c Copyright, Darbose

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation

Volume 2(2),pp 4556, 2010
http://ijamc.psit.in
Mathematical modelling and analysis of the removal of
gaseous pollutants by precipitation using general nonlinear
interaction
Shyam Sundar
1
and Ram Naresh
2
1
Department of Mathematics. P.S. Institute of Technology,
Kanpur-208020, India
Email: ssmishra 75@yahoo.co.in
2
Department of Mathematics. H.B. Technological Institute,
Kanpur-208002, India
Email: ramntripathi@yahoo.com
Abstract:
In this paper, we propose and analyze a simple mathematical model to study the
removal of gaseous pollutants by rain using general nonlinear interaction term between
raindrops density and gaseous pollutants. The atmosphere, under consideration, is
assumed to consist of three phases i.e. the raindrops phase, the gaseous pollutants
phase and the phase of gaseous pollutants absorbed in raindrops. The dynamics of
these phases is assumed to be governed by the ordinary dierential equations with
source, nonlinear interaction and removal terms. The proposed model is analyzed
using stability theory of dierential equations. It is shown that, under appropriate
conditions, the pollutants can be removed from the atmosphere signicantly and the
removed amount would depend upon the rates of discharge of gaseous pollutants and
the intensity of rain. Further, the removal of gaseous pollutants depends upon the
conditions which are conducive to precipitation/rainfall.
Keywords: Gaseous pollutants, equilibrium, stability analysis, precipitation, non-
linear interaction.
1 Introduction
This paper deals with the removal of gaseous pollutants from the atmosphere using general
nonlinear interaction between raindrops density and gaseous pollutants. During precip-
itation, the removal of gaseous pollutants takes place due to absorption of pollutants in
raindrops falling on the ground. In several experimental studies, it has been shown that
Corresponding author: S. Sundar
46
the atmosphere of Indian cities becomes cleaner during and after the monsoon season [7,
10-12]. For example, Pandey et. al. [10] measured the concentrations of ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate matters (TSP) in the urban area
of Varanasi city in India, and found decrease in their concentrations in the rainy season.
Pillai et al. [11] have studied the wet deposition and dust fall in city of Pune, India and
emphasized the importance of wet removal. Sharma et al. [12] have measured the con-
centration of suspended particulate matters in Kanpur city, India, and noted reduction in
their concentrations during monsoon season.
Several studies related to the removal of gaseous pollutants from the atmosphere due
to rain, fog or snow, have been conducted using mathematical models [1, 3-5, 8, 13]. In
particular, Fisher [1] has studied the transport and removal of sulfur dioxide in rain using a
simple model which combines the microphysics of absorption and chemical transformation
of sulfur dioxide in cloud with the dynamics of the air motion and obtained appropriate one
dimensional solution of the governing equations. Hales [4] presented some fundamentals for
the general analysis of precipitation scavenging emphasizing the importance of reversible
phenomenon. The absorption and desorption of gaseous pollutants by water droplets is a
key step in the removal process for many trace gases in the atmosphere. Naresh [8] studied
the eect of precipitation scavenging on the unsteady state dispersion of a reactive gaseous
air pollutant emitted from a time dependent point source, assuming uniform distribution
of rain drops in the atmosphere which absorb the pollutant and remove it by their fall
on the ground. Shukla et. al. [13] have calculated vertical concentration distribution of
a gaseous pollutant emitted at ground level into a stagnant fog layer containing uniform
distribution of fog droplets by assuming reversible absorption of a pollutant species.
It may be noted here that the dispersion of air pollutants and their removal from the
atmosphere by precipitation has been modeled mainly using coupled linear convective
diusion equations for the gaseous pollutants phase and the absorbed pollutants in the
raindrops phase by taking into account uniform distribution of raindrops. However, it
may be pointed out that in real situations, during rain, the number density of raindrops
changes as the intensity of precipitation increases. This change in number density aects
the interaction process between raindrops and gaseous pollutants, making the phenomenon
nonlinear and, should, therefore be taken into account in the model [9, 14]. The main
mechanism for removal of gaseous pollutants is through the falling of raindrops and the
removal term, in general, due to precipitation, is proportional to the concentration of the
absorbed pollutants as well as to the number density of raindrops in the atmosphere. The
phenomenon of nonlinearity governing the evolution of various phases is based on the
concepts of ecology related to growth rate, death rate and interaction processes. These
