,,, Scaraiion. Scaraiion of wonan, cIildrcn and old
SHUVRQV IURP WKH PHQ ZKR DUH LQ ILJKWLQJ-DJH
wIicI is usually considcrcd lciwccn 16 and 60
ycars of agc.
,9 Evacuaiion. Transoriaiion of woncn, cIildrcn and
old crsons io iIc lordcr of ncigIloring icrriiory
and culsion of iIcn io iIis icrriiory.
9 /LTXLGDWLRQ ([HFXWLRQ RI DOO ILJKWLQJ-DJH PDOcs
and rcnoval of iIcir cors.
Sonc wcsicrn auiIors arc willing io conarc in iIc
oinis of sinilariiy iIc nciIods of ciInic clcansing in c-
Yugoslavia wiiI iIc nciIods of iIc Nazi ILQDOVROXWLRQIRUWKH
Jcws during iIc WWII.
121

A olicy of ciInic clcansing in iIc conici of
iransforning ciInograIic inio naiional-siaic lordcrs in iIc
c-Yugoslavia fron 1991 u ioday was in nany cascs
118
Mercier M., Crimes without Punishment: Humanitarian Action in Former Yugoslavia, London: Pluto
Press, 1994, p. 118. Hawever, this number was havily beatten by several international human rights agences
(See a documentary movie 'Truth is a Victim in Bosnia, 1992, USA, by the Truth in Juornalism
Project://youtu.be/fNqHfIugmaU).
119
Stiglmayer A., 'The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina Stiglmayer A., (ed.), Mass Rape: The War against
Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
120
A most infamous paramilitary leader of the private armed militia in Sarajevo, accused for mass
murdering of the Serbs, was a Croat Juka Prazina.
121
See for instance: Gutman R, A Witness to Genocide, Shaftesbury: Element, 1993.
Zdz
RSHUDWLRQ lcad ly iIc Yugoslav Arny.

125
Conirary io iIis
clain, I arguc iIai iIc icrrorisi aciions againsi iIc Yugoslav
niliiary, Scrlian olicc and Scrlian civilians launcIcd ly iIc
8d.LQWKH-nid 1990s rovolcd Icavy and lloody rcsonsc ly
iIc Yugoslav auiIoriiics iIai finally lcad io a Iunan
caiasiroIc in Kosovo-McioIija and iIc rcsi of iIc FF of
Yugoslavia causcd ly loiI iIc 1$72V niliiary inicrvcniion
and Scrl-lcd rcvangc fron MarcI 24iI io Junc 10iI, 1999.
126

A photo documentary material on Abanian Kosovo Liberation Armys atrocities
against Serbian civilians in 1998 (before NATO military intervention). Such photos
together with other material are confiscated in August 1998 by Serbian police in the
village of Klechka in Kosovo-Metohija which was one of the strongest military
strongholds of the KLA. All persons from the photo are identified. In the village of
Klechka it was KLA run small crematorium in which 22 Serb civilians are alived
cremated according to arrested KLA soldier an attestor
125
Regarding 1998 war between the UK and Yugoslav security Iorces see western documentary movie
(70 min.): 'The Valley (oI Drenica in Central Kosovo), 1998, by BBC in two parts at:
http://www.4shared.com/video/j5aK7is7/1_The_Valley_of_Drenica_1998.html
http://www.4shared.com/video/ReyAzr_c/2_The_Valley_of_Drenica_1998.html
Regarding a pure Albanian lies on Kosovo issue about events in 1998 see western documentary movie
'Savior oI Kosovo, 1998/1999 in two parts at:
https://vimeo.com/44177328
https://vimeo.com/44473309
126
About the Albanian UK committed systematic terror acts against the Serbs in Kosovo-Metohija before,
during and aIter the NATO`s led military campaigne in March-June 1999 see: .,
, , , 2006; Video footage 'Genocide on
Serbs by Kosovo Albanians in 1998 at: http://videobam.com/LzqQb
Zdz
My clain is lascd, anong oiIcr sourccs, on official

docuncni of ,QGLFWPHQW $FWH G$FFXVDWLRQ ugunst 0LORHYL
0LOXWLQRYL DLQRYL 2MGDQL 6WRMLOMNRYL .RVRYR ,7-99-J?
fillcd ly iIc Prossccuior of iIc UN Inicrnaiional Crininal
Trilunal for iIc Forncr Yugoslavia, Carla dcl Ponic, on Junc
29iI, 2001 in TIc Haguc, TIc NciIcrlands. In Adiiional
Facis" of iIc accusaiion undcr iIc aragraI 83 is clcarly
wriiicn iIai iIis grou |UK/KLA| advocaicd a canaign of
arncd insurgcncy and violcni rcsisiancc io iIc Scrlian
auiIoriiics. In nid-1996, iIc KLA |UK| lcgan launcIing
aiiacls rinarily iargciing FFY and Scrlian olicc forccs.
TIcrcaficr, and iIrougIoui 1997, FFY and Scrlian olicc
forccs rcsondcd wiiI forccful ocraiions againsi susccicd
KLA |UK| lascs and suoricrs in Kosovo".
127
In oiIcr words,
iIc Yugoslav and Scrlian auiIoriiics did noi Iavc as iis
original and rinc ain in Kosovo-McioIija's olicy io
iransforn ciInograIical lordcrs of Scrldon inio naiional-
siaic lordcrs of iIc Scrls; vicc-vcrsa ii can lc concludcd iIai
iransfornaiion of ciInograIical lordcrs of Allandon inio iIc
naiional-siaic lordcrs of iIc Allanians was iIc rudincnial
and ivoial oliiical ain of iIc UK, wIicI is aciually rcalizcd
aficr Junc 1999. NcvcriIclcss, classic icrrorisi aciions of iIc
UK surcly lcd io violcni rcsonscs ly iIc siaic of Scrlia
sinilar io iIc rcsonsc of iIc siaic of iIc Uniicd Kingdon io
iIc icrrorisi acis conniiicd ly iIc IFA and so on. Howcvcr, in
nany cascs iIcsc aciions lcd ly Scrlian sccuriiy forccs arc
falsificaicd and nisuscd for oliiical roaganda ly iIc
wcsicrn ncdia and iIc NATO for oliiical urosc io Iavc a
fornal ccusc io usc iIc wcsicrn niliiary forcc againsi Scrlia
in ordcr io occuy Kosovo-McioIija and io csiallisI olcdicni
Allanian-clicni rcginc in iIis rovincc. TIc nosi infanous
sucIlilc casc was fron iIc nid-January 1999. In onc sucI
incidcni, on January 15iI, 1999, 45 unarncd Kosovo
Allanians wcrc nurdcrcd in iIc villagc of Faal in iIc
nunicialiiy of Siinlj/-SIiinc".
128
TIis casc causcd
127
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case IT-99-37-I, 'The Prosecutor of
the Tribunal against Slobodan Milosevic, Milan Milutinovic, Nikola Sainovic, Dragoljub Ojdanic, Vlajko
Stojiljkovic, p. 28.
128
Ibid. p. 29. However, it is known today that all of those 45 killed Albanian males have been a combat
members oI the UK, killed in a Iight with Serbian police Iorces a day beIore and on January 15
th
, 1999
brought redressed to the place for the western mass media ( .,
, : , 2006, pp. 304307; . ., ,
', November 25
th
, 2010, at: http://www.nspm.rs/kosovo-
Zdz
ncgoiiaiions in Fanlouillci casilc in Francc and iIc NATO's

uliinaiun io iIc Yugoslav auiIoriiics io wiiIdraw iIcir own
niliiary and olicc forccs fron Kosovo-McioIija wIicI will lc
aficriIai roiccicd only ly iIc NATO iroos. As iIc
uliinaiun was rcjccicd, iIc NATO launcIcd niliiary air-
lonling canaign againsi iIc FF of Yugoslavia.
129
Ii is surc
iIai iIis NATO's canaign inicnsificd iIc arncd sirugglc
lciwccn iIc Scrl forccs and iIc UK iIai in iurn significanily
incrcascd iIc nunlcr of rcfugccs and casualiics. In addiiion,
iIcrc wcrc c. 3,000 Yugoslav ciiizcns-civilians lillcd ly NATO's
lonls (including and lids} rcgardlcss iIai iIc wcsicrn
sourccs arc nininizing iIis nunlcr io only 500.
130
TIc UNO csiinaics iIai cvcn in iIc auiunn of 1998

iIcrc wcrc aroinaicly 300,000 dislaccd crsons wiiIin
Kosovo-McioIija or lcfi iIc rovincc.
131
If ii is iruc, ii would lc
around 15% oui of ioial Kosovo-McioIija's oulaiion. TIc
nunlcr of ovcr 1,500 lillcd Kosovo-McioIija's Allanians and
400,000 dislaccd ciInic Allanians in iIc rovincc during
1998 calculaicd ly iIc NATO's officials is vcry qucsiioncd ly
Ingran M.
132
According io iIc wcsicrn sIcolars and sourccs,
i-metohija/preko-racka-do-velike-albanije.html. Regarding the Racak village case, see documentary movie

,Racak Truths & Lies' at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6u-g-TgZWI&feature=share&list=PL999EB6ACC07FC959
129
'There was an obvious disjunction between the stated military objective oI degrading Serbia`s military
capability (a slow process) and the immediate political objective of halting the forced expulsions and
associated killings in Kosovo, Mccgwire M., 'Why did we bomb Belgrade?, International Affairs, Vol.
76, 1, January 2000, The Royal Institute oI International AIIairs, p. 1. Surely, it was a great conIusion in
regard to the very precise purpose oI NATO`s military intervention against the FR of Yugoslavia in 1999.
See: 'The West versus Serbia, The Economist, March 25
th
, 1999, and 'Catalogue oI ConIusion: The
Clinton administration`s war aims in Kosovo, Backgrounder, 1281, The Heritage Foundation, May
13
th
, 1999. About the oIIical NATO`s goals in the campaign see: 'NATO`s role in relation to the conIlict in
Kosovo, http://www.nato.int/kosovo/history.htm; 'Although strategic arguments like preventing the
spread of the war or bringing stability to the Balkans were made after the conflict began, it is clear that the
principal reason Ior waging the air campaign was to halt the ethnic cleansing inside Kosovo, 'Lessons
Irom the war in Kosovo, Backgrounder, 1311, The Heritage Foundation, July 22
nd
, 1999. Contrary to
this opinion, see documentary movie 'Illegal NATO`s war campaign against Serbia and Montenegro in
1999 in three parts about western lies on Kosovo issue for a very political purpose:
http://youtu.be/joaNkHKxapk
http://youtu.be/Gaz8rzUW0Lc
http://youtu.be/K4vzr8l3FvU
According to this documentary movie, the Hague Tribunal after years of investigation found only 3368
killed persons in Kosovo-Metohija of all nationalities insted of 100,000 only ethnic Albanians claimed by
the NATO and CIA before western aggression on the FR of Yugoslavia.
130
Hyland J., 'Human Rights Watch says NATO killed over 500 civilians in air war against Yugoslavia,
February 14
th
, 2000 at: http://www.wswws.org/articles/2000/feb2000/nato-f14_prn.shtml
131
The International Criminal Tribunal Ior the Former Yugoslavia, Case IT-99-37-I, 'The Prosecutor oI
132
Compare two sources: 'NATO`s role in relation to the conIlict in Kosovo at:
http://www.nato.int/kosovo/history.htm, and Ingram M., 'War crimes tribunal report shows Western
Zdz
iIc Yugoslav auiIoriiics on MarcI 24iI, 1999, wIcn iIc NATO

lcgan niliiary aciions againsi iIc FF of Yugoslavia,
133

roclaincd a siaic of war and fron ionorrow norning siaricd
a sysicnaiic canaign of lilling and forcilly culsion of
Iundrcds of iIousands of ciInic Allanians fron iIc
rovincc.
134
According io iIc UNO official rcori, iIcrc wcrc
around 750,000 ciInic Allanians fron Kosovo-McioIija wIo
iool rcfugc (in iIis casc ii is c. 30% oui of ioial oulaiion of
iIis rovincc} in addiiion io unlnown nunlcr of lillcd local
Allanians ly iIc Yugoslav niliiary and Scrlian olicc
forccs.
135
According io sonc unlclicvallc csiinaiions, only
DIWHU WZR ZHHNV RI WKH 1$72V niliiary canaign iIcrc wcrc
1,1 nillion dislaccd crsons in iIc rovincc.
136
TIc US
adninisiraiion claincd ly no any rclcvani roof iIai in iIc
sanc criod of iinc iIcrc wcrc cvcn norc iIan 90% of all
ciInic Allanians ccllcd fron iIcir Ioncs in Kosovo-
McioIija. According io iIc sanc sourcc, in May 1999 iIcrc
wcrc 600,000 inicrnally dislaccd crsons in Kosovo-McioIija,
powers exaggerated Kosovo victims oI ethnic cleansing, August 22

