6 Soil Compressibility - GB - Dr. Asmaa Moddather

PBW N302 Credit Hours CEM/WEE/STE
Dr. Asmaa Moddather

Soil Mechanics and Foundations Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
FALL 2012
Definitions
Compressibility:
is the property through which
particles of soil are brought closer to each other, due to escapage of air and/or water from voids under the effect of an applied pressure.
Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012
Settlement of Cohesive Soils
Coefficient of Compressibility (av): is the rate of change of

void ratio (e) with respect to the applied effective pressure (p) during compression.
e av = p
eo = initial void ratio po = initial effective stress e1 = final void ratio p1 = final effective stress e = eo e1 p = p1 po
e-p curve
eo e1
po
p1
Coefficient of Volume Compressibility: (mv) is the volume decrease

of a unit volume of soil per unit increase of effective pressure during compression
v eVs V (1 + eo )Vs 1 e av mv = O = = = p p (1 + eo ) p (1 + eo )
For a thin layer , p at mid depth is considered as an average

stress within the layer.
H e = H (1 + eo )
e e p H = S = H= H (1 + eo ) P (1 + eo )
p Clay e eo 1+eo 1
av S= pH (1 + eo )
S = m v pH
mv = coefficient of volume compressibility p = increase in effective stresses at mid depth of layer H = thickness of layer
For a thick layer

layer is pi.
the layer may be divided to number of sub-
layers, each of thickness Hi. The stress at mid-depth of each subq
S = m vi p i H i
H1 p1 p2 Clay
H2
Settlement of Cohesionless Soils
Sand may be considered as elastic material with Youngs Modulus. Youngs Modulus (E): is the slope for the linear portion of the
stress-strain curve.
strain 1 = stress E H H =1 p E H p = H E S p = H E 1 S = pH E
H p Sand q
mv =
1 E
E = 100 (v. loose) - 800 (v. dense) kg/cm2

Example
Compute
the settlement due to compressibility of the sand layer and consolidation of the clay layer at points (a) and (b) of the building shown in Figure. The building has a basement and is founded on raft foundation. The stress from the building at the foundation level is as shown in the figure.
Sand: = 1.70 t/m3 , E = 500 kg/cm2 Clay: mv = 0.03 cm2/kg.
Example
Due to distributed load: qnet = q h = 20 1.70x3.0 = 14.9 t/m2 For sand layer z = 5.0 m = 1 = 2.5 cm L = 30 m na = 191 nb = 50 30x2.5/5.0 = 15.0 cm, B = 20 m 20x2.5/5.0 = 10.0 cm,
a,sand = n/200 (qnet) = 191/200 x 14.9 = 14.2 t/m2 b, sand = n/200 (qnet) = 50/200 x 14.9 = 3.7 t/m2
Example
Due to distributed load: qnet = q h = 20 1.70x3.0 = 14.9 t/m2 For clay layer z = 11.0 m = 1 = 2.5 cm L = 30 m na = 144 nb = 47.3 30x2.5/11.0 = 6.82 cm, B = 20 m 20x2.5/11.0 = 4.55 cm,
a,clay = n/200 (qnet) = 144/200 x 14.9 = 10.7 t/m2 b,clay = n/200 (qnet) = 47.3/200 x 14.9 = 3.5 t/m2
Example
Sa = Sa,sand + Sa,clay Sa,sand = 1/Esand a,sand H H = 10.0 m E = 500 kg/cm2 a,sand = 14.2 t/m2 Sa,sand = 1/5000 x 14.2 x 10.0 = 0.0284 m = 2.84 cm Sa,clay = mv a,clay H H = 2.0 m mv = 0.03 cm2/kg a,clay = 3.7 t/m2 Sa,clay = 0.03/10 x 3.7 x 2.0 = 0.0222 m = 2.22 cm Sa = Sa,sand + Sa,clay = 2.84 + 2.22 = 5.06 cm
Example
Sb = Sb,sand + Sb,clay Sb,sand = 1/Esand b,sand H H = 10.0 m E = 500 kg/cm2 b,sand = 10.7 t/m2 Sb,sand = 1/5000 x 10.7 x 10.0 = 0.0214 m = 2.14 cm Sb,clay = mv b,clay H H = 2.0 m mv = 0.03 cm2/kg b,clay = 3.5 t/m2 Sb,clay = 0.03/10 x 3.5 x 2.0 = 0.021 m = 2.10 cm Sb = Sb,sand + Sb,clay = 2.14 + 2.10 = 4.24 cm
Settlement
1 S = pH E
S = m v pH
(Sand)
(Clay)
Time of Settlement Compared to Construction Time