nonlinear models are based on the simple law of mass action i.e. bilinear interaction
between dierent phases whereas in the present study we use general nonlinear interaction
as used in many ecological studies [6, 16].
Keeping in view of the above, in this paper we propose a simple nonlinear mathematical
model to study the removal of gaseous pollutants from the stable atmosphere of a polluted
region by precipitation. Our objective is to analyze the proposed nonlinear model to
see the eect of precipitation scavenging on the equilibrium level of pollutants in the
atmosphere by using stability theory. A numerical study of the model is also performed
to see the role of key parameters on the removal process. The model can further be
generalized by including diusion and convection terms if atmospheric conditions such
IJAMC
47
as wind, temperature inversion, topography of the terrain etc. are also to be taken into
account.
2 Mathematical Model
We consider a polluted region where rain is taking place. We assume that there exist three
interacting phases in the atmosphere: the raindrops phase, the gaseous pollutants phase
and the phase of gaseous pollutants absorbed in raindrops.
It is assumed here that gaseous pollutants are removed by rain fall as well as by other
natural processes such as by eect of gravity, interactions with plant leaves, buildings,
etc. Further, it is possible that a fraction of gaseous pollutants may re-enter into the
atmosphere by a reversible process and some recycling phenomenon may occur which is
also considered in the modelling process.
Let C
r
(t)be the number density of raindrops in the atmosphere, C and C
a
be the
cumulative concentrations of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere and that in absorbed
phase respectively. It is assumed that the density C
r
of raindrops may deplete naturally as
well as by interaction with the gaseous pollutants. It is assumed to be proportional to the
raindrops density C
r
as well as the concentration of gaseous pollutants (i.e. CC
r
). The
term r
1
CC
r
may represent the evaporation of raindrops due to heated gaseous pollutant
from its source during emission, where r
1
may be a function of temperature but it is
assumed to be a constant in our study. q is the growth rate of raindrops assumed to be
a constant (intensity of rain), r
0
is the natural depletion rate coecient of the density of
raindrops, r
1
is the removal rate coecient of the density of raindrops due to interaction
with C.
In view of the above, the equation governing the dynamics of raindrops density can be
written by the following equation,
dC
r
dt
= q r
0
C
r
r
1
CC
r
(2.1)
To write the other equations of the model, it is assumed that Q is the constant emission
rate of gaseous pollutants emitted directly from an external source, with its natural deple-
tion (dry deposition) rate C. Here our main aim is to study the removal of gaseous pol-
lutants from the atmosphere by precipitation, therefore the absorption/impaction of these
pollutants is assumed to be governed a general nonlinear interaction term
_
i.e.
CCr
a+bC
_
,
where a and b are constants [6, 16]. The gaseous pollutants in the absorbed phase may be
removed by the rate kC
a
and a fraction of it (i.e. kC
a
) may re-enter into the atmosphere
by reversible processes. It is also assumed that removal of the gaseous pollutants in the
absorbed phase is proportional to its concentration in absorbed phase and the number
density of raindrops (i.e. C
r
C
a
) and a fraction of it (i.e. C
r
C
a
) may also re-enter the
atmosphere by recycling phenomenon to increase the concentration of gaseous pollutants
in the atmosphere. The constants 0 , 1 are the reversible rate coecients.
Thus, the evolution equations governing the concentration of gaseous pollutants and
the pollutants in the absorbed phase may be written as follows,
dC
dt
= Q(t) C
CC
r
a + bC
+ k C
a
+ C
r
C
a
(2.2)
48
dC
a
dt
=
CC
r
a + bC
k C
a
C
r
C
a
(2.3)
C
r
(0) 0, C(0) 0, C
a
(0) 0
Remark: It is noted from the model (2.1) (2.3) that if the coecients r
0
, r
1
are very large,
dCr
dt
becomes negative and rain may not occur and hence pollutants may not be removed
from the atmosphere. Further, if the interaction rate coecient is large enough, then
dC
dt
<0 showing that all pollutants would be removed from the atmosphere. Also, for large
k and ,
dCa
dt
< 0 then the formation of absorbed phase is very transient and it may not
exist (i.e. C
a
0).
In the following, we analyze the model (2.1) (2.3) using the stability theory of dier-
ential equations for Q(t) = 0 and Q(t) = Q (constant). The case Q(t) = 0 corresponds
to the situation when the pollutants are emitted in the atmosphere by an instantaneous
source, whereas, the case Q(t) = Q represents the emission of pollutants in the atmo-
sphere with a constant rate, for example, power house stacks emitting continuously. We
need bounds of dependent variables involved in the model. For this, we state the region
of attraction [2, 15] as follows, without proof.
The set
= {(C
r
, C, C
a
) : 0 C
r