nd
, 2000 at:
http://www.wswws.org/articles/2000/aug2000/koso-a22_prn.shtml. According to the former source
'between March 1998 and March 1999, beIore NATO governments decided upon military action, over
2000 people were killed as a result of the Serb government`s policies in Kosovo. During the summer of
1998, a quarter of million Kosovar Albanians were forced from their homes as their houses, villages and
crops were destroyed. However, the latter source put 3000 dead bodies discovered in Kosovo-Metohija
immediately aIter the NATO`s military campaign, but it is not clear how many of ethnic Albanians were
executed before March 24
th
, 1999. The International Red Cross Organization claimed in 2010 that before
the NATO`s intervention it was all in all killed c. 3000 inhabitants in Kosovo-Metohija of all nationalities.
133
There are enough evidences today that the NATO used fals information and even pure lies in regard to
the real situation in Kosovo-Metohija in 19981999 Ior the sake to justuIy in Iact military agression on
Serbia and Montenegro in March 1999. For example, see the article: WolIgram A. M., 'Democracy and
Propaganda: NATO`s War in Kosovo, European Journal of Communication, Vol. 23, 2, 2008, pp.
153171. In the abstract oI the article is written: 'This article uses the examples oI Operation Horseshoe
and the Iighting at Racak and Rugovo during the Kosovo conIlict oI 1998 and 1999 to illustrate how
democratic governments in the US and Germany attempted to manipulate public perceptions of the Kosovo
conIlict to justiIy the 1999 war. It is also clear today that the Iinal political task oI joint NATO and UK
forces was Kosovo separation from Serbia and formal political independence, but not protection of human
and minority rights. About this problem see: Vidakovic P. K., 'Kosovo: Minority Rights versus
Independence, Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies, Vol. 19, 2,
2005, pp. 231244.
134
'There was strong evidence that atrocities against the Albanian communities carried out by Serb and
Yugoslav forces [during NATO`s campaign in 1999| were organized and systematic, As seen, as told,
OSCE report, part I, Executive summary, 1999 at: http://www.osce.org/kosovo/reports/
hr/part1/p0cont.htm. Or the statement: 'In Kosovo, the persecution oI the Kosovo Albanian population is
clear, from the start of the armed conflict in 1998, and it should be viewed as a policy of persecution
directed and controlled from Belgrade, for reasons best known to President Milosevic and his close
advisers, Reality Demands. Documenting Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Kosovo 1999,
June 27
th
, 2000, p. 260 at: http://www.crisisweb.org/projects/showreport.cfm?reportid=57
135
The International Criminal Tribunal Ior the Former Yugoslavia, Case IT-99-37-I, 'The Prosecutor oI
136
'Don`t let the endgame he his, The Economist, April 8
th
, 1999.
Zdz
wIilc aroinaicly 700,000 ciInic Allanians fron iIc

rovincc iool rcfugc in Allania, Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, iIc FYF
of Maccdonia and Monicncgro. TIc sanc sourcc clains iIai
500 rcsidcniial arcas, including 300 villagcs, wcrc ai lcasi
ariially lurncd in Kosovo-McioIija LQ DQ DWWHPSW WR HQVXUH
WKDWWKHHWKQLF$OEDQLDQUHVLGHQWVGRQRWUHWXUQ
137
TIc officc
of iIc UNHCF siaicd iIai iIcrc wcrc 211,000 Kosovo-
McioIija's rcfugccs in Maccdonia, 404,000 in Allania, 17,000
in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina and 62,000 in Monicncgro on May 5iI,
1999.
138

Novi Sad a second largest city in Serbia, during the NATOs military
operation ,MerciIul Angel' Irom March 24th, to June 10th, 1999

137
'Erasing History: Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo, Report released by the U.S. Department oI State,
Washington, D.C., May 1999 at: http://www.state.gov/www/regi.pt9905ethnicksvoexec.html.
According to he same source 'the term ethnic cleansing` generally entails the systematic and forced
removal of members of an ethnic group from their communities to change the ethnic composition of a
region.
138
It has to be noticed that in many cases during the NATO military campaign in 1999 the issue of
Albanian 'reIugee tragedy in Iact have been politically arranged in order to impress 'democratic world
with a national tragedy of Kosovo-Metohija`s Albanians. There are even pure Albanian TV lies on killed
familly members by the Yugoslav forces during the war in 1999. However, after the war it turned out that
'killed Iamilly members were even never born. On this issue see already mentioned western TV reportage
'Savior oI Kosovo.
??
Zdz
Finally, according io iIc NATO's official rcori fron July

15iI, 1999 ly iIc cnd of May 1999, ovcr 230,000 rcfugccs
Iad arrivcd in iIc Forncr Yugoslav Fcullic of Maccdonia,
ovcr 430,000 in Allania and sonc 64,000 in Monicncgro.
Aroinaicly 21,500 Iad rcacIcd Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina and
ovcr 61,000 Iad lccn cvacuaicd io oiIcr counirics. WiiIin
Kosovo iisclf, an csiinaicd 580,000 colc Iad lccn rcndcrcd
Ionclcss. Ii is csiinaicd iIai ly iIc cnd of May, 1,5 nillion
colc, i.c. 90% of iIc oulaiion of Kosovo-McioIija, Iad
lccn ccllcd fron iIcir Ioncs. Sonc 225,000 Kosovo's ncn
wcrc lclicvcd io lc nissing. Ai lcasi 5000 Kosovars Iad lccn
cccuicd".
139
In sun, iIc lull of iIc airociiics againsi iIc
ciInic Allanians in Kosovo occurrcd aficr iIc air war |NATO's
air sirilcs| conncnccd on MarcI 24iI, |1999|".
140

If wc will ialc inio considcraiion iIc alsoluic nunlcr of
rcfugccs, dislaccd crsons and dislaccd lcncficiarics fron
iIc icrriiory of iIc forncr Yugoslavia lcforc iIc Kosovo conflici
iIc scIcnc is as lcllow.
TuIc 5. Hcugccs und Dsuccd Hcnccucs (on tIc

UNHCH) on tIc tcto o cx-Yugosuuu n August l995
141

ReIugees DIspIaced
BeneIIcIarIes
% oI
BeneIIcIarIes
BosnIa-
HerzegovIna
2,749,000 2,749,000 80,47
CroatIa 385,000 385,000 11,27
MacedonIa 6,300 6,300 0,18
Montenegro 44,000 25,000 0,73
SerbIa 405,000 160,000 4,68
SIovenIa 26,000 26,000 0,76
139
'NATO`s role in relation to the conIlict in Kosovo at: http://www.nato.int/kosovo/history.htm.
140
'Lessons Irom the war in Kosovo, Backgrounder, 1311, The Heritage Foundation, July 22
nd
, 1999.
About the problem of credibility dilemma upon the NATO`s military intervention in 1999 see: Sean K.,
'AIter Kosovo: NATO`s Credibility Dilemma, Security Dialogue, Vol. 31, 1, 2000, pp. 7184;
Hadjimichalis C., 'Kosovo, 82 Days oI Undeclared and Unjust War: A Geopolitical Comment, European
Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 7, 2, 2000, pp. 175180.
141
UNHCR: http://www.igc.apc.org/balkans/refugees.html; UNHCR, 7KH 6WDWH RI WKH :RUOGV 5HIXJHHV,
?S
Zdz
TOTAL Ior
ex-
YugosIavIa
3,680,300 3,416,300 100

TIc oulaiion of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina nosily suffcrcd
during iIc lasi civil war
142
in iIc forncr Yugoslavia. TIc
nunlcr of rcfugccs and dislaccd inIaliianis fron iIis
rcullic is givcn in iIc iallc lcllow.
7DEOH 5HIXJHHV DQG :DU-Acctcd csons n Hosnu-

Hczcgounu n August l995 I tIc cgons und
nuncutcs
143
DIspIaced
persons
War-
AIIected
persons
TOTAL
Banja Luka 183,000 100,000 283,000
BIba 65,000 140,000 205,000
Eastern
BosnIa
248,000 224,000 472,000
Sarajevo 140,000 300,000 440,000
Soutbern
BosnIa
106,000 202,000 308,000
TuzIa 237,000 193,000 430,000
2enIca 348,000 263,000 611,000
TOTAL Ior
BosnIa-
HerzegovIna
1,327,000
1,422,000
2,749,000

142
'This was no conventional civil war`, but a series of conflicts embodying very definite territorial
ambitions within and against an independent sovereign state as recognized by the EC, set within a
Iramework oI even wider (competing) territorially expressed newly unleashed nationalist aspirations,
Danta D., Hall D., 'Contemporary Balkan questions: the geographic and historic context, Danta D., Hall
D. (eds.), Reconstructing the Balkans: A Geography of the New Southeast Europe, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,
1996, p. 30.
143
UNHCR, http://www.igc.apc.org/balkans/refugees.html; UNHCR, 7KH 6WDWH RI WKH :RUOGV 5HIXJHHV,
Zdz
Only fcw noniIs sincc iIc civil war in Dosnia-

Hcrzcgovina lrolc oui (Aril 6iI, 1992} a ioial nunlcr of all
rcfugccs and inicrnally dislaccd crsons fron iIc icrriiory of
iIc c-Yugoslavia was c. 2,6 nillion including and 500,000
colc fron iIc icrriiory of J. D. Tiio's Fcullic of Croaiia
according io iIc rcori ly iIc UNHCF. TIc Croaiian Officc for
Fcfugccs announccd in Fclruary 1992 iIai iIcrc wcrc
320,000 rcfugccs and dislaccd crsons on iIc icrriiory of
Fcullic of Croaiia, lui alrcady in Ociolcr 1992 iIc nunlcr
of rcfugccs in Croaiia (including and Fcullic of Scrlian
Krayina}, according io iIc Sccial Faoricur of iIc
Connission on Hunan FigIis, Tadcusz Mazowiccli, nounicd
io 700,000.
144
Howcvcr, only si noniIs laicr iIcrc wcrc
alrcady 3,6 nillion of Yugoslavs iogciIcr wiiI 2,3 nillion fron
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina wIo rcquircd roicciion and assisiancc
fron iIc UNHCF.
145

TIc siiuaiion ai iIai iinc dcicrioraicd as on iIc
icrriiory of Wcsicrn Hcrzcgovina in MarcI 1993 an arncd
conflici followcd ly lloody ciInic clcansing siaricd lciwccn
iIc Croais (iIc HVO - &URDWLDQ'HIHQFH&RXQFLODQd iIc HOS
&URDWLDQ'HIHQVH/HDJXH}
146
DQGWKH0XVOLPVWKH$UP\RI
Dosnia-+HU]HJRYLQD DQG WKH *UHHQ %HUHWV}
147
csccially in
iIc arca of Mosiar, Konjic and Jallanica.
148
In MarcI 1993 iIc
Muslin arny siaricd niliiary canaign againsi iIc Croais in
Konjic arca, wIilc iIc Croai local niliiia aiiaclcd Mosiar in
May 1993. In iIc nid-Junc 1993 Croaiian (wcsicrn} ari of
Mosiar was alrcady ciInically clcanscd lilcwisc iIc iowns of
144
CunliIIe S. A., Pugh M., 'The Politization oI UNHCR in the Former Yugoslavia, Journal of Refugee
Studies, Vol. 10, 2, 1997, p. 144; Minear L. et al. (eds.), 'Humanitarian Action in the Former
Yugoslavia: the U.N.`s Role 199193, Occasional Paper, 18, Thomas J. Watson Jr., Institute Ior
International Studies and Refugee Policy Group, 1994, p. 92. According to the data by Croatian
government presented on the press conference on January 22
nd
, 1992, there were 322,000 refugees in this
republic, but majority of them were internally displaced persons.
145
The State of the World Refugees. The Challenge of Protection, UNHCR, New York: Penguin Books,
1993, p. 79.
146
The HOS paramilitary detachments of 5000 men were organized and led by ultra-right Croatian Party of
Right of Dobroslav Paraga. In addition to those Croatian units there were also Croat units oI 'Black
Legion and 'Zebra operating in both Croatia and Herzegovina. During the whole war in Bosnia-
Herzegovina the presence of the regular army forces of Republic of Croatia was constant in Western
Herzegovina what legally means that Republic of Croatia was an aggressor on Republic of Bosnia-
Herzegovina.
147
The Muslim-Bosniak 'Green Berets were formed by the leading Muslim political party in Bosnia-
Herzegovina the SDA ('Party oI Democratic Action).
148
1993, p. 79, p. 91; Woodward S. L., Balkan Tragedy. Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War,
Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995, p. 254.
Zdz
Siolac and CIaljina in Hcrzcgovina, nainly oulaicd uniil

iIai iinc ly iIc Muslins.
149
In Easicrn Hcrzcgovina conlincd
Croai-Muslin offcnsivc in May 1992 againsi iIc Scrls
rcsulicd in 45,000 ccllcd Scrl civilians fron iIc arca of iIc
vallcy of Ncrciva and iIc ciiy of Mosiar.
150
During iIc Croai-
Muslin conflici in 1993, ciInic Croais wcrc forccd io livc iIcir
Ioncs in Travnil and VarcsI or wcrc lillcd csccially in iIc
arca of Konjic.
151
In Ccniral Dosnia, for insiancc in iIc vallcy
of LasIva, Muslin offcnsivc in sring 1993 was also
acconanicd ly ciInic clcansing of iIc Croais.
152
TIc Scrls
affirn iIai fron May io Ociolcr 1992 Muslin arny lurncd all
Scrlian villagcs around CorazIdc including and Scrl
oulaicd quaricr in iIis ciiy.
153
TIc iown of Srclrcnica in
Easicrn Dosnia was in MarcI-Aril 1993 on iIc cdgc of ioial
Iunaniiarian caiasiroIc wiiI 45,000 Muslin rcfugccs undcr
iIc Scrl cncirclcncni. TIc Easicrn Dosnia lccanc
dcoulaicd of loiI Scrls and Muslins cvcn in iIc nid-1993.
If wc would ialc inio considcraiion iIc faci iIai iIc
Iundrcds of iIousands of Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian civilians flcd
io iIc ncigIloring counirics or cnigraicd far furiIcr wc can
concludc iIai around 70% of ioial oulaiion fron iIis
rcullic was dirccily affccicd ly iIc warfarc and consiani
violaiions of Iunan rigIis. According io iIc CIA sourccs, iIcrc
wcrc lciwccn 900,000 and 1,200,000 Dosnia-HcrzcgoviniaV
rcfugccs iIai lcfi iIc couniry and around 1,500,000 dislaccd
crsons siill wcrc living in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina.
154

