Chapter 5 Study Guide

1. Female Reproductive Structures Identify internal/external structures Attached**** Understand physiological functions of structures External Prepuce of clitoris (clitoral hood), small fold is skin that partially overs the glands (head) of the clitoris Clitoris organ of sexual pleasure and orgasm in women, contains rich blood supply, extremely sensitive, send sexual response to brain to secrete smegma Labia majora two folds of tissue that lie lateral to the genitalia and serve to protect the delicate tissues between them, during pregnancy highly vascular due to hormonal influences, have pubic hair, protect clitoris and vestibule Labia minora two folds of tissue that lie within the labia majora and converge near anus to form the fourchette (mucous membrane at posterior opening of vagina), moist, absent of hairs, contain sebaceous glands that provide lubrication and protect against bacterial secretions, protect clitoris and vestibule Bartholins Glands (greater vestibular or vulvovaginal glands), located posterior portion of the vestibule, glands secrete clear mucus that moistens and lubricates the vagina during sexual arousal. Perineum anatomical landmark, region between vagina nd anus, the taint, during pregnancy this area becomes thin as fetus descends through vagina, may tear when baby is born Urethral orifice (or urinary meatus) external opening of the urethra, which urine is ejected during urination. Skenes ducts (paraurethral glands), located on each side of the urethra, produce mucus that helps to lubricate the vagina, not readily visible Vaginal orifice it is the opening of the vagina, it releases menses, discharge, and babies. It also is where the penis goes during intercoarse. Hymen tissue that surrounds the opening of the vagina, does not occlude vagina

Vulva posterior to mons pubis, contains labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule of vagina, vaginal opening, and Bartholins glands Interior Fallopian Tube (aka uterine tubes or oviducts) provides peristalsis that assists in transporting the ovum toward to uterus for potential implantation Ovary production of ova and the secretion of female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone), oogenesis (process of meiosis for egg cell formation), hormones help regulate menstrual cycle Broad ligament (expand lateral) & Round ligaments (expand diameter and length) both support upper portion of uterus Uterus there are two functions: permit sperm to ascend toward the fallopian tubes and prove a nourishing environment for the zygote until placental function begins (* indicate 3 sections of the uterus) *Corpus has layers, one being the myometrium which is responsible for the formation of the tridirectional muscular layers that support the ligaments of the uterus and are important in facilitating effective uterine contractions during labor and birth *Isthmus midway between uterine body and cervix, site for surgical incision when a low-transverse cesarean section is performed *Cervix secretes mucus to lubricate vaginal canal, barrier to sperm penetration during nonfertile periods, provides pathway for sperm during fertile periods, forms a solid plug called an operculum to protect a pregnancy from outside pathogens, and functions as a bacteriostatic agent Vagina provides lubrication to facilitate intercourse, stimulate penis during intercourse, act as a receptacle for semen, transport tissue and blood during menses to outside, birth canal Purpose of the bony pelvis The bony pelvis is structured to adapt to the demands of childbearing, functions to support and protect the pelvic contents and to form a relatively fixed axis for birth passage Types/shapes of the bony pelvis Gynecoid typical, oval-shaped, ischial spines less prominent, shortened sacrum, subpubic arch is wide and round, great for birthing

Android triangular or heart-shaped, laterally narrow, subpubic arch is narrow, more bony prominences, ischial spines are prominent and narrow, difficult during fetal descent Anthropoid oval-shaped, similar to gynecoid but plane versus lateral, subpubic arch is slightly narrowed, fetal descent is likely to be posterior (facing the womens front) rather than anterior (facing the womens back), usually results in C-section Platypelloid pelvis is broad and flat, pelvic inlet is wide laterally with flattened anterior-posterior plane, ischial spines are prominent, subpubic arch is wide, fetal descent is transverse and will not allow vaginal birth = C-section

Functionality of the breasts The primary function of the breast is to provide nutrition to offspring through lactation

Identify aspects of the breasts Attached**** Nipples contain several spores that secrete colostrum (breast fluid that preceeds breast milk) and breast milk during lactation, erectile tissue to assist with infant latchon during sucking Aerola deeply pigmented area that surrounds the nipple Montgomery Tubercles papillae located on the surface of the nipple and areola, secrete fatty substance that lubricates and protects the nipple and areola during breastfeeding

2. Male Reproductive Structures Identify internal/external structures Paste picture (p.131) Explain physiological functions of the reproductive organs External: perineum, penis, scrotum