q
r
0
, 0 C + C
a

Q
m
}attracts all solutions initiating in
the interior of the positive octant, where
m
= min{, (1 )k}.
In the following we present the existence of equilibrium point of the model (2.1)-(2.3)
and its local and global stability analysis.
3 Equilibrium and Stability Analysis
3.1 Case I: Instantaneous emission, Q(t) = 0
In this case, the model has only one non-negative equilibrium E
0
_
q
r
0
, 0, 0
_
in C
r
CC
a
space. To study the local stability behavior of E
0
, we have computed the variational
matrix for the model (2.1) - (2.3) corresponding to E
0
. It is found that all the eigen values
of the variational matrix are negative proving that E
0
is locally asymptotically stable.
To study the global stability behaviour of E
0
, we propose the following theorem.
Theorem 3.1 If C
r
(0) > 0, then E
0
is globally asymptotically stable with respect to the
non-negative octant.
Proof. From equation (2.1),
dC
r
dt
q r
0
C
r
From which we get lim
t
sup C
r
(t)
q
r
0
Again from equations (2.2) and (2.3), we have,
dC
dt
+
dC
a
dt
= C k(1 ) C
a
(1 )C
r
C
a
C k(1 ) C
a
IJAMC
49

l
(C + C
a
)
where,
l
= min{, k(1 )}
Thus C(t) + C
a
(t) {C(0) + C
a
(0)} exp(
l
t)
Hence the system is dissipative and, therefore, it follows that
lim
t
sup C(t) = lim
t
sup C
a
(t) = 0
Hence in the limit C
r
(t) tends to
q
r
0
and since C
r
(0) > 0, the theorem follows.
This theorem implies that if the pollutants are emitted in the atmosphere by an in-
stantaneous source, all the pollutants would be removed from the atmosphere by the
precipitation process with the number density of raindrops remaining at its equilibrium.
3.2 Case II: Continuous emission, Q(t) = Q (Constant)
In this case also, the model has only one non-negative equilibrium point namelyE

(C

r
, C

, C

a
).
The positive solution of E

is given by the following equations,

q r
0
C
r
r
1
CC
r
= 0 (3.1)
Q C
CC
r
a + bC
+ k C
a
+ C
r
C
a
= 0 (3.2)
CC
r
a + bC
k C
a
C
r
C
a
= 0 (3.3)
From eqs. (3.1) and (3.2) we get
Q C
C
a + bC
q
r
0
+ r
1
C
+ k C
a
+ C
a
q
r
0
+ r
1
C
= 0 (3.4)
From eqs. (3.1) and (3.3) we get
C
a + bC
q
r
0
+ r
1
C
k C
a