Slovcnian Fcd Cross claincd iIai alrcady in May 1992
iIcrc wcrc 30,000 rcfugccs in Slovcnia. 22,000 of iIcn fron
149
Neue Zricher Zeitung, March 22
nd
, 1994; Fourth Periodic Report., UN Economic and Social Council,
Commission on Human Rights document, E/CN.4/1994/8, September 8
th
, 1993.
150
Synaxi, 44, October-December 1992, pp. 4751; Bojic D., (ed.), Stradanja Srba u Mostaru i dolini
Neretve: Knjiga dokumenata, Komesarijat za izbeglice Republike Srbije, Beograd, 1996; Report submitted
to the Commission of Experts., UN document YU/SC 78092/DOC-1/E, Belgrade, 1992; Jevremovic P.,
'An Examination oI War Crimes Committed in the Former Yugoslavia, Medunarodni
Problemi/International Problems, Vol. 46, 1, Beograd, 1994, pp. 3973.
151
Statements of Eye-witnesses to the Massacres at the Village of Doljani on July 28
th
, 1993, UN/SC
document S/26617, October 23
rd
, 1993; UN/SC document S/1994/154, February 10
th
, 1994.
152
UN/SC document S/26454, September 16
th
, 1993; UN/SC document S/26616, October 22
nd
, 1993.
153
Washington Post, August 31
st
, 1992, p. A 12; New York Times, September 10
th
, 1992, p. 10; Politika,
September 7
th
, 1992; TANJUG, October 1
st
, 1992; The Committee for Collecting Data on Crimes
Committed against Humanity and International Law, War Crimes against Serbs on the Territory of
Gorade (19921994), Belgrade, 1994; Borba, August 3
rd
, 1992, p. 2; Borba, October 6
th
, 1992, p. 3;
Ivanisevic M., Hronika nasih groblfa: ili slovo o stradanfima Srpskog naroda Bratunca, Milica, Skelana i
Srebrenice, Komitet za prikupljanje podataka o izvrsenim zlocinima protiv covecnosti i medunarodnog
prava, Beograd, Bratunac, 1994.
154
The CIA memorandum, Humanitarian Costs of the Fighting in the Balkans, November 25
th
, 1995.
Zdz
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina.
155
TIis nunlcr of roicciion scclcrs" in
Slovcnia incrcascd in July 1992 io 70,000.
156
TIc Officc for
Innigraiion and Fcfugccs of iIc Covcrnncni of iIc Fcullic
of Slovcnia adniiicd in Dcccnlcr 1994 iIai iIcrc wcrc 23,000
rcfugccs fron Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina locaicd in Slovcnia, lui iIis
nunlcr dccrcascd in May 1995 io 21,500.
157
Howcvcr, iIc
nunlcr of colc fron Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina wIo sougIi any
lind of roicciion in Slovcnia during iIc wIolc criod of iIc
civil war in iIis c-Yugoslav rcullic was 170,000. EiInic
laclground of iIcsc rcfugccs fron Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina
siiuaicd in Slovcnia was as sucI. Muslins 77%, Croais 17%,
Scrls 2%, and oiIcrs" 4%. TIc figurcs of ciInic laclground
of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina's rcfugccs in Ausiria was. Muslins
62%, Croais 13%, Scrls 16%, and oiIcrs" 9%.
158

Ovcr 125,000 Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina's inIaliianis goi
official siaius of iIc rcfugccs in Croaiia alrcady aficr firsi iwo
wccls of iIc civil war in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina. Fcfugccs fron
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina wIo wanicd io cnigraic io Croaiia wcrc
cIoosing only iwo dircciions. ciiIcr iowards Slavonia
(Slavonsli Drod} or Dalnaiia (Slii, PlocIc, Malarsla}.
Howcvcr, nany of iIcn Iad io ass iIrougI iIc arcas
conirollcd ly Croai or Scrl forccs. An avcragc ricc for iIc
assagc" iIrougI iIc cncny's icrriiory", lilcwisc for cscaing
fron lcsicgcd Sarajcvo via iIc Tunncl (undcr iIc airori}, was
usually DM 5,000 cr crson. TIc icrriiory of DiIac's oclci"
or Cazinsla Krajina (Muslin conirollcd cnclavc of
NoriIwcsicrn Dosnia lciwccn Scrl-conirollcd Fcullic of
Srsla in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina, lui noi loyal io iIc govcrnncni
in Sarajcvo and Fcullic of Scrlian Krayina in Croaiia}
acccicd iill iIc cnd of Aril 1992 aroinaicly 45,000
Muslin rcfugccs fron oiIcr clcancd" arcas in Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina.
159
According io sonc Hungarian sourccs, iIcrc
wcrc aloui 25,000 ciInic Hungarians flcd forcilly iIc icrriiory
of iIc NoriIcrn Scrlia (Vojvodina} in 1992. Scrlia Iad
155
According to Milanovich Natasha, 'as a consequence oI the war a signiIicant number oI reIugees Iled to
Slovenia from Croatia in 1991 and Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1992. The official figures range between
40,000 and 70,000 people (Milanovich N., 'Slovenia in the new geopolitical context, Carter F. W., Norris
H. T. (eds.), The Changing Shape of the Balkans, London: UCL Press Limited, 1996, pp. 4445.
156
Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Washington: Human Rights Watch, 1992, p. 140.
157
The Office for Immigration and Refugees: the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, Persons under
Temporary Protection in the Republic of Slovenia (undated); The Office for Immigration and Refugees: the
Government of the Republic of Slovenia, A Cry to the World, June 1995.
158
ICMPD, Background Data on Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the C.E.I. States, March 1995.
159
Office of the Bihac Red Cross.
S2
Zdz
166,000 rcfugccs cvcn lcforc Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian civil war

siaricd, wIilc only aficr iIc firsi noniI of Dosnian-
Hcrzcgovinian conflici according io iIc Scrlian Fcd Cross
organizaiion, iIcrc wcrc 243,289 rcfugccs in Scrlia, of wIon
73,975 fron Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina. Ai iIc sanc iinc,
Monicncgro acccicd 14,227 rcfugccs.
160

All in all, norc iIan 1,000,000 Dosnia-HcrzcgoviniaV
SHRSOH ZHUH XQGHU FDWHJRU\ RI LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG SHUVRQV
wIilc 1,200,000 Dosnia-HcrzcgoviniaV LQKDELWDQWV IOHG WR
oiIcr counirics, nainly io oiIcr rcullics of iIc forncr SFF of
Yugoslavia.
161
TIc iallc lclow rcscnis iIc figurcs rcgarding
iIc UNO acals for assisiancc in iIc SFF of Yugoslavia 1991
1994.
7DEOH 812 $SSHDOV IRU $VVLVWDQFH LQ WKH )RUPHU

Yugosuuu, DcccnIc l99l Junc l994
162
Decemb
er 1999
May
1992
Decem
ber
1992
Marcb
1993
Dece
mber
1993
June
1994
ReIugees
500,000 1,000,
000
2,780,0
00
3,055,0
00
3,820,
000
4,259,
000
AId (US$
000s)
24,3 174,
4
561,7 642,5 1335,
3
1675
Onc of iIc nosi rcalisiic csiinaiions Iow nany

Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian ciiizcns ciiIcr flcd iIc couniry or wcrc
forcilly ccllcd fron iIcir rcsidcncc laccs during iIc war is
2,5 nillion.
163
TIis nunlcr includcs around 700,000 Dosnian-
Hcrzcgovinian rcfugccs, asylun scclcrs or cnigranis wIo arc
siaiioncd in onc of Eurocan siaics and ovcr 600,000 in sonc
160
Minority Rights Group, Refugees. Asylum in Europe?, Minority Rights Publications (undated), pp. 84
85.
161
CRPC, UNHCR, Return, Relocation and Property Rights. A discussion paper, Sarajevo, 1997, pp. 35.
162
1993; Refugees at a glance: The Monthly Digest of UNHCR Activities; CunliIIe S. A., Pugh M., 'The
Politization oI UNHCR in the Former Yugoslavia, Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 10, 2, 1997, p. 141;
Minear L. et al. (eds.), 'Humanitarian Action in the Former Yugoslavia: the U.N.`s Role 199193,
Occasional Paper, 18, Thomas J. Watson Jr., Institute Ior International Studies and ReIugee Policy
Group, 1994.
163
Cviic C., 'Running Late: But is Dayton Still on Truck?, The World Today, June, 1996.
S3
Zdz
of arcas of iIc forncr Yugoslavia wIicI wcrc noi undcr

niliiary conirol of iIc forccs of iIcir own naiionaliiy. For
insiancc, according io iIc Swiss Agcncy for Dcvcloncni and
Coocraiion, iIc nunlcr of rcfugccs locaicd in iIc FF of
Yugoslavia in Junc 2001 (noi includcd a Iugc nunlcr of
ccllcd Scrls fron Kosovo-McioIija aficr Junc 9iI, 1999} is
as lcllow.
7DEOH 5HIXJHHV LQ WKH )HGHUDO 5HSXEOLF RI <XJRVODYLD LQ
Junc 2UUl (not ncudcd ScI cugccs on Kosouo-MctoIu)
164
Number oI reIugees In FR oI
YugosIavIa In June 2001
From RepubIIc oI BosnIa-
HerzegovIna
165,811
From RepubIIc oI CroatIa 284,336
From FYR oI MacedonIa 148
From SIovenIa 1,685
TOTAL In tbe FR oI
YugosIavIa
451,980
Howcvcr, ioday ioial nunlcr of rcfugccs in Fcullic of

Scrlia (wiiIoui Kosovo-McioIija} includcs and around
200,000220,000 ciInic Scrl rcfugccs fron Kosovo-McioIija
wIai raciically ncans iIai in Scrlia iIcrc arc so far
aroinaicly 650,000670,000 rcfugccs iIai is a IigIcsi
nunlcr of rcfugccs in Euroc so far. Unforiunaiclly, only
ninoriiy of iIcn arc rccciving a lcgal Icl in ordcr io solvc
iIcir siaius and inrovc lifc condiiions. For insiancc, in Junc
2001 Coocraiion Officc in iIc FF of Yugoslavia of Swiss
Agcncy for Dcvcloncni and Coocraiion Ias rovidcd
153,000 lcgal scrviccs io ovcr 85,000 rcfugcc clicnis wiiIin iIc
FF of Yugoslavia.
165

164
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation
Office FR of Yugoslavia, Belgrade. The data presented to the author by the officer from the agency during
the 'Summer Course Human Rights 2001 held in Tilburg, the Netherlands and Leuven, Belgium,
organized by School of Human Rights Research, Faculty of Law, Tilburg University and Institute for
Human Rights, Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Leuven, August 2031
st
, 2001.
165
Ibid.
S4
Zdz
TIcrc wcrc ncarly 1,000,000 of c-Yugoslavia's ciiizcns

fron iIc wariinc of 19911995 wIo cscacd iIc couniry and
lccanc rcfugccs in sonc of Eurocan siaics.
166

TuIc 9. Hcugccs und Dsuccd Pcsons on cx-Yugosuu
HcuIc o Hosnu-Hczcgounu n Euocun Countcs on Ju
24tI, l992
167
Number oI ReIugees and

DIspIaced Persons Irom
BosnIa-HerzegovIna based In
Europe on JuIy 24tb, 1992
Accepted by Germany 200,000
Accepted by Hungary 60,000
Accepted by AustrIa 50,000
Accepted by Sweden 44,000
Accepted by SwItzerIand 12,200
Accepted by ItaIy 7,000
Accepted by tbe UK 1,100
TOTALLY accepted 374,300
TuIc lU. Totu NunIc o Accctcd csons on tIc cx-

Yugosuuu I Countcs ncudng und Intcnu Dsuccd
Pcsons I Ju l992 uccodng to TIc Ncu YoI Tncs
168
1XPEHURIDFFHSWHG
SHUVRQVIURPWKHH[-
YugosIavIa In JuIy 1992
In CroatIa 630,000
166
CunliIIe S. A., Pugh M., 'The Politization oI UNHCR in the Former Yugoslavia, Journal of Refugee
Studies, Vol. 10, 2, 1997, p. 151.
167
Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Washington: Human Rights Watch, 1992, p. 141.
168
'Yugoslav ReIugee Crisis Europe`s worst since 40s, The New York Times, July 24
th
, 1992, p. 1.
However, according to The Independent, there were 40,000 'accepted persons Irom the Iormer Yugoslavia
in Switzerland and 2,000 in Italy ('Britain attacked Ior ignoring Bosnian reIugees, The Independent, July
27
th
, 1992, p. 1.
SS
Zdz
In BosnIa-HerzegovIna 593,000
In SerbIa 375,000
In Germany 200,000
In SIovenIa 66,000
In Hungary 60,000
In AustrIa 50,000
In Sweden 44,000
In MacedonIa 31,000
In SwItzerIand 12,000
In ItaIy 7,000
In Tbe NetberIands 3,400
In Norway 2,000
In Tbe UnIted KIngdom 1,300
TOTAL 2,074,700
Fron iIc naiicr of faci, in nany cascs safcly

rcairiaiion and rciurn io iIcir Ioncs was/is raciically
inossillc for iIc rcason iIai iIc rcfugccs arc facing oncc
again Iosiilc olicy of oiIcr ciInic grous lascd on idcology of
ciInonaiionalisn. OiIcr soluiion is io sci iIcn ai Ioncs on
safc, lui unfaniliar ground. A ncgaiivc ascci of
inlcncniaiion of iIis oiion in iIc raciicc is GH IDFWR
raiificaiion of iIc olicy of ciInic clcansing and ciInic
crsccuiion, iIai is ncvcriIclcss alrcady inicrnaiionally
raiificd ly signing iIc WasIingion adninisiraiion nadc iIc
DayionParis Agrccncni in Novcnlcr 1995 iIai crcaicd
officially iwo, lui in faci iIrcc, ciInonaiional oliiical cniiiics
wiiIoui significani nunlcr of ciInic ninoriiics in cacI of
iIcn (scc 7DEOH }.
169
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina aficr Novcnlcr
169
According to Annex 7, First article, oI Dayton Peace Agreement, 'All reIugees and displaced persons
have the right freely to return to their homes of origin. They shell have the right to have restored to them
their property of which they were deprived in the course of hostilities since 1991 and to be compensated for
any property that cannot be restored to them. The early return of refugees and displaced persons is an
important objective of the settlement of the conIlict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, cited Irom: Phuong C.,
'`Freely to Return`: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol.
13, 2, 2000, p. 165.
Zdz
1995 lccanc a aicIworl of ciInically Ionogcncous

