School of Engineering and Energy ENG455: Power Systems Protection and Control Experiment 2: Short Circuit Calculations using

PowerFactory

Submission Date:

5pm, Friday 15 March 2013

Objectives The objective of this experiment is to study the performance of a small power system under various fault events. PowerFactory is used to carry out the simulation studies. The Power System

3.5

G1
b1

P = 9MW Q = 4.3 MVAr

G2
b4
Slack Bus

1
b2

2
b5

1.0pu

T1
b3 b6

T2

3
b7 b8

4
b9 b10

L3 L1 L2

b11

b12

5
P = 25MW Q = 9 MVAr

Figure 1

Revision Date: 04/03/13

ENG455 Experiment 02 : Short-Circuit Analysis Element Data G1 G2 T1 T2 L1 L2 L3 10MVA 20MVA 10MVA 20MVA 6kV 6kV 6kV/33kV 6kV/33kV xd'' = 0.15 xd'' = 0.18 X2 = 0.12 X2 = 0.20 X0 = 0.10 X0 = 0.10

Transformers x1 = x2 = x0 = 0.08 x1 = x2 = x0 = 0.10 z0 = 3*z1; z0 = 3*z1; z0 = 3*z1; L = 8km L = 20km L = 30km

Transmission lines z1 = z2 = j0.6 /km; z1 = z2 = j0.6 /km; z1 = z2 = j0.6 /km;

Enter the system shown in figure 1, using the element values given in the diagram. NOTE: In the interests of reducing complexity, it is recommended that terminals are used instead of busbars as the connecting points, as this avoids having to attached elements to specific bays.

Tasks
1. 2. 3. Enter the circuit shown in Figure 1 into Power Factory. Perform a load flow analysis of the system. Note that Bus 2 is the Slack Bus, Bus 1 acts as a PQ bus that supplies power to the network, and Bus 5 is the load bus. Perform the following bus faults at each of the buses in turn, and record the fault current at the faulted bus and the current that flows through Breaker bk: balanced three-phase to ground; single phase to ground; two phase short-circuit; and two phase to ground. Calculate the fault current that flows through Breaker bk due to a balanced threephase at Bus m. Assume E2 = 1.0pu and E1 = 1.0pu.

4.

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ENG455 Experiment 02 : Short-Circuit Analysis

Submission Requirements
Your submission should be in the form of a brief report with (a) (b) An Introduction that includes the purpose of the project, a description of the network, and the key tasks that will be carried out. A results section that briefly introduces each task and presents the results of each task in a suitable format. The required outcomes are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) from Task 1 - a PowerFactory listing of the input data for generators, transmission lines, transformers, and load. from Task 2 - a table of bus voltages taken from the initial load flow analysis. from Task 3 - a tabulation of the results from PowerFactory from Task 4 the calculated values for the required fault currents, along with a brief comparison of calculated results with the relevant simulated results. Explain the source of any discrepancies.

(c) (d)

Conclusions The calculations for Task 4 should be clearly presented in an Appendix.

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ENG455 Experiment 02 : Short-Circuit Analysis

Appendix A - Fault Analysis using PowerFactory

Notes:
1. Create new transformer types for each transformer. Under the Basic Data tab, enter Rated Power and Rated Voltage data. Set the nominal frequency to 50 Hz and set the positive sequence impedance to its required value this is done by setting Short-Circuit Voltage uk to the required per unit value (in percent) and setting Copper Losses to zero. Also, select the appropriate Vector Group for each transformer (either YN or D). Set the Zero Sequence Impedance to the same percentage as the positive sequence impedance. For each transformer, ensure that the HV/LV terminals of the transformer correspond to the correct bus labels. If they do not, then click the Flip-Connections button.

NOTE: the impedance values are given as short-circuit voltage, in per unit. The short circuit voltage is the voltage that needs to be applied across the primary terminals in order to generate the nominal current in the secondary when the secondary terminals are short-circuited. If the nominal current is 1 pu, then shortcircuit voltage in per unit will be the same as the equivalent transformer impedance in per unit. Per unit is often specified as a percentage rather than as a fraction, so 0.1 pu is the same as 10%.
2. Create new generator types for each generator. Set the Nominal Apparent Power and Nominal Voltage to the rated values given in Figure 1. Use the default Power Factor setting of 0.8, and select either the Y or YN Connection, as required. The subtransient reactance is entered by clicking the Complete Short-Circuit tab and then entering the required value as the value for xd. Also enter Negative-Sequence and Zero Sequence values.