q
r
0
+ r
1
C
C
a
= 0 (3.5)
To show the existence of E

we observe the following. From eq. (3.4), we note that,

(i) if C = 0, then C
a
=
Q
Q
k
+
q
r
0
(ii)
dCa
dC
> 0 in the rst quadrant, provided a r
0
r
1
b C
2
> 0
From eq. (3.5), we note that,
(i) If C = 0 thenC
a
= 0
(ii)
dCa
dC
> 0 in the rst quadrant, provided a r
0
r
1
b C
2
> 0
In view of the above, we draw the isoclines (3.4)-(3.5) in rst quadrant to show the
existence of E

, (see g.1)
To study the stability behaviour of equilibrium point E

, we propose the following

theorems.
50
Figure 1: Existence of (C

, C

a
)
Theorem 3.2 Let the following inequalities hold,
_
r
1
C

r
+
C

(a + bC

)
C

a
_
2
<
q
C

r
_
+
aC

r
(a + bC

)
2
_
(3.6)
_
( k + C

r
) + k
2
aC

r
(a + bC

)
2
_
2
< k
2
_
+
aC

r
(a + bC

)
2
_
(k + C

r
) (3.7)
where k
2
<
q C

r
(k+ C

r
)
(k C

a
)
2
then E

is locally asymptotically stable.

Proof: To establish the local stability of E

, consider the following positive denite

function,
V =
1
2
(C
2
r1
+ k
1
C
2
1
+ k
2
C
2
a1
) (3.8)
where C
r1
, C
1
and C
a1
are the small perturbations about E

as
C
r
= C

r
+ C
r1
, C = C

+ C
1
, C
a
= C

a
+ C
a1
Dierentiating eq.(3.8) with respect to t we get

V = C
r1

C
r1
+ k
1
C
1

C
1
+ k
2
C
a1

C
a1
(3.9)
The linearized system of equations (2.1) - (2.3) corresponding to E

is
_
_

C
r1

C
1

C
a1
_
_
=
_

q
C

r
r
1
C

r
0

_
C

(a+b C

)
C

a
_

_
+
a C

r
(a+b C

)
2
_
( k + C

r
)
C

(a+b C

)
C

a
a C

r
(a+b C

)
2
(k + C

r
)
_

_
_
_
C
r1
C
1
C
a1
_
_
Now from eq.(3.9) we get

V =
q
C

r
C
2
r
k
1
_
+
a C

r
(a + b C

)
2
_
C
2
1
k
2
(k + C

r
) C
2
a1
IJAMC
51

_
r
1
C

r
+ k
1
_
C

(a + b C

)
C

a
__
C
r1
C
1
+ k
2
k C

a
C

r
C
r1
C
a1
+
_
k
1
( k + C

r
) + k
2
a C

r
(a + b C

)
2
_
C
1
C
a1
For
.
V to be negative denite, following conditions must be satised
_
r
1
C

r
+ k
1
_
C

(a + b C

)
C

a
__
2
< k
1
q
C

r
_
+
a C

r
(a + b C

)
2
_
(3.10)
k
2
_
k C

a
C

r
_
2
<
q
C

r
(k + C

r
) (3.11)
_
k
1
( k + C

r
) + k
2
a C

r
(a + b C

)
2
_
2
< k
1
k
2
_
+
a C

r
(a + b C

)
2
_
(k + C

r
) (3.12)
From eq.(3.11) k
2
can be chosen such that
k
2
<
qC

r
k
2
C
2
a
(k + C

r
) and let k
1
= 1 , we get the conditions as given in the statement
of the theorem.
Hence under the conditions (3.6) - (3.7),

V will be negative denite showing that V is
a Lyapunovs function and hence the theorem.
Theorem 3.3 Let the following inequalities hold in ,
_
r
1
C

r
+
C

(a + bC

)
C

a
_
2
< r
0
(3.13)
_
( k +
q
r
0
) + m
2
C

r
(a + bC

)
_
2
< m
2
(k + C

r
) (3.14)
where m
2
<
r
0
(k+ C

r
)
(

a
+)
2

Q
m

2
then E

is globally asymptotically stable.