icrriiorics wIai was LQIDFW original war ain of iIc insircrs of
iIc war on all sidcs. Aciually, a dcsiiny of iIc osi-Dayion
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina lccanc iIc US-siylc Cyrusizaiion" on
clcar ciInic lincs, lui noi canionizcd Dallan Swiizcrland"
according io iIc EU roosals and aiicnis io solvc osi-
Yugoslavia's inicr-ciInic disuics in iIc Dosnian oi. Today,
alnosi iwo dccadcs aficr iIc war in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina iIis
couniry is iIc nosi unfunciional siaic in Euroc.
Clcarly, ciInic clcansing, crsccuiion and gcnocidc wcrc
donc for iIc urosc io csiallisI ciInically clcan" icrriiory
conoscd ly Ionogcnous naiionaliiy in ordcr io clain laicr a
oliiical conirol ovcr iIc icrriiory wIicI Iad io lc incororaicd
inio a singlc naiional siaic. Ii sIould lc noiiccd iIai
rcoricdly ii was conniiicd ciInic rcssurc in sonc aris of
Sanjal (Sandzal or Fasla} rcgion lciwccn Scrlia and
Monicncgro in 1992 againsi local Muslins wIo arc considcrcd
ly Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian Muslin officials as iIc colc of iIc
sanc naiional" laclground as Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian
Muslins. According io iIc official arcIcnsion of iIc lcading
oliiical ariy of Dosnian-Hcrzcgovinian Muslins, iIc SDA
(iIc Pariy of Dcnocraiic Aciion}, Sadjal's Muslins
(Dosnials} arc llood of our llood."
170
TIai was a rcason,
iogciIcr wiiI iIc idca of Holy War, wIy Sanjal's Muslin
Dosnials during iIc wIolc war in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina
ariiciaicd as a voluniccrs on iIc Muslin sidc conniiiing
war crincs againsi iIc Scrls and Croais cvcn in iIc uniforns
of iIc official Arny of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina.
171

Sinilarly io iIis casc, Kosovo Allanians ariiciaicd in
iIc war in Croaiia on Croai sidc cvcn as official ncnlcrs of
Croaiia's Arny conniiicd lloody crincs of gcnocidc on
Scrlian civilians lilc ii was in 1993 in Mcdal oclci. Sonc
of iIcsc Kosovo Allanians cvcn rcccivcd iIc ranl of iIc
gcncrals in Croaiia's Arny (AgIin CIclu} and laic iool aciivc
ariiciaiion in Kosovo War againsi Scrlia's olicc, Yugoslav
170
This slogan is taken from Yugoslav Muslim Organization from inter-war period (Purivatra A.,
Jugoslovenska Muslimanska Organi:acifa u politickom ivotu Kralfevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca,
Svetlost, Sarajevo, 1972. See also: Karic E., 'Islam in Contemporary Bosnia, Q News, February 16
th
March 1
st
, 10, 1996.
171
About Islamic fighters in Bosnia-Herzegovina see: .,
, , 2001; SKY News documentary video material about Mujahedins in Bosnia-
Herzegovina as paramilitary troops of the government of Bosnia-Herzegovina:
http://s916.photobucket.com/albums/ad1/vsotirovic/PRIVATE%20VIDEOS/?action=view&current=Mudza
hediniuBosniinEnglish8minutai17sekundi.mp4
Zdz
Arny and Scrlian and Monicncgrin civilians. Howcvcr, during

iIc Kosovo War of 19981999 a ari of airociiics on local
Allanians was donc ly iIc rcfugcc Scrls fron Croaiia wIo
lccanc aficr Croai ocraiion Siorn on Fcullic of Scrlian
Krayina cnloycd in Scrlia's olicc and Yugoslav Arny forccs
as a naiicr of rcvcngc.
In osi-Dayion's Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina a lig nunlcr of
oliiicians and civil scrvanis wIo rovolcd and wagcd iIc war
in 19921995 arc siill in oliiical owcr occuying inoriani
adninisiraiivc osis.
172
Ii is assuncd iIai cccily iIosc colc
arc aciually iIc nain olsiaclcs io iIc rciurn roccss of
naiional ninoriiics in iIis unfunciional rcullic. TIc sanc
siiuaiion is in iIc osi-war Croaiia as wcll. TIc local
oliiicians nainly uscd iIc nciIod of warning iIcir own
ciInic conairiois aloui rciurning of naiional ninoriiics (iIc
Scrls} in ccriain arca ly iIc advcriiscncnis in local
ncwsacrs discrccily calling for soniancous" riois or nass
roicsis againsi iIc rciurning roccss.
173
TIc anoiIcr nciIod,
uscd ciiIcr in Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina or Croaiia, is ullic
classificaiion ly wanicd" announccncni of local ccllcd
inIaliianis inio iIc caicgory of indicicd war crininals"; for
insiancc, during iIc sunncr |2000|, in Karlovac, Sisal and
Erdui |in Croaiia| a nunlcr of osicrs wiiI iIc IoiograIs
and nancs of local Scrls acarcd, accusing iIcn of war
crincs. TIc noiivaiion lcIind iIcsc incidcnis was norc iIan
olvious. iniinidaiion of all ossillc Scrl rcfugccs wIo Iavc,
crIas, dccidcd iinc for rciurn was ric". According io iIc
sanc rcori, "incidcnis of Iarassncni and iniinidaiion of
Scrls |in Croaiia| Iavc coniinucd io occur in war siriclcn
rcgions |of Croaiia| during iIc cniirc duraiion of iIc asi ycar
|2000|. In May |2000|, around 50 Croais inicrruicd iIc
ncnorial scrvicc Icld in Vcljun |Croaiia| conncnoraiing iIc
viciins of a WWII fascisi |Croaiian UsiasIas"| nassacrc,
cIicfly aiicndcd ly Scrls. Ccriain Discrla Lcgardic, a Croaiian
wonan, iool Icr aniics off and urinaicd on iIc ncnorial
iallci. No onc callcd Icr io accouni for Icr dccd, nor did sIc
suffcr any conscqucnccs for iIc larlaric aci. Two wccls laicr,
172
Cox M., 'The Right to Return Home: International Intervention and Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, International Comparative Law Quaterly, Vol. 47, 3, 1998, pp. 599631.
173
Stavropoulou M., 'Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Right to Return in International Law, O`Flaherty,
M and Gisvold G. (eds.), Post-war Protection Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Hague:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1998.
Zdz
fivc Croais invadcd iIc ncnorial grounds and vandalizcd iIc

PRQXPHQW
174
Addiiionally, iIcrc arc nany canlcs iIai
rcsioraiion or rcluilding of danagcd and dcsiroycd naiional
culiural Icriiagc (nosily cIurcIcs and nosqucs} lccanc a
clcar signal iIai iIc rciurn of rcfugccs of oiIcr naiionaliiics is
noi wclconcd ly viciorious naiionaliiy, now ciInic najoriiy
wiiIin iIc clcanscd arca. TIc casc of Oiionan iinc )HUKDGLMD
nosquc (16iI ccniury} in Scrl-doninaicd Danja Lula
(dcsiroycd in 1992} is onc of iIc lcsi canlcs alongsidc wiiI
also 16iI ccniury Old Dridgc in Mosiar ovcr iIc Fivcr of
Ncrciva wIicI lccanc dcsiroycd in Novcnlcr 1993 ly Croai
ianl.
TIc faci is iIai during iIc firsi four osi-war ycars only
121,000 rcfugccs rciurncd io iIcir Ioncs in Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina aficr iIc Dayion-Paris Pcacc Agrccncni wIilc
iIcrc wcrc siill aroinaicly 800,000 Dosnia-HcrzcgovinaV
inicrnally dislaccd crsons wIo wcrc waiiing io rciurn io
iIcir rc-war Ioncs.
175
Toial nunlcr of dislaccd crsons in
Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina was around Ialf of iIc ioial rc-war
oulaiion. According io iIc US ncdia, only iIc nunlcr of
Muslins ccllcd fron iIc icrriiorics undcr Scrl-arny coniroll
was lciwccn 700,000 and 1,000,000.
176
TIc auiIoriiics of
sclf-roclaincd indccndcni Fcullic of Srsla in Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina claincd iIai in iIc nid-1992 iIcrc wcrc 200,000
Scrls flcd Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina. 80,000 of iIcn fron Sarajcvo,
40,000 fron Posavina rcgion and 30,000 fron iIc vallcy of
Ncrciva (Hcrzcgovina}. For iIc sanc criod of iinc, according
io iIc UNO sourccs, iIcrc wcrc 400,000 rcfugccs fron iIc
cniirc icrriiory of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina.
NcvcriIclcss, conscqucnily iIc najoriiy of 2,000,000
colc wIo lcfi iIcir rcsidcniial laccs in iIc war ycars of
19921995 during iIc firsi four ycars of iIc cacc did noi
rciurn io iIcir original lacc of living as ii can lc sccn fron
iIc nci iwo siaiisiics.
174
Greek Helsinki Monitor, Minorities in Post HDZ Croatia, Zagreb, March 5
th
, 2001, sent to the author on
March 15
th
, 2001. The author of this report is Ivana Erceg. See: Balkan Human Rights web page:
http://www.greekhelsinki.gr
175
Phuong C., '`Freely to Return`: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Journal of
Refugee Studies, Vol. 13, 2, June 2000, p. 173.
176
Washington Post, November 16
th
, 1994, p. A 19; The New York Times, April 24
th
, 1995, p. 1.
S9
Zdz
TuIc ll. Mnot Hctuns to Hosnu-Hczcgounu on

Junuu l99b to DcccnIc l999
177

MInorIty Returnes to
BosnIa- HerzegovIna Irom
January 1996 to December
1999
Year oI 1996 11,666
Year oI 199? 33,837
Year oI 199S 35,000
Year oI 1999 41,007
TOTAL Ior 19961999 121,510
TuIc l2. Hctuncd csons to Hosnu-Hczcgounu us o

DcccnIc l999
178
ReIugees DIspIaced
Persons
&URDW-0XVOLP)HGHUDWLRQ 325,944 205,448
5HSXEOLND6USVND 24,025 90, 543
TOTAL Ior tbe wboIe
BosnIa-HerzegovIna
349,969 295,991
TOTAL ReIugees and
DIspIaced Persons Ior tbe
wboIe BosnIa-HerzegovIna
645,960
Fcgardlcss on NATO officials' rcori iIai sincc iIc

Kunanovo's Miliiary TccInical Agrccncni of Junc 9iI, 1999
iIcrc wcrc around onc nillion dislaccd crsons wIo rciurncd
lacl io Kosovo and McioIija (ciInic Allanians}, iIc najoriiy
of Kosovo-McioIija's oulaiion of non-ciInic Allanian
laclground faccd nany scrious unccriainiics in rcgard io
177
European Stability Initiative, Interim Evaluation of RRTF Minority Return Programmes in 1999, Berlin,
1999, p. 11; UNHCR, Statistics Package, 1. September 1999, Sarajevo, 1999.
178
UNHCR, Statistics Package, 1. September 1999, Sarajevo, 1999.
Zdz
rciurn io iIcir Ioncs in iIis rcgion wIicI in Fclruary 2008

roclaincd indccndcncc. A Iugc najoriiy of ciInic Scrls
fron Ccniral and SouiIcrn Kosovo-McioIija lcfi iIcir Ioncs
aficr iIc KFOF and iIc UK uniics cnicrcd iIc sanc rovincc
aficr Junc 9iI, 1999. TIc noriIcrn ari of Kosovo-McioIija
lccanc in faci iIc only ciInic Scrl cnclavc and gIciio in
Kosovo-McioIija csccially aficr iIc MarcI Pogron in 2004.
Morc iIan 200,000 of non-ciInic Allanians, najoriiy of iIcn
ciInic Scrls, lcfi iIc rcgion forcvcr aficr iIc Yugoslav Arny
wiiIdrcw iis iroos fron Kosovo-McioIija. According io sonc
csiinaiions, only 90,000 Scrls lcfi in (NoriIcrn} Kosovo-
McioIija wiiI iIc ccnirc in Kosovsla Miirovica.
179
EiInic
grous of Corani and Fona suffcrcd fron iIc sanc olicy of
ciInic clcansing wagcd ly iIc UK aficr iIc lilcraiion of
Kosovo" fron Scrlian olicc and iIc Yugoslav Arny.
180
TIc
UNHCF's csiinaiion in iIc ycar of 2000 of ciInic lrcaldown
of Kosovo-McioIija oui of ciInic Allanians was. 70,000 ciInic
Scrls; 11,000 Fona, 20,000 Muslin Slavs acconanicd ly
Corani; and 15,000 ciInic Turls.
181
TIc Yalc Univcrsiiy
rofcssor Ivo Danac claincd iIai NATO's noral viciory will
uliinaicly dccnd on osiinicrvcniion rcconsiruciion and
rccovcry".
182
Howcvcr, Iow iIc iIings arc going on during
NATO's occuaiion of iIc rcgion wc can concludc iIai iIis
noral viciory lccanc in faci a noral sIanc for iIc wIolc
Wcsi and iis casicrn saicliics.
Clcarly, ialing inio considcraiion a ioial nunlcr of
dislaccd crsons fron iIc icrriiory of iIc c-Yugoslavia fron
1991 io 2001, iIc SFF of Yugoslavia lccanc a Eurocan
rcfugcc crisis Nunlcr Onc". As a conscqucncc of iIc war,
ciInic clcansing, crsccuiion and gcnocidc, dcnograIic
iciurc of rc-war Yugoslavia is drasiically cIangcd. iIcrc arc
alnosi no Scrls in Croaiia, Kosovo-McioIija and Croai-
Muslin Fcdcraiion; Fcullic of Srsla is ncarly ciInically
clcanscd, wIilc according io iIc OSCE, osi-war Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina is conoscd ly 48% Muslins/Dosnials, 39%
179
'One step Iorward, one step back, The Economist, April 5
th
, 2001.
180
'Kosovo Report Card, International Crisis Group, August 28
th
, 2000 at:
http://www.crisisweb.org/project/showreport.cfm?reportid=11; 'Violence in Kosovo: Who`s Killing
Whom, Balkans Report, 78, International Crisis Group, November 2
nd
, 1999.
181
'Kosovo Report Card, International Crisis Group, August 28
th
, 2000,
http://www.crisisweb.org/project/showreport.cfm?reportid=11
182
Banac I., 'Sorting out the Balkans, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, 3, 2000, p. 71.
Zdz
Scrls and 12% Croais.