Perineum diamond-shaped, extends from symphysis pubis to coccyx to ischial tuberosity Penis contain the urethra and serve as the terminal duct for urinary and reproductive tracts by excreting urine and semen, erect during sexual arousal to allow for penetration Scrotum two compartment pouch, enclose and protect the two testes, controls temp regulation Internal: Testicles/Testes, Epididymis, Ducts, Urethra, Spermatic Cords, Accessory Glands Testicle spermatogenesis and the production and secretion of the male hormone testosterone by the interstitial cells of Leydig Epididymis tightly coiled, store mature sperm and convey sperm to vas deferens, secrete seminal fluid and serve as the site where sperm become mobile Ducts two vas deferens/duct deferens (secrete seminal fluid) and two ejactulatory ducts (connect vas deferens and seminal vesicle ejact ducts pass through prostate gland and terminate in the urethra) Urethra functions as urinary and reproductive systems Spermatic Cords located in inguinal canal, enclose seminal ducts, blood & lymph vessels, and nerves Accessory Glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulburethral glands, urethral glands) Seminal vesicles secrete nutrient rich compent of seminal fluid, help neutralize semen pH Prostate helps protect sperm from acidic environments of vagina and male urethra, thin, milky, alkaline fluid rich in zinc, citric acid, acid phosphate, and calcium Bulburethral glands secrete fluid to lubricate the end of the penis Urethral (Littres) glands secrete mucus into the semen 3. Analyze Actions/Interactions of Reproductive Hormones Hormones released by the hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) when decreased ovarian hormones (estrogen & progesterone), effects spermatogenesis Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Regulates ACTH to active sympathetic nervous system, released by preg women and embryo after implantation, protects against immunological rejection that could result in miscarriage Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) Stimulates production and release of growth hormone by anterior pituitary Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH) Aka somatostatin, inhibits release of GH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Regulates T3 & T4, stimulates release of prolactin Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) Alka prolactostatin, dopamine also inhibits prolactin Hormones released by the pituitary (anterior and posterior) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Aka thyrotropin, regulates endocrine function of thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Aka corticotropin, development and functioning of adrenal cortex, secretes glucocorticoids and androgens Prolactin (PRL) Initiates milk production and provides inhibition of FSH and LH Growth Hormone (GH) Aka somatotropin, stimulates growth and cell reproduction, increase muscle mass, calcium retention, bone mineralization, stimulates immune system, reduce glucose uptake in liver, promotion of lipolysis Gonadotropins FSH and LH stimulate and inhibit the ovaries, help regulate menstrual cycle by positive and negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone *Oxytocin* (Posterior pituitary, above are all anterior) Stimulates uterine contractions and the release of milk from milk ducts during lactation, can be administered during labor to enhance uterine contractions and after birth to minimize bleeding Hormones released by the gonads Estrogen

primary female sex hormone, high levels in women of childbearing age, responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics (breast development, widening of hips, fat in buttocks, mons pubis), helps to regulate the menstrual cycle by stimulating proliferation of endometrial lining in prep for pregnancy Progesterone Role in regulation of menstrual cycle, decreases motility and contractility, and prepares uterus for implantation after fertilization, readies breast for lactation Testosterone Primary male hormone, produces by testes or ovaries, responsible for secondary sex characteristics (body hair distribution, growth and strength of long bones, increase in muscle mass, deepening voice. In both genders: enhances libido, increases energy, boost immune function, helps protect against osteoporosis

Role of HCG, gonadotropin, prostaglandins, relaxin in pregnancy HCG Important hormone during early pregnancy, keeps levels of progesterone and estrogen elevated until placenta has developed and is able to do it on its own, urine levels are used to diagnose pregnancy Prostaglandins Believed to help maintain a reduced vascular resistance and involved in the biochemical process that initiates labor

Relaxin Softening and lengthening the uterine cervix and promotes uterine relaxation 4. Body changes during puberty Female body changes associated with puberty Growth spurt Adolescent growth spurt, height increase Secondary Thelarche, breast budding Adrenarche, increased adrenal androgen section, axillary and public hair

Primary Menarche, first menstrual period Function of testes The function of the testicle is: spermatogenesis and the production and seretion of the male hormone testosterone by the interstitial cells of Leydig Sperm production and characteristics 1. The testes produce sperm that are transported to the epididymis 2. Move to the vas deferens 3. From there the seminal fluid moves to the ejaculatory duct before exiting the body through the urethra

5. Reproduction and menstrual cycle Development of the secondary sex characteristics With the onset of puberty hormonal stimulation prompts the ovaries to secrete small amounts of estrogen = estrogen levels rise, menarche occurs. Secondary sexual characteristics precedes menarche: growth and development of vagina, darkening of areola, widening of hips, estrogen is responsible for changes in breast Describe four phases of the uterine cycle and major physiological event during each phase Menstrual Phase (days 1-6), time of vaginal bleeding, onset of menses signals beginning of the follicular phase (developing another ovary for ovulation helps prepare another egg), prostaglandins cause contractions and decrease risk of hemorrhage and cause headache and nausea Proliferative Phase (days 7-14), end of menses through ovulation, endometrial lining is 1-2mm thick, increase levels of estrogen, enlarged endometrial glands, and the growth of uterine smooth muscle Secretory Phase (days 15-26), time of ovulation to the period just prior to menses, increasing amounts of progesterone & estrogen, glycogen-producing glands secrete endometrial fluid in prep for fertilization ovum, increased glandular growth of breast, thinning of vaginal mucosa, increased thickness and stickiness of cervical mucus Ischemic Phase (days 27-28), onset of menstruation, estrogen and progesterone levels are low, endometrium becomes pale due to lack of blood supply, rupture of endometrial blood vessels leads to onset of menses (this marks day 1 of the next cycle) and initiation of menstrual phase of the cycle. Trace the menstrual cycle from day 1 to day 30 ?????????

Describe the physiological changes accompanying ovulation The basal body temperature (BBT) increases 0.3 to 0.6*C approx 24-48 hours after ovulation, mittleschmerz (abdominal pain that occurs at time of ovulation, described as cramping), and midcycle spotting

6. Phases of menopause Hormonal events surrounding menopause Climacteric Phase is characterized by the decline in ovarian function and loss in estrogen & progesterone production Decrease in estrogen = hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, amenhorrhea, skin changes, decrease sweat, thinning of skin, bone thinning and osteoporosis, anxiety, depression, libido changes, insomnia Physiological changes during menopause ??