Proof: To establish the global stability of E

, consider the following positive denite

function about E

as,
U =
1
2
_
(C
r
C

r
)
2
+ m
1
(C C

)
2
+ m
2
(C
a
C

a
)
2
_
(3.15)
Dierentiating eq.(3.15) with respect to t we get

U = (C
r
C

r
)

C
r
+ m
1
(C C

)

C + m
2
(C
a
C

a
)

C
a
(3.16)

U = (r
0
+ r
1
C)(C
r
C

r
)
2
m
1
_
+
a C
r
(a + b C)(a + b C

)
_
(C C

)
2
m
2
(k + C

r
) (C
a
C

a
)
2

_
r
1
C

r
+ m
1
_
C

(a + b C

)
C

a
__
(C
r
C

r
)(C C

)
+m
2
_
C
(a + b C)
C
a
_
(C
r
C

r
)(C
a
C

a
)
52
+
_
m
1
( k + C
r
) + m
2
a C

r
(a + b C)(a + b C

)
_
(C C

)(C
a
C

a
)
For

U to be negative denite, following conditions must be satised
_
r
1
C

r
+ m
1
_
C

(a + b C

)
C

a
__
2
< m
1
(r
0
+r
1
C)
_
+
a C
r
(a + b C)(a + b C

)
_
(3.17)
m
2
_
C
(a + b C)
C
a
_
2
< (r
0
+ r
1
C)(k + C

r
) (3.18)
_
m
1
( k + C
r
) + m
2
a C

r
(a + b C)(a + b C

)
_
2
< m
1
m
2
_
+
a C
r
(a + b C)(a + b C

)
_
(k+ C

r
)
(3.19)
After maximizing LHS and minimizing RHS from (3.18), m
2
can be chosen such that
m
2
<
r
0
(k+ C

r
)
(

a
+)
2

Q
m

2
and let m
1
= 1 , we get the conditions as given in the theorem.
Hence under the conditions (3.13) - (3.14),

U will be negative denite showing that U
is a Lyapunovs function and hence the theorem.
Remarks:
1. It is noted that if the reversible rate coecients of gaseous pollutant are small i.e.
and tend to zero and the removal coecient is high, then the possibility of
satisfying inequalities (3.7) and (3.14) is more plausible showing that removal rate
parameters have stabilizing eects on the system.
2. We also note that if r
1
is small and is high, then the possibility of satisfying
conditions (3.6) and (3.13) increases.
The above stability theorems imply that the concentrations of gaseous pollutants in the
atmosphere decreases as the growth rate of raindrops increases. Further, if appropriate
conditions are satised then these pollutants from the atmosphere would be removed by
rain ultimately.
4 Numerical Analysis
It is noted here that our main aim is to show, through nonlinear modelling and its qual-
itative analysis, the eect of rain on the removal of gaseous pollutants. It is, therefore,
desirable that we must show the existence of equilibrium values of variables of the model
as well as the feasibility of stability conditions numerically for a set of parameters. Since
the eld data for the proposed model is not available for comparison, the units for various
variables and parameters are not included in their values used for computation.
IJAMC
53
Figure 2: Global stability in C C
a
plane
Figure 3: Variation of cumulative con-
centration C of gaseous pollutants
with time t for dierent values of q,
the growth rate of raindrops
Now for numerical simulation of the model system (2.1) - (2.3), we consider the following
set of parameter values,
q = 10, r
0
= 0.2, r
1
= 0.0003, Q = 90, = 0.10, k = 0.25, = 0.03
= 0.2, = 0.60, = 0.70, a = 0.4, b = 0.2
The equilibrium values for dierent variables in E* are calculated as,
C