Loading diagram:
Construction period
Time Time
Settlement of sand
1 S = pH E
Time
Settlement of clay
S = m v pH
Causes of Settlement
Static loads
Dynamic loads Groundwater lowering Capillary forces Loads from adjacent structures
Theory of Consolidation
Consolidation: is the process of squeezing water out of soil under the effect loads, provided no lateral movement occurs.
In sandy soils, high permeability, drainage of water out of the soil under the effect of loading happens immediately. In clay soils, low permeability, drainage of water out of the soil under the effect of loading is time dependent. Therefore, parameters governing consolidation process include: soil properties, stress (p), time (t), drainage conditions.
Mechanism of Consolidation Process

Analogy:
Confined saturated soil (solids and voids filled with water) Versus
Piston for loading Valve ~ soil permeability
Container filled with water that

has a spring and a valve
Water ~ pore-water Spring ~ Solids
Remember: water is incompressible
Container
If we apply a certain load, and the valve is closed, then water (incompressible material) carries the entire added load. If the valve is opened, water flows out, and thus its volume is reduced. Since the total volume is reduced, the spring starts to be compressed and carries part of the load. Meanwhile, additional pressure in the water decreases.
The process continues until sufficient amount of water escapes from the valve, which will result in the compression of the spring that would allow it to carry the entire load.
At this point, the additional pressure in water decreases to zero, the spring carries the entire load, the system is in equilibrium.

For Sands: high permeability ~ valve is open, water gets out immediately (t = 0), u = 0
Stress = p
At t = 0 (immediately), u = 0 Load carried by spring


For Clays: low permeability ~ valve is partially open, water gets out slowly (time-dependent), u decreases with t
Stress = p Stress = p
At t = 0 (immediately), u = p Spring carry no load
At t = t1, 0 < u < p Load carried by water and spring


For Clays:
Stress = p Stress = p
At t = t2, 0 < u < p Load carried by water and spring
At t = long time, u = 0 Load carried by spring

Application on Soil
Stress distribution before application of load
GWT Sand
GS
Clay
Gravel
'
Application on Soil
Short time (immediately) after application of q (t = 0)

q GWT Sand GS q
Clay
Gravel q
'
Application on Soil
Long time after application of q (t = h)

q GWT Sand GS q
Clay
Gravel q
'
Application on Soil
Total stress: Pore water pressure:
t
= h + q
ot=0
u = whw + q (clay)
u = whw
(sand) (clay) (sand) At time t ???
ot=h
u = whw u = whw
Effective stress:
ot=0
' = 'h
(clay)
' = 'h + q (sand)

ot=h
' = 'h + q (clay) ' = 'h + q (sand)

Rate of Consolidation
q GWT Sand GS q
Clay
Gravel q
'
t=0 t = t1 Clay t = t2 t = t3 t= q
Assumptions of Theory of Consolidation
Clay is homogeneous, isotropic, and saturated. Water and clay particles are incompressible. Darcys law is valid. The clay layer is laterally confined. One-dimensional compression, and one-dimensional flow. Consolidation
parameters from test applies to clay layer from which sample for test was taken.
Soil properties are constant with time.
Consolidation Test
Objectives:
o Volume change-effective pressure relationship
o Stress history of soil o Volume change time pore water dissipation relationship
Consolidation Test
Compression cell Oedometer
Dial gauge
Load cell
Load
Consolidation Test
Compression cell
Dial gauge
Load cell
Oedometer
Consolidation Test
Compression cell
Dial gauge
Load cell
Load
Oedometer
Consolidation Test
Load Head Dial gauge Metal ring Saturated sample Porous stone
Filter paper
Compression Cell/Oedometer
Porous stone
Consolidation Test
Load Head Dial gauge Metal ring Soil saturated sample Load (P1)
Porous stone
Filter paper
Compression Cell/Oedometer
Porous stone
Consolidation Test
Equipments:
o Compression cell/Oedometer o Loading frame to apply weights (Po) o Dial gauge to measure soil compression
Note:
Load acting on the cell (P1) is magnified by the lever arm ratio of the loading frame (LAR), where: P1 = LAR x P
Consolidation Test
Procedure:
1. Measure initial conditions of sample: ho, eo, wo, Gs 2. Trim the sample into the metal ring and place filter paper on both sides of sample. 3. Place the ring into the compression cell between the two porous stones. 4. A metal cap (loading head) is placed over the top porous stone, on which the load (P1) is applied. 5. Set-up the dial gage to zero reading. Fill the compression cell with water until the top porous stone is covered with water.
Consolidation Test
Procedure:
6. Place the hanging load (Po) such that the pressure on the clay sample is equal to the first loading step. 7. Record readings of dial gage (compression of sample) with time until compression stops (usually within 24 hours). 8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for subsequent loading and unloading increments.
Consolidation Test
Loading scheme, for example:

o 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 (kg/cm2) o 16.0, 4.0, 1.0, 0.25 (kg/cm2) Loading
Unloading
Results: for each loading/unloading increment, we record: dial gage (h) that measures sample compression versus elapsed time (t).
Consolidation Test Data Reduction
For each loading increment, plot h-log t:

0.1 0 10 20 30 h (x 10-2 mm) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012 1 Time (min) 10 100 1000
At the end of each loading increment:

1. 2. 3.
Calculate effective pressure (p) = Load x LAR/sample area Measure h = sample compression during this loading increment Calculate void ratio (e):
e h = 1 + eo h o
1+eo e = eo e
e eo
ho 1
Plot e-p curve


Example: LAR = 3, sample area = 41.85 cm2, ho = 25.4 mm, eo = 0.636
Load (kg) Dial Reading x 10-2 (mm) = h Stress (p) = Load x lever arm ratio/area (kg/cm2) 0 7 14.5 29 58 116 232
89
135
223
359
550
705
7 x 3/41.85 = 0.50 0.89/25.4 (1+0.636) = 0.0573 0.636-0.0573 = 0.5787
1.04
2.08
4.16
8.32
16.63
e = h/ho (1+eo)
0.087
0.1436
0.2312
0.3543
0.4541
e = eo - e
0.636
0.5490
0.4924
0.4048
0.2817
0.1819
Plot e-p Curve

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
e
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 p (kg/cm2) 12 14 16 18
From e-p curve, for a certain stress range, calculate av and mv, where:
e
e av = p
mv = av (1 + e o )
eo e1
po
p1
Plot e-log(p) curve:

0.7 0.6
0.5
0.4
eo
0.3
e
e1
0.2
log(p)
0.1
0 0.1 1
po
p (kg/cm2)
10
p1
100
From e-log(p) curve, the slope of the linear portion is the Compression Index (Cc):
e Cc = log(p)
e o e1 = logp1 logpo
0.38 0.22 = 0.402 log12.0 log4.8
Determine preconsolidation pressure (pc): is the largest effective pressure that has been applied on the soil in its geological history.
Determination of preconsolidation pressure:

0.7
5
0.6
0.5
a 1
3 4 2
0.4
e
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1
p = 1 c
1.8 kg/cm2
p (kg/cm2)
10
100 Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012
Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure

1. 2. 3. 4. Determine point of maximum curvature (a). At (a), draw tangent to e-log(p) curve. At (a), draw horizontal line. Draw a bisector to the angle enclosed between the tangent and horizontal lines. 5. Extend the linear portion of the curve until it intersects the bisector at point (b). 6. The preconsolidation pressure (pc) is the x-coordinate of the point (b).
Types of Clay w.r.t. Preconsolidation

1. Normally consolidated clay:
Clay that has never been loaded in the past by more than the existing effective overburden pressure (po) pc ~ po
2.
Overconsolidated (preconsolidated) clay:

Clay that has been loaded in the past by more than the existing effective overburden pressure (po) pc > po Causes: pre-existing structures, erosion of overburden
3.
Underconsolidated clay:
Clay that has been loaded partially by the existing effective overburden pressure (po) pc < po
Define: Overconsolidation Ratio (OCR):
pc OCR = po
Determination of Compression Index