183
Ii is assuncd iIai in Dosnia-
Hcrzcgovina a Scrl-lcd ciInic clcansing in iIc arcas of
Easicrn Dosnia, aris of Easicrn Hcrzcgovina, iIc vallcy of
Sava Fivcr, Dosansla Krajina, and iIc sulurls of caiial
Sarajcvo in Aril-Junc1992 wcrc iIc nosi cffcciivc" ciInic
clcansing ocraiions,
184
wIilc a Croai-lcd ciInic clcansing of
icrriiory of Fcullic of Scrlian Krayina
185
in Augusi 1995 and
Allanian-lcd ciInic clcansing of Kosovo-McioIija fron Junc
1999 onward can lc siudicd as iIc lcsi canlcs of ioially
succcssful olicy of iransfornaiion of ciInograIical inio
naiional-siaic lordcrs.
A lanncd iransfcrring of oulaiion, lilcwisc iIc ciInic
clcansing and gcnocidc, was in iIc funciion of cIanging
dcnograIic iciurc of ccriain sciilcncnis. For canlc, in
January 1992 around 2,500 Scrl rcfugccs fron Croaiia wcrc
rcsciilcd in iIc ciiy of Ilol (ioday in Croaiia on iIc vcry lordcr
wiiI Scrlia, lui ai iIai iinc conirollcd ly rclcllious Scrls}
wIcrc fron alnosi all Croais flcd io Wcsicrn Croaiia. On oiIcr
Iand, Croaiian govcrnncni rcsciilcd najoriiy of iIcsc
Croaiian rcfugccs fron Ilol in Isiria in ordcr io diluic ciInic
Iialian oulaiion ai iIis cninsula. Onc ari of Scrl rcfugccs
fron Croaiia aficr ocraiion Siorn" in Augusi 1995 was
rcsciilcd in Kosovo-McioIija. Ii is lnown iIai ly Augusi 1991
iIc rcgion of Daranja (in Croaiia}, undcr Scrl-niliiary
doninaiion ai iIai iinc, was dcoulaicd ly 18,000 ciInic
Croais and Hungarians and 2,000 Scrls wIo flcd iIc rcgion.
Scrlian rcfugccs fron Daranja wcrc rcsciilcd in Scrlia's
rovincc of Vojvodina, Croaiian in Isiria or oiIcr aris of
Croaiia, and Hungarian rcfugccs nainly wcni io iIc NoriIcrn
Vojvodina (doninaicd ly ciInic Hungarians} or flcd io
Hungary. Onc of iIc crucial rcasons wIy Croaiian officials
rcsciilcd Croaiian rcfugccs fron oiIcr Croaiia's war-infccicd
arcas io Isiria was lccausc of Isiria's uniquc Iisiorical
183
BH Opstinas population, 1996 at: http://www.oscebih.org
184
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, The Prosecutor of the Tribunal versus
Dusko Tadic, Case IT941T, March 21
st
, 1996; Vreme, August 17
th
, 1992; 'Bosnia-Herzegovina:
Ethnic Cleansing` Continues in Northern Bosnia, Human Rights Wach/Helsinki, Vol. 6, 16, 1994; Paul
D., 'No Escape: Minorities Under Threat in Serb-Held Areas oI Bosnia, Refugee Reports, November 30
th
,
1994, pp. 19.
185
The ethnic composition oI the territory oI 'Republika Srpska Krajina was beIore inter-ethnic war which
started in Croatia in 1991 as: 287,830 Serbs (52,4%), 203,656 Croats (37,1%) and 57,597 others (10,5%).
Zdz
&RQFOXVLRQ
'Nationalism always involves a struggle Ior land, or an assertion about rights to land; and the
nation, almost by deIinition, requires a territorial base in which to take root (Smith A.,
'States and Homelands: the Social and Geopolitical Implications oI National Territory,
Millenium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 10, 3, p. 187).
Hisiorically scaling, colcs, naiions, ciInic grous

and siaics Iavc always found iIcnsclvcs living in criods of
iransiiion. TIc nanlind is living now iIrougI an cocIal
iurning oini in Iisiory iIai is usually callcd as JOREDOL]DWLRQ.
TIc roccss of glolalizaiion is a lind of journcy. Ii is a journcy
iowards a final dcsiinaiion iIc glolalizcd world.
187
Onc of iIc
nosi advocaicd fcaiurcs of iIc glolalizcd world and
glolalizaiion is JOREDO LQWHJUDWLRQ in ccononic, culiural,
financial, iccInological, oliiical, iaaiion, cic., oinis of vicw.
Howcvcr, onc of iIc nosily rcdicicd ossillc conscqucnccs of
glolalizaiion, i.c. worldwidc inicgraiion of iIc world, is a
disacarancc of naiional-siaics and iIcir rclaccncni wiiI
sura-naiional oliiical-ccononic organisaiions as ii can lc
iIc casc, for insiancc, wiiI iIc Eurocan Union csccially
WKURXJKLQWURGXFWLRQRIDFRPPRQVXSUD-QDWLRQDOFXUUHQF\
iIc HXUR(t}.
188

Howcvcr, iIc roccss of glolalizaiion iIrougI inicr-
naiional and inicr-siaic inicgraiion inagincd as iIc world
wiiIoui sirici naiional-siaic lordcrs can noi lc inlicd io all
naiions, siaics and rcgions all ovcr iIc glolc lccausc of
diffcrcni Iisiorical dcvcloncnis, living condiiions and
SUREDEO\ PRVWO\ EHFDXVH RI WKH KHDY\ EXUGHQ RI KLVWRULFDO
H[SHULHQFHV LQ UHJLRQDO LQWHU-naiional and inicr-siaics
rclaiions. Onc of iIc nosi rcrcscniaiivc canlcs of iIcsc
cascs arc iIc colcs fron iIc forncr Yugoslavia. I would
arguc iIai iIc road iowards glolalizaiion for iIc colc fron
iIc c-Yugoslavia is caccful (if ossillc} and alovc all
jusiifiallc scaraiion, conducicd ly 1} iIc IigIcsi auiIoriiy of
iIc inicrnaiional connuniiy iIc Uniicd Naiions
187
WolI M., 'Will the Nation-State Survive Globalization?, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80, 1, 2001, p. 178.
Regarding the historical aspect of globalization and the question of civilizations or globalization see: Inglis
D., 'Civilizations or Globalization(s)? Inellectual Rapproachements and Historical World-Visions,
European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 13, 1, 2010, pp. 135152.
188
SerIaty S., 'Europe 2007: From Nation-States to Member States, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 23,
4, 2000, pp. 1529.
Zdz
Organizaiion and 2} sccially crcaicd <XJR &RXQFLO RI

+LVWRULDQV conoscd ly iIc nosi ronincni and norally
crfcci Yugoslav and inicrnaiional sccialisi in iIis arca, as
iIc way ioward inicgraiion and coocraiion wiiI dcfining sirici
naiional-siaic lordcrs lciwccn iIcn.
189

In iIis lool, I conccniraicd on iIc rollcn of iIc
influcncc of ciInic naiionalisn io ciInic clcansing and
crsccuiion in iIc conici of rcgional inicgraiion of iIc colc
fron iIc forncr Yugoslavia in iIc cra of glolalizaiion. To ny
nind, nany oliiicians and scIolars Iavc noi rocr
conrcIcnsion of iIc lasic naiurc of iIc rollcns of
inicgraiion and co-cisicncc of iIc c-<XJRVODYLDVQDWLRQVDQG
HWKQLF PLQRULWLHV LQ WKH IXWXUH $ VFRUH RI WKHP LV VWLOO VWXFN
io WKHLGHDWKDWEOXHFRUSVDQGZKLWHWDQNVZLOOJXDUDQWHH
SHUPDQHQW VWDELOLW\ DQG >UHJLRQDO@ SHDFH
190
as a rccondiiion
for rcgional inicgraiion and glolalizaiion of iIis scgncni of iIc
world. In faci, wIai iIc so-FDOOHGLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\ (in
faci iIc Wcsi} rooscs as a soluiion for iIc c-Yugoslavia only
dclays iIc nci inicr-ciInic war lciwccn iIc Yugoslavs.
TIc crucial ouilinc for iIc sciiling iIc rollcn of inicr-
ciInic rclaiions on iIc icrriiory of iIc c-Yugoslavia draficd in
iIis ici is viially diffcrcni fron usually favourcd (ly iIc
ZHVWHUQ H[SHUWV on iIc Dallan affairs} nuliinaiional,
nuliiculiural and nuliircligious nodcl of iIc cocisicncc for
iIc colcs fron iIc forncr Yugoslavia. )RU VXFK H[SHUWV
sinly all oliiical and csccially inicr-ciInic rollcns on iIc
icrriiory of iIc forncr Yugoslavia will gonc jusi ly iniroducing
a wcsicrn lilcral iyc of dcnocracy.
191
TIc arguncni is lascd
on iIc faci iIai diffcrcni Yugoslav naiionaliiics can noi lc
forccd io livc iogciIcr in any lind of ciInically nicd oliiical
connuniiy, as ii sIows, for insiancc, alrcady failcd aiicni
wiiI osi-Dayion Dosnia-+HU]HJRYLQD,QRWKHUZRUGVK\EULG
189
As a mettar of example of contemporary processes of re-writing a national history see: Djokic D.,
'Nationalism, Myth and Reinterpretation oI History: The Neglected Case oI Interwar Yugoslavia,
European History Quarterly, Vol. 42, 1, 2012, pp. 7196; . .,
, :
,', 2012.
190
Jersovas M., 'Separation as the path to integration: The Yugoslavia case, unpublished student`s
seminar work for V. B. Sotirovic`s university credit course 'Balkan Security Problems and Perspectives,
Vilnius, 2001, p. 1.
191
Regarding the issue of the limits of democracy in post-Yugoslavia`s independent states see: Dzihic V.,
Segert D., 'Lessons Irom Post-Yugoslav` Democratization: Functional Problems oI Stateness and the
Limits oI Democracy, East European Politics & Societies, Vol. 26, 2, 2012, pp. 239253.
Zdz
VWDWHVFRPSRVHGE\GLIIHUHQW<XJRVODYVZLOOQRWOHDGWKHPWR
livc caccfully in glolalizcd world.
192

I arguc iIai sialiliiy, sccuriiy and caccful cocisicncc
inicgraiion in iIc casc of iIc forncr YugoslaviaV SHRSOHV FDQ
lc acIicvcd only iIrougI drawing of iIc ncw rcgional na
fully lascd on iIc rincilc of naiional-siaic lordcrs and
alovc all on Iisiorical jusiicc. TIcsc colcs of diffcrcni
culiural, ciInic and rcligious laclgrounds, wIo Iavc
H[WUHPHO\ EDG KLVWRULFDO H[SHULHQFH RI OLYLQJ WRJHWKHU in iwo
Yugoslavias,
193
can noi lc lci iogciIcr in iIc sanc siaic(s} ly
crnancni inicrnaiional (in faci wcsicrn} niliiary roicciion
forccs (IFOF, SFOF, KFOF, MACFOF, EUFOF, cic.}. TIcrcforc,
a caccful and fair-nindcd scaraiion will lc iIc lasic
rccondiiion io iIc fornaiion of iIc naiion-siaics, wIicI
would lcad io coocraiion and inicgraiion of iIc colcs fron
iIc forncr Yugoslavia. Scaraiion ly clcar ciInic-siaic
lordcrs as a rcdicancni io iIc inicgraiion and coocraiion
can lc funciional in iIc casc of iIc naiions and ciInic
ninoriiics fron iIc forncr Yugoslavia as iIcir coocraiivc way
io glolalizaiion. SIorily, Iisiorically lascd jusiifiallc division
inio naiion-siaics wiiI clcar ciInic najoriiics or wiiIoui
ciInic ninoriiics ai all, including and inicrnaiionally
sonsorcd and sucrviscd iransnaiional ccIangc of iIc
ninoriiics (lilc in Crcccc-Turlcy casc in 1923 or SouiI
Cyrus-NoriI Cyrus casc in 1974}, lcads iowards full
inicgraiion and sialiliiy. Uliinaicly, iIc sircngiI of iIc siaic
docs noi lay in iis sizc, lui ii lays in iis inncr uniiy crcsscd
in iIc Ionogcnciiy of iIc siaic ciInic, linguisiic, culiural and
rcligious conosiiion.
6XUHO\ WKH GLVLQWHJUDWLRQ RI <XJRVODYLDV PXOWLFXOWXUDO
connuniiy Ias lcconc iIc nosi dranaiic and lruial cvcni in
SRVW :RUOG :DU ,, (XURSH
194
TIc rcal rcason for iIis
disinicgraiion was a wisI of cacI of Yugoslav naiion io livc in
iis own indccndcni siaic, wIicI sIould cnlracc a ioial
naiional oulaiion
195
and a olicy of iIc Wcsi io dcsiroy as
192
Regarding the role of democracy and limits of democratization of the Yugoslav societies see: Dzihic V.,
Segert D., ,Lessons Irom `Post-Yugoslav` Democratization: Functional Problems oI Stateness and the
Limits oI Democracy', East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2012, pp. 239253.
193
On this issue see the website: 'Yugoslavology Historical Research Project at:
http://www.jugoslavologija.eu
194
Varady T., 'Minorities, Majorities, Law and Ethnicity: ReIlections oI the Yugoslav Case, Human
Rights Quarterly, Vol. 19, 1997, p. 9.
195
It was the exact reason why several international plans dealing with the peace settlement in Bosnia-
Herzegovina from territorial point of view failed: 1) the EC or Lisbon proposal of cantonization of B-H
Zdz
nucI as ossillc a Scrl naiional uniiy and Scrlia's icrriiorial

inicgriiy.
196
Howcvcr, crucial noiivc for iIc lloodsIcd was iIc
faci iIai iIcrc wcrc no nadc clcar lordcrs lciwccn
<XJRVODYLDV QDWLRQV DQG QDWLRQDOLWLHV lascd on all iIrcc
rclcvani rigIis. Iisioric, ciInic and noral. Conscqucnily, onc
of iIc crucial lcssons lcarncd fron iIc lloody dcsiruciion of
iIc c-Yugoslavia ly iIc wcsicrn ari of iIc inicrnaiional
connuniiy Iad io lc iIai clcarly ficd inicr-ciInic lordcrs in
iIc Dallans arc onc of iIc rccondiiions for iIc rocr and
succcssful inicr-ciInic coocraiion of iIc local oulaiion.
NcvciIclcss, a siulorn insisicncc on nuliiculiural cocisicncc
ai any ricc ly iIc Wcsi in iIc 1990s was a faial for iIc
Yugoslav colcs.
197