r
= 9.731740, C

= 3.596091, C

a
= 3.717399
Eigen values corresponding to E

are obtained as follows,

0.198026, 8.186952, 33.121488
Since all the eigen values corresponding to E

are negative, therefore E

is locally asymp-
totically stable.
The global stability behavior of E in C C
a
plane is shown in g.2. In g.3, the
variation of cumulative concentration of gaseous pollutants C with time t is shown for
dierent values of growth rate coecient of raindrops q i.e. q = 0, 10, 20. From this gure,
it is seen that the cumulative concentration of gaseous pollutants C decreases as q increases.
It is also noted if there is no rain (q = 0) then concentration of gaseous pollutants would
continue to increase in the atmosphere. In g. 4, the variation of cumulative concentration
of gaseous pollutants in the absorbed phase C
a
with time t is shown for dierent values of
growth rate coecient of raindrops q i.e. q = 10, 20, 30. It is seen that the concentration
in absorbed phase also decreases with increase in growth rate of raindrops. Fig. 5 depicts
the variation of cumulative concentration of gaseous pollutants in the absorbed phase C
a
with time t for dierent values of removal parameter i.e. = 0.50, 0.60, 0.70. It is
noted from this gure that the concentration C
a
decreases as the removal rate increases.
In Fig.6, the variation of cumulative concentration C of gaseous pollutants with time t is
54
Figure 4: Variation of cumulative
concentration C
a
in absorbed phase
with time t for dierent values of q,
the growth rate of raindrops
Figure 5: Variation of cumulative con-
centration C
a
in absorbed phase with
time t for dierent values of , the
removal rate coecient
shown for dierent values of a keeping b as constant (i.e. a = 1, 2, 3 and b = 0.2) and
for a = 1, b = 0.0. From this gure, it can be concluded that the concentration of gaseous
pollutants decreases for large t and decreases further as a decreases. Fig.7 depicts the
variation of cumulative concentration Cof gaseous pollutants with time t for dierent
values of b keeping a as constant (i.e.a = 0.4 and b = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3). From this gure, we
conclude that the concentration of gaseous pollutants decrease for large t and decrease
further as b decreases. In Table 1, we have explicitly shown the variation of equilibrium
values of gaseous pollutants C for dierent values of growth rate coecient of raindrops q
and it is seen that as q increases, equilibrium concentration C

decreases. Similarly from

Table 2 we note that the equilibrium concentration C

a
of pollutants in the absorbed phase
decreases as the removal parameter increases.
Table 1: Variation of equilibrium values E

with growth rate of raindrops q

q 10 15 20 25
C

r
49.731740 74.831804 99.858204 124.870403
C

3.596091 1.498433 0.946648 0.691899

C

a
3.717399 2.484672 1.866245 1.494356
Table 2: Variation of C

a
with removal rate
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
C

a
10.932192 5.548184 3.717399 2.795081
5 Conclusion
The study of removal of pollutants from the atmosphere of a polluted region by rain
scavenging is an important problem which must be studied as it would enhance our un-
IJAMC
55
Figure 6: Variation of cumulative
concentration C of gaseous pollu-
tants with time t for a = 1, 2, 3 and
b = 0.2; a = 1 and b = 0.0 at q = 10
Figure 7: Variation of cumulative con-
centration C of gaseous pollutants
with time t for a = 0.4 and b =
0.1, 0.2, 0.3
derstanding in protecting ancient monuments, buildings and populations from pollutants
and toxic gases by using aerial sprays of water or other liquids. Therefore, in this paper, a
nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the removal of gaseous
pollutants from the atmosphere by precipitation using a more general nonlinear interac-
tion term. It is shown qualitatively and numerically that the pollutants can be washed
out from the atmosphere under appropriate conditions and the equilibrium level of the
pollutants would depend upon the rates of emission of gaseous pollutants, the growth rate
of raindrops and other removal parameters. It has also been noted that when there is no
rain the concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere would continuously increase. It is
found that the equilibrium values of gaseous pollutant in the atmosphere are much smaller
after rain than their corresponding values before rain.
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