For normally consolidated clays, Cc can be calculated as follows:
From e-log(p) curve:
e Cc = log(p)
From liquid limit:
C c 0.009(w L 10)
where wL is in (%)
Definitions
0.7
0.6
Recompression curve
0.5
0.4
Virgin compression curve
e
0.3 0.2
0.1
Unloading/reloading curve
0 0.1 1
pc
p (kg/cm2)
10
100
Definitions
From e-log(p) curve, the recompression index (Cr) is the slope of the equivalent linear portion of the unloading/reloading curve.
0.7
e Cr = log( p )
0.6 0.5 0.4
Cr
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 1
Cr
Cc
p (kg/cm2)
10
100
Settlement
Calculate settlement (S) of normally consolidated clay layer of thickness (H) due to added stress (p) given Cc of clay:
Cc =
Cc =
e log(p)
e 0 e1 log(p1 ) log(p0 )
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
p eo
0.3
Cc e1
e 0.2 Cc = p1 0.1 log( ) p0 0 0.1 p1 e = C c log( )..........................1 p0 e h S = = ....................................2 1 + eo h o H
pc ~ po
p (kg/cm2)
10
p1
100
Settlement
From 1 and 2:
p1 S C c log( ) = (1 + e o ) po H Cc p1 S= H log( ) 1 + eo po
Settlement
For overconsolidated clay, (po and p1) < pc:
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
eo e1
Cr
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1
po
p1
pc
p (kg/cm2)
10
100
Cr p1 S= H log( ) 1 + eo po
Settlement
For overconsolidated clay, po < pc and and p1 > pc
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1
eo
Cr
e1 p
Cc
po
pc
p (kg/cm2)
p1
10
100
Cr pc Cc p1 S= H log( ) + H log( ) 1 + eo po 1 + eo pc
Short time after application of load q q GWT Sand GS q
Clay
Gravel q
'
Rate of consolidation
u
z hD
Isochrone
Sand t=0 u ' 2H
t=0 t = t1 Clay t = t2 t = t3 t=
Hydrostatic pore water pressure (GWT)
umax min t = t2 t= p p
Clay
Sand
At time t and depth z:

p = u + = increase in total stress due to added load u = excess pore water pressure due to added load = increase in effective stress due to added load
Rate of consolidation
u
z 2H Clay t=t t= p Sand u ' Sand t=0
Degree of Consolidation (Utz) at time t and depth z:
' p u u U tz = = = 1 p p p
Average degree of consolidation (Ut) for the clay layer at time t:
hD
u
z hD u '
U t = 2 U tz dz
0
Sand t=0
' p u Where U tz = = p p
umax min t=t t= p
Clay
2H
Ut = Ut =
area of ' diagram area of p diagram
area of p diagram - area of u diagram area of p diagram
Sand
Where
area of p diagram = p 2H 2 area of u diagram = u max 2H 3
Settlement of clay layer of thickness 2H at time t=: Sultimate = mv p (2H)
Settlement of clay layer of thickness 2H at time t=t: St = mv (2H)
Average degree of consolidation (Ut) at time t: Ut = St/Sultimate The degree of consolidation at any time (t) is the percentage of settlement that took place at this time w.r.t. to ultimate consolidation settlement.
Differential Equation of Consolidation
Equation governing rate of consolidation Consider a differential element of soil

Qin x y z dz dy dx Area = dA Volume = dV
ground surface
Surcharge load
Qout

(dV) Q = Q out Q in = ( )dz t z
Q = kidA
compression and flow 1-D Darcys law is valid
h dA z u = k ( )dA z w = k
u = excess p.w.p
dy
Qin
k u dA w z
Area = dA Volume = dV x z
dx dz y
(dV) k u = ( dA)dz t z w z
(dV) k u = dV 2 t w z
2
Qout
Equation (1)
soil is homogeneous

dVv e = dV 1 + e
dVv =
e dV 1+ e
dVv d V dVs
dVs 1 = dV 1 + e
dVs =
1 dV 1+ e
e ( dV) (edVs ) e (dV) (dVv ) e dV = = dVs = = = 1+ e t t t t t t 1 + e
(dV) e dV = t t 1 + e
From equations 1 and 2,
Equation (2)
k 2u e dV dV = w z 2 t 1 + e

k(1 + e) 2 u e = 2 w z t e e ' = t ' t
e ' = a v t t
(chain rule)
: av = e '
e u u = a v ( ) = a v t t t t k(1 + e) 2 u u = a v w z 2 t
u k(1 + e) 2 u = t a v w z 2
=0 t
(load doesnt vary with time)
u 2u = cv 2 t z
: cv =
k(1 + e) k = a vw mvw