3.

Create a new line type the same type can be used for both transmission lines. Set the Rated Voltage to 33 kV, the Rated Current to 1 kA and the Nominal Frequency to 50 Hz. Set Cable/OHL to Overhead Line. Enter the required reactance values.

4.

Ensure that Busbars are at or near their nominal values.

Revision Date: 04/03/13

ENG455 Experiment 02 : Short-Circuit Analysis Performing Short-Circuit Calculations Single Faults Left Click to select the Busbar that will be faulted, then right-click to open the contextsensitive menu. Select Calculate Short-Circuit. This last step opens the Short Circuit Calculations dialogue box. Use the following settings:

Item
Method

Selection
Complete

Alternatives
According to IEC60909 According to IEC61363 According to VDE0102 According to ANSI

Fault Type

3-Phase Short-Circuit

2-Phase Short-Circuit Single phase to ground 2-Phase to Ground and others

Fault Impedance Short-Circuit Duration Output Fault Location

0 0.1 s On User Selection

Notes:
1. 2. 3. The Complete Method first evaluates the pre-fault load flow to obtain bus voltages. It is possible to check or modify load flow options using the Load Flow button. The Fault Impedance can be used to model arc impedance or some other impedance of the shortened path. For Show Output, ticking the box will mean that the text report is automatically sent to the output window at the bottom of the screen.

Finally, click the Execute button. The fault analysis will be carried out, with the output results for fault current at the faulted Bus are given in the Output Window. Notice that the messages printed out ahead of the output fault data confirm that a load flow analysis was carried out prior to the short-circuit calculations. Also notice that a red lightning icon appears next to the faulted bus. Note: The fault currents are listed as Ik''. Change the fault type to one of the other possibilities, such as Single phase to ground, and repeat the analysis. Note that because these faults are unbalanced, separate results are given for each of the three phases.

Revision Date: 04/03/13

ENG455 Experiment 02 : Short-Circuit Analysis Alternative Methods for Executing a Single Fault

A short-circuit fault analysis can also be initiated by clicking the Calculate Short-Circuit button on the main menu bar (this is the button with a red lighting strike icon). The Short-Circuit Calculation dialogue window will appear. The user can then select the required fault location by selecting the location at User Selection, and then clicking the Down Arrow button next to User Selection. The desired fault location can be selected from the Please Select Object browser window. Then click Execute. A short-circuit analysis can be made at all buses and terminals by selecting the Fault

Location as Busbars/Junction and Internal Nodes.

Simultaneous Faults In the preceding analyses, a fault was only applied at a single bus at a time. The effects of simultaneous faults at multiple locations can be examined using the following procedure. Left click Bus 5 to select it. Then, while holding down the Ctrl key, left click Bus 3. Both buses should be highlighted. Next, right click one of the selected buses to activate the context-menu. Select Calculate Multiple Faults. The Short-Circuit Calculation dialogue window will open. Select the Method as Complete and confirm that Multiple Faults has been enabled. Click Execute. The fault currents at the selected buses are displayed in the output window. However, this time, the currents are a result of simultaneous faults at the selected locations.

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ENG455 Experiment 02 : Short-Circuit Analysis

Appendix B: Suggestions for Generating PowerFactory Data Files

1. The output of the fault simulation should automatically appear in the output window (provided the Show Output option is ticked in the Short Circuit Calculation window). 2. To add device data to the output window, click the Documentation of Device Data button in the main tool bar at the top of the screen. This will open the Output of Device Data window. Under the Device Data tab, click the Short Listing option, and then click Execute. A series of tables should appear in the output window with data on the various devices in the network each table lists the properties of a specific device type (transformers, generators, lines, etc.) 3. After the data appears in the Output Window, click the Open Edit button to the left of the window. An Output Window Info window will appear click OK. Most of the data in the output window will appear in an editing window, which replaces the schematic window in the top half of the screen. This data can be edited before printing. In particular, it would be useful to delete any unwanted tables. 4. It is useful to delete the little square box that appears in the top left hand corner of the screen, as this symbol includes a page return character - with the little square in place, each table would appear on a separate page. Without page returns, it is possible that a table may inconveniently straddle two pages. The print preview option can be used to guide the addition of line feeds that give better page breaks. 5. Your name can be added in the project title box in the output data table. 6. To close the edit window, click the button in the top left corner of the screen, then click close. A dialogue box will appear asking if you would like to save the edited data. The data can be saved as a text file.

Revision Date: 04/03/13