Various oliiical, rcligious and culiural scaraiions as
rcsuli of cisiing Iisioric division lincs iIai run iIrougI iIc
rcgion (lilc lciwccn Laiin and Crccl languagc and culiurc,
Easicrn and Wcsicrn aris of iIc Fonan Enirc, Dyzaniinc
Enirc and FranlisI Enirc, Fonan CaiIolicisn, OriIodoy
and Islan, Halslurg MonarcIy and Oiionan Enirc, NATO
and Warsaw Paci}
198
wcrc, arc and will lc iIc dcsiiny of iIc
Dallan and Yugoslav colcs. TIc lcsi canlc is currcni
siaic lordcr lciwccn Croaiia
199
and Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina,
wIicI was in faci sci u in 1699 aficr iIc war of iIc Halslurg
signed on March 18
th
, 1992; 2) the Vance-Owen plan of cantonization of B-H from October 1992; 3) the
Owen-Stoltenberg plan of ethnically dominated territories within B-H from September 1993; and 4) the
Contact Group plan of federalization of B-H from 1994. All of these plans partitioned Bosnia-Herzegovina
along ethnic lines, but a high number of all ethnic groups were left at 'other ethnic area. In Iact, as the UN
human rights representative, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, pointed out in 1993, a publishing of the 'Vance-Owen
plan encouraged ethnic cleansing on all sides.
196
In this point I completely desagree with American university professor of Croat (from Dubrovnik)
origin, Ivo Banac, who passed all major responsibility for the last Yugoslav civil war and atrocities on the
Serb side (Banac I., 'What Happened in the Balkans (or Rather ex--Yugoslavia)?, East European Politics
and Societies, Vol. 23, 4, 2009, pp. 461478). The crucial point of such kind of writings about the ex-
Yugoslavia is not exactly what happened, but rather what did not happen, but it is presented at the West as
happened and later used by the West military machinery to directly intervene in the conflict which was
even very much inspired by the West itself. For the very political reason during the whole period of
destruction of the ex-Yugoslavia in the western media and especially by the western governments Serb
victims of the war are almost not mentioned at all particularly in Srebrenica and around this town. On this
issue see: ., , : ,
2012; ., , , 2009; Istorijski projekat Srebrenica at:
http://www.srebrenica-project.com
197
On antropology and genocide in the Balkans see: Cushman Th., 'Anthropology and Genocide in the
Balkans: An Analysis oI Conceptual Practices oI Power, Anthropological Theory, Vol. 4, 1, 2004, pp.
528.
198
Sotirovic B. V., 'Balkanai: Civilizacij ir Politins takos sIer Kryzkelje, Naujoji Romuva, 2
(535), Vilnius, 2001, p. 18.
199
It should be stressed that several historical regions, which from 1991 belong to independent Republic of
Croatia were never parts of any Croatia before 1945.
Zdz
MonarcIy and Vcnicc againsi iIc Oiionan Enirc. Howcvcr,

iIc crucial fcaiurc of Iisiorical division lciwccn iIc Yugoslavs
is a scaraiion lciwccn iIc Fonan CaiIolic Slovcncs and
Croais fron OriIodo Scrls, Monicncgrins and Maccdonians
wiiI iIc Muslins
200
lciwccn. TIis Yugoslav Wall of
Scaraiion" was ncvcr dcsiroycd.
201
Morcovcr, iIis wall
lccanc significanily sirongcr and cvcn IigIcr" aficr iIc lasi
civil war(s} and ii will lc for a longcr criod of iinc in iIc
fuiurc a lasis for loiI idcniifying naiional icrriiory and for iIc
dclincaiion of iIc naiional siaics. Prolally iIc lcsi roof of
iIis oinion can lc iIc faci iIai ovcrwIclning najoriiy of
ciInic Allanians fron Kosovo-McioIija sIarc iIc fccling
.iIai Scrls wIo Iad lcfi Kosovo |aficr Junc 9iI, 1999|
sIould ncvcr lc allowcd io rciurn".
202

I sIould sircss iIai naiionalisn is iIc will io Iavc a
ariicular way of lcing and iIc ossililiiy io luild u onc's
own couniry".
203
I agrcc iIai ly 'naiionalisn' onc sIould ncan
an LGHRORJLFDOPRYHPHQWIRUWKHDWWDLQPHQWDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRI
DXWRQRP\ XQLW\ DQG LGHQWLW\ RI D KXPDQ SRSXODWLRQ VRPH RI
ZKRVH PHPEHUV FRQFHLYH LW WR FRQVWLWXWH DQ DFWXDO RU SRWHQWLDO
QDWLRQ".
204
I sirongly lclicvc iIai naiurally colcs wIo arc
sIaring iIc sanc collcciivc idcniiiy, lilc rcligion, languagc,
iradiiions, Iisiory, cic., sccl io livc iogciIcr wiiIin iIc sanc
siaic, wIilc iIc icrriiory and iIc will io livc iogciIcr arc iIc
nosi significani clcncnis of naiional dcicrninaiion.
205
Onc of
iIc lcsi and long-icrn guaraniics for inlcncniaiion of iIc
grou sclf-dcicrninaiion was and siill is an LQGHSHQGHQW
QDWLRQDO VWDWH iIai cnconasscs a wIolc naiional lody.
206
In
oiIcr words, grou's awarcncss of connon origin and
nindfulncss of caci lordcrs of iis own naiionaliiy causcs iIc
naiural icndcncy anong iIc colc io ovcrla iIc lordcrs of
naiional-siaic wiiI iIc lordcrs of iIcir ciInic/naiional
icrriiorial disiriluiion. A naiion, as a QDPHG KXPDQ
200
There were around 4,5 million Muslim inhabitants of the former Yugoslavia in 1991 including and
Muslim Albanians and Muslim Romanies (Gypsies). That was approximately 20% of total (23,5 million)
the SFR of Yugoslavia`s population.
201
On this issue see: Mishkova D., 'Symbolic Geographies and Visions oI Idientity: A Balkan
Perspective, European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 11, 2, 2008, pp. 237256; Razsa M., Lindstrom
N., 'Balkan is BeautiIul: Balkanism in the Political Discourse oI Tudman`s Croatia, East European
Politics & Societies, Vol. 18, 4, 2004, pp. 628650.
202
Rohde D., 'Kosovo Seething, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, 3, 2000, p. 71.
203
Pujol J., Construir Catalunya, Barcelona: Portic, 1980, p. 22.
204
Smith D. A., 'Nations and their pasts, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 2, 3, 1996, p. 359.
205
Dumont L., Religion, Politics and History in India, Paris: Mouton, 1970, pp. 6971.
206
Margalit A., Raz J., 'National selI-determination, Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 87, 9, pp. 439461.
Zdz
SRSXODWLRQ VKDULQJ DQ KLVWRULF WHUULWRU\ FRPPRQ P\WKV DQG

PHPRULHV D PDVV SXEOLF FXOWXUH D VLQJOH HFRQRP\ DQG
FRPPRQ ULJKWV DQG GXWLHV IRU DOO PHPEHUV
207
can lc in iIc
lcsi way UHDOL]HGZLWKLQLWVRZQQDWLRQDOVWDWHas for iIc faci
iIai in iIc SouiI-Easi Euroc a sirongcsi loyaliy is crcsscd
cacilly io sucI lind of siaic. TIis iruiI Ias a rcgional validiiy
DQG VKRXOG EH UHVSHFWHG E\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\ LQ
GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH <XJRVODY 4XHVWLRQ HLWKHU QRZ RU LQ iIc
fuiurc.
I agrcc wiiI AniIony SniiI iIai a rcdoninaic
FRQGLWLRQ IRU EHWWHU HIIHFWXDWHG IUHHGRP LQ WKH JOREH LV WR
nalc sirongcr naiional siaics.
208
I disagrcc wiiI iIc oinion
WKDWWKHUHLVQRFOHDUEDVLVIRUPDSSLQJVWDWHERXQGDULHVRQWR
iIc disirilXWLRQ SHRSOHV ZLWKLQ WKH WHUULWRU\ WKDW IRUPHUO\
FRQVWLWXWHG <XJRVODYLD
209
In ny oinion ciInograIic
disiriluiion, Iisiorical facis and associaiion
210
and noral
rcason lascd on Iisiorical iruiI Iavc io lc ialcn inio
considcraiion as crucial criicria for iIc foundaiion of loiI
siallc and lcgiiinaic naiional siaic lordcrs. For iIc rcason
iIai iIcsc iIrcc criicria wcrc noi rcsccicd wIcn iIc inncr
adninisiraiivc froniicrs of iIc forncr Yugoslavia wcrc drawn
aficr iIc Sccond World War ly iIc Connunisis iIc
iransfornaiion of iIcn inio inicrnaiionally rccogniscd lordcrs
of iIc ncwly indccndcni siaics iIai cncrgcd on iIc wrcclagc
of iIc c-Yugoslavia lcd iIc Yugoslav naiions and naiionaliiics
inio iIc civil war ai iIc cnd of iIc 20iI ccniury. A lcsson fron
iIis civil war is iIai sirong naiional siaics (sci u on
ciInograIic, Iisiorical and noraly lascd criicrias} will lc iIc
corncrsioncs of coocraiivc inicrnaiional rclaiions lciwccn iIc
Dallan naiions and siaics in iIc cra of glolalizaiion.
Finally, I would noi lilc iIai wIai acars ly iIc
Dayion Agrccncni as soluiion for Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina could
iurn oui io lc a signal for ciInic clcansing clscwIcrc, lui ii
can lc concludcd iIai sucI signal laycd a significani rolc in
ciInic clcansing in Kosovo-McioIija aficr Junc 1999 and
207
Smith D. A., 'Nations and their pasts, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 2, 3, 1996, p. 359.
208
Smith D. A., Theories of Nationalism, London, 1983.
209
Allcock B. J., 'Borders, states, citizenship: unscrambling Yugoslavia, Carter F. W., Norris H. T. (eds.),
The Changing Shape of the Balkans, London: UCL Press Limited, 1996, p. 73.
210
Each of Yugoslav people has a strong historical association with a territory: Slovenes with the state
borders of Principality of Pribina (847862) and Kozel (862876); Macedonians with Samuil`s empire
(9761014); Croats with Zvonimir`s kingdom (10761089); Serbs with Dushan`s empire (13311355); and
'Bosnians with Tvrtko`s kingdom (13531391).
Zdz
%LEOLRJUDSK\

6RXUFHV

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ZLWK D VXUYH\ RI GHVWUR\HG DQG HQGDQJHUHG
&KULVWLDQ FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH, ullisIcd ly Minisiry
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Zdz
AppendIx: Tbe Maps
Figure 1: The South-East Europe in 1856 (at the time of the Paris Peace Treaty).
A whole region, exept Greece (the Peloponesus and Attica), was divided
between two great powers: The Habsburg Monarchy (western part) and the
Ottoman Empire (eastern part). Within a territory of the Ottoman Empire there
were three officially autonomous principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Serbia.
The Principality of Montenegro had an unofficial autonomous status. In 1859
Wallachia and Moldova became united into a single Principality of Romania
which in 1878 at the Berlin Congress together with Montenegro and Serbia
became recognized as an independent statewhile the northern portion of Bulgaria
was recognized as an tributary principality within the Ottoman Empire. The
Kingdom of Greece received in 1878 a province of Thessaly. The Habsburg
Monarchy became restructured in 1867 into Austrian and Hungarian halves
under the name of Austria-Hungary. In the next year (1868) it was signed an
agreement between Budapest and Zagreb according to which Croatia and
Slavonia received an autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary. Such political
situation was on agenda until the Balkan Wars RI.
Zdz
Figure 2: A French map of the ethnic dispersion of the Serbs at the Balkan Peninsula
printed in 1862 with the borders of the mediaeval Serbian Empire established by the
Emperor Stephan Dushan the Mighty (13311355) in 1349. The Empire lasted till 1371.
The exact title oI the map is: 'Map oI the Serb population oI Turkish Europe and oI
Southern Austria with the borders of the Serbian Empire of Dushan the Great (14
th
century). With a dark green colour is marked at that time a territory oI the Principality of
Serbia. With yellow colour is marked territory populated by the 'Greco-Serbs. Territory
populated by the Albanians is coloured in white. The biggest territory of the map is in a
light green colour marking ethno-linguistic and ethnographic territory settled by the Serbs
outside the Principality of Serbia. The map is published in the book: H. Thiers, Serbie,
VRQSDVVpHWVRQDYHQLU, Paris, 1862.
Zdz
Figure 3: The so-called ,Four Albanian provinces' within the Ottoman Empire
according to the Albanian requirement in 1878. The Albanians demanded these
Ior provinces to be united into a single ,Albanian province' with a large
national, territorial and political autonomy in the Ottoman Empire. All further
Albanian projects and demands for creation of a Greater Albania, as an united
Albanian national state, are based on this requirement from 1878 during the
Berlin Congress when a political map of the Balkans was restructured.
Zdz
Figure 4: An official banner of the Slavic rebells in August 1903 in Macedonia

against the Ottoman Empire. The rebellion started on August 2nd and lasted for
ten days. It was proclaimed the so-called ,Republic oI Krushevo' (a village in
Vardar Macedonia). On the banner it is presented a political task of the rebells
who were fighting for united Macedonia within its geographical and historic
borders as an autonomous province within the Ottoman Empire. The rebellion
was organized by the ,Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization'
sponsored by the Bulgarian government in Sofia. After the Second Balkan War
in the summer 1913 a territory of a geographic and historic Macedonia became
divided between tree neighbouring states: Serbia (30%), Bulgaria (10%) and
Greece (60). Serbian Macedonia became known as ,Vardar Macedonia',
Bulgarian as ,Pirin Macedonia' and Greek as ,Aegean Macedonia' (with the
city oI Thessaloniki). Serbian and later Yugoslav ,Vardar Macedonia' became
one oI the six socialist republics in Titos Yugoslavia and from November 1991
an independent state under the name: the ,Former Yugoslav Republic oI
Macedonia'.
Zdz
Figure 5: Division of a geographic and historical territory of Macedonia

between Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece after the Second Balkan War in 1913 into
,Vardar', ,Pirin' and ,Aegean Macedonia'. From that time onwards all
Macedonian nationalists are fighting for unification of these three Macedonias
into a single Macedonian national state. Macedonian nationality and language
was never recognized by Bulgaria and Greece. Serbia and Yugoslavia
recognized Macedonian ethnolinguistic independence after 1945.
Figure 6: Division of Macedonia after the Second Balkan War in 1913 between
Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece.
Zdz
Figure 7: The Balkan Alliance between Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of

Greece, Kingdom of Bulgaria and Kingdom of Montenegro in 1912 against the
Ottoman Empire with the photos of their kings and the national flags. The task
of the Alliance was to divide the European possessions of the Ottoman Empire:
Macedonia, Albania and Thrace.
Zdz
Figure 8: Territories offered by the Entente Powers (France, Russia and United
Kingdom) in April 1915 to Serbia westward from the River of Drina if Serbia
will cede her part oI Macedonia (,Vardar') to Bulgaria. In this case Bulgaria
will sign a separate peace treaty with the Entente Powers. During the whole First
World War (the ,Great War') Bulgaria was Iighting on the side oI the Central
Powers. If Serbia would accept this offer she will not be attacked and occupied
by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria in the autumn of the same year and
after the war it will be created a Greater Serbia based on the ethnolinguistic
model by Vuk SteIanovic Karadzic and Ilija Garasanin in the 1840s.
Unfortunatelly, Serbian Government rejected this offer for the matter of South
Slavic unification within the form of Yugoslavia. During the First World War
Serbia lost 25% of her population and 50% of her industrial infrastructure.
Differently from Serbia, the industry at the South Slavic lands within Austria-
Hungary was intact during the war. That was a reason why Slovenia and Croatia
had dominant economic and financial position in Yugoslavia after 1918.
Zdz
Figure 9: An official map under the title ,Ethnographic Map oI the Yugoslavs'
of territorial requirements by Belgrade and Zagreb during and after the Great
War for the new united South Slavic state the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes (from 1929 the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). At that time (till 1945) as
the South Slavs were recognized the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. After 1945 a
new Yugoslav Communist Government created additional three nations:
Muslims (today Bosniaks/Boshnjaks, Montenegrins and Macedonians). In the
interwar period oI time (19191941) all South Slavic inhabitants oI Bosnia and
Herzegovina were treated as the Serbs and Croats, of Montenegro as the Serbs
and oI ,Vardar' Macedonia (treated as a part oI the ,Ancient Serbia') as the
Serbs. Official language of both the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
and the Kingdom oI Yugoslavia was ,Slovenian-Serbo-Croat', while in the
Socialist Yugoslavia (19451991) it was not Iormally deIined any state language
but in the practice it was a ,Serbo-Croat' diIIerent Irom Slovenian and
Macedonian. The Serbs, Croats and Slovenes have been officially treated as only
the ,tribes' oI the same ,Serbo-Croat-Slovenian people' who had the same
language, origin, blood and culture but have been divided by several states due
to historical circumstances.
Zdz
Figures 10 & 11: Internal administrative division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Irom 1929 to 1941 into nine ,banovinas'. In August 1939 two banovinas
,Primorska' and ,Savska' have been united and even enlarged with the parts oI
Bosnia and Herzegovina into ,Banovina Hrvatska' (,Croatias banovina'). The
Serbs, contrary to Croats, never received such huge privilage.
Zdz
Figure 12. Destruction and division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the
Second World War (19411945) between Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Albania,
Hungary and Croatia. The whole territory of the Ex-Kingdom of Yugoslavia was
firstly divided into two spheres of influence and political-military control: the
German (northern half) and the Italian (southern half). Within these two spheres
it was created a Greater Croatia under the name oI the ,Independent State oI
Croatia' (Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Srem, Bosnia and Herzegovina). A
biggest portion of Kosovo-Metohija, Western portion oI the ,Vardar'
Macedonia and the eastern portion of Montenegro were included into Mussolini
pupet state a ,Greater Albania'. The eastern and central parts oI the ,Vardar'
Macedonia and the sout-east parts of Serbia have been under occupation of
Bulgaria. The Central Serbia and the Yugoslav part of Banat province were put
under the German occupation. Bachka province was annexed by Hungary.
Montenegro with Serbias portion oI Rashka (Sanjak) region was put under
Italian dominance. Slovenia was divided alongside the River of Sava between
Germany and Italy. The northern part was annexed by the Third Reich, while the
southern part with Ljubljana was put under Italian domination. After the
capitulation of Italy in September 1943 the Independent State of Croatia became
territorially enlarged with Istran Peninsula, the North Adriatic Islands and the
cities od Rijeka (Fiume) and Zadar (Zarra).
Zdz
Figure 13: A propaganda map by the Nazi-Croat Ustashi Movement (the

Croatian Revolutionary Organization HRO) in 1941. It is presented the so-
called ethno-historical Croatia with the following South-Slavic and Italian
territories: Istria, Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, Croatia, the Adriatic Islands, the Kotor
Bay, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slavonia, Srem and Bachka. Montenegro was
considered to be the ,Red Croatia' (,Croatia Rubea'), while Slovenia was
uderstood as the ,White' or ,Alpine Croatia'. For Montenegro and Slovenia it
was given the right to decide by a referenda if they want to be included into a
Greater Croatia which was formed on April 10th, 1941 and lasted till May 15th,
1945. Around the map of a Greater Croatia there are the most important Croatian
mediaeval rulers and later bans from Tomislav (the first king of Croatia,
crowned in 925) till the Ihrer (poglavnik) oI the Independent State oI Croatia
(19411945) Ante Pavelic. This state was concerning its foreign policy a pupet
state oI both Mussolini`s Italy and Hitler`s Germany, but what regards its inner
policy the Independent State of Croatia was absolutelly independent especially
in regard to committeed genocide on the ethnic Serbs in the most sadistic and
barbaric manner. At least one million of the Serbs were killed by the regime of
the Independent State of Croatia together with the Gypsies and the Jews. The
most notorious and sadistic death camp ever existed in the world history was
Jasenovac on the River of Sava where c. 700.000 mainly the Serbs were
murdered. The camp was destroyed by the new Communist Government after
1945.
Zdz
Figure 14: The inner administrative composition of the post-Second World War
Kingdom oI Yugoslavia according to Stevan Moljevic (Irom August 1941) an
ideologist of the Royal Ravna Gora Movement (the Yugoslav Army in the
Fatherland) lead by General Dragoljub Draza Mihailovic (18931946).
According to this plan, there will be created three federal unites of Yugoslavia:
Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. The last one will be great taking into consideration
the ethnic, historical and moral rights of the Serbs especially in a context of a
terrible Croat and Muslim-run genocide on Serbs on the territory of the
Independent State of Croatia. The post-war Yugoslavia will be also enlarged
with the territories from their neighbours who sided with Mussolini and Hitler
during the war.
Zdz
Figure 15: Geographic and political map of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia divided into six in fact independent republics and two autonomous
provinces created only within Serbia. The biggest part of Yugoslavia is covered
by high mountains and it is settled by a specific socio-psychological type of the
people a hommo Dinaricus, mostly primitive, not well educated, the truble
makers and above all extremelly belligerent population. Majority of the 20
th
century conflicts and war crimes on the territory of Ex-Yugoslavia have been
committed between those Yugoslav highlanders, Slavophone or/and
Albanophone, as a matter of settling their historical accounts within a framework
of Sycilian mafia`s social interrelations philosophy the Cosa Nostra ('Our
Bussines). After 1945 Serbia was totally occupied by such Dinaric highlanders
from Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia and above all from Montenegro. Even today
there are more Montenegrins in Serbia than in Montenegro itself. Among all
these Yugoslav highlanders the most belligerent and primitive are those from
both parts of Herzegovina, west and east.
Zdz
Figure 16: A map oI the 'Shtokavian dialect oI Ex-'Serbo-Croat language on

a territory of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This dialect was
spoken as a mother tanque by 75 oI the Yugoslav citizens. The 'Serbo-Croat
language was officially composed by three dialects: Chakavian, Kajkavian and
Shtokavian. Chakavian was and is spoken only by the Croats and this is the only
native-national language of real ethnic Croats. It is today spoken in the North
Dalmatia, Istria and the Adriatic Islands. Kajkavian dialect is spoken around
Zagreb and the north-west Croatia. Kajkavian dialect is a national language of
the Slovenes. Present-day Kajkavian speaking 'Croats are in fact Croatized
ethnic Slovenes. Shtokavian dialect is a national language of the Serbs and only
of the Serbs. Present-day Shtokavian speaking 'Croats (in Iact a huge majority
of the Croat population) are in fact Croatized Roman-Catholic Serbs on the
territories from Slovenian border (Zumberak) to the Bay of Kotor in present-day
Montenegro due to the propaganda work of denationalization of the Roman-
Catholic Serbs by the Roman-Catholic church especially by the Franciscan
Order.
Zdz
Figure 17: Ethnic breakdown of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

according to the last census committed just before the new civil war in 1991
started between the Yugoslav homo Dinaricus highlanders (mountaineers,
cragsmen). As it is visible, no one ethnic group had an absolute majority in the
country. The most noumerous had been the Serbs but only with 36,3% out of the
total Yugoslavia`s population. The most mixed and historically most
problematic Yugoslav republic was Bosnia-Herzegovina called, for the very
reason, as a 'Little Yugoslavia with a mixture oI Muslim, Serb and Croat
population. A most homogenious Yugoslav republic was Slovenia with only
10% of non-Slovenes. Croatia was still settled by 12% of the Serbs who were the
survivers oI the Croat genocide committed in 19411945.
Zdz
Figure 18: Ethnic breakdown of the population of Socialist Republic of Bosnia-

Herzegovina in 1991. No one nation had an absolute majority in this republic.
The most numerous were the Muslims (from September 1993 the Bosniaks)
with 44% out of total population. The Serbs have been on the second place with
31%, while the Croats with 17% took the third place. A majority of the rest of
the population declaired themselves as the 'Yugoslavs. However, this part oI
the population of Bosnia-Herzegovina absolutely disapeared during and after the
civil war oI 19911995. The white line on the map is a division boundary
between the post-war 'Dayton Bosnia-Herzegovina the 'Republic oI Srpska
and the Croat-Bosniak Federation with the Croat Herzeg-Bosnia autonomous
region. The effects of the ethnic cleansing done by all three sides during the war
are very visible from the fact that all these three national-political entities are
almost ethnically homogenous today.
Zdz
Figure 19: Ethnic structure of post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina. According to the

Dayton-Paris Peace Treaty Accord in November-December 1995, Bosnia-
Herzegovina became divided into the 'Republic oI Srpska (49 out oI total
territory of Bosnia-Herzegovina) and the 'Croat-Bosniak Federation (51).
The Croats created and proclaimed their own autonomous region the 'Herzeg-
Bosnia. The Federation is divided into 10 ethnic cantons: two of them are
mixed as neither Croats or Bosniaks have absolute majority. The Republic of
Srpska does not have cantons. Both political-national entities have a veto rights.
The capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina Sarajevo is divided into Serbian East
Sarajevo and Croat-Bosniak Sarajevo without Serbs. A capital of the Republic of
Srpska is Banja Luka. The capital of Croat Herzeg-Bosnia is Western Mostar,
while the Eastern Mostar belongs to the Bosniaks. The Serbs absolutely
disapeared from Mostar as a consequence of the war.
Zdz
Figure 20: Territories of the Republic of Croatia and self-proclaimed Republic

of Serbian Krajina. Both of them proclaimed their independence in 1991:
Croatia from the rest of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on June 25
th
, at
the same day when Slovenia proclaimed its own independence; the Republic of
Serbian Krajina on December 19
th
, from the rest of Croatia. The Republic of
Serbian Krajina is formed on the territories with Serb ethnic majority for the
reason to prevent the third genocide by the Croats in the 20
th
century on Serbs.
The Republic of Serbian Krajina was never recognized as an independent state
by any world`s state including and Serbia and Montenegro (Irom April 1992
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). Croatia was recognized only in January
1992 within the borders created by pro-Croat and anti-Serb Communist
leadership oI Josip Broz Tito`s Yugoslavia in 1945. Tito by himselI was a halI
Slovenian and half Croat born in 1892 in Croatian village of Kajkavian speaking
Kumrovec nearby the border with Slovenia. In 1945/1946 he decisivly rejected
any proposal of any autonomous status for the Serbs in Socialist (Greater)
Croatia.
212
212
Regarding Tito`s biography, see: Ridley J., TITO. A Biography, London: Constable and Company
Limited, 1994. Regarding Tito`s psychobiography, see: .,
, : Informatika, 2008.
Zdz
Figure 21: Ethnic composition of self-proclaimed the Republic of Serbian

Krajina (19911995). The blue coloured territories were settled by the Serbs. It
is clear that the borders of this Republic have been proclaimed according to the
ethnic rights to selfdetermination of the ethnic majority from the region of
Krajina. It is also and moral question if this region can be given to any kind of
Croatia after the Second World War genocide committed by the regime of the
Independent State of Croatia on her own citizens of the Serb ethnic
determination. It is also important to stress that both Serb self-proclaimed
Republics leftward the Drina River (the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the
Republic of Srpska) officially proclaimed their state and national unification
with the neighbouring Serbia and Montenegro into a single national state of the
Serbs. However, neither Belgrade or Podgorica accepted this unification mostly
for the reasons of negative political consequences on the international arena. A
capital of the Republic of Serbian Krajina became the city of Knin mostly
populated by the ethnic Serbs. This Republic was finally annulated in August
1995 by a military action of a regular Croatian army and police forces during
which c. 3000 Serbs were killed. Those who left Krajina were settled mainly in
Serbia including and Kosovo-Metohija. However, most probably even before the
war the Presidents oI Croatia Franjo Tudman and Serbia Slobodan Milosevic
(Montenegrin) made a deal about a transIer oI Croatia`s Serbs to Serbia.
Zdz
Figure 22: Ten Croat, Bosniak and Croat-Bosniak cantons in the Croat-Bosniak
Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina aIter the civil war oI 19921995. Cantons
Jajce (6) and Mostar (7) are ethnically mixed. Three cantons (2, 8, 10) are Croat
and five are Bosniak (1, 3, 4, 5, 9).
Zdz
Figure 23: The western borders oI several types oI a 'Greater Serbia required
by different Serbian intellectuals and politicians during the time of destruction of
Ex-Yugoslavia in the 1990s according to the French mass-media.
Figure 24: Population structure of Bosnia-Herzegovina by ethnic majorities of
the Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats according to the last pre-war census of 1991:
Bosniaks 44%; Serbs 31% and Croats 17%. No one of these three main ethnic
majorities had an absolute majority in the country.
Zdz
Figure 25: One oI 'Serbian National Programmes with the map oI united Serbian lands
into a single national state. The Programme was made after the Kosovo War of
19981999. It includes Serbia with Kosovo-Metohija, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina,
Krajina, Slavonia, Northern Macedonia and Central and Southern Dalmatia.
Zdz
Figure 26: Triplex confinium: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo-

Metohija and Central Serbia with a buffer zone between Kosovo-Metohija and Central
Serbia. The main Balkan speedway Irom Belgrade to Athens via 'Vardar Macedonia is
running very close to the buffer zone. This area of Triplex confinium is populated by
Serbs, Macedonian Slavs, Albanians, Gypsies and other smaller minorities.
Zdz
Figure 27: Deployment of the international UN troops (in fact the NATO) on the
territory of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia from 1991 as the peace
guarantees. They are mostly deployed on the territory populated by the ethnic Albanian
majority and came to the FYR of Macedonia with a call by the Government in Skopje in
order to keep a peace between the ethnic Albanians and the Macedonian Slavs who are
calling themselves as the 'Macedonians. However, in the year 2001 it erupted a real
civil war between Albanian rebells and Macedonian state. The war was directly inspired
by the members oI a Greater Albania`s 'Kosovo Liberation Army who tried to export a
Greater Albania`s revolution Irom Kosovo-Metohija. The uprising and the war were over
in August oI the same year by signing the 'Ohrid Agreement according to which the
Albanians in the FYR of Macedonia received a great scale of minority rights.
Zdz
Figure 28: A map according to Croat claims of united Croatia and Ctoat nation
during the reign of the first King of Croatia Tomislav I (crowned in 925).
According to the claims, Tomislav united two Croatias 'Littoral Croatia
(Dalmatia) and 'Pannonian Croatia (between the Rivers of Sava and Drava)
with annexation of Bosnia. At such a way, the River of Drina became a
historical border of a Greater Croatia. However, according to all relevant
historical sources a creation of united Croatia by King Tomislav I is absolutely
unproved. Moreover, according to Croat historian and university professor Nada
Klaic, there is only one single historical source about physical existence oI
Tomislav. However, this map with the claims of creation of the first united
Croatia became very much used and misused by various types of Croat
nationalists in the 20
th
century who saw the eastern borders of a Greater Croatia
set up on the River of Drina and all Muslim and Orthodox population of Bosnia-
Herzegovina as a part of the ethnic Croat national body. The Second World War
Independent State oI Croatia`s borders were established exactly based on the
claims from the above map as a prove of such historical rights of Croatia and
Croats. Nevertheless, as it is seen on the map, the territories of Istria,
Herzegovina, Southern Dalmatia with the city of Dubrovnik and the North and
Central Adriatic Islands have not been included into 'Tomislav`s United
Croatia.
Zdz
Figure 29: Contemporary Albanian territorial claims for a creation of a Greater

(United) Albania as a single national state of all Albanians. The map appeared
aIter the Kosovo War oI 19981999 and it is based on the 'ethnic and historic
rights oI the Albanians.
Zdz
Figure 30: Administrative division of Kosovo-Metohija by KFOR-NATO

troops into five occupation sectors after June 1999: the U.S., U.K., Italian,
French and German.
Zdz
Figure 31: A territory of Kosovo-Metohija settled by the ethnic Serbs before the
KFOR-NATO occupation of the region in June 1999 when started an organized
and NATO sponsored ethnic cleansing of the Serbs by the local Albanians. In
this region in 1455 it was only 2% of Albanians, while in 2013 there are c. 97%
of Albanians. Before the Kosovo War oI 19981999 there were 10 oI ethnic
Serbs in the region. Today, Albanian Republic of Kosova together with Croatia
and Albania are the most ethnically homogenous states in Europe.
Zdz
Figure 32: Serbian population in Kosovo-Metohija in 2002 three years after

the NATO troops occupied the region in June 1999. The ethnic cleansing of the
local Serbs was well organized, properlly done and fully supported by KFOR-
NATO occupation forces in Kosovo-Metohija with a great help of the western
mass-media who was and is simply keeping silence about the issue.
Zdz
Figure 33: Ethnic cleansing of the Kosovo-Metohija Serbs by the local

Albanians during three days oI 'March Pogrom (1719) when majority oI the
Serbs living in Southern and Central Kosovo-Metohija were expelled to Central
Serbia or Northern Kosovo-Metohija the only Serb populated macro enclave
left in the region with its center in the northern part of the city of Kosovska
Mitrovica.
Zdz
Figure 34: Destroyed Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches in Kosovo-

Metohija during Albanian organized and committed pogrom and ethnic
cleansing on March 1719
th
, 2004. The March Pogrom, which resulted in the
loss of several dozens of lives, several hundreds of wounded, more than 4.000
expelled ethnic Serbs including and whole families, more than 800 Serbian
houses set on fire and 35 destroyed or severely demaged Serbian Orthodox
churches and other cultural monuments, was done for the only political purpose
to make ethnically as pure as the region of Kosovo-Metohija before its
proclamation of independence (on February 17
th
, 2008) as the second Albanian
national state. For that reason we can 'understand, but not to justiIy, why it was
very important to destroy any traces of Serbian people and Serbian cultre in
Kosovo-Metohija. Albanian terrorism was developing for more than 200 years.
It has a framework of ethnically and nationalistically motivated type of terrorism
that is marked by a large scale of animosity and hate against the local Serbs who
are the only autohtonous inhabitants of Kosovo-Metohija.
Zdz
Figure 35: Ethnographic space of Slovenian nation according to Peter Kozler

Irom 1848. This map is usually called as a 'Map oI United Slovenia. The aim
of the author was to present all provinces in the Habsburg Monarchy populated
by Slovenian people and as such requiring to form autonomous single province
of Slovenia within the monarchy with its own provincial parliament and other
political and national rights. According to the map, all Kajkavian speaking
territories has to be included into United Slovenia including and those from
present-day Croatia with Kvarner Islands, whole Istrian Peninsula, Rijeka,
Trieste, southern Korushka (Carniola), Shtajerska (Styria) from the present-day
Austria and Prekomurje and Medjumurje. The Yugoslav armies two times in the
20
th
century have been fighting for such United Slovenia to be part of
Yugoslavia: in 1918 and 1945. The exact title oI this map is: 'Geographic Map
of Slovenian Homeland and Regions. The Adriatic Sea is named as the 'Grey
or Illyrian Sea.
Zdz
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Vladislav SoIirovic

FmigraIion, e!ugees and

Emigration, Rcfugccs and Ethnic

Territory of ex-Yugoslavia (,Titoslavia') with its administrative system of internal

TIc forccful dcconosiiion of iIc forncr Yugoslavia

dcvcloncni fron iIc iinc of a naiional awalcning and crcaiion

Iad io lc csiallisIcd as a rccondiiion for oliiical survival of

TIc culsion of crsons according io iIc ciInic

I clain iIai condiiions of iIc dcsiruciion and lrcaldown

Finally, iIc idca iIai a naiional safciy and frccdon arc

Bosnia-Herzegovina 1993: An Arab Muslim Mujahedin with a head of Serb soldier

IdeoIogy, NatIonaIIsm and NatIonaI

, DJUHH WKDW LQ <XJRVODYLD DOO SROLWLFDO SUREOHPV DUH

nany cascs io siricily scaraic ciInic connuniiics. To lc

if wc would inlcncni in iIc casc of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina iIc

TIc crucial qucsiion on iIis lacc is. wIcn docs a

Sciilcncni of 1555. Cuius rcgio, cius rcligio". Howcvcr,

wcrc si Naiions of Yugoslavia (iIc Croais, Maccdonians,

idcological novcncni for iIc aiiainncni and nainicnancc of

TIcrc arc nany ialls aloui naiionalisn anong iIc

WIocvcr wanis fairly io rcsolvc any conicnorary rollcn in

Regarding genesis and development of Serbian and Croatian nationalism(s) in the 19

no naiion wiiIoui dcfiniicly narlcd lordcrs of iIc icrriiory

qucsiion Ias a lcgiiinaic rigIi io rcsciilc iisclf oncc again io

of rcscni day SouiI-Easicrn Scrlia

CIallidili Pcninsula and iIc wIolc oriion

Moldavia and SouiIcrn Dcssaralia

Scrlia rocr (fron iIc Danulc io iIc lowcr

so-callcd McioIija| and SouiIcrn Sanjal

Eirus, wIicI is ioday a ari of Crcccc.

arca around nid-Sladar Lalc, iIc Adriaiic

NcvcriIclcss, iIc naiional icrriiorial asiraiions would

lclow sIows iIc idcal soluiions of naiional qucsiions" ai iIc

Tcrriiory of rcscni day Fonania, Iisiorical

I would lilc io cnIasizc iIai wIilc iIc currcni siaic

aroacI was a rcgular non-rccogniiion of iIc idcniiiy of iIc

&URDWLDQ XVDJH RI WKH WHUPV ,OO\ULDQ DQG &URDW DV WKH

iIc grcai cicnd Polonizcd, i.c. lccanc of Slavic fcaiurc,

Dulc, io lc undcr iIc Fussian oliiical-niliiary roiccioraic,

ly crcaiion of a uniicd naiional siaic of iIc Scrls iIai was

&URDWLD. According io iIc na, Croaiia, Dalnaiia, Slavonia,

csccially anong iIc Mirdiii, iIc Fonan CaiIolic CIurcI was

(Kanzzclar} Oiio von Disnarcl dccisivcly rcjccicd io scal

Ai iIc iurn of iIc 20iI ccniury nany oliiicians in

TIc Allanians, surcly, wcrc anong iIc vcry fcw Dallan

inio a Crcai/Crcaicr Scrlia. Ai iIc sanc iinc, Karadi and

lui wiiI a final oliiical ain io lcconc a ari of Dulgaria lilc

TIc nosi cnincni rooncni of iIc concci of a Uniicd

Unofficial flag of United Macedonia used by the Macedonian nationalists

Inter-EtbnIc ConIIIcts on tbe TerrItory oI

A fall of Dcrlin Wall in Novcnlcr 1999 and iIc rising u

during iIc Fisi and csccially iIc Sccond World

TuIc 4. TIc Pouuton Stuctucs (n cccnts) o tIc

A map of ethnographic dispersion of six Yugoslav nations and biggest

iIcrc wcrc alrcady 2,3 nillion of iIc Yugoslavs wIon wc can

conirollcd ly iIc Muslin Arny of Dosnia-Hcrzcgovina.

of a oulaiion on iIai icrriiory (for insiancc, iIc Scrls in

lordcrs. If iIc inncr inicr-rcullican lordcrs (GHMXUH jusi iIc

QDWLRQDO WHUULWRU\ lccanc onc of iIc ivoial ciInonaiional

Yugoslav Allanians io Anadolia a roosal iIai was finally

iIc firsi as ii was a casc of iIc Croais.

YHU\ XVHG PHFKDQLVP RI HWKQLF FOHDQVLQJ SROLF\ RQO\ LQ

RSHUDWLRQ lcad ly iIc Yugoslav Arny.

My clain is lascd, anong oiIcr sourccs, on official