Coefficient of Consolidation: cv
k cv = mvw
cm2/sec
where: k = soil permeability mv = coefficient of volume compressibility

Boundary conditions: Example: a clay layer, of thickness 2H, with top and bottom boundaries freely draining Sand u(z=0,t) = 0 u(z=2H,t) = 0 u(z,t=0) = ui t = t1 2H z t = t2 u
as time increases, u decreases
Clay Sand
Solution of Differential Equation of Consolidation

Solution:
2u i u(z, t) = (sinMZ)exp(M 2 Tv ) m =0 M
where:
M= Tv =
(2m + 1) 2
cv t H2
Tv = Time factor
Solution in terms of degree of consolidation (U):
2 U = 1 2 exp(M 2 Tv ) Equation 3 m =0 M

Equation 3 was solved and the results were tabulated: Tv = f(U)
cv t Tv = 2 hd
where: Tv = time factor corresponding to degree of consolidation occurring at time t cv = coefficient of consolidation (determined from consolidation test) hd = longest drainage path within clay layer The above equation holds for consolidation of sample in the lab, and for clay layer consolidating in the field
0 10 20 30 40
U (%)
50 60 70 80 90 100
0.2
0.4
0.6 Tv
0.8
1.2
U (%) Tv
0 0.0
10 0.008
20 0.031
30 0.071
40 0.126
50 0.197
60 0.287
70 0.403
80 0.567
90 0.848
95 1.129
99 1.781
100

Drainage Path: hd
Sand 2H Clay Sand hd = H 2H Sand Clay Impervious Rock hd = 2H
Determination of cv
cv is determined from the consolidation test data The is a cv value that corresponds to each loading increment, i.e. cv is stress dependent For the following test data corresponding to a certain loading increment, find cv.
Time (min) Dial Reading x 10-2 (mm) = h x 10-2 (mm) 0 135 135-135 =0 0.25 153 153-135 =18 0.5 155 1 161 2.25 173 4 184 6.25 193 10 202 15 209 30 215 60 219 120 220 240 221 885 223
20
26
38
49
58
67
74
80
84
85
86
88
Determination of cv
h-log t Curve
0.1 0 10 20 30 h (x 10-2 mm) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time (min) 1 1.00
0.25
t50 = 3.6 min
10
100
1000
U = 0%
U = 50%
U = 100%
Determination of cv
1. Plot the (h) or (e) on the vertical axis (arithmetic scale), and the time (t) on horizontal axis (logarithmic scale) 2. S-shape Determine (h) or (e) corresponding to 0% consolidation: Consider (h1) corresponding to a small time (t1) Consider (h2) corresponding to (4t1) Determine the difference between (h1) and (h2) y
Determine (h) corresponding to 0% consolidation at a distance equivalent to y above (h1) 3. Determine (h) or (e) corresponding to 100% consolidation: Extrapolate the linear portion at the middle of the consolidation curve Extrapolate the linear portion at the end of the consolidation curve The two lines intersect at a point corresponding to (h) or (e) at 100% consolidation
Determination of cv
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Two points on the first portion of curve are selected for which the values of t are in the ratio of 4:1. The vertical distance between the two points is measured. An equal distance set off above the first point fixes a line corresponding to U = 0%. The line corresponding to U = 100% passes through the intersection of the two linear parts of the curve. The line corresponding to U = 50% is located at the midway between the two lines (U = 0% & U = 50%) The intersection between the curve and the line (U = 50%) is corresponding to t50.
cv t Tv = 2 hD
Tv h 2 D cv = t
0.197h 2 D cv = t 50
Determination of cv
4. Determine (h) or (e) corresponding to 50% consolidation at mid distance between 0% consolidation and 100% consolidation. 5. 6. Determine t50 Calculate cv:
cv t Tv = 2 hd
where: T50 = 0.197, hd = sample height (sample drains from both sides), and t = t50 from consolidation curve
Types of Compression
Immediate consolidation
0.1 0 10 1 Time (min) 10 100
h = 0
1000
U = 0%
20 30 h (x 10-2 mm) 40 50 60 70 80 90
Primary consolidation
U = 100%
Secondary consolidation
100
Types of Compression
1. Immediate: due to compression of entraped air and machine parts.
2. Primary: due to consolidation by escapage of water (relief of excess pore-water pressure) under the effect of pressure (loading)
3. Secondary: compression at constant effective stress (no excess pore-water pressure) [creep]
Example
A rectangular building 24 16 m is shown in Figure and is founded on a raft and has its foundation level at 2.0 m below ground surface. If the building exerts a net stress of 2.0 kg/cm2 on soil at foundation
(a) (c) (b)
level, determine: i. The ultimate settlement of
points a, b and c. ii. The time required for these points to settle 5.0 cm and the time required undergo 90%
consolidation.
Example
i. The ultimate settlement of points a, b and c. qnet = 20 t/m2 z = 8.0 m H = 5.0 m Using Influence Chart:
Points L (m) B (m) m n Iz (t/m2) S = mv H
a&b 24 8 3 1 0.193 0.193x20x2 = 7.72 0.004x7.72x5 = 0.154 m
c 12 8 1.5 1 0.203 0.203x20x4 = 16.24

0.004x16.24x5 = 0.325 m
Example
ii. The time required for these points to settle 5.0 cm. cv = 0.006 cm2/sec
(a) (c) (b)
Points U = St/Sf From Chart (Tv)
a =5/15.4 = 0.325 0.083
c 5/32.5 = 0.154 0.019
b =5/15.4 = 0.325 0.083
cv t Tv = 2 hD
t (days)
0.006 t 0.083 = (250) 2

10.0
0.006 t 0.019 = (500) 2

9.2
0.006 t 0.083 = (500) 2

40.0
Example
ii. The time required for these points to undergo 90%
(a) (c) (b)
consolidation.
cv = 0.006 cm2/sec
Points U = St/Sf From Chart (Tv)
a 0.90 0.848
c 0.90 0.848
b 0.90 0.848
cv t Tv = 2 hD
t (days) St (cm)
0.006 t 0.848 = (250) 2

102.2 0.90 x 15.4 = 13.9 cm
0.006 t 0.848 = (500) 2

409.0
0.006 t 0.848 = (500) 2

409.0
0.90 x 32.5 = 29.3Dr. cm 0.90 x 15.4 13.9 cm Asmaa Moddather PBW= N302 Fall 2012

6 Soil Compressibility - GB - Dr. Asmaa Moddather

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PBW N302 Credit Hours CEM/WEE/STE

Dr. Asmaa Moddather

is the property through which

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Settlement of Cohesive Soils

Coefficient of Compressibility (av): is the rate of change of

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Settlement of Cohesive Soils

Coefficient of Volume Compressibility: (mv) is the volume decrease

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Settlement of Cohesive Soils

For a thin layer , p at mid depth is considered as an average

Settlement of Cohesive Soils

For a thick layer

the layer may be divided to number of sub-

layers, each of thickness Hi. The stress at mid-depth of each subq

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Settlement of Cohesionless Soils

E = 100 (v. loose) - 800 (v. dense) kg/cm2

Sand: = 1.70 t/m3 , E = 500 kg/cm2 Clay: mv = 0.03 cm2/kg.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Time of Settlement Compared to Construction Time

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Mechanism of Consolidation Process

Container filled with water that

Remember: water is incompressible

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Mechanism of Consolidation Process

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Mechanism of Consolidation Process

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Mechanism of Consolidation Process

At t = 0 (immediately), u = 0 Load carried by spring

Mechanism of Consolidation Process

At t = 0 (immediately), u = p Spring carry no load

At t = t1, 0 < u < p Load carried by water and spring

Mechanism of Consolidation Process

At t = t2, 0 < u < p Load carried by water and spring

At t = long time, u = 0 Load carried by spring

Stress distribution before application of load

Short time (immediately) after application of q (t = 0)

Long time after application of q (t = h)

' = 'h + q (sand)

' = 'h + q (clay) ' = 'h + q (sand)

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Assumptions of Theory of Consolidation

Soil properties are constant with time.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Loading scheme, for example:

Dr. Asmaa Moddather PBW N302 Fall 2012

Consolidation Test Data Reduction

For each loading increment, plot h